Exercise#1 Glossary:

Progressivism:

Students of history regularly allude to safeguarding and protection as two restricting strategies
that battled for predominance among Progressive Era natural reformers. The inconsistencies
between these two techniques got clear during the contention over an arranged dam in
California's Hetchy Valley. The statement focused on San Francisco's water supply.

Capitalism:

Industrial capitalism achieved the biggest leaps forward in efficiency and production in human
history. Massive new enterprises mobilized money on a never-before-seen scale and generated
tremendous profits that resulted in previously unheard-of riches. However, it also created a
legion of low-wage, low-skilled, and unstable employment with long hours and unsafe operating
conditions. the event of business giants altered the landscape of the yank rural area and those
who lived there.

Taylorism:

By the turn of the century, corporate executives and rich industrialists had adopted the new
scientific management ideas known as Taylorism, after its prominent proponent, Frederick
Taylor. Precision steel components, the harnessing of electricity, machine tool advancements,
and the mass markets created by railways all opened up new possibilities for efficiency. Taylor
asserted that enterprises need a scientific organisation of production in line with the demands of
the computer era.

Social Gospel:

The Social Gospel Movement was a religious epoch in the latter part of the nineteenth century.
Ministers, particularly those associated with the Protestant branch of Christianity, started to
connect salvation with good acts. They claimed that individuals should imitate Jesus Christ's life.

Exercise#2 Connections:
Industrialization:

Railroads were not created naturally. Their monumental money desires necessitated
incorporation, a legal innovation that safeguarded shareholders against losses. Huge quantities of
state help followed. Federal, state, and municipal governments lavished subsidies on the
development of the nation's rail networks. Lincoln's political party, that controlled government
policy throughout the war and Reconstruction, enacted laws authorizing huge government
subsidies. Industrialization additionally reshaped an oversized portion of Yankee life outside of
labor. The great industrial and economic titans, the so-called capitalists, including railroad
magnates such as Cornelius Vanderbilt, oilmen such as J. D. Rockefeller, steel magnates such as
Andrew Carnegie, and bankers such as J. P. Morgan, amassed fortunes that, when accounting for
inflation, remain among the nation's largest ever. According to different estimates, the richest 1%
of Americans controlled a quarter of the nation's assets in 1890; the top 10% held more than
70%. And inequality has simply become worse. By 1900, the wealthiest 10% of the population
held approximately 90% of the nation's wealth.

Knights of labor:

Quickly developing industrial cities bind urban customers and rural producers to a very single,
integrated national market.For example, food production and consumption were utterly liberal.
Chicago's stockyards looked as if it would be the unifying issue. Within the early Eighties, the
Knights of Labor achieved tremendous success, owing partly to their tries to unify the delicate
and unskilled staff. It had been receptive to all staff and girls, aside from attorneys, bankers, and
liquor merchants. By 1886, the Knights had matured to almost 700,000 members. The Knights
pictured a cooperative producer-centered society that rewarded labor instead of capital. Still,
despite their excellent vision, they targeting the sensible blessings that would be achieved by
employee organizations in native unions—the twentieth century led to the time of monopoly.
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) arose as a conservative counter-narrative to the
Knights of Labor's goal. The AFL, an alliance of craft unions composed of qualified labour,
denied the Knights' enormous vision of a "producerist" economy in favour of "plain and simple
organised labour," a programme aimed at achieving practical gains such as higher wages, fewer
hours, and safer working conditions through a sensible approach that avoided strikes. However,
employees continued to go on strike.

Robber Banor

The mergers and aggressive industrial methods of Carnegie and John Davison Rockefeller
attained them the soubriquet thief barons. Their remorseless crushing of economic competition,
labor abuse, associated political corruption created an opposition campaigned for measures to
rein in monopoly power. According to folklore, they ruled over a defenceless democracy with
their greed and power." The first instance of this was against Vanderbilt, which was accused of
accepting money from strong, public sector shippers in order to prevent competing on their
routes. Political friends had been awarded special shipping routes by the state, but informed
lawmakers that their expenses were so exorbitant that they needed to charge a premium in order
to collect more support from taxpayers. Vanderbilt's commercial shipping business started
operating the same routes at a fraction of the cost, earning a substantial profit in the absence of
governmental subsidies. State-supported shippers subsequently started paying Vanderbilt to
avoid shipping on their route. A opponent of this strategy created a political cartoon presenting
Vanderbilt as a mediaeval robber lord collecting a toll.
Exercise#3 Primary Source Analysis:
Joseph Keller: “The bosses of Senate”:

This is the Monopolists' Senate, run by Monopolists for Monopolists. Keppler's animation
featured not simply the astounding ascent of American industry during the 1880s yet additionally
a disturbing inclination toward business solidification to the place of syndication and its
unbalanced impact on governmental issues. This general impression helped in the death of the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act by Congress in 1890. This frequently recreated animation, which has for
quite some time been a staple of legislative course readings and studies, portrays corporate
interests–going from steel, copper, oil, iron, sugar, tin, and coal to paper packs, envelopes, and
salt–as titanic cash sacks approaching over the little legislators at their work areas in the
Chamber. Joseph Keppler made the animation distributed in Puck on January 23, 1889,
portraying a bonded and banned way to the exhibition, "individuals' entrance." While the
displays stay empty, certain interests have floor rights, working under the adage: "This is the
Senate of the Monopolists, by the Monopolists, and for the Monopolists."

Exercise#4 Documentry Essay:

Indexed Pricing from 1870 to 1899 relates to the average prices for goods and services during
periods throughout the Gilded Age. Between 1870 and 18gg, food costs decreased dramatically,
as did fuel and lighting expenses. The cost of life decreased marginally throughout this period,
owing to the development of mass manufacturing, which resulted in cheaper items. Food costs
have been reduced due to agricultural advancements, while lighting costs have fallen due to new
lighting advancements. Prices plummeted drastically in the 1870s and even lower in the mid-
1890s. At that point, many felt that the United States was through an "Economic crisis." Indeed,
it was a time of a huge financial extension. Several lands of recently created geographic region
land delivered plentiful harvests, philanthropists were amassing his iron and steel domain, and
John D. Rockefeller shaped the quality company. Prices fell since the money offer could not
keep tuned in to the great life of things delivered by Yankee ranchers and trade.

By pulling part of the Civil War Greenback monies from circulation, the government
exacerbated the deflation. The remainders were then converted convertible to gold in 1879,
making them indistinguishable from regular paper notes. The reduced money supply was fiercely
opposed by indebted farmers and other sectors suffering from persistent price declines. They
pressed Washington to expand the money supply by printing more Greenbacks or coining vast
quantities of silver mined in the West. Congress authorized the minting of some silver, but not
sufficient to halt the declining trend.

Prices fell to an all-time low in the early 1890s due to a severe economic crisis. The desire to
expand the money supply grew, and the 1896 presidential election was contested on coining
silver. Republicans argued for "sound money" based only on gold, while Democratic contender
William Jennings Bryan argued for the available issuance of silver.
The fact that a broad rise followed Republican William McKinley's triumph in 1896 in prices is
one of the ironies of American history. The discovery of gold and the development of more
effective purifying methods, and the restoration of prosperous times were responsible.

Exercise#5 Trivia(Extra Credit):

Hoffman's 38 family members perished in the 1889 flood. Johnstown had a population of 30,000
in 1889, with many residents employed in the steel industry. On May 31, locals were ignorant of
the risk created by the previous day's continuous rain. At the dam, a spillway got jammed with
material that couldn't be removed. An engineer at the dam recognized warning signals of
associate degree approaching tragedy and rode a horse to the community of South Fork to warn
the locals. However, as a result of the cut telegraph wires, the warning didn't reach Johnstown.
At 3:10 p.m., the dam caved through, unleashing a roar sonic for miles. All of Lake
Conemaugh's water raced ahead at a 40-mile-per-hour rate, wiping away everything in its path.
One of the earliest significant relief operations of the American Red Cross occurred in the
aftermath of the Johnstown flood. A bridge downhill from town collected the majority of the
material and eventually caught fire. Several persons who had escaped the fire by floating on top
of rubble were killed in the blaze. (M.Coleman 2016)
References
M.Coleman, Neil. 2016. "Dam-Breach hydrology of the Johnstown flood of 1889–challenging the findings
of the 1891 investigation report." Heliyon.