CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION
Oil is one the essential ingredients which goes into preparing a delicious meal. Be it
breakfast, lunch or dinner, almost all the meals we consume are prepared with the help of
oil. Cooking oil not only contains essential nutrients but is also a storehouse of fats. This
is the reason why the quantity of oils in your diet must be regulated. But how much is too
much? If you want to know all about the ideal quantity of oil you need to have on a daily
basis, then read on. 
Excess oil consumption contributes to several heart related diseases. Be it stroke, clogging
of arteries or cholesterol, most of these diseases have a common cause. Lack of exercise
and excess consumption is one of the worst things you can do to your body. If you wish to
stay away from such diseases, it is better to follow a workout routine on a daily basis.

1.1 Ways To Cut Down Your Oil Consumption 

The first step in cutting oil consumption comes with elimination of deep fried food. Such
foods soak up almost triple the amount of oil needed for the day and further adds up to
your cholesterol. Try reducing your fried food consumption and instead go for boiled,
roasted or steamed food. 

You can also avoid extravagant salads, which usually have oil dressings to enhance their
taste. Keep a vigilant watch on the amount of oil you are having if you are seriously trying
to restrict your oil consumption. Try having your chapatis without greasing them with
ghee. If you wish you can use 1/4th tablespoon of ghee on your chapatis. 

1
 1.2 Use of fuel injector in cooking purpose

The fuel injector is a valve controlled either by springs or ECU (Electronic Control
Unit), capable of opening and closing several time per second. The cooking oil is
fetched from the oil tank and transported to the injector by fuel pump. oil lines are
used for transportation. Once the cooking oil has reached the injector, After this, as
the final step, cooking oil is finally sprayed
Fuel injection is a system for mixing fuel with air in an internal combustion
engine. It has become the primary fuel delivery system used in gasoline automotive
engines, having almost completely replaced carburetors in the late 1980s. The primary
functional difference between carburetors and fuel injection is that fuel injection
atomizes the fuel by forcibly pumping it through a small nozzle under high pressure,
while a carburetor relies on low pressure created by intake air rushing through it to add
the fuel to the air stream. The fuel injector is only a nozzle and a valve, the power to
inject the fuel comes from farther back in the fuel supply system. With the emerging of
alternative fuel vehicles in the automotive market

CHAPTER 2
ANALYSIS
2.1 ENERGY ANALYSIS

In the present study, bio diesel was produced from waste cooking oil and canola
oil mixture as a ratio of 50% (v/v) by applying the transesterification method.  

The primary fuel used in the production of human power is consumed food. The
human body utilizes energy stored in the chemical bonds of consumed compounds
such as carbohydrate, proteins, fats and fiber to fuel metabolic processes. These
processes include basal metabolic function that sustain life, and advance metabolic
function used during physical activities.

2
 Food energy is commonly measured in the empirical units of Kilocalories (Kcal) or
food calories (C), 1Kcal is equivalent to 1C. In the metric system, is measured
in Joules, where 1C is equivalent to 4184J. 3

2.2 MESUREMENT OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE (Human Power Input)

The Different methods of energy measurement are available: Direct metric

based on the heat production, Indirect metric based on the volume of oxygen
consumed, Open circuit meter based on the measurement of ventilator volumes,
Open-flow system etc. for the purpose of this report, the indirect metric method
is adopted. This method includes:

3
 Measurement of oxygen consumption
One liter of consumed = 21KJ used (varies slightly with metabolic fuel

consumption – carbons/fats)
2.3 DESIGN ANALLYSIS

2.3.1 SIZING AND ECONOMIC CONSIDERATION

This system is design to compact in consideration of the power
requirement as well as reduction in the cost of fabrication. For affordability,
the device is relatively small.

2.3.2 SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS

This system is design in such a way that women and children can use it
for sustained period of time. It preserves the safety of our immediate
environment from noise and air pollution because it’s noiseless and smokeless.
Stability of the unit was also considered to ensure that the equipment remains
upright at all time, i.e. it should not drift or bend to one direction and it should
remain stationary.

2.3.3 ERGONOMICS
The ergonomics aspect has to do with optimizing the physical contact
between human and the equipment. Four important areas of bike ergonomics
are usually considered:

 The ON/OFF Switch by fingers

 The push button also activated by finger
2.3.4 TECHNOLOGICAL CONSIDERATION
The design of this system is well considered in such a manner that it
can be produced within the technology of our immediate environment.
 CHAPTER 3
MAJOR COMPOMENT AND DESCRIPTION

3.1 Fuel injector

Fig 3.1 fuel injector

3.1.1 What Are Fuel Injectors

The purpose of the Fuel Injectors is to supply the correct amount of fuel to the engine so it
can combust it in an effective way to power the engine. Unfortunately, it is not as easy as
it sounds. The engine has to be delivered an exact amount of fuel and air for
combustion, too much or too little fuel might cause the engine to choke or not let the
engine even start, respectively. In the past, the mechanism to handle this task, the
implementation of carbureted engines was not so perfect. Thanks to the modern tech, we
now have a much better way to implement it, namely fuel injectors.

A fuel injector is a mechanical valve that is controlled electronically. It is usually placed

at a certain angle to inject just the right amount of fuel to the engine’s combustion
chamber. Not only does the amount of the fuel being injected needs to be precise, but the
angle its placed at, the pressure and the spray pattern must also be very precise according
to the need of perfect fuel to air ratio for the combustion.

What Are Fuel Injectors

The types of fuel injectors differ for both petrol and diesel operated engines. While the
fuel injectors for petrol operated engines use an indirect mechanism for spraying the fuel,
diesel operated engines rather use a direct mechanism. But, this is just about the
mechanism being used for spray and has nothing to do with how fuel injectors work.

3.1.2 Fuel Injectors Work

The fuel injector is a valve controlled either by springs or ECU (Electronic Control Unit),
capable of opening and closing several time per second. The fuel is fetched from the fuel
tank and transported to the injectors. Fuel lines are used for transportation. Once the fuel
has reached the injector, it is then pressurized to the right extent by using a fuel pressure
regulator. The fuel is then divided into several cylinders. After this, as the final step, fuel
is finally sprayed onto the combustion chamber. However, this is just a generalized
overview, and below you will be explained in detail

3.1. 3 Mechanical Fuel Injector

The primary mechanism used here to inject fuel is rather similar to the carburetor systems
used in the past, its why a lot of people still get it confused with carburetted engines but
actually, there is quite an important difference between these two. While the carburetted
system fetches low-pressure fuel from the fuel tank, these mechanical fuel injector
systems pump a high-pressure fuel from the fuel tank, which is the basic principle of how
the mechanical fuel injectors work.
Once pumped from the fuel tank, the fuel then enters the accumulator. You can think of an
accumulator as a buffer for the temporary storage of the fuel. Then comes in play the
metering control unit of the system. Its job is to distribute the fuel to the cylinders. Here,
the delivery of the right amount of fuel into cylinders in the right amount of time is of the
essence.

Mechanical Fuel Injector

While entering inside the cylinder, the fuel and air must be mixed very precisely, with the
right amount of both. This is achieved by using the flap valve, which is located inside the
air intake of the engine. It lets the fuel come in the correct flow to be mixed with the air in
the right amount. Whenever we increase or decrease the speed of the vehicle, the flap
valve opens more or less, respectively, the same is the case with the fuel distributor.
Hence, both stay in proportion.

Here, two springs are used for the system to work. One is the mainspring and the other
one called Plunger spring. The mainspring has the job to control the fuel inlet to the fuel
injector, the fuel coming from the fuel pump is pressurized, and this pressure causes the
mainspring to open and let the fuel inside the fuel injector.

As the fuel enters the inlet, it mixes with the air and the pressure increases, this increasing
pressure causes the plunger spring to move to and fro which in turn makes the plunger
move outward causing the nozzle to open, and hence the controlled spray of the fuel
occurs. As you can notice, the mechanism used here is dependent upon springs, which is
the reason why mechanical injectors are often referred to as spring-loaded injectors by
many technicians.

Once the fuel injection is complete for a given cycle, according to the input given by the
control unit, the pressure then decreases and eventually the plunger which was being
pushed outward stops experiencing the pressure and comes to its initial position. This
results in seizure of the spray and hence the fuel pumping is stopped for that certain cycle.

3.1.4 Electronic Fuel Injector

Here we will talk about the second kind of fuel injectors and how do these fuel injectors
work. This is the rather newer implementation of the fuel injectors as many new cars
coming nowadays have this system installed.

As written above, the basic principle of how this and the mechanical systems work are
quite the same. However, there are two points where they differ. Namely, the amount of
fuel and the tension used to open and close the valve using the spring. Rather than using
these two functions to control the spray of fuel, electronic systems use an electronic
control unit which controls all the required functions.

Certain sensors help keep track of things like air temperature, air intake pressure, engine
temperature, engine speed, accelerator position. All these are connected to the ECU, and
the current information is fed to the ECU in real-time.

Electronic Fuel Injector

According to the conditions, and the calculations done by the ECU, it calculates the
specific amount of fuel that needs to enter the cylinders. All this input is being fed to the
ECU in real-time, and the processing is so fast that the extent to which valves must be
opened are calculated almost simultaneously.

Fuel rails are used to transfer the fuel from the fuel tank, and these rails are connected to
the fuel injector. Constant pressure is maintained inside the fuel rails, and an electric fuel
pump is installed that lets the fuel travel through the fuel rails and into the fuel injector.
 As the data is fed to the ECU, it calculates the amount of fuel that needs to be squirted,
and the number of valves needs to be opened for that to happen. When the electronic
signals are sent from the ECU to the fuel injector pins, which are in turn wired to a battery
and an ignition, it creates an electromagnet inside the fuel injector which causes the
plunger to move outwards hence creating a way for the fuel to pass. This opening for the
fuel is very precise as calculated by the ECU. Hence the nozzle has finally opened, and
the fuel gets sprayed onto the combustion engine.

After the completion of a certain cycle of fuel injection, the ECU stops sending the
electronic signal to the fuel injector and so deactivating the electromagnet. As the
electromagnet is deactivated, there is no more anything pushing the plunger outward the
nozzle will be closed, causing the fuel spray to be stopped.This is the mechanism used by
the Electronic fuel injectors where an electronic circuit is used to open up the valve
precisely and hence no mechanical mechanism is used here although the governing
principle in both the mechanical and electronic fuel injectors is rather same.

3.2 Solid state pump

Fig 3.2 solid state pump

• Application: The highest quality and most dependable Lift Pump and Priming Pump for
Diesel Injection Systems. OEM for most Diesel Engines, Heater Systems, Marine
Engines, Generators, Agriculture and Construction Equipment. OEM in numerous
Military application. Universal Pump for most Carburetor equipped applications.
• Fuel Compatibility: No rubber diaphragms or valves to swell or deteriorate in alcohol
blended fuels. Compatible with leaded and unleaded gasoline, diesel fuel, blended alcohol
fuels, and fuel additives.
• Solid State Reliability: Proven on thousands of original equipment applications. No
electrical contacts. No bearings or diaphragms to wear out or fatigue. Lasts four to five
times longer than many other electric fuel pumps.
• Easy to Install: Two-bolt installation plus the small size makes installation easy. For best
results, mount the pump close to the fluid or fuel tank and below the liquid level.
• Eliminates Vapor Lock: When properly installed on most vehicles a constant, smooth,
dependable supply of fuel under pressure is assured in the hottest weather or in high
altitudes.

3.2.1 Fuel pump components

Coil
Foot valve
Plunger valve
Inlet
Outlet
Plunger
Plunger spring
PC board with electrical components
Red wire (+)
Black wire (-)
 Fig 3.3 Coil

3.2.2 Use of coil

An electromagnetic coil is an electrical conductor such as a wire in the shape of
a coil, spiral or helix. Electromagnetic coils are used in electrical engineering, in
applications where electric currents interact with magnetic fields, in devices such
as electric motors, generators, inductors, electromagnets, transformers, and sensor coils.
Either an electric current is passed through the wire of the coil to generate a magnetic
field, or conversely an external time-varying magnetic field through the interior of the coil
generates an EMF (voltage) in the conductor.

A current through any conductor creates a circular magnetic field around the conductor
due to Ampere's law. The advantage of using the coil shape is that it increases the strength
of magnetic field produced by a given current. The magnetic fields generated by the
separate turns of wire all pass through the center of the coil and add (superpose) to
produce a strong field there. The more turns of wire, the stronger the field produced.
Conversely, a changing external magnetic flux induces a voltage in a conductor such as a
wire, due to Faraday's law of induction.The induced voltage can be increased by winding
the wire into a coil, because the field lines intersect the circuit multiple times.

The direction of the magnetic field produced by a coil can be determined by the right hand
grip rule. If the fingers of the right hand are wrapped around the magnetic core of a coil in
the direction of conventional current through the wire, the thumb will point in the
direction the magnetic field lines pass through the coil. The end of a magnetic core from
which the field lines emerge is defined to be the North pol

3.2.3 Winding and tapes

The wire or conductor which constitutes the coil is called the winding.The hole in the
center of the coil is called the core area or magnetic axis. Each loop of wire is called
a turn.In winding in which the turns touch, the wire must be insulated with a coating of
non-conductive insulation such as plastic or enamel to prevent the current from passing
between the wire turns. The winding is often wrapped around a coil form made of plastic
or other material to hold it in place. The ends of the wire are brought out and attached to
an external circuit. Winding may have additional electrical connections along their length;
these are called taps.A winding which has a single tap in the center of its length is
called center-tapped.

Coils can have more than one winding, insulated electrically from each other. When there
are two or more winding around a common magnetic axis, the winding are said to
be inductively coupled or magnetically coupled. A time-varying current through one
winding will create a time-varying magnetic field which passes through the other winding,
which will induce a time-varying voltage in the other winding. This is called
a transformer.The winding to which current is applied, which creates the magnetic field, is
called the primary winding. The other winding are called secondary windings.

3.2.4 Magnetic cores

Many electromagnetic coils have a magnetic core, a piece of ferromagnetic material
like iron in the center to increase the magnetic field. The current through the coil
magnetizes the iron, and the field of the magnetized material adds to the field produced by
the wire. This is called a ferromagnetic-core or iron-core coil. A ferromagnetic core can
increase the magnetic field and inductance of a coil by hundreds or thousands of times
over what it would be without the core. A ferrite core coil is a variety of coil with a core
made of ferrite, a ferrimagnetic ceramic compound.Ferrite coils have lower core losses at
high frequencies.

 A coil with a core which forms a closed loop, possibly with some narrow air gaps, is
called a closed-core coil. By providing a closed path for the magnetic field lines, this
geometry minimizes the magnetic reluctance and produces the strongest magnetic
field. It is often used in transformers.
 A common form for closed-core coils is core coil, in which the core has the shape of
a torus or doughnut, with either a circular or rectangular cross section. This geometry
has minimum leakage flux and radiates minimum electromagnetic interference (EMI).
 A coil with a core which is a straight bar or other non-loop shape is called an open-
core coil. This has lower magnetic field and inductance than a closed core, but is often
used to prevent magnetic saturation of the core.

 A coil without a ferromagnetic core is called an air-core coil. This includes coils

wound on plastic or other nonmagnetic forms, as well as coils which actually have
empty air space inside their winding.
3.2.5 Electromagnets
Electromagnets are coils that generate a magnetic field for some external use, often to
exert a mechanical force on something.A few specific types:

 Solenoid - an electromagnet in the form of a straight hollow helix of wire

 Motor and generator winding- iron core electromagnets on the rotor or stator of
electric motors and generators which act on each other to either turn the shaft (motor)
or generate an electric current (generator)
 Field winding - an iron-core coil which generates a steady magnetic field to act on the
armature winding.
 Armature winding - an iron-core coil which is acted on by the magnetic field of the
field winding to either create torque (motor) or induce a voltage to produce power
(generator)
 Helmholtz coil, Maxwell coil - air-core coils which serve to cancel an external
magnetic field
 Degaussing coil - a coil used to demagnetize parts
 Voice coil - a coil used in a moving-coil loudspeaker, suspended between the poles of
a magnet. When the audio signal is passed through the coil, it vibrates, moving the
attached speaker cone to create sound waves. The reverse is used in a
dynamic microphone, where sound vibrations intercepted by something like
a diaphragm physically transfer to a voice coil immersed in a magnetic field, and the
coil's terminal ends then provide an electric analog of those vibrations.
3.2.6  Inductor
Inductors or reactors are coils which generate a magnetic field which interacts with the
coil itself, to induce a back EMF which opposes changes in current through the coil.
induct are used as circuit elements in electrical circuits, to temporarily store energy or
resist changes in current. A few types:

 Tank coil - an induct used in a tuned circuit

 Choke - an induct used to block high frequency AC while allowing through low
frequency AC.
 Loading coil - an induct used to add inductance to an antenna, to make it resonant, or
to a cable to prevent distortion of signals.
 Variometer - an adjustable induct consisting of two coils in series, an outer stationary
coil and a second one inside it which can be rotated so their magnetic axes are in the
same direction or opposed.
 Flyback transformer - Although called a transformer, this is actually an induct which
serves to store energy in switching power supplies and horizontal deflection circuits
for CRT televisions and monitors
 Saturable reactor - an iron-core induct used to control AC power by varying the
saturation of the core using a DC control voltage in an auxiliary winding.
 Inductive ballast - an induct used in gas-discharge lamp circuits, such as fluorescent
lamps, to limit the current through the lamp
3.2.7 Foot valve
In Foot valve assembly, there is no necessary provision to evacuate the garbage’s while
pumping water from low level, without dismantling the total assembly and also the each
part does not satisfies their own function. In order to minimize the defects involved in
foot valve assembly, according to the value engineering, adding a worth to the function
of each part and also minimizing the parts in the assembly, to reduce the unnecessary
cost involved in that assembly .In this project study about the design modeling
pump is first started it does not have to exhaust the air from the suction pipe with the
result that prompt starting of the pump is secured. Foot valve is particularly useful when
the suction lift or vertical height of the pipe is considerable. The revision of this standard
has been taken up to incorporate further changes. necessary in the light of the comments
received on the standard from the users and the manufacturers and these include
modifications relating to, addition of 50 and 65mm nominal size flange end foot valves, ,
materials and their for various components, and , procedure for coating and its testing.
This standard contains clauses 4.4.1, 4.4.2 and 5.1 which permit the purchaser to use his
option for selection to suit his requirements. 0.5 This.star contains clause 7.2 which
specifies certain technical information to be supplied by the purchaser at the time of
enquiry or placing order. 0.6 For the purpose of deciding whether, a particular
requirement of this standard is complied with, the final value, observed or calculated,
expressing the result of a test or analysis, shall be rounded off in accordance
3.2.8 Plunger valve
Valve is a kind of pressure pipe which is used to change the flow direction of the pipe
section and the flow direction of the medium, to control the pressure, flow and
temperature of the conveying medium In industrial pipelines, urban water supply system,
transportation industry will be less piping accessories and equipment, the use of a large
number of also indirectly promote nationalist economic development. Therefore,
reasonable design of the valve of all walks of life is extremely important. This paper to
install the Economic Development Zone, DN1000 type Plunger Valve, for example, in
the process of water discharge, traditional valve equipment will due to the impact of the
high speed flow and resulting in the edge of the body was badly damaged, especially the
occurrence of cavitation. If the structure of the valve body is not reasonable design, it will
lead to strong vibration of the valve in the working state; will cause the pipeline system as
a whole is not stable. At the same time in the river or reservoir in the work of the valve
will be due to the silt or impurities in the water resulting in obstruction of the valve body,
so the design of the valve should be considered into the environmental factors. Plunger
valve in this paper has good dissipation energy, pressure regulating and flow control,
which would eliminate , no vibration, no noise, anti blocking ability in the
pressure range and can achieve the water conservancy project expected effect.

3.2.9 Structure design of the plunger valve

Plunger Valve, also known as the needle valve for water pipes, pumping station in the
import and export pipeline and hydro power station water inlet pipe, mainly used the
natural water flow, pressure regulation, also has reliable sealing and closing function.
Fluid through the deflector jet holes or fan-shaped leaves groove is throttled to multi beam
flow, in the position of the axis of the valve body outlet collision, eliminating the impact
energy of high speed flow; also because the collision occurred in the flow passage of the
valve body cavity, the gas does not attached to the wall surface of the pipe
rupture, so as to effectively reduce the influence of erosion of the body, improve the
service life of the valve. Drive shaft drives the crank and connecting rod movement and
pushes the piston to move back and forth in the guide device. When the actuator drives the
transmission shaft to rotate clockwise, a piston to move backwards, and open the valve;
when the actuator to drive the stem counterclockwise rotation, the piston moves forward,
close valve . The main sealing ring is in the front of the flow deflector piston under the
effect of the connecting rod, when being pushed through the main sealing ring to the fully
closed position, before and after the valve pressure forced the main sealing ring clings to
the outer wall of the sleeve to realize the truncation of the fluid.
3.2.10 Sealing structure of plunger valve
Plunger Valve comprises a valve body, a piston, a deflector, back cone inlet and a sealing
ring is composed of main parts. Valve body is an integral structure design for cyclic axial
symmetric flow channel, the cone in the lumen of the outlet end of the valve body, the
valve body and the inner sleeve with rib support, in the middle of the piston is arranged in
the inner sleeve, the crank and connecting rod driven piston reciprocating movement.
There is a section between the inner sleeve and the guiding cone mouth, which is a section
of open section without pipe wall, which is placed in the middle of a fan blade type or a
squirrel cage type flow guiding device. Cone welded fan blade .and the fluid which
is energy dissipation at the axial line is diffused out from the wide angle of the inverted
cone angle, which is beneficial for reducing the impact of the fluid on the river channel.
The double sealing method with the combination of T type anti extrusion inclined plane
rubber strip soft seal and metal hard sealing is adopted, the sealing effect is good, and the
bubble level seal and zero leakage can be realized. The rubber sealing ring is made of
solid rubber with high hardness and T type, the slope can increase the effective sealing
width, and the structure design of the T type rubber strip has the advantages of anti
extrusion . When the valve is closed, pressure, when the valve is opened (the throttle state)
the main seal completely relaxed, not in contact with the throttle element, so no pressure
and friction, so as to improve the life of the main seal, as shown in
The guide sliding seal of the piston and the inner sleeve adopts two special sealing rings,
which can prevent the seal ring from curling and deforming, and improve the stability of
the piston operation.
The special sealing ring adopts self sealing structure and has good sealing effect at
high pressure, which effectively prevents the inner of the fluid from overflowing into the
sleeve, and can automatically reduce the sealing pressure at low pressure, thereby
effectively reducing the friction force
3.2. 11 The fluid characteristics of plunger valve
Design of the piston valve body into a whole, with high flow capacity, flow along the arc
surface into the body, the valve body flow for axis symmetrical shape structure, ribbed
plate is arranged between the valve body and the inner sleeve, the flow through the fluid
does not produce turbulent . Flow regulation is through a piston along the axial direction
of the sleeve do linear motions to achieve, opening into a linear relationship with the flow,
axial movement of the piston, change fluid flowing through the throttle width, to regulate
the water flow, and flow with the valve open degree of linearity relationship . Piston to
move to any position, the valve cavity flow cross section are circular, the exit to the axis
of contraction, attenuation and, therefore, does not cause pipeline vibration and cavitations
broken ring, due to the passage of the axis metric structure, medium in high-speed flow,
nor produced vibration
he guide is arranged in the sleeve, and the fluid passing through the valve body is
contracted to the axis through the guide. Cylinder is a cylinder hole or fan-shaped groove
in the front of the piston
extends out a, section of the circumference, holes or grooves are symmetrically and
uniformly distributed, when the medium flows through the holes or slots become high
speed fluid, from the outside of the cylinder to cylinder pipe center jet impinging, so
erection is defined in the center of the piston and the pipeline, not to valves and piping
generated erection damage.

3.2.12 Parameters design of the plunger valve

The design parameters of the valve according to the parameters according to the actual
situation of the fluid, the components should be under the pressure of the medium in the
pipeline. The valve body is designed to be cylindrical, and the outer end and the inner
cavity of the outer valve body are oval shaped, and the middle part of the outer valve body
and the inner sleeve are round. According to the classical fluid mechanics calculation the
design principle of the method and flow adjusting valve, the valve adjust the position of
the flow area, sleeve opening stroke and other parameters are determined, initially to
determine the geometry and shape of flow channel, then use Solid Works to establish
entity model. Plunger Valve, main technical performance pressure test standards in line
with GB / T13927, shell test pressure of 1.5 PN, seal pressure test 1.1PN. Different
pressure levels are according to customer’s requirement. Several important design
parameters as the following:
3.2.13 Cavitation coefficient
Valve design is mainly for the elimination of erection, improve the
service life of the valve, while the smaller the gas, the more serious the phenomenon of
erection.
3.2.14 Materials and technology
Yield strength of the valve must meet the requirements. Parts shall be selected stainless
steel and its corrosion resistance should be combined with the water quality requirements.
Within a brass sleeve guide rail for supporting and guiding the manufacturing process
using fine grinding, welding, in order to adapt to frequently adjust the action of the piston
valve without wear. The piston cavity wall sleeve on the track, with accurate, reliable
guide, mechanical piston movement will not slow or jam. The valve sealing surface by
laser cladding process, using high energy density of the laser will cover to the valve
sealing surface of the nickel base alloy powder solution, forming a new kind of
composite material and cladding layers of the grain is fine, compact structure, so it has
high hardness, wear resistance and corrosion resistance also more excellent . In the sealing
surface to add a certain amount of carbide can significantly improve the wear resistance of
the coatings . Determines the quality of the sealing surface of the valve sealing
performance. Generally using the method of grinding the valve sealing surface finishing,
reducing and refining parts surface roughness,
remove scratches, micro cracks and other surface defects. Sealing surface before the
general should be fine grinding, after finishing the sealing surface can be directly
grinding, the minimum grinding allowance is: the diameter of the margin is 8 ~ 20 µm;
flat margin is 6 ~ 15 µm. The maximum value can be taken when the hand grinding or
material hardness is higher, and the mechanical grinding or material hardness is lower

3.2.15 Control and driving system of plunger valve

Plunger Valve with matric (integrated motor control unit), which is composed of two
parts: actuators basic capacity of norm and installed in the actuator motor programming
integration control unit matric. In the manual operation mode, the stroke switch and the
executive should be set up. When the motor is in a stop state, the pull handle / automatic
switch handle can be separated from the motor and the driving mechanism and the manual
mechanism is connected with the transmission mechanism .
Control system and the surface of the high-quality anti-corrosion coating is at least 60 ion
oxidation of polyurethane synthetic paint, can withstand mild atmospheric corrosion,
suitable for outdoor installation

3.2.16 spring
Open coil helical springs are known as compression springs. There are several types of
compression springs and they are identified by the customization of the coil diameters
within the body; meaning that some types of compression springs have different shapes
due to the coil diameters within their body being different. The different types of open coil
helical springs are conical springs, barrel springs (concave), and barbell springs (convex).
Magazine springs can also be considered open coil springs but since their coils are oval or
rectangular shaped, they are not considered helical. The different open coil helical spring
types specified above may take part in many applications. Below you will be provided
with the open coil helical spring types and specifications on what they are used for and in
which applications you might be able to find them

A coil spring is a mechanical device which is typically used to store energy and
subsequently release it, to absorb shock, or to maintain a force between contacting
surfaces. They are made of an elastic material formed into the shape of a helix which
returns to its natural length when unloaded.

Under tension or compression, the material (wire) of a coil spring undergoes torsion. The
spring characteristics therefore depend on the shear modulus, not Young's Modulus.

A coil spring may also be used as a torsion spring: in this case the spring as a whole is
subjected to torsion about its helical axis. The material of the spring is thereby subjected
to a bending moment, either reducing or increasing the helical radius. In this mode, it is
the Young's Modulus of the material that determines the spring characteristics.

Metal coil springs are made by winding a wire around a shaped former - a cylinder is used
to form cylindrical coil springs.

3.2.17 Spring rate

Spring rate is the measurement of how much a coil spring can hold until it compresses 1
inch. The spring rate is normally specified by the manufacture. If a spring has a rate of
100 then the spring would compress 1 inch with 100lbs of load.

3.2.18 Inlet valve

Inlet pressure specifications for proper pump priming vary by the pump design.  Ideally,
all piston and plunger pumps should be pressure fed (piston pumps up to 40 psi and
plunger pumps 60-70 psi based on the model).  Inlet pressure reducing valves can be sized
to reduce incoming water supply pressures if necessary.  Excessive inlet pressure will
cause premature wear of inlet manifold seals.  A pump with worn inlet seals can draw air
into the pump during priming causing cavitation and downstream pulsation under suction
conditions.  The same worn inlet seals will cause an external leak between the head and
crankcase on a pressure fed system.  When siphon feeding, piston pumps have - 8.5
suction.  Some Plunger pumps draw no more than – 5.0. Worn inlet seals will cause air
into the pump causing cavitation.

High inlet temperature can also impact pump priming.  Higher temperature fluids may
require higher inlet pressure to avoid cavitation of the pump due to the liquid being closer
to its boiling point. Follow the guidelines in Tech bulletin 002 for inlet recommendations
when pumping higher temperature liquids.   Reservoirs should be sized 6 – 10 times the
rated flow (GPM) of the pump to ensure a constant, smooth flow the pump inlet.  A
properly sized reservoir also reduces heat generated in bypass mode.  The reservoir should
be baffled.  baffled reservoirs create turbulent flow causing air to enter the pump during
operation and cause cavitation.  A minimum of two baffles are recommend.  A low flow
shutoff valve is recommended to shut down the system in the event the reservoir runs low.

3.2.19 12V adapter

An AC adapter, AC/DC adapter, or AC/DC converter is a type of external power supply,
often enclosed in a case similar to an AC plug. Other common names include plug
pack, plug-in adapter, adapter block, domestic mains adapter, line power adapter, wall
wart, power brick, and power adapter. Adapters for battery-powered equipment may be
described as chargers or re chargers (see also battery charger). AC adapters are used with
electrical devices that require power but do not contain internal components to derive the
required voltage and power from mains power. The internal circuitry of an external power
supply is very similar to the design that would be used for a built-in or internal supply.

External power supplies are used both with equipment with no other source of power and
with battery-powered equipment, where the supply, when plugged in, can sometimes
charge the battery in addition to powering the equipment.
Use of an external power supply allows portability of equipment powered either by mains
or battery without the added bulk of internal power components, and makes it unnecessary
to produce equipment for use only with a specified power source; the same device can be
powered from 120 VAC or 230 VAC mains, vehicle or aircraft battery by using a
different adapter. Another advantage of these designs can be increased safety; since the

Fig 3.4 adapter

hazardous 120 or 240 volt mains power is transformed to a lower, safer voltage at the wall
outlet and the appliance that is handled by the user is powered by this lower voltage.

3.2.20 ON/OFF SWITCH

 Fig 3.5 ON/OFF SWITCH

In electrical engineering, a switch is an electrical component that can disconnect or

connect the conducting path in an electrical circuit, interrupting the electric current or
diverting it from one conductor to another.The most common type of switch is an elect
mechanical device consisting of one or more sets of movable electrical contacts connected
to external circuits. When a pair of contacts is touching current can pass between them,
while when the contacts are separated no current can flow.

3.2.21 SPST OPEN

 Fig 3.6 SPST OPEN CONTACT OFF
A simple on-off switch: The two terminals are either connected together or disconnected
from each other. An example is a

3.2.21 SPST CLOSE

Fig 3.7 SPST CLOSE CONTACT ON

A simple on-off switch. The two terminals are normally connected together (closed) and
are open when the switch is activated. An example is a pushbutton switch.

3.2.22 PUSH BUTTON Switch

 Fig 3.8 Push button switch

A push-button (also spelled push button) or simply button is a simple switch mechanism

to control some aspect of a machine or a process. Buttons are typically made out of hard
material, usually plastic or metal. The surface is usually flat or shaped to accommodate
the human finger or hand, so as to be easily depressed or pushed. Buttons are most
often biased switches, although many unbiased buttons (due to their physical nature) still
require a spring to return to their non-push state. Terms for the "pushing" of a button
include pressing, depressing, mashing, slapping, hitting, and punching.

The "push-button" has been utilized in calculators, push-button telephones, kitchen

appliances, and various other mechanical and electronic devices, home and commercial.

In industrial and commercial applications, push buttons can be connected together by a

mechanical linkage so that the act of pushing one button causes the other button to be
released. In this way, a stop button can "force" a start button to be released. This method
of linkage is used in simple manual operations in which the machine or process has
no electrical circuits for control.

Red push buttons can also have large heads (called mushroom heads) for easy operation
and to facilitate the stopping of a machine. These push buttons are called emergency
stop buttons and for increased safety are mandated by the electrical code in many
jurisdictions. This large mushroom shape can also be found in buttons for use with
operators who need to wear gloves for their work and could not actuate a regular flush-
mounted push button

As an aid for operators and users in industrial or commercial applications, a pilot light is

commonly added to draw the attention of the user and to provide feedback if the button is
pushed. Typically this light is included into the center of the push button and
a lens replaces the push button hard center disk. The source of the energy to illuminate the
light is not directly tied to the contacts on the back of the push button but to the action the
push button controls. In this way a start button when pushed will cause the process or
machine operation to be started and a secondary contact designed into the operation or
process will close to turn on the pilot light and signify the action of pushing the button
caused the resultant process or action to start.

To avoid an operator from pushing the wrong button in error, push buttons are often color-
coded to associate them with their function. Commonly used colors are red for stopping
the machine or process and green for starting the machine or process.

In popular culture, the phrase "the button" (sometimes capitalized) refers to a (usually
fictional) button that a military or government leader could press to launch nuclear
weapons.

3.2.23 COOKING OIL

Cooking oil is plant, animal, or synthetic fat used in frying, baking, and other types of
cooking. It is also used in food preparation and flavouring not involving heat, such
as salad dressings and bread dipping like bread dips, and may be called edible oil.

Cooking oil is typically a liquid at room temperature, although some oils that contain
saturated fat, such as coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil are solid.

There is a wide variety of cooking oils from plant sources such as olive oil, palm
oil, soybean oil, canola oil (rapeseed oil), corn oil, peanut oil and other vegetable oils, as
well as animal-based oils like butter and lard.

Oil can be flavored with aromatic foodstuffs such as herbs, chillies or garlic.

3.2.24 HOSSES

Fig 3.9 HOSSES

A tube, or tubing, is a long hollow cylinder used for moving fluids (liquids or gases) or to

protect electrical or optical cables and wires.

The terms "pipe" and "tube" are almost interchangeable, although minor distinctions
exist generally, a tube has tighter engineering requirements than a pipe. Both pipe and
tube imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a hose is usually portable and
flexible. A tube and pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, e.g.,
nominal pipe size, or by nominal outside or inside diameter and/or wall thickness. The
actual dimensions of pipe are usually not the nominal dimensions: A 1-inch pipe will not
actually measure 1 inch in either outside or inside diameter, whereas many types of tubing
are specified by actual inside diameter, outside diameter, or wall thickness

3.2.25 Air pressure

Air pressure is the weight of air molecules pressing down on the Earth. The pressure of
the air molecules changes as you move upward from sea level into the atmosphere. The
highest pressure is at sea level where the density of the air molecules is the greatest.

Fig 3.10 air pressure

Measuring air pressure on island of Hawaii. Left picture taken at 14,000 ft at observatory
when the bottle was sealed. Middle picture of the sealed bottle at 9000 ft. Last picture
taken at 1000 feet where the bottle was crushed.

3.2.26 Barometers measure air pressure

Meteorologists use barometers to measure the pressure of the air when making weather
forecasts and studying weather patterns. Barometric pressure given in weather reports is
giving the barometric reading in either inches of centimeters. Pressure on the barometer
moves the column of mercury in a cylinder upward or downward. Readings of barometric
pressure are taken by looking at the markings on the outside of the glass cylinder.
Barometers are calibrated with inches or centimeters.

3.2.27 Mercury used for measuring pressure

The United States National Weather Service uses inches of mercury when they issue
weather reports about the Earth’s surface. Measurements aloft are given in millibars.
Millibars and barometers using inches and centimeters are slowly being phased out.

3.2.28 pascal measurements

Today pascal measurements are worldwide by meteorologists because they are a direct
measurement of pressure. A pascal measurement is similar to a measurement in pounds
per square inch. Measurements in pascal are preferred because they can be used by
meteorologists to study weather patterns. They can also be used with computer programs
to predict the weather

The greatest air pressure pressing down on our bodies is at sea level. Scientists use the
term one atmosphere to describe the pressure at sea level. Normal pressure at sea level is
14.7 psi (pounds per square inch). Normal pressure at sea level measures 29.9213 inches
(760 mm) on barometers. This means that on every square inch of our body and

At sea level on the surface of the Earth there is almost a ton of pressure pressing on every
square inch of our body. The reason we are able to move our hands back and forth is
because the pressure is equal on all parts of our hands. Our bodies are not crushed by the
weight of the pressure because there is equal pressure inside and out of our bodies also.
3.2.29 Decreasing air pressure

Air pressure decreases as we move upward. Your ears will often pop if you are traveling
in the mountains as you go uphill and downhill in a car or train. Your ears are adjusting to
the pressure in your eardrums when they pop. This equalizes the pressure in your ears
sothey will not burst when the pressure increases or decreases.

3.2.30 DC connector

Fig 3.11 DC CONNECTOR

Small cylindrical connectors come in a variety of sizes. They may be known as "coaxial
power connectors", "barrel connectors", "concentric barrel connectors" or "tip
connectors".

The intended use of these plugs is on the cable connected to an external AC

adapter (power supply). The matching jack or socket is permanently fitted to the
equipment to be powered. Some of these jacks contain a normally closed contact, which
can be used to disconnect internal batteries whenever the power supply is connected,
avoiding the risk of battery leakage or explosion posed by incorrect recharging of the
batteries.

Cylindrical plugs usually have an insulated tip constructed to accept insertion of a pin.
The outer body of the plug is one contact, most often but not always the negative side of
the supply. Inverted polarity plugs can, and do, damage circuitry when plugged in, even if
the voltage is correct; not all equipment is equipped with protection. A pin mounted in the
socket makes contact with a second internal contact. The outer plug contact is often called
the barrel, sleeve or ring, while the inner one is called the tip.

There are a wide variety of sizes and designs for these power connectors, and many
appear quite similar to each other yet are not quite mechanically or electrically
compatible. In addition to a plethora of generic designs (whose original designer is
unknown) there are at least two different national standards
EIAJ in Japan and DIN in Germany, plus the JSBP connector used on some laptop
computers. The Japanese EIAJ standard includes five different sizes, with each supporting
a specified range of voltages. Most of the other coaxial DC power connectors have no
specified voltage association, however. Generic plugs are often named for the pin
diameter they are designed to take.

Many non-proprietary co-axial power plugs are 5.5 mm (0.22 in) in outside diameter (OD)
and 9.5 mm (0.37 in) in length. Two pin sizes are common in the jacks for this size plug
body, 2.1 mm (0.083 in) and 2.5 mm (0.098 in), and the plugs should match. If the size is
not known, it is difficult to distinguish by eye or measurement between the 2.1mm and
2.5mm ID plugs; some suppliers suggest simple methods.

Maximum current ratings commonly vary from unspecified up to 5 A (11 A for special
high power versions from some companies, with 1 A, 2 A and 5 A being common
values. The smaller types usually have lower ratings, both for current and voltage. The
'tip' (i.e., the inner conductor) usually carries the positive (+) pole, but some devices, and
their power supplies, use negative tip. Connector size does not usually indicate the
voltage. It is not possible, except for some proprietary connectors, to reliably infer any
information on power parameters (current, voltage, polarity, even whether AC or DC) by
examining the connector

Fig 3.12 connector

3.2.31 Oil tank

 Fig 3.13 Oil tank

Storage tanks are containers that hold liquids, compressed gases (gas tank; or in U.S.A
"pressure vessel", which is not typically labeled or regulated as a storage tank) or
mediums used for the short- or long-term storage of heat or cold.The term can be used
for reservoirs (artificial lakes and ponds), and for manufactured containers. The usage of
the word tank for reservoirs is uncommon in American English but is moderately common
in British English. In other countries, the term tends to refer only to artificial containers.
 CHAPTER 4

WORKING

Oil stored in oil tank

Cooking oil is used
The cooking oil transferred to pump

4.1 Working of solid state pump

Prior to the widespread adoption of electronic fuel injection, most automobile engines
used mechanical fuel pumps to transfer fuel from the fuel tank into the fuel bowls of the
carburetor. The two most widely used fuel feed pumps are diaphragm and plunger-type
mechanical pumps.

Diaphragm pumps are a type of positive displacement pump. Diaphragm pumps contain a

pump chamber whose volume is increased or decreased by the flexing of a
flexible diaphragm, similar to the action of a piston pump.

A check valve is located at both the inlet and outlet ports of the pump chamber to force
the fuel to flow in one direction only. Specific designs vary, but in the most common
configuration, these pumps are typically bolted onto the engine block or head, and the
engine's camshaft has an extra eccentric lobe that operates a lever on the pump, either
directly or via a push rod, by pulling the diaphragm to bottom dead center.

In doing so, the volume inside the pump chamber increased, causing pressure to decrease.
This allows fuel to be pushed into the pump from the tank (caused by atmospheric
pressure acting on the fuel in the tank).
The return motion of the diaphragm to top dead center is accomplished by a diaphragm
spring, during which the fuel in the pump chamber is squeezed through the outlet port and
into the carburetor.

The pressure at which the fuel is expelled from the pump is thus limited (and therefore
regulated) by the force applied by the diaphragm spring.

The carburetor typically contains a float bowl into which the expelled fuel is pumped.
When the fuel level in the float bowl exceeds a certain level, the inlet valve to the
carburetor will close, preventing the fuel pump from pumping more fuel into the
carburetor.

At this point, any remaining fuel inside the pump chamber is trapped, unable to exit
through the inlet port or outlet port. The diaphragm will continue to allow pressure to the
diaphragm, and during the subsequent rotation, the eccentric will pull the diaphragm back
to bottom dead center, where it will remain until the inlet valve to the carburetor reopens.

Because one side of the pump diaphragm contains fuel under pressure and the other side is
connected to the crankcase of the engine, if the diaphragm splits (a common failure), it
can leak fuel into the crankcase. The capacity of both mechanical and electric fuel pump is
measured in psi (which stands for pounds per square inch).

Usually, this unit is the general measurement for pressure, yet it has slightly different
meaning, when talking about fuel pumps.

4.2 Working of fuel injector

The solenoid injectors are controlled electrical hydraulically in order to provide minimum
response time and precise control of the start of injection and injection duration.
In order to reduce the response time high voltage is applied to the solenoid valve for a
short period. It increases the current rapidly up to 22 Amps for these injectors.
Respectively, the electromagnetic force is sufficient to open the control valve.
After that period much lower force is needed to keep the valve open.
Due to that the voltage applied varies in order to
provide the current around 6 Amps.
However, the injection process does not start
immediately after opening the control valve.
Time is needed to pressure reduction in the control chamber which
causes increasing hydraulic force for needle opening.
It is observed by the manufacture that injection delivery is delayed by
0.310 ms than beginning of electrical pulse at 1600 bar injection
pressure and injection pulse of 1 ms.
The injection process is presented in Figure 2. Although that fact,
injection duration is approximately the same as electrical pulse.
Usually, this delay has to programming in ECU of the engine.
4.3 Major working operation

The fuel injector is a valve controlled either by springs or ECU

(Electronic Control Unit), capable of opening and closing several time
per second.
By the use of push button switch
12V DC supply given by adapter
The cooking oil is fetched from the oil tank and transported to the
injector by fuel pump.
The fuel pump is controlled by ON/OFF switch
12V 2A DC supply is given by adapter
oil lines are used for transportation.
Once the cooking oil has reached the injector , After this, as the final
step, cooking oil is finally sprayed by pressing the push button switch
Fig 4.1
 CHAPTER 5
MATERIAL SELECTION
5.1 FUEL INJECTOR

All modern petrol injection systems use indirect injection. A special pump sends the fuel
under pressure from the fuel tank to the engine bay where, still under pressure, it is
distributed individually to each cylinder.

Depending on the particular system, the fuel is fired into either the inlet manifold or the
inlet port via an injector . This works much like the spray nozzle of a hose , ensuring that
the fuel comes out as a fine mist. The fuel mixes with the air passing through the inlet
manifold or port and the fuel/air mixture enters the combustion chamber

5.2 SOLID STATE FUEL PUMP

A fuel pump is a sophisticated piece of equipment whose purpose is to convey the fuel
from the fuel tank to the engine, under requisite pressure in order to ensure good
combustion
.

5.3 Fuel injector

Body Diameter 0.970
Body Length 2.85"
Body Style EV1
Brand ACCEL
Color Silver
Connector Series EV1
Emission Code3
Flow Rated 43.5 PSI
Impedance High 14.5 Ohm
O-Ring 2.39"
Product Type MPFI Fuel Injectors
Qty 1
Rated Injector Flow 26 lb/hr
Weight 0.2200
Part Number 150126

5.4 Fuel pump

Part Number: 40104

Type: Cube
Volts: 12
Max/Min: 10.0 - 7.0
GPH: 25
Positive Lead:
Negative Lead: Ring
Fuel Filter Fitting: 1/8 - 27 INT
Check Valve: N

5.5 12V DC adapter

Input Voltage (V): 100 ~ 280

VAC 50 ~ 60Hz.

Input current (m A): 100.

Output Power: 12V 2A

Input Plug: 2-Pin EU type.

Output Plug: 5.5mm DC plug

5.6 Push button switch

Switch TypePush Button Switch

Terminal SPST
Material Plastic, Metal
Actuator Type Push Button

5.7 ON/OFF SWITCH

Colour multi
Current Rating 2.00 amps
Material Plastic
Maximum Current 4.00 amps
Mounting Type Panel Mount
Number of Items 1
5.8 Fuel injector

 ACCEL Performance fuel injectors provides precise control of fuel delivery &
automation for increased power and improved throttle response. They are all new units
not modified stock units or from used cores.
 They feature a low-mass disc design that ensures accurate metering control even at
ultra-low & high duty cycles and higher fuel pressures.
 ACCEL performance Injectors can be used with gasoline or E85 and are great for
blown applications where increased fuel pressure and precise metering are required.
State-of-the-art manufacturing processes reduce flow deviations between injectors,
which improve performance. Low- and High-impedance designs are available to
match most commercial applications.

5.9 Fuel pump

 These 12 volt negative earth pumps have a dry prime height of 12 vertical inches and
is best mounted both close to and level with the tank. Gravity feeding is even better. 

 The pressure (psi) on Facet pumps goes up concurrently with the flow rates. Many
carbs operate around 2.5 – 3 psi so when greater fuel flow is required and a higher psi
pump is selected a pressure regulator such is often installed at the same time.

 These pumps do not have check valves to prevent fuel returning back through the
system when the vehicle is not operational. This is rarely an issue for classic cars and
motor sport applications. The pump is self-priming meaning that fuel is supplied as
soon as the ignition is turned on. For diesel lift pumps or for when it is desirable to
prevent poor cold starting by ensuring the fuel levels are not drained from the float
 chamber & lines then pumps have built in check valves to guard against flow back.
These pumps also have higher dry prime height than other cube pumps

 All Facet pumps are continuous operation and will carrying on ticking away even
when they have reached full pressure. Unlike older style Inter pumps, modern Facets
do no slow down or stop when they reach pressure

 It is recommended to PRE filter Facet cube pumps. Facet fuel filter FPA906 is
designed to screw directly into the pump and accommodate 8mm ID fuel hose.
Alternately, an in-line filter such as Pro Flow glass filter is available with 6mm, 8mm
or 10mm tails

5.10 Adapter

 The brand new multipurpose Orange 12V 2A Power supply series adapter which is
own product. To provide the best possible quality, we at Rob tested many adapters
from various manufacturers and tied up with the best one of them and hence to assure
that quality and durability
 Orange 12V 2A Power Supply with 5.5mm DC Plug Adapter is 2 pin EU plug type
adapter and 1.1 meters long connecting cable. These adapters are designed to meet all
types of power requirements of tablet PC, notebook, and other electronic gadgets.
 This adapter is compatible to handle up to 2A current so applications like toy cars,
CCTV Cameras, Routers, Modems, Cordless Phones, Set-Top Boxes, Wireless
Devices, and POS Machines are compatible with this adapter.
 CHAPTER 6
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
When designing our attachment, the following considerations were taken
into account

1. The device should be suitable for local manufacturing capabilities.

2. The attachment should employ low-cost materials and
manufacturing methods.
3. It should be accessible and affordable by low-income groups, and should
fulfill their basic need for mechanical power
4. It should be simple to manufacture, operate, maintain and repair.
5. It should be as multi-purpose as possible, providing power for various
cooking implements and for small machines used in cooking industry.
6. It should employ locally available materials and skills.
7. It should make use of standard cooking wherever possible.
8. The device should adapt easily to as many different cooking as possible. No
permanent structural modification should be made.
9. Though the device should be easy to take off, it is assumed that it would
usually remain attached to facilitate readiness and ease of transport from
site to site.

10. The broad stand, which provides stability during power production mode,
can be flipped upward during the transport mode. This stand/carrier
would be a permanent fixture of the dual- purpose.
11. Care must be exercised to insure that the power take-off assembly is far
enough forward so as not to interfere with pedaling. Most standard adult
 frames have plenty of room for the power take-off mechanism. Power is
supplied to the shaft by means of a adapter.
12. The device should be able to cook to a variety of machines,are reasonably
efficient.
13. The device should contain a fuel injection mechanism that would let the
operator "coast” periodically to rest and conserve energy. easily adapted for
this purpose.
14. Excessive weight should be avoided, as durability is a prime consideration

6.1 FRAME MATERIAL CHOOSING

The smooth specimen fatigue behavior of current fuel injector steel materials was
evaluated and displayed a dual mode initiation behavior. At high stresses, cracks started at
machining flaws in the surface; however, below a critical threshold stress of
approximately 800 MPa, cracks initiated in the bulk microstructure, below the surface.
This suggests that for the next generation for high-pressure fuel injector nozzles, it
becomes increasingly important to control the machining and finishing processes,
especially if the stress in the tip approaches or exceeds that threshold level.
 CHAPER 7

7.1 APPLICATION
 We can used for both deeep fry and shallow fry as well
 Used for small scale and large scale industries
 Used for hotels
 Used for cooking other cooking purpose

7.2 ADVANTAGES

 Human energy source.

 Time saving as compared to simple hacksaw

 Power saving as it is manually operated

 No dependency on sun or wind.

 Can generate electricity anytime and anywhere.

 Pollution free power generation.

 Simple construction and easy maintenance.

 No fuel transportation problem

CHAPTER 14
COST ESTIMATION
1. MATERIAL COST

Material cost = 8630

2. LABOUR COST
 Welding, Cutting, Wiring = 1250

3. OVERGHEAD CHARGES

The overhead charges are arrived by “manufacturing cost”

Manufacturing cost = material cost + labor cost

= 8630+1250

= 9880

Overhead charges = 25% of the manufacturing cost

= 2470

4. TOTAL COST

Total cost = material cost + labor cost +overhead charges

= 9880+1250+2470

= 13600

Total cost for this project = 13600

 CHAPTER 8
RESULT
FOR INJECTOR
Thus the injector delivers sufficient amount of cooking oil

S.NO TIME IN (sec) AMOUNT OF OIL IN (ml)

1 1 1

Thus a low cost and simple design fuel injector used for cooking purpose is
fabricated. This machine reduces the human effort and hence we don’t need more
persons to cooking . This simple design of conventional design which can enhance
day today household needs and daily day to day purposes and it can be also used
in for industrial applications during power shut down scenarios. By using this
method we can do any operation as per our requirement. so we can save the
electrical power.

In conclusion, this project was designed to serve as a model/prototype to meet

specific need in our locality. The device can also serve as an alternative power
source in extreme case scenario even in urban centers. Since the device is manually
operated, it can be used in areas where there is no power supply and would always
be readily available.

The device is environmentally friendly as it produces no waste in the process of its

operation, and the device work with little or no noise. The system proved efficient
since even with a minimum pedaling speed, the system produced enough voltage
required to charge the battery in order for the system to be usable by almost
anybody at any time.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Design data book -P.S.G. Tech

Machine tool design handbook -Central machine tool Institute, Bangalore.

Strength of materials -R.S.Kurmi

Manufacturing Technology -M.Haslehurst.

Design of machine elements - R.S.Kurmi

Heywood J.B., A text book on Internal Combustion

engine fundamentals. McGraw-Hill International
edition, 1988.

Merker G.P. et al., Simulating combustion,

Springer, 2006.

Ramos J.I., Internal combustion engine modeling,

Hemisphere publishing corporation, 1989.
Punov P., Evtimov T., A modern approach for
modeling the combustion process in direct injection
diesel engines, International journal for science,
technics and innovations for the industry, MTM, Issue
3, 2015, p. 30-34.

Chmela F.G. and Orthaber G.C., Rate of heat

release prediction for a direct injection diesel engine
based on purely mixing controlled combustion. SAE
99010186, 1999.

Lakshminarayanan P.A and Aghav Y.V.,

Modelling diesel combustion, Springer, 2010.