Chapter 7 nuclear physics

1. 1. Chapter 7: NUCLEAR PHYSICS

2. 2. SCOPE OF STUDY SCOPE OF STUDY 11 main sub topics students should learn and
understand in this chapter are : Structure and Properties of the Nucleus Discovery of
Neutrons The Nuclear Forces Atomic Number and Mass Number Atomic Mass Unit
3. 3. SCOPE OF STUDY SCOPE OF STUDY Mass Defect Binding Energy per Nucleon
Mass-Energy Equation Isotopes of an Element Mass Spectrometer Detection of Presence
of Isotopes
4. 4. STRUCTURE & STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons. A proton is the nucleus of the
simplest atom hydrogen. Proton has positive charge. Neutron carries no electric charge
and has mass slightly larger than a proton. The number of neutrons in the nucleus is N.
5. 5. STRUCTURE & STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
6. 6. STRUCTURE & STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS
7. 7. STRUCTURE & STRUCTURE & PROPERTIES OF PROPERTIES OF NUCLEUS
NUCLEUS Neutrons and protons are collectively called nucleons. Although hydrogen
nucleus consists of a single proton alone, the nuclei of all other elements consist of both
neutrons and protons. Nuclei is a plural of nucleus. The different nuclei are often referred
to as nuclides. The radius, r of nucleus depends on atomic mass number, A ( r ≈ 1.2 ×10
−15 ) 13 mA
8. 8. DISCOVERY OF DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS NEUTRONS James Chadwick
(1891-1974) James Chadwick (1891-1974)
9. 9. DISCOVERY OF DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS NEUTRONS In 1932, Chadwick
proved the existence of neutrons - elementary particles devoid of any electrical charge. In
contrast with the helium nuclei (alpha rays) which are charged, and therefore repelled by
the considerable electrical forces present in the nuclei of heavy atoms, this new tool in
atomic disintegration need not overcome any electric barrier and is capable of penetrating
and splitting the nuclei of even the heaviest elements.
10. 10. DISCOVERY OF DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS EXPERIMENT OF NEUTRON
NEUTRONS
11. 11. DISCOVERY OF DISCOVERY OF NEUTRONS NEUTRONS Chadwick smashed
alpha particles into beryllium, a rare metallic element, and allowed the radiation that was
released to hit another target: paraffin wax. When the beryllium radiation hit hydrogen
atoms in the wax, the atoms were sent into a detecting chamber. In physics it is known
that only a particle having almost the same mass as a hydrogen atom could effect
hydrogen in that manner. The experiment results showed a collision with beryllium atoms
would release massive neutral particles, which Chadwick named neutrons.
12. 12. NUCLEAR FORCES NUCLEAR FORCES Two types : Strong nuclear forces and
weak nuclear forces. Strong nuclear force is an attractive force that acts between all
nucleons (protons and neutrons alike). Protons attract each other via strong nuclear force
at the same time they repel each other via electric force. Strong nuclear force > electric
force. Neutrons (electrically neutral) only attract other neutron or protons via strong
nuclear force.
13. 13. NUCLEAR FORCES NUCLEAR FORCES Strong nuclear force is a short-range
force. It acts only over a very short distance. It is very strong between 2 nucleons if they
are < 10 -15 m apart. It is 0 if they are separated by a distance > 10 -15 m apart. Electric
and gravitational forces are long-range forces. If the nuclide contains too fewer or too
many neutrons relative to the number of protons, the binding of nucleons reduce (nuclide
unstable).
14. 14. NUCLEAR FORCES NUCLEAR FORCES Nuclei stable – have the same number of
protons as neutrons (N=Z) up to about A = 30. Beyond this, stable nuclei contain more
neutrons and protons. As Z increase, electric repulsion increase, greater number of
neutrons require to maintain stability. For very large Z, no number of neutrons can
overcome the greatly increased electric repulsion. (Above Z = 82, no completely stable
nuclide). Weak nuclear force – second type of nuclear force that is much weaker than
strong nuclear force.
15. 15. NUCLEAR FORCES NUCLEAR FORCES
16. 16. ATOMIC NUMBER, Z ATOMIC NUMBER, Z DEFINITION DEFINITION
Number of protons in the nucleus To establish the chemical identity of the atom. Each
atomic number corresponds to a different chemical element. It symbols by Z.
17. 17. MASS NUMBER, A MASS NUMBER, A DEFINITION DEFINITION Total
number of protons and neutrons (nucleons) in the nucleus Neutron number : N = A - Z
18. 18. MASS NUMBER, A MASS NUMBER, A It symbols by A. A and Z sufficient to
specify a nuclide. Nuclide are symbolized by symbol : X is the chemical symbol for the
element. It contains the same information of recognizable form. Z but in the more easily
in the
19. 19. ATOMIC MASS UNIT ATOMIC MASS UNIT It is symbolized by amu or u. It is a
unit to specify the nuclear masses because the very small size of protons it is not
convenient to express the mass of nuclei and atomic particles in the conventional unit of
kilograms. Masses of atoms are measured with reference to the carbon-12 atom, which is
assigned a mass of exactly 12 u.
20. 20. ATOMIC MASS UNIT ATOMIC MASS UNIT The relationship between the atomic
mass unit and kilogram is : where c : speed of light = 3.0 x 108 m/s
21. 21. ATOMIC MASS UNIT ATOMIC MASS UNIT
22. 22. MASS DEFECT, ∆m MASS DEFECT, ∆m DEFINITION DEFINITION The amount
by which the sum of the individual masses The amount by which the sum of the
individual masses of the protons and neutrons exceeds the mass of intact of the protons
and neutrons exceeds the mass of intact nucleus nucleus It is also known as the difference
in mass of the nucleus.
23. 23. BINDING ENERGY PER BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON NUCLEON
BINDING ENERGY The energy needed to break the nucleus into its The energy needed
to break the nucleus into its constituent protons and neutrons ((nucleons). constituent
protons and neutrons nucleons).
24. 24. BINDING ENERGY PER BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON NUCLEON
Because of the strong nuclear force, the nucleons in a stable nucleus are held tightly
together. Thus, energy is required to separate a stable nucleus into its constituent
nucleons. The more stable the nucleus is, the greater is the amount of energy needed to
break it apart. Each of the separated nucleons is at rest and out of range of the forces of
the other nucleons.
25. 25. BINDING ENERGY PER BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON NUCLEON
Binding energy = ( Mass defect ) c 2 = ( ∆m ) c 2
26. 26. BINDING ENERGY PER BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON NUCLEON
BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON The total binding energy of a nucleus divided by
The total binding energy of a nucleus divided by mass number, A mass number, A
27. 27. BINDING ENERGY PER BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON NUCLEON
28. 28. BINDING ENERGY PER BINDING ENERGY PER NUCLEON NUCLEON
Example: Binding energy for iron. Calculate the total binding energy and the binding
energy per nucleon for , the most common stable isotope of iron. Solution: Calculate the
mass of the iron nucleus, the mass of 26 protons, and the mass of 30 neutrons. The total
binding energy is the difference, 492 MeV, and the binding energy per nucleon is 8.79
MeV.
29. 29. MASS-ENERGY MASS-ENERGY EQUATION EQUATION The energy change in
a nuclear reaction is considerably greater than that of a normal chemical reaction. This
change can be calculated using Einstein's equation: ΔE = Δmc22 ΔE = Δmc where ΔE is
the change in energy, Δm is the change in mass, c is the speed of light (3.00 x 108 m/s).
30. 30. ISOTOPES OF ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT ELEMENT DEFINITION DEFINITION
Nuclei that contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons
31. 31. ISOTOPES OF ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT ELEMENT
32. 32. ISOTOPES OF ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT ELEMENT Every nuclide is an isotope
of some other nuclide. Most elements have several isotopes. In most cases some of the
isotopes of a given element are stable (not radioactive), and some are radioactive. For
example, iodine has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 117 to 139.
Two of these, I-127 and I-131, are shown below.
33. 33. ISOTOPES OF ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT ELEMENT
34. 34. ISOTOPES OF ISOTOPES OF ELEMENT ELEMENT The relationship between the
two nuclides is that they are isotopes. I-131 is an isotope of I-127, and I-127 is also an
isotope of I-131. For most elements the most common or most abundant form is the
stable isotope. The radioactive forms are therefore isotopes of the more common forms,
explaining the strong association isotopes have developed with radioactivity.
35. 35. MASS MASS SPECTROMETER SPECTROMETER
36. 36. MASS MASS SPECTROMETER SPECTROMETER DEFINITION DEFINITION
An instrument which can measure the masses and An instrument which can measure the
masses and relative concentrations of atoms and molecules. It relative concentrations of
atoms and molecules. It makes use of the basic magnetic force on a moving makes use of
the basic magnetic force on a moving charged particle. charged particle.
37. 37. MASS MASS SPECTROMETER SPECTROMETER
38. 38. DETECTION OF DETECTION OF PRESENCE OF PRESENCE OF EXAMPLE
ISOTOPES ISOTOPES Two radioactive isotopes of sodium—sodium-22 and sodium-24
—are used Two radioactive isotopes of sodium—sodium-22 and sodium-24—are used in
medicine and other applications. They can be used as tracers to follow in medicine and
other applications. They can be used as tracers to follow sodium in aaperson's body. A
tracer is aaradioactive isotope whose presence sodium in person's body. A tracer is
radioactive isotope whose presence in aasystem can easily be detected. The isotope is
injected into the system at in system can easily be detected. The isotope is injected into
the system at some point. Inside the system, the isotope gives off radiation. That radiation
 some point. Inside the system, the isotope gives off radiation. That radiation can be
followed by means of detectors placed around the system. can be followed by means of
detectors placed around the system.
39. 39. DETECTION OF DETECTION OF PRESENCE OF PRESENCE OF ISOTOPES
ISOTOPES Sodium-24 also has non-medical applications. For example, it is used to test
Sodium-24 also has non-medical applications. For example, it is used to test for leaks in
oil pipe lines. These pipe lines are usually buried underground. for leaks in oil pipe lines.
These pipe lines are usually buried underground. It may be difficult to tell when aa pipe
begins to leak. One way to locate aa It may be difficult to tell when pipe begins to leak.
One way to locate leak is to add some sodium-24 to the oil. If oil leaks out of the pipe, so
does leak is to add some sodium-24 to the oil. If oil leaks out of the pipe, so does the
sodium-24. The leaking oil may not be visible, but the leaking sodiumthe sodium-24. The
leaking oil may not be visible, but the leaking sodium24 is easily detected. It is located by
instruments that are designed to detect 24 is easily detected. It is located by instruments
that are designed to detect radiation. radiation.
40. 40. ~~ THE END ~~ “ Write it on ur heart that every day is the best day in the year”
~Ralph Wardo Emerson~