Part 5.

2
1G: Where it all began: The first generation of mobile networks – or 1G as they
were retroactively dubbed when the next generation was introduced – was launched by
Nippon Telegraph and Telephone (NTT) in Tokyo in 1979. By 1984, NTT had rolled out
1G to cover the whole of Japan. In 1983, the US approved the first 1G operations and
the Motorola’s DynaTAC became one of the first ‘mobile’ phones to see widespread use
stateside. Other countries such as Canada and the UK rolled out their own 1G networks a
few years later. However, 1G technology suffered from a number of drawbacks.
Coverage was poor and sound quality was low. There was no roaming support between
various operators and, as different systems operated on different frequency ranges, there
was no compatibility between systems. Worse of all, calls weren’t encrypted, so anyone
with a radio scanner could drop in on a call.
2G: The Cultural Revolution (From Analogue to Digital): The second generation of
mobile networks, or 2G, was launched under the GSM standard in Finland in 1991. For
the first time, calls could be encrypted and digital voice calls were significantly clearer
with less static and background crackling. But 2G was about much more than
telecommunications; it helped lay the groundwork for nothing short of a cultural
revolution. For the first time, people could send text messages (SMS), picture messages,
and multimedia messages (MMS) on their phones. The analog past of 1G gave way to the
digital future presented by 2G. This led to mass-adoption by consumers and businesses
alike on a scale never before seen. Although 2G’s transfer speeds were initially only
around 9.6 kbit/s, operators rushed to invest in new infrastructure such as mobile cell
towers. By the end of the era, speeds of 40 kbit/s were achievable and EDGE connections
offered speeds of up to 500 kbit/s. Despite relatively sluggish speeds, 2G revolutionized
the business landscape and changed the world forever.
3G: The ‘Packet-Switching’ Revolution (Web Browsing Arrives): 3G was launched by
NTT DoCoMo in 2001 and aimed to standardize the network protocol used by vendors.
This meant that users could access data from any location in the world as the ‘data
packets’ that drive web connectivity were standardized. This made international roaming
services a real possibility for the first time. 3G’s increased data transfer capabilities (4
times faster than 2G) also led to the rise of new services such as video conferencing,

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video streaming and voice over IP (such as Skype). In 2002, the Blackberry was
launched, and many of its powerful features were made possible by 3G connectivity. The
twilight era of 3G saw the launch of the iPhone in 2007, meaning that its network
capability was about to be stretched like never before.
4G: The Streaming Era (Enabling Streaming and Downloading): 4G was first deployed
in Stockholm, Sweden and Oslo, Norway in 2009 as the Long Term Evolution (LTE) 4G
standard. It was subsequently introduced throughout the world and made high-quality
video streaming a reality for millions of consumers. 4G offers fast mobile web access (up
to 1 gigabit per second for stationary users) which facilitates gaming services, HD videos
and HQ video conferencing. The catch was that while transitioning from 2G to 3G was as
simple as switching SIM cards, mobile devices needed to be specifically designed to
support 4G. This helped device manufacturers scale their profits dramatically by
introducing new 4G-ready handsets and was one factor behind Apple’s rise to become the
world’s first trillion dollar company.
5G: The Internet of Things Era (The Super-Fast Next Generation):
5G is the 5th generation mobile network. It is a new global wireless standard after
1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G networks. 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed
to connect virtually everyone and everything together including machines, objects,
and devices.
5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data
speeds, ultra low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased
availability, and a more uniform user experience to more users. Higher
performance and improved efficiency empower new user experiences and connects
new industries.

Invention of 5G: No one company or person owns 5G, but there are several companies
within the mobile ecosystem that are contributing to bringing 5G to life. Qualcomm has
played a major role in inventing the many foundational technologies that drive the
industry forward and make up 5G, the next wireless standard. We are at the heart of the
3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the industry organization that defines the
global specifications for 3G UMTS (including HSPA), 4G LTE, and 5G technologies.

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3GPP is driving many essential inventions across all aspects of 5G design, from the air
interface to the service layer. Other 3GPP 5G members range from infrastructure vendors
and component/device manufacturers to mobile network operators and vertical service
providers.
Technologies that Make Up 5G: 5G is based on OFDM (Orthogonal
frequency-division multiplexing), a method of modulating a digital signal
across several different channels to reduce interference. 5G uses 5G NR air
interface alongside OFDM principles. 5G also uses wider bandwidth
technologies such as sub-6 GHz and mmWave. Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM
operates based on the same mobile networking principles. However, the new
5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher
degree of flexibility and scalability. This could provide more 5G access to
more people and things for a variety of different use cases.
5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources,
from sub-3 GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond. 5G can operate in both lower
bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g., 24 GHz and up), which will
bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput, and low latency.

5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services

compared to 4G LTE, but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-
critical communications and connecting the massive IoT. This is enabled by many
new 5G NR air interface design techniques, such as a new self-contained TDD
subframe design.

5G better than 4G: 5G is a unified platform that is more capable than 4G. While
4G LTE focused on delivering much faster mobile broadband services than 3G, 5G
is designed to be a unified, more capable platform that not only elevates mobile
broadband experiences, but also supports new services such as mission-critical
communications and the massive IoT. 5G can also natively support all spectrum
types (licensed, shared, unlicensed) and bands (low, mid, high), a wide range of

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deployment models (from traditional macro-cells to hotspots), and new ways to
interconnect (such as device-to-device and multi-hop mesh).
5G uses spectrum better than 4G: 5G is also designed to get the most out of
every bit of spectrum across a wide array of available spectrum regulatory
paradigms and bands—from low bands below 1 GHz, to mid bands from 1 GHz to
6 GHz, to high bands known as millimeter wave (mmWave).

5G is faster than 4G: 5G can be significantly faster than 4G, delivering up to 20

Gigabits-per-second (Gbps) peak data rates and 100+ Megabits-per-second (Mbps)
average data rates.
5G has more capacity than 4G: 5G is designed to support a 100x increase in
traffic capacity and network efficiency.
5G has lower latency than 4G: 5G has significantly lower latency to deliver more
instantaneous, real-time access: a 10x decrease in end-to-end latency down to 1ms.
Is 5G available now: 5G is already here today, and global operators started launching
new 5G networks in early 2019. In 2020, many countries expect nationwide 5G
mobile networks. Also, all major Android phone manufacturers are
commercializing 5G phones. And soon, even more people may be able to access
5G.
5G has been deployed in 35+ countries and counting. We are seeing much faster
rollout and adoption compared with 4G. Consumers are very excited about the
high speeds and low latencies. But 5G goes beyond these benefits by also
providing the capability for mission-critical services, enhanced mobile broadband
and massive IoT. While it is hard to predict when everyone will have access to 5G,
we are seeing great momentum of 5G launches in its first year and we expect more
countries to launch their 5G networks in 2020 and beyond.
Disadvantages of 5G:
5G Fequency is interrupted by physical obstructions such as trees, towers, walls and
buildings and the costs related to the development of 5G infrastructure or adaptations to
existing cellular infrastructure will be high. While 5G might bring about real connectivity

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for the predominantly urban areas, those living in the rural settings will not necessarily
benefit from the connection.
As of June 2020, 5G was available in:
 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bahrain, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Finland,
Germany, Hong Kong, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kuwait, Maldives,
Monaco, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Oman, Philippines, Poland, Puerto
Rico, Qatar, Romania, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden,
Switzerland, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, United Arab Emirates, United
Kingdom, United States of America.

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 Part 5.3
5G in India:
 5G will be USED in INDIA to enable the DIGITAL India, SMART Cities &
SMART Village missions for India.
 To accelerate deployment of next generation ubiquitous ultra-high broadband
infrastructure with 100% coverage of 10 Gbps across urban India and 1 Gbps
across Rural India.
 To ensure proliferation of affordable 5G services and technologies across all
sectors (eg. healthcare, education, transport, utilities, manufacturing) across the
nation hence enabling an inclusive knowledge society.
 To reposition the mobile broadband device complemented by IoT sensors and
M2M technologies as an instrument of socio-economic empowerment of citizens
and rapid economic development.
 To promote Research and Development in 5G technology, products and services.
 To promote development of 5G standards, generation of IPR and Global
Contribution.

Use Cases of 5G in India: 5G is going to be the core technology to enable the digital
transformation of India. Hence it is important to study India Specific use cases and make
them part of the requirements influencing the development and standards of 5G. The
three broad use cases of IMT 2020 or 5G are: – Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB) –
Massive Machine Type communication (MMTC) – Ultra Reliable Low Latency
communication (uRLLC). sThese broad use cases can be used to provide different types
of services in India for example rural broadband, enhanced broadband in urban areas,
enabling smart cities through support for IOT, enabling critical communication through
support for ultra reliable low latency communication.
Mobile broadband – eMBB: Providing connectivity and net services in rural India –
Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) – One of the test configurations in rural eMBB is LMLC
or Low Mobility Large Cell. – This can be utilised to provide connectivity and net

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services in rural India – 5G technologies that support eMBB can be used to provide high
speed data service in a hotspot example in the village community centre.
Massive Machine Type Communication: MMTC can be extended to all public utility
services. • Use of MMTC can help in providing smart power supply to remote and rural
areas through remote monitoring, detection and correction of faults etc. MMTC can be
used to improve various aspects of traffic management through implementation of
Intelligent Transportation System. This can be used to track containers (carrying grains
etc.), fleet management from the villages to the town or depot for the benefit of the
farmers through live tracking etc. which provides more control and features for
optimization.
Connected Cars: URLLC can be used to support connected cars for example for
vehicle-to-vehicle coordination and traffic control.
E-Health: It can be used to provide e-health through remote diagnostics and remote
surgery through tactile internet. This will enable healthcare in remote and rural areas. E-
Health use cases were studied in the working group w.r.t. type of communication
Channel requirement, data bandwidth requirement, compliance to standards, challenges,
criticality of QoS and patient safety requirements from the following prospective: 1.
Remote patient monitoring 2. Rural Health :- Solution comprises of mobile device,
connected to Medical Device and enabled with Biometric ID, Camera and GPS with
network connectivity to the backend Server where data can be submitted individually or
in a consolidated manner. 3. Patient identification : Aadhar, Phone number, iris, smart
card 4. Assisted living : Fall condition, vital sign monitoring, schedule for medicine
reminder, activity monitoring, home dialysis, geo fencing etc.
Use Cases in the Power Sector: Power Sector has a number of use cases where M2M
communications plays a vital role, these includes (but are not limited to): Automatic
Meter Reading (AMR) Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI) SCADA / EMS
(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition / Energy Management System) for
TRANSCOS SCADA / DMS (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition / Distribution
Management System) for DISCOMS Sub-station Automation and Distribution
Automation Distributed Generation Electric Vehicles Charging Energy Storage

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Micro-grids Home Energy Management/Building Energy Management Enterprise
Networks etc.
Various use cases in Automotive sector: Intelligent transport System, vehicle tracking,
traffic control, smart Parking, navigation, fleet management, school bus tracking.
There are several differences between 4G and 5G, namely:
 5G is a unified platform and more capable than 4G
 5G uses spectrum better than 4G
 5G is faster than 4G
 5G has more capacity than 4G
 5G has lower latency than 4G

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