Red = Presentation // Black = Explanation
PLUMBING AND SANITARY SYSTEMS
Plumbing – “Pipes”
Sanitary – (Wastes)
System – “Entities” – parts ng isang whole body
INTRODUCTION
LESSONS FOR THIS WEEK:
Plumbing History
Concepts
Principles
PLUMBING
The art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures,
and other apparatuses in buildings for bringing in
the supply of liquids, substances and/or ingredients
and removing them; and such water, liquid and
other carried-wastes hazardous to health,
sanitation, life and property
Why art? Kasi ang plumbing hindi basta basta
nilalayout, it should be skillfully designed/installed.
Bakit? Madami kasing nagdedesign (layout sa site
or plano ng isang structure)
A good plumbing design is efficiently
planned/designed.
Efficiently – hindi siya yung madaming branches o
tubo na nagamit, that’s the goal of layouting
sanitary.
Pipes – acts as a “conveyor” of liquids
The pipes and fixtures after installation i.e., the
‘plumbing system’
Plumbing Fixtures are lavatory, water closet, floor
drain, shower head and stalls.
PLUMBING SYSTEM
System includes all potable water supply and
distribution pipes, all plumbing fixtures and traps;
all sanitary and storm drainage systems; vent
pipes, roof drains, leaders and downspout; and all
building drains and sewers, including their
respective joints and connections; devices,
receptacles, and appurtenances within the
property; water lines in the premises; potable
water treating or using equipment; fuel gas
piping; water heaters and vents for same.
Plumbing Fixtures -
Traps – nakikitang tubo sa baba niya (pipes under
lavatory)
Storm (rain) drainage systems – tubig-ulan, saan
mo siya papadaanin, from gutter to downspout
pababa, kung paano ang Sistema niya
Vent pipes – nakausli sa likod ng cr; vent – para
siyang butas o hingahan ng pipe, why we need vent
pipes? Pag walang vent pipes, walang labasan ng
hangin, minsan lumalabas sa floordrains or sinks
kaya mabaho, yan ngayon yung nagiging sakit pag
walang vent pipes
Roof Drains -lAulod”, mga gutter,
Roof leader/Downspouts – tubo pababa ng gutter
Building drains – concealed, nasa ilalim ng lupa, not
usually seen by naked eye
Sewers – septic tank
Joints and connection – pano nga ba pagdikit dikitin
ang tubo o piping natin
Water lines – kung saan padadaanin, kailangan
bang malapit siya sa sanitary pipe or ang water at
sanitary lines kelangan ba magkadikit ang mga yan
Fuel gas piping – for commercial kitchens
Water heaters and vents
PLUMBING SYSTEM COMPONENTS
 WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- water supply, storage of waters, parts of
water supply, water treatment
  SANITARY DRAINAGE AND DISPOSAL
SYSTEM
- tae, tae, tae, how to recycle water from
septic tank, anong gagawin para swabe pota
nvm hahahaa
 STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 PLUMBING FIXTURE
 FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM
 FUEL AND GAS PIPING SYSTEM
HISTORY PLUMING PRACTICE IN THE PHILIPPINES
- John F. Haas – first ever Master Plumber in
Philippines.
- In 1902, the Plumbing Trade was duly recognized
by the government in the City of Manila. Master
Plumber John F. Haas became the first Chief of the
Division of Plumbing Construction and Inspection.
A Plumbing code based on the plumbing Code of
the United States was incorporated into the
Building Code for the City of Manila.
- In 1935, the National Master Plumbers
Association of the Philippines (NAMPAP) was
formally organized. (for board exam purposes,
year, people, acronyms)
- Manila City Ordinance 2411, the “Plumbing Code
for the City of Manila” was enacted and places
under the Department of Public Services, Manila.
ROOT OF PLUMBING
ROMANS has concrete plumbing code until passed
in other countries, and now, we adopt the US’
code.
- in 1954, the Third Congress approved House Bill
No. 962 which in June 18, 1955, became R.A. 1378
“Plumbing Law of the Philippines” upon
ratification of President Ramon Magsaysay.
- On January 28, 1959, the National Plumbing Code
of the Philippines prepared by NAMPAP was
promulgated and approved by Malacanang.
- Before Martial Law in 1972, Republic Act No.
6541 otherwise known as the “Building Code of
the Philippines” was passed with the “National
Plumbing Code of 1959” as referral code in full text.
- The Professional Regulation Commission (PRC)
adopted the Revised Plumbing Code of 1999 which
President Joseph Estrada approved December 21,
1999 pursuant to Section 4 of R.A. 1378 known as
the Plumbing Law.
22 PRINCIPLES OF PLUMBING CODE
1. All premises intended for human use
or habitation shall be provided with a
supply of pure and wholesome water,
neither connected to unsafe water
supply nor subject to backflow or back-
siphonage.
- lahat ng intended spaces for
habitations kailangang may supply ng
tubig, hindi yung tubig na madumi, kundi
sabi ditto pure, or wholesome water.
* BACKFLOW – bumabaklik yung tubig
kung saan siya galling or kung saan siya
bumaba tapos nahigop pabalik
2. Plumbing fixtures, devices and
appurtenances shall be supplied with
water in sufficient volume and
pressure adequate to function
satisfactorily and without undue noise.
- minsan ang plumbing fixtures natin
may certain lakas ng tubig para
magflush, ngayon kung walang katubig
tubig at enough na volume and pressure
ng tubig, hindi siya mag faflush o di
gagana. Ex. Yung wash down (debalde)
ng water closets.
3. Plumbing shall be designed and
adjusted to use the minimum quantity
of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
- Kaya tayo may water closets na dual
ang flush, may mas malaki at mas maliit.
 * Bigger: for poops
* Smaller: for urine
- bakit minimum? Kasi para rin sa
conservation of water
4. Devices for heating and storing water
shall be so designed and installed as to
prevent dangers from explosion
through overheating.
- kulang ang pressure ng tubig kaya
hindi nakakapagpainit – isa sa mga sakit
ng heater. Or minsan mali yung wires,
maliit, hindi siya compatible
* location of water heater in lavatory is
hidden in the lavatory’s cabinet
* location of water heater of shower is at
its top, bawal mabasa, hindi waterproof
* another location for storage type
(water heater) is at service area lalo na
kung hotel o condo (pagnakita mo yung
malaking tank na puti)
5. Every building abutting on a street,
alley or easement with a public sewer
shall connect its plumbing fixtures to
the sewer system.
- example, kitchen sink mo icoconnect
mon a deretso sa imburnal, na hindi
mon a papadaanin sa septic tank
- hindi na kailangan ideretso sa septic
tank, ang septic tank niyo hindi siya
mabilis mapuno.
- according to plumbing code, hindi na
pwede ang hindi nakasemento ang baba
ng septic tank
6. Each family dwelling unit shall have at
least one water closet, one kitchen
type sink, a lavatory and a bathtub or
shower to meet the basic requirements
of sanitation and personal hygiene.
- paano kung wala? Usually is “gripo”
- kahit maliit lang para hindi masasabi
na nagviviolate ka sa law ng plumbing
code
7. Plumbing fixtures shall be made of
smooth non-absorbent material, free
from concealed fouling surfaces and
shall be located in ventilated
enclosures.
- saan gaw ang plumbing fixtures?
PORCELAIN. Or squat type (semento
(not advisable, ex. Pag nagbibiyahe ka))
- dapat hindi nakalagay sa mabahong
area kaya kailangan ventilated, paano
yung ibang gagamit diba?
8. The drainage system shall be
designed, constructed and maintained to
safeguard against fouling, deposit of
solids, clogging and with adequate
cleanouts so arranged that the pipes
may be readily cleaned.
- kung hindi proper ang paglalagay ng
cleanout (umuusli na tubong may takip)
- para saan ba si cleanout – for
example, may nag clog na piping sa
linya niya, ditto mo ngayon tutusukiin or
dudukutin palabas yung bara, for
example mga napkin or tissue or big
ebaks, or bara or buhok, may pantusok
sila not the “plunge”
9. All piping shall be of durable
NAMPAP-approved materials, free
from defective workmanship,
designed and constructed by
Registered Master Plumbers to ensure
satisfactory service.
- Architects can be master plumbers
even civil because we have a plumbing
subject.
- NAMPAP Approved materials – UPVC
(sa sanitary pipes, orange pipes), PPR
Pipes (sa water)
10. Each fixture directly connected to the
drainage system shall be equipped
with a water-sealed trap.
- water sealed trap – ex. Lavatory, kaya
nakakakita ng P-trap – work is to seal
the hole of lavatory.
- bakit ganun? hindi ba pwedeng wala
nalang p-trap? Deretso siya? – hindi,
kasi ang mangyayari nyan, yung
labasan ng hangin sa loob ng mga
piping, pwedeng dito siya lalabas (sa
taas ng lavatory) kasi hangin yan, ganun
ang hangin, kahit saang pwedeng butas
 lalabas, kaya kailangang may water
seal.
11. The drainage pipes piping system
shall be designed to provide adequate
circulation of air free from siphonage,
aspiration or forcing of trap seals
under ordinary use.
- forcing of trap seals – pagka ang
piping, walang adequate circulation on
air, pag walang vent pipes, for example,
kung nasa iisang linya ng water pipe
ang kitchen sink, water closets, floor
drain, ang mangyayari dyan pag
nagflush ka ng water closet mo, yung
tubig lalabas sa floor drain or kitchen
sink, yun ang magiging problema pag
walang vent pipes.
12. Vent terminals shall extend to the
outer air and installed to prevent
clogging and the return of foul air to
the building.
- vent terminals – parang may
pachimney sa roof or parang pa “L”,
nageextend papuntang roofs
13. Plumbing systems shall be subjected to
such tests to effectively disclose all
leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
- “water test” – to see leaks and defects.
How? I-on lahat, pineperform ang water
test ng 2 to 3 hours, hanggang dumalo
yung tubig sa floor drain, to test kung
may leakage sa piping mo
14. Substance which will clog the pipes,
produce explosive mixtures, destroy
the pipes or their joints or interfere
unduly with the sewage-disposal
process shall not be allowed to enter
the building drainage system.
- gas, paints, cooking oil (not advisable)
– hindi pwedeng itapon sa kitchen sink.
Why? For example, septic tank, pag
natapunan ng sigarilyo ang septic tank,
pwedeng sasabog. So there are proper
disposals for chemical substances.
15. Proper protection shall be provided to
prevent contamination of food, water,
sterile goods and similar materials by
backflow of sewage. When necessary,
the fixture, device or appliance shall be
connected indirectly with the building
drainage system.
- an example paano macontaminate:
ang lapit ng Sanitary pipe sa Water Line.
Ang layo dapat nila sa isat isa ay atleast
300mm to avoid water contamination.
- in water station: wag na isama yung
water waste sa septic tank mo,
“separate” nalang siya.
16. No water closet shall be located in a
room or compartment which is not
properly lighted and ventilated.
- if not properly ventilated, how about
the other next users?
17. If there is no sewer system in the area,
suitable provision shall be made for
the disposal of building sewage by
some accepted method of sewage
treatment and disposal, such as a
septic tank.
18. Where a plumbing drainage system
may be subject to backflow of
sewage, suitable provision shall be
made to prevent its overflow in the
building.
- septic tanks have outlets (papuntang
public sewer) too kaya need sementado
yung baba, kung wala, ipasipsip mo sa
posonegro. Kung walang drainage,
nilalaliman.
19. Plumbing systems shall be maintained
in serviceable condition by
Registered Master Plumbers.
- serviceable – if nagkaroon ng problem
or leakage, mabilis ang maintenance. Ito
na yung provisions ng cleanouts.
20. All plumbing fixtures shall be installed
properly spaced, to be accessible for
their intended use.
- Plumbing code book has specific
distances. Ex. Layo ni Lavatory kay
Water Closet must be atleast 450mm*
21. Plumbing shall be installed with due
regard to the preservation of the
 strength of structural members and - downspout – nakapaloob sa mga poste
the prevention of damage to walls - proper layout of downspout –
and other surfaces through fixture nakalabas sa structural members
usage.
22. Sewage or other waste from plumbing systems, which may be deleterious to surface or
sub-surface waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any waterway, unless
first rendered innocuous through subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
- septic tank – narereuse, iniinom na purified, distilled, mineral
- tinitreat bago lumabas ng water waste.

BLACK – POWER POINT // RED – EXPLANATION

2nd Video (wastewater na walang solid) to a receiving
water bod.
FUNDAMENTALS OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM
1.1 Sources and Uses of Water The Plumbing Cycle

NATURE OF WATER  Source – either from mismong “cistern”

The Water Cycle sementadong storage ng tubig.
 3 major phases:  Supply – from water mains (nawasa), then
- Evaporation store in tanke ng bahay to papuntang;
- Condensation  Distribution – our pipings
- Precipitation  Use – pang flush or take a bath
 Collection – mapupunta sa
Evaporate ang bodies of water, after that drains/floordrains natin, dadaang sanitary
magcocondensate siya then pag napuno na, pipes
magkakaroon ng precipitation.  Disposal – papuntang Sewer, public sewer;
Saan nanggagaling ang water runoff? Either mag Treatment – STP or Natural Purification (Ex.
sisit in sa ground or mawawash away sa Nadispose sa ground then dun magsisip and
bodies/sources of water. magkakarron ng natural filtrarion papuntang
The Water Cycle ground water
Precipitation – drains to surface water naturally
or constructed storm-water-drainage systems. Sources of Water
For example, umulan tapos merng kayong storm
drainage system na provision sa bahay niyo or SOURCE COLLECTI ADVANTA DISADVANT
structure. ON GES/ AGES
Example: small manholes at St. Louis, we call Natural Obtained Easy to Contains a
them “catch basins” – storm water drainage Surface from acquire large
system Water – ponds (can see amounts of
not (but everywher bacteria,
Industrial manufacturers/wastewater treatment manmade there are e, not organic,
plants discharge effluent from their processes; ponds hiding); and
STP – Sanitary Treatment Plant – all collected which Usually in inorganic
waste water are treated again and binabalik sa are large substances;
bodies of water. manmad quantities
e), lakes ; used for Purification
Facilities have water quality limits; and irrigation, and
rivers, industrial treatment
Water is treated/delivered to customers’ taps streams purpose is necessary
through system of pipes/storage facilities and, when
(water distribution system). treated,
for
After water is used, conveyed to wastewater communit
treatment plant, discharged back as effluent
 y water polluted. most condition of
supply rural the soil and
Rain Collected Water is Only a areas rock
Water from soft and source through
roofs of pure and during the which it
buildings is suitable wet season; passes or
and for the percolates
special hot water Storage
water supply becomes a Uses of Water
sheds system breeding 1. Nourishment - needs of the body
and place for 2. Cleansing and Hygiene - bath
stored in mosquitos; 3. Ceremonial Uses
cisterns 4. Transportational - Uses for cars
(natatak Roofs may 5. Cooling Medium – ex. fountain
pan and not be 6. Ornamental Element
not clean 7. Protective Uses – pang apula ng apoy
prone to
mosquito Types of Well
es) or  Well – are holes in the earth from which
ponds; a fluid may be withdrawn using manual
or mechanical means such as draw
Cistern bucket, pump etc.
water for
drinking 1. Dug well
should - Shaft is excavated/installed with a
be casing; shallow construction
boiled, - Can be constructed with hand tools and
chlorinat power tools
ed or - Depth of about 15 meters (50 ft.)
otherwis - Can have the greatest diameter that a
e space may allow
sterilized - how to filter the underground water? Either
Ground Obtained Usually May have dagdag ng sand or lagay ng mga bato
Water – it from has an organic
is below undergro abundant matter and
the land, und by supply; chemical
not means of elements;
surface mechanic Requires treatment
water al and less is
- ang manual treatment suggested;
makakaac equipme because * Culvert –
cess lang nt; of natural semento na
dyan ay filtering nakapalibot
yung may From sa poso
mga poso springs (pabilog)
and wells
Poso’s and is Character
are the of ground
banned in principal water: its
cities source of hardness,
because water for depends
cities are domestic upon the
now use in nature and
2. Bored Well
- These are dug with earth augers.
- Usually less than 30 meters (100 ft.) deep.
- Diameter ranges from 2-30 inches
- Lined with metal, vitrified tile or concrete
- hukay pababa, tapos meron ka lang
sementado
4. Driven Well
- A steel drive-well point is fitted on one end of
the pipe section and driven into the earth.
- Point may be driven into the ground to a
depth of up to 15 meters (50 ft.)
- used for domestic

Tubo
papuntang
supply

cover

sementado

3. Jetted Well
- Use of extreme water pressure so as
not to affect existing foundations in the
vicinity 5. Drilled Well
- Makes use of a suction pump above, - Requires more elaborate equipment
while casing acts as the pump riser depending on the geology of the site .
- Used only where ground is relatively - Used for drilling oil and can reach up to
soft, hence sometimes referred to as 1000 meters in depth.’
“Sand-Point Wells” - pinakamalalim
- meron yang sinusuksok na tubo
hanggang baba
- paano ginagawa? Susksokin pa ng isang
tubo tapos papalabasin yung tubig
- malambot ang mga lupa ng may mga
poso

Locating a Well
2 Most Common Sources of Contamination:
- Septic Tank/leach fields (ex. From tubo sa
bahay, gawa sa lupa na may bato bato sa
gilid and sand. Tubig na madedrain sa
ground, minsan na marireach na ang grou nd
water.)
- Livestock feedlots – feces of animals etc.
 Location must not be less than 100 ft.
away from such pollution sources
 Locate on higher ground
 The deeper the wall, the better for
natural filtration
 15.24 meters (50 ft.) away from a septic
tank.
BLACK = POWERPONT // RED - EXPLANATION // YELLOW
– “PAKI-TAKE NOTE TO”
Physical, Chemical and Biological Properties of
Water (3rd Video)
Fundamental Units of Water
1. Specific Weight (Density)
- Weight per unit volume
- Varies with temperature; most dense at 4
degrees Celsius --- below this temperature,
crystals begin to form --- increasing its
volume and therefore decreasing its density.
- 62.4 lb/cu.ft. (1 kg/L)
->4 degrees celsius=crystal forms
-<volume=increase density
2. Specific Gravity
- Ration of specific weight of the fluid or
solid to the specific weight of the water at a
4 degrees Celsius temperature.
3. Volume
- Amount of space occupied by a
substance.
- Commonly expressed in gallons.
4. Flow
- Volume of a substance that passes a point
in a system per unit of time.
- Commonly expressed in gallons per
minute (gpm)
5. Average Velocity
- Rate of linear motion of a substance that
passes a point in a system per unit of time.
- Commonly expressed in ft/s o m/s.
6. Pressure
- Force per unit area exerted by a liquid or
gas on a surface
- commonly expressed in pascal (Pa).
7. Standard Atmospheric Pressure
- Pressure of air at sea level and 21 deg C;
equal to 14.696 pounds per square inch
(psi)
- Varies with weather conditions and
elevation
8. Gauge Pressure
- Pressure of gas or liquid excluding
pressure exerted by the atmosphere.
9. Absolute Pressure
- Pressure of gas or liquid including
pressure exerted by the atmosphere.
10. Vacuum Pressure
- Pressure in a system below the
atmospheric pressure.
- Also known as “Suction Pressure”
11. Static Pressure
- Pressure that exist without any flow.
12. Residual Pressure
- Pressure available at a fixture or outlet
during a period of maximum demand.
13. Discharge Pressure
- Pressure at point of discharge.
 Physical Properties of Water Hardness – Presence Clogging Boiling
 Surface Tension Magnesium of of pipes
- The ability to stick itself together and pull tumitigas na Magnesiu Use of an
itself together. puti sa m and Impaired Iron
- “ability ng water na mag hold ng different mismong bibig Calcium laundry exchanger
entity sakanya ng salts and (zeolite
 Heat absorption/Capacity gripo/handsho cooking process)
- The ability to absorb heat without wer’s holes – Paano
becoming warmer. ibig sabihin malalama
 Capillarity may n
- The ability to climb up a surface against nagcoclog or magnesiu
the pull of gravity. either sand or m? Pag
- Kailan naman sa Plumbing dumi inisplash-
Happens when: an mo ng
- Washing clothes in laundry basin tubig
- Unnoticed strands from the clothes tapos pag
drains and get stuck in the p-trap nagdry,
may mga
puti puti.
Turbidity – Silt or mud Discolora Filtration
Uso after in surface tion
bagyo or in
ground Bad taste
Color Presence Discolora Oxidizing
of Iron and tion of Filter –
Manganes fixtures nabibili,
e– and meron sa
 Dissolving ability nakikita laundry market
- Known as the “Universal Solvent” lalo sa
mga
Testing of Water fixtures.
 Chemical Analysis Ex. CR ng
- test for potable water that provides chemical USL,
analysis of the water indicating the parts per million pamantya
(ppm) of each of chemical found in the water. sa water
closet
 Bacteriology Pollution Contamina Disease Chlorinatio
- provides estimate of density of bacteria in the tion by Poliomyel n
water supply in particular the presence of coliform organic itis
organism. matter or
sewage
Treatment and Purification
PROBLEMS CAUSE EFFECT CORRECT  Mas maganda paring i-test yung tubig bago
S ION ka mag decide kung ano ang process na
Acidity Entrance Corrosion Raising gagamitin para mapurify yung tubig
(common) of oxygen of alkaline
and nonferrou content by Other Objectionable Elements
carbon s pipes the
Objectionable Reason for Treatment
dioxide introductio
Element
Rusting n of a
Calcium, Produces Hardness (Try
and neutralizer
Magnesium comparing water from a ‘poso’
clogging (sodium
and Wilkins)
(nagbubu silicate)
Sulfur Bad taste and odor, highly
o buo) of
corrosive to plumbing, stains
steel
clothing, etc.
pipes
Salt Bad taste, highly corrosive the bottom, then drawing the water out,
(Yung pagnagsabon ka tapos leaving these sediments in the container.
nagbanlaw ka, madulas sa - hihintaying mong bumaba lahat ng
balat; lalo na mga tubig sa particles
resorts) - to get the
Iron Stains clothing and plumbing finer water,
fixtures, interferes with water there is an
softeners, iron bacteria clogs outlet.
pipes
Pathogenic Germs Unhealthy; may cause
poliomyelitis
Acid Highly corrosive, picks up
lead, stains clothing
Algae Bad taste and odor

WATER TREATMENT METHODS

Water Treatment and Purification

1. Aeration – Spraying the water into the

atmosphere through jets or passing it over
rough surfaces to remove trapped harmful
gases such as carbon dioxide or hydrogen
sulfide.
- ex., blow straw sa may baso na may lamang
tubig
- minsan si aeration pinapadaan sa pipe tapos
meron siyang kaunting outlet, para siyang jet or
fountain
A Sample of malakihan at
2. Coagulation and Precipitation – Addition of malawakang sedimentation at STP
coagulants, such as ferrous sulfate and
lime, to the water which cause the larger
suspended particles to form a gelatinous 5. Chlorination – Water is injected with
mass which precipitates readily. The hypochlorite or chlorine gas to kill the
precipitate is gathered in large dumps and harmful bacteria.
disposed of. - Example sa swimming pool, pag mata mo
- *Video at 16:45* nag red red red na tsaka pag nagdry yung
- Sludge (mga bumababa sa tubig pag nilagyan buhok mo, sobrang tigas.
ng ferrous sulfate at lime) are being collected at
ginagawang pataba pag nagdry. “GANYAN
TALAGA, KARMA KARMA LANG, KUNG Methods of Water Treatment
ANONG ITINAE MO YUN DIN KAKAININ MO.”
Objectionable Elements Method of Treatment
3. Filtration – Water is passed through layers Carbon Dioxide, Aeration
of sand and gravel in concrete basins in Hydrogen Sulfide
order to remove the finer suspended Suspended Material Coagulation and
particles. Settling Process
- ginagawa din siya sa process ng Bacteria Chemicals and Sand
pagrecycle ng wastewater. Filtration
- products are Wilkins, Summit, Absolute Calcium and Magnesium Addition of water
etc. softeners
Iron Iron Filters
4. Sedimentation – Particles of matters that Sulfur Chlorination
are suspended in the water are allowed to Pathogenic Germs Disinfection (chlorine
stay in a container so that they will settle in chlorine rin)
Acid Marble or Limestone
Filtration
Zeolite (black na mga
bato)
actually zeolite process is for hard
water..ngayon nabanggit ko sya sa part ng
acidic water which is wrong..acidic water can
be treated with limestones or marble
filtration..while hardness of water can be
corrected using the zeolite process.. zeolite
process kc can make the water soft..usually
ang ginagamit is sodium chloride solutions..
4TH VIDEO (BLACK – PPT; RED – ADDITIONAL NOTES
FROM MA’AM)
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
DEFECTS IN WATER DISTRIBUTION
SYSTEMS
WATER VELOCITY
- maximum water velocities in water supply
piping are usually limited to a range of 5 to 10 feet.
Maximum safe velocities for thermoplastic pipes is
about 5 feet.
- kasali siya sa defects because ang lakas ng flow
ng tubig ay pwedeng makasira ng piping systems. There
are designated water velocity ang pipes.
- Paano nagiging sakit? Kapag malakas ang
pressure or flow ng tubig, yung pipe or pipe fittings
natin, pwede siyang ma-rupture.
- kasalanan ba natin yan? Minsan sa excessive
use ng pressure.
CROSS CONNECTION
- an unsatisfactory arrangement of piping that
can cause non-potable water to enter the water supply
systems. (e.g. faucet airgap, garden hose)
- ex. Hose beep (gripo na kabitan ng hose).
Iniwan mong nakatengga yung hose mo sa malaking
drum na contaminated, nagkaroon ngayon ng cross
connection – pwedeng magkabackflow.
- ex. Kapag sabay nag open ang faucet sa
kitchen sink at faucet sa banyo, may pag pupulse and
nahihigop yung water.
BACKFLOW
- type of cross connection that occurs when
contaminated water unintentionally flows backwards
into distribution pipes.
- solution? Gamit ang airgap – the gap between
the head of the faucet and the flood level rim.
* Our fixtures have water limit or what we call the
“Flood Level Rim” (pag apaw ng tubig)
BACK PRESSURE/BACK SIPHONING
- A backflow caused by a negative pressure
(vacuum) in a water system.
- nangyayari pag.. ex., we have pressure tank ..
(nood mo nalang vid, 7:40)
- solution? Check valve.
BACKPRESSURE BACKFLOW
- A downstream pressure that is greater than
the supply pressure. (use vacuum breaker – prevents
backflow)
- nahihigop lahat ng tubig
- ex. Meron tayong high rise (10 floors) and fire
hydrant. Kunwari nabunggo yang si fire hydrant tapos
nagfountain siya, Now, the supply of water from the
high floors ay nagkakaroon ng pressure drop dahil nga
sa biglaang higop ng tubig palabas.
- solution? Check valve.
DOUBLE CHECK VALVE ASSEMBLY
- consists of two check valves assembled in
series usually with a ball valve or gate valve installed at
each end for isolation and testing.
- Check valve – its work is to prevent backflow.
WATER HAMMER
- large pressure develops when fluid moving
through a pipe is suddenly stopped. (e.g. sudden closing
of a valve)
- nagsheshake na tubo
SOLUTION: Use: air chamber (300mm)– a
vertical extension of a fixture pipe wherein air is
trapped to serve as a cushion to any pressure surge.
- because it acts like a cushion para hindi
mabigla yung piping
 WATER HAMMER ARRESTER – patented
devices that absorbs hydraulic shock;
typically placed at the end of the branch
line between the last two fixtures served or
at midpoint for runs.
 EXPANSION - check valve – prevents backflow of water
- thermal expansion can push pipe through a
wall or cause it to burst STORAGE TANKS

VISCOSITY
- ground water SUPPLEMENTARY DEFINITIONS (WATER
- the viscosity (thickness) decreases with
temperature decrease—pumping energy and
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM)
cost are higher
- need pumps to gain pressure, usually si Rotary AIR GAP (WATER DISTRIBUTION)
pump ang ginagamit dito - an unobstructed vertical distance through the
- bakit kasama sa defects? Kapag viscous ang free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any
tubig, mahirap ipump at need ng greater pipe or faucet conveying potable water to the flood-
pressure sa piping natin. level rim of any tank, vat or fixture.
- same with air chamber.
PARTS OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
BATTERY OF FIXTURES
PARTS OF THE COLD-WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
- any of two or more similar adjacent fixtures
SERVICE PIPE (public water line)
which discharge into a common horizontal soil or waste
- pipe from the street water main or other
branch.
source of water supply to the building served.
- “this is for sanitary, naisama lang”
- piping na magcoconnect papuntang water
meter, now after water meter, ang pipe na is building
FIXTURE BRANCH
main/horizontal supply main)
- water supply pipe between the fixture supply
pipe and the water distributing pipe.
WATER METER
- device used to measure in liters or gallons the
amount of water that passes through the water service.
FLOOD LEVEL
BUILDING MAIN/HORIZONTAL SUPPLY MAIN
- the level in a fixture at which water begins to
- the principal water distribution pipe running
overflow over the top or rim of the fixture.
from the water meter from which the various branches
and risers to the fixtures are taken.
GOOSENECK
- a flexible tubing connection between a service
RISER
pipe and water main; a return bend of a small-sized
- a water supply pipe extending vertically to one
pipe commonly used as a faucet.
full story or more to convey water into pipe branches or
- sa mga faucet na movable.
plumbing fixtures.
- flexible tubing
BRANCH
ROUGHING-IN (term in the site)
- Anything horizontal in water piping system
- the installation of all piping and fitting parts of
the plumbing system, which can be completed prior to
FIXTURE BRANCH
the installation of fixtures and accessories includes:
- the water supply pipe between the fixture
sanitary and storm drainage, tap, hot and chilled water
supply pipe and the water- distributing pipe
supply, gas piping and the necessary fixture supports.
- applicable to electrical and plumbing.
FIXTURE SUPPLY
- “ang ibig sabihin ng roughing in kailangan mo
- “I think pareho lang siya niyan”

VALVES
- used for control, isolation, and repair of the
water distribution system.
- gate valve – shutting on and off ng pinaka-
supply ng tubig mo sa iyong building
na maglayout ng piping bago mag buhos ng slab” ACCESS TO WATER SUPPLY FACILITIES
CLASSIFICATION OF PUBLIC WATER
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM LEVEL 1
- farthest user is not more than 250 meters from point
DIRECT PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION to source.
- water is obtained through a large intake
installed on the lake basin and extended into deep LEVEL 2
water. - user not more than 25 meters from communal faucet
- example: source is river down to dam
then plant to filter, cure and treat
then papuntang supply main/public
water main.

 COMPONENTS:
o Water basin
o Receiving well
o Filtration plant

INDIRECT PRESSURE
DISTRIBUTION
system
- Water is taken from a drilled well or
underground water
LEVEL 3
- Involves individual special mechanical
- house service connection from the system
equipment
- individual
- tubig galing poso na kailangan mo pang ipump
papuntang cistern mo or tanke.
- indirect because pwede ka na kumuha ng
source mo sa underground so hindi na kailangang TYPES OF COLD-WATER DISTRIBUTION
makikonek sa public water main. SYSTEM

LEVEL OF SERVICE
LEVEL 1 (POINT OF SOURCE)
- protected well or a developed spring with an outlet
but without a distribution system, generally adaptable
for rural areas.
- no distribution pipe
LEVEL 2 (COMMUNAL FAUCET SYSTEM)
- Composed of a source, a reservoir (cistern or tank), a
piped distribution network and a communal faucet
(mga gripo na).
- nag-iisang faucet, atleast meron siyang pipe network
LEVEL 3 (INDIVIDUAL HOUSE CONNECTION)
- A system with a source, a reservoir, a piped
distribution network and household taps.
- ex.: Camella home – big tank na nagpapipe or
distributed sa iba’t-ibang bahay.
UPFEED SYSTEM
 Advantage: Eliminates extra cost of
pumps and tanks.
 Disadvantages: Pressure from water
main is inadequate to supply tall
buildings.
- water supply is affected during
peak load hour.
DIRECT UPFEED
- water is provided by the city water
companies using normal pressure from public
water main.
- ang tubig ay provided ni public, walang
ginamit na pressure tanks na ginamit.
AIR PRESSURE SYSTEM (PNEUMATIC)
- when pressure supplied by city water;
supply is not strong enough.
 - compressed air is used to raise and push
water into the system.
- eto na yung gumagamit tayo ng pressure
tanks.
- pressure tank to pump up the water (ex.
pag 3 storey bahay niyo)
* upfeed system: water is pumped from the tank
* downfeed system: water is flowing downwards
from your supply.
( zoom mo nalang)

 Advantages: with compact pumping unit –

distribution ay maganda kasi walang nag-
aagawan ng tubig coz malakas ang
pressure
- sanitary due to airtight water
chamber.
- economical (smaller pipe diam) – the
smaller the pipe diameter, the
stronger the water pressure
COLD
- less initial construction and
maintenance cost WATER STORAGE
- Oxygen in the compressed air serves as
purifying agent. COLD WATER TANKS
- Adaptable air pressure.
- Air pressure serves zones of about 10 GRAVITY TANKS
- used in the overhead feed or downfeed
stores intervals
system

 Disadvantage: Water supply is affected by  TYPES OF GRAVITY TANKS

loss of pressure inside the tank in case of 1. WATER TOWER – used in
power interruption. -ex.: nagbrownout tapos community system; 130 ft. (40m)
hindi napatay or nadisconnet from kuryente 2. ELEVATED/OVERHEAD TANK – used
while continuous ang paaggamit, “negative in private system; 30-35 ft.
pressure” will occur.
 The impact of “negative pressure” is either
mayupi or mag-explode yung tank

DOWNFEED (OVERHEAD FEED)/GRAVITY SYSTEM

- Bakit kailangan mataas ang tangke? Kapag mas
mataas, mas malakas ang bagsak ng tubig.
(pressure)

OVERHEADFEED
- water is pumped into a large tank on top
of the building and is distributed to the fixtures by
means of gravity. – di na kailangang gumamit ng
pressure tank, pero pag maraming sineserve at
sabay sabay ginagamit, may tendency na mag-
agawan ng tubig --- dito nagkakaroon ng “water UNDERGROUND TANK/CISTERN
loss”
- usually built of reinforced concrete
underground and connected with a pump.
- cemented chamber; water tight.
- can be underground – need of pump

* water tank-stainless: cistern-cemented

MINIMUM SIZE OF FIXTURE

SUPPLY PIPE
*”kakailanganin in actual and design subject.”
TYPE PIPE PIPE SIZE
SIZE (MILIMETERS
(INCHES )
)
DRINKING 3/8 10
FOUNTAIN
LAVATORY 3/8 10
WATER 3/8 10
CLOSET
GROUND TANK (FLUSH TANK)
- Pumping system needed INDIVIDUAL
FIXTURE)
PRESSURE/PNEUMATIC TANK BATHTUB 13
- used in air pressure system ½
- often used with a pump BIDET 13
- also makes use of a pressure relief valve, ½
which relieves pressure automatically if COMBINATIO 13
necessary. N SINK AND ½
TRAY
KITCHEN SINK 13
½
SHOWER 13
½
URINAL (LIP 13
TYPE) ½
FIXTURE 13
BRANCH PIPE ½
URINAL 19
(FLUSH TANK) ¾
URINAL 19
(STALL) ¾
* SIZING OF PIPES IS ALWAYS IN INCHES; IT IS
VERY RARE IN MILIMETERS.
MINIMUM SIZE OF FIXTURE SUPPLY WATER SUPPLY FIXTURE UNIT
PRIVATE: 1 WSFU
PIPE PUBLIC: 1 WSFU

TYPE PIPE PIPE LAVATORY (DENTAL)

(INCHES) (MILIMETERS) LAWN SPRINKLER
WATER SERVICE 19
¾ PRIVATE: 1 WSFU
PUBLIC: 2 WSFU
BUILDING SUPPLY 19
PIPE ¾
DRINKING FOUNTAIN
SILL COCK 19
¾ BAR SINK
LAVATORY
BEDPAN WASHER 1 25
(OLD) PRIVATE: 2 WSFU
URINAL 1 25 PUBLIC: 4 WSFU
(PEDESTAL)
WATER CLOSET 1 25 BATHUB
(FLASHOMETER BIDET
INTERVAL) LAUNUDRY TUB
CLOTHESWASHER
SHOWER
BLACK – PPT; RED – Additional notes from SINK OR DISHWASHER
Ma’am
PRIVATE: 2.5 WSFU
HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM PUBLIC: 4 WSFU

WATER DEMAND WATER CLOSET (ECONOMICAL)

MAXIMUM DEMAND
Maximum water discharge for plumbing fixtures in PRIVATE: 3 WSFU
terms of units. Maximum demand of water supply is PUBLIC: 5 WSFU
equal to the total fixture units in a plumbing system
wherein one unit is approximately valued at 7.5 gallons HOSE BIBB OR SILL COCK
of water discharge per minute. WATER CLOSET (FLUCH TANK)
WATER CLOSET (FLUCHOMETER)
(Water Supply Fixture Unit / WSFU)
PRIVATE: 6 WSFU
150 L per capita PUBLIC: 6 WSFU

PROBABLE DEMAND MOBILE HOME

Referred to as the peak load, it is the probable amount
of water discharge at any given time. “The fewer the WATER CLOSET (FLUCHOMETER VALVE)
number of fixtures installed, the higher the percentage DIAMETER PRIVATE PUBLIC
of probability of their simultaneous use”. 9.5 mm 1 WSFU 2 WSFU
13 mm 2 WSFU 4 WSFU
19 mm 4 WSFU 6 WSFU
RATE OF CONSUMPTION 25 mm 6 WSFU 10 WSFU
LEVEL 1: At least 20 LPCD
LEVEL 2: At least 60 LPCD PUBLIC USE ONLY
LEVEL 3: At least 100 LPCD SINK (WASH-UP, EACH SET OF FAUCET) 2 WSFU
LEVEL 4: At least 150 LPCD SINK (WASH-UP CIRCULAR SPRAY) 4 WSFU
URINAL (FLUSH TANK) 3 WSFU
URINAL (STALL) 5 WSFU
URINAL (WALL) 5 WSFU
URINAL (PEDESTAL) 10 WSFU

PROBABILITY OF SIMULTANEOUS USE OF FIXTURE

NUMBER OF FIXTURE PERCENTAGE OF

UNITS SIMULTANEOUS USE
1-5 50% - 100%
6-50 25% - 50%
50 OR MORE 10% - 25%
GAS-FIRED
METHODS OF HEATING
1. ELECTRIC – Have coil elements which heat TYPES OF HOT WATER TANK
water as electric current passes through the 1. RANGE BOILER – Small hot water tank (30-
elements. 60 cm in diameter; not more than 180 cm
2. GAS-FIRED or FUEL-FIRED – Have burners length); made of galvanized steel sheet,
located on the bottom of a tank and a vent copper or stainless.
passes up through the center of the tank. - pang ibang bansa
3. SOLAR – Have photovoltaic tubes - pangmalawakang gamit
- Cost – mas mura ang gas fired kesa electric

2. STORAGE TANK – Large hot water tank (60-

130 cm in diameter, not more than 5 mtrs
in length); Made of heavy-duty material
sheets applied with rust proof paint.

3. TANKLESS OR INSTANTANEOUS (heater) –

ELECTRIC Tankless water heaters, also known as
demand-type or instantaneous water
heaters, provide hot water only as it is
needed. They don’t produce the standby
energy losses associated with storage water
heaters, which can save you money.
- from the word “instant” – “mabilis” - minsan
may hand shower
– for lavatory and shower only
- Two types: (di kasali water closet)
 Single Phase – kaya lang painitin is
SOLAR isang fixture lang, kunwari si shower
 Multipoint – maramihan pero di kaya
buong bahay. Kunwari shower or
lavatory
- usually found in condos, hotels

* Advantage – pagkadaan sa heater, mabilis,

mainit agad yung tubig
* Disadvantage – kapag flow ng tubig mo ay
mahina, hindi siya gagana. May required siyang
lakas ng tubig (yung heater, for example 40 psi)
 - kung bubuksan heater, may parang tank na
brass o storage na maliit which is may coil sa
loob (pabilog na tubing (tube))
- ‘di rin gagana pag may deposit ng magnesium
PUMP CIRCUIT SYSTEM
 Pumps are introduced for a more
efficient circulation of hot water to the
upper floor levels of multi-storey
buildings.

HOT WATER CONSUMPTION

GALLONS PER
KIND OF BUILDING
PERSON PER HOUR
OFFICE BUILDINGS 4–5
SCHOOL BUILDINGS 2–3
APARTMENT BUILDINGS 8
HOTELS 8 – 10
FACTORIES 4–6
RESIDENTIAL 10
WORKING LOAD OF HOT WATER SYSTEMS

AVERAGE
KIND OF BUILDING
WORKING LOAD
SCHOOL, OFFICE & INDUSTRIAL 25 %
TYPES
APARTMENTS AND RESIDENCES 35 %
HOTELS AND RESTAURANTS 50 %

HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

RANGE BOILER STORAGE TANK

INSTANTANEOUS

TYPES OF HOT WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

UPFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM
 With a continuing network of pipes to
provide constant circulation of water.
 Hot water rises on its own and does not
need any pump for circulation.
 Hot water is immediately drawn from
the fixture any time.
 Provides economical circulating return
of unused hot water.
 Eliminates water wastes.

DOWNFEED AND GRAVITY RETURN SYSTEM

 Hot water rises on the highest point of
the plumbing system and travels to the
fixtures via gravity (closed pipe system)
 “Overhead feed and gravity return PUMPS
system” 2 BASIC TYPES OF PUMP
 Water distribution is dependent on the 1. PISTON PUMPS
expansion of hot water and gravity. - Type of reciprocating pump that
moves and pressurizes fluid by using
 one or more reciprocating pistons; it is - In addition, ESP systems are sometimes
typically driven by an electric motor used in wells to increase the naturally
through a crankshaft and connecting occurring flow rate. The ESP pumps are
rod. rotodynamic pumps, mounted inside a
caisson and installed on the seabed. They
2. CENTRIFUGAL PUMP are widely used for boosting in wells,
- A mechanical device designed to move caissons, flowline risers, and mudline
a fluid by means of the transfer of horizontal boosting applications; multistage
rotational energy from one or more centrifugal pump.
driven rotors, called impellers. Fluid - Example for Aquariums
enters the rapidly rotating impeller
along its axis and is cast out by 5. SUMP PUMP
centrifugal force along its - Used in applications where excess water
circumference through the impeller’s must be pumped away from a particular
vane tips. area.
- Sump pumps, in general, is a category that
encompasses a number of styles of pumps
TYPES/CLASSIFICATION OF PUMPS that are used to pump out collected fluid.
1. RECIPROCATING PUMPS
- pang-dewater ng hukay or sumpit? or
- Piston pumps that operate with controlled
basement kung sakaling binaha.
speed. The discharge from a reciprocating
pump is pulsating and changes only when
6. TURBINE PUMP
the speed of the pump is changed.
- Regenerative turbine pumps are
Sometimes an air chamber is introduced to
centrifugal pumps for pumping pure liquids.
regulate the pulsation.
They are used where great delivery heads
are required with small volume flows.
2. JET PUMPS
Furthermore, by contrast with other
- Are Centrifugal pumps typically used for
centrifugal pumps, regenerative turbine
drawing water up from a well.
pumps are capable of also handling large
gas, proportions without interrupting the
3. ROTARY PUMP
liquid stream.
- Rotary Pumps make up the second largest
- Regenerative turbine pumps are used
group of pumps in terms of numbers. They
where great delivery heads with small
also represent the second most economical
capacities and pumps with small dimensions
selection, next to centrifugal. Most rotary
are required. They are suitable for pure,
pumps are self-priming and along with that
non-abrasive or polluted pumped liquids.
have the ability to handle fluids consisting
- Regenerative turbine pumps are used, for
of liquids with entrained gas or vapour.
instance, in car wash installation, to
Compared with the high pulsations and
increase pressure in water networks, in the
definitive batched flow of the reciprocating
chemical industry or in mechanical
types, the rotary has a more continuous
engineering for cooling, recirculation and as
flow with lower pulsation levels. They are
small boiler feed pump.
available in types that can handle fluids of
- Besides, they are used for enrichment and
extremely high viscosity.
mixture of liquids with gases. Main
application fields in the multiphase range
4. SUBMERSIBLE PUMP
are biofuel plans, dissolved air flotation
- Electric submersible pump (ESP) systems
DAF, neutralization, drinking water
are known as an effective artificial lift
treatment, bioreactors, crude oil water
method of pumping production fluids to the
separation on oil rigs and oilfields as well as
surface. An artificial lift system with ESP is
general process technology.
needed in wells with insufficient pressure
in the reservoir to boost the liquid to the
surface.
Coverage ng exam
May paillustration sa exam

Water line layout plate – midterms nlang,

magbibigay ng floorplan tapos itracing
wala na learning task this week, last quiz
kkukunin sa exam

Sanitary

Back siphonage – high rise building, sa lakas ng

pressure ng higop pababa, negative pressure
ang cause niyya
Back flow (types ay back siphonage, back
pressure)– back pressure is generally backflow,
nagflow pabalik
Mas malakas pressure pagdating sa baba

Double valve? – solution sa backflow at hindi

defect
BLACK – PPT CONTENTS
ORANGE – ADDITIONAL NOTES
WATERLINE LAYOUT, PIPES,
VALVES AND CONTROLS
WATERLINE LAYOUT
HOW TO LAYOUT WATERLINE
- Drawn floor plans should have a thin line
weight (use 0.20 thk technical pens)
- For plumbing symbols use 0.30/0.40 thk
technical pens
- Floor plans should have no furniture present
(The only present here are the fixtures in your
T&B)
- Space tagging and dimensions should be
included
- Floor levels should be indicated (especially on
t&b)
 FLOOR DEPRESSION –
- Use of proper plumbing symbols is a must.
ROUTING OF PIPELINES
 Roughing-in of pipes should not disturb
a structural member (ex. post) of a
building. (5:20)
- it is safer if it is in L over 4
o L/4 – Length of Structural
Member divided by Four. – but
this still needs consultation in an
Engineer.
o Ang pwede mong gawin ay
lihisan mo siya bago mo pasok sa
loob
o Pwedeng disadvantage ng
pagliko ay the flow of water ay
pwedeng bumaba
 As much as possible pipelines should be
serviceable in case of leakage. (6:50)
 Use of proper valves must be included
to isolate or completely shut off the
supply of water in case of maintenance.
(8:07)
o Where do we place valves? As
you can see below your
lavatories, kitchen sinks and
water closets, there are ANGLE
VALVES.
 Angle Valve’s function: If
maintenance is needed in
just one CR (leak or
problems), you can on or
off your supply of water
doon sa iisang fixture lang
na may problema.
 Usage of pipes should be very efficient.
- the shortest possible way of layouting
pipe, yung haba niya
o Efficient – not too much branch,
not too much riser, not too much
“paliko liko” in routing of pipes.
 Tapping of water meter must be on the
nearest water main within the property.
- kung saan mas malapit yung water
main galing public water main, dun
malapit ang metro ng tubig, para ang
tapping ng tubig from your household is
near. Kapag paloob ang bahay mo,
bahala na ang water district or the water
provider.
PIPING SYMBOLS FOR PLUMBING:
PIPES AND FITTINGS
SANITARY PIPES
1. Cast Iron Soil Pipe - Most popular
and generally specified material for
 drainage installation. Extensively - Installed in chemical laboratories, industries,
used in the 60s and 70s. and other installations where acid wastes are
- Durable, conveniently installed (<25 storey) being discharged
- Commercial length: 600 cm - Brittle and cracks easily, thus horizontal runs
- Diameters: 50-150 mm must be supported at every 1.50-meter interval
- Affected to some extent by corrosion by acid to prevent sagging.
formed by Carbon Dioxide, Sulphur Oxide, and
Methane Gases that create rust.
- It is rarely used because aside from being too
expensive, it is hard to use it, imagine you
cannot bend it and it is not workable. Just like
the uPVCs (Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride -
blue orange ones – most popular)

2 TYPES:
SV type – generally used; for building
installations
XV type – extra duty; for underground
installations

3. Asbestos Pipe
- Made of an asbestos fibers and
4 VARIETIES (CAST IRON PIPE)
Portland cement
- Used as soil, waste, ventilation pipe &
downspouts.
- Suited for concrete embedment
because of similar properties.

STANDARD PIPE SINGLE HUB

DOUBLE HUB HUBLESS

 Function of HUB – for the connecting 4. Bituminous Fiber Sewer Pipe

of pipes
2. Acid Resistant Cast Iron Pipe
- Made of an alloy of cast iron and silicon
- Cheapest of all types of pipes
- Light in weight, slightly flexible and can take
slight soil movement without danger of cracking
or pulling out of its joints. It is thus suited for
house sewer and septic tank installations
- May be softened/damaged by excessive hot
water or chemical flow.
- It is just like rolled papers.

2. Galvanized Steel Pipe

- Made out of mild steel and expected to last 15
to 25 years
- Subject to deposits of salt and lime which can
cause FHL
- prone to rusting and magnesium salts
5. Vitrified Clay Pipe - ginamit pa ng mga sinaunang tao xD
- One of the oldest materials used for sewer - too expensive compare to uPVC
lines - can be used in GAS PIPING.
- Highly resistant to most acids - Comes in several commercial sizes:
- Because it is made of clay, it is brittle and
cracks easily when laid on unstable ground 10 (3/8”) 13 (1/2”) 20 (3/4”)
- Made in short lengths of 750mm 25 (1”) 32 (1¼“) 38 (1½”)
- Popular during Roman times
50 (2”) 75 (3”) 100 (4”)

WATERLINE PIPES 3. Galvanized Wrought Iron Pipe

1. Lead pipe - Better then steel pipe for plumbing installation
- The oldest pipe used for plumbing systems - More resistant to acid waste
- Highly resistant to acid
- Poisonous and injurious, is therefore not
recommended to convey water for human
consumption
- pine-phase out na because it is hazardous to
health now
- lead is very dangerous to health
 6. Plastic or Synthetic Pipe
4. Copper Pipe - Developed in Germany in 1935
- Durable and extremely corrosive resistant - Most are produced from synthetic resins
- Easy to install - Superior type of pipe because if weighs less,
- Smooth Interior surface is easy to cut, is flexible, has a smooth interior
- can be also used in GAS PIPING surface, and is cheaper than steel

2 Types:

Rigid type (pipes)

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride (cPVC)
Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride (uPVC) –
widely used
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS)
Polypropylene (PP)
Styrene Rubber Plastic (SR)

Flexible type (pipes)

CLASSIFICATION: The Polyethylene (PE) – coil form; 30m long
- K type – heaviest; recommended for The Polybutylene (PB) – coil form; 30m – 150
underground installations m long

- L type – lighter, available in both rigid and

flexible form; recommended for residential
water supply line and radiant heating
installations
- M type – thinnest; available only in rigid form;
for small water supply lines and radiant heating
installations.
5. Brass Pipe
- Most expensive
- Made of an alloy or zinc (15%) and copper
(85%)
- Resistant to acids and has a smooth interior
surface.
CONSIDERATIONS IN CHOOSING THE
MATERIALS
 Quality and durability
 Resistance to external and internal
contact with foreign matters.
 Resistance to acid waste and other
chemical elements that will pass into it.
 Cost of materials and labor.
 Availability of materials in the local area.
CONTROLS AND VALVES
Function of Valves
- Control of the water system
- Start or shut down a system
- Regulate pressure
- Check backflow
- Control the direction of water
 THE DOUBLE DISC VALVE

Types of Valves 2. Globe Valve

1. Gate Valve
- aka ‘Full-way Valve’
- Used mainly to completely close or
completely open the water line (does
not control water flow of water)
- Best suited to the main supply and
pump lines wherein operation is
infrequent
- pinakamain switch ng water supply
- can be seen near your water meter
- kalian io-off to? Kapag ka
nagkaproblema ang piping, lalo na kung
hindi separate or no isolation valve, gate
or angle valve ang mga fixtures.
- Controls the flow of water with a
movable spindle
- Can reduce water pressure
(throttling)
- Only one side of the valve is an
inlet
- example masyadong malakas ang
supply mo ng tubig, the best solution
is you use a Globe Valve to control
the flow of water.

3 types:
THE PLUG TYPE DISC VALVE – for
throttling
2 types:
THE WEDGE SHAPE OR TAPERED
DISC

THE CONVENTIONAL DISC VALVE

(BALL TYPE) – for shutting
 4 types:
SWING CHECK VALVE – uso; may
prevention ng backflow

LIFT CHECK VALVE

THE COMPOSITION DISC VALVE – for

steam and hot water
VERTICAL CHECK VALVE

HORIZONTAL CHECK VALVE

4. Angle Valve
- Operates in the same manner as
globe valve (disc & seat design)
- can also control flow of water
- we apply this to have different
direction in your supply (example:
3. Check Valve (27:42)
- Main function is to prevent reversal - Used to make a 90˚ turn in a line
of flow (backflow) in the line - Reduces number of joints

1 WAY ANGLE VALVE

 2 WAY ANGLE VALVE – for the
Water Closet’s Tank and Bidet
Faucet.

5. Foot Valve
- Located at the lower end of the
pumps
- Used mainly to prevent loss of
priming of the pumps
- aka ‘Retention Valve’

This is BRASS.

2. Key Cock
- Operates with a round tapering plug
ground to fit a metal sheet.
- Pattern of switching is left and right.
- Hose bibb – has grooves fit for a
hose

6. Safety Valve
- Used on water systems, heating
systems, compressed air lines &
other pipelines with excessive
pressure.
- its work is to relieve pressure in
your piping, lalo na kung pang
heating system (water heaters) 3. Ball Faucet
- Constructed with a ball connected
to the handle.
- uso ngayon
- switch can be left and right, up and
down.

Types of Faucet/Bibbs
1. Compression Cock
- Operates by the compression of a
soft packing upon a metal sheet
PLUMBING FITTINGS, PIPE JOINTS
AND CONNECTIONS & PIPE
HANGERS AND SUPPORT
PLUMBING FITTINGS
WATER FITTINGS

REDUCING TEE
COUPLING/SOCKET - from 1/2 to 3/8 (if upper
- used in connecting two floors na ang
pipes sinusupplyan)
- threaded inside is
“female coupling” – used - the pressure of water is
when installing faucets or stronger if the hole is
shower heads smaller
90 DEG. STREET
ELBOW
MALE TO MALE - for changing of direction
REDUCER – “reduce” –
for example mas maliit to TEE - for branching
mas malaking outlet
CAP – cover of air
chamber
MALE ADAPTOR - meaning “dead end”
 Threaded inside – CROSS - very rare
female - meeting point of pipes
 Outside - male - madaming sineserve
- how do we switch it off?
EXTENSION Puut a plug.
PIECE/NIPPLE - for PLUG
extensions, both threaded - pangharang kapag wala
outside pang paggagamitan yung
pipe

REDUCING ELBOW – DOUBLE HUB

female because it is - for connection
threaded inside - dugtungan ng piping

- if the other one is

FEMALE ADAPTOR threaded, and the other
Female – “pinapasukan” one is plain, you can use
Male – “papasok” the union. But usually it is
the coupling – double hub.
45 DEG. STREET
ELBOW – very rare; OTHER WATER SERVICE FITTINGS AND
special fitting DEVICES
- used to change direction
or branching
- because usually all of CORPORATION
our fittings are 180 or 90 STOP
degrees. - usually seen
beside a fire
MALE UNION – just like hydrant or at the
adaptor water main
 - it has strong discharge
CURB STOP of water
- either exposed SANITARY CROSS
or hidden below WYE
the roads - not advisable too

CURB STOP CROWFOOT

BOX - special fitting
- along the road

DOUBLE BRANCH

WATER METER 1/4 BEND OR 90˚

BOX ELBOW

1/8 BEND OR 45˚

WATER METER ELBOW

1/6 BEND

SANITARY FITTINGS
1/4 BEND LONG
SWEEP
SANITARY TEE
- may pakurba para
swabe yung pasok nung
liquid from water closets
1/8 BEND OFFSET
SANITARY TAPPED
TEE – 90 degrees
- not advisable

SANITARY WYE
JOINTS AND CONNECTIONS

SANITARY CROSS TYPES OF JOINT

- very rare
SANITARY TAPPED
CROSS
- not advisable because
there is a chance that
the water may travel
backwards kapag
nagkabungguan
1. Caulked Joints
- Caulk – seal (a gap or seam) with a
waterproof filler and sealant.
- “OAKUM”
- used in bigger pipes and metal not for
plastics like pvc

2. Threaded Joints
- For iron pipe size (IPS), pipe and fittings
shall be standard taper pipe threads
- Threads on plastic pipe shall be factory
cut or molded
- Tape is acceptable for use on threads
- Teflon tapes are for threaded joints – for
what? Pangpahigpit ng kapit ng thread para
hindi lumabas or hindi magkaroon ng
leakage ang tubig
3. Cement Mortar Joints
- Prohibited on new building sewers
- for binding of joints
4. Solder and Sweat Joints
- For joints in copper tubing
- Solders and fluxes with lead content which
exceeds 0.002 are prohibited in piping
systems used to convey potable water
- usually for copper tubing, soldering
(sinusulda tapos tinotorch) and sweating
SOLDERING OF JOINTS
 Clean pipe with emery cloth (or fine
sandpaper)
 Apply (noncorrosive) flux or soldering
paste
 Heat the fitting with a propane torch
 Apply (noncorrosive) flux or soldering
paste
 Wrap soldered joint with wet rags
5. Wiped Joints
- Joints in lead pipe or fittings; between lead
pipe or fittings & brass or copper pipe,
ferrules, solder nipples or traps.
- Joints between lead pipe and cast iron,
steel or wrought iron pipe shall be made by
means of a caulking ferrule or soldering
nipple.
- gamit dito is “lime” or “zinc”
6. Asbestos Cement Sewer Pipe Joint
- Shall be a sleeve coupling of the same
composition as the pipe or of other
approved materials, and sealed with
neoprene rubber rings or joined by an
approved type compression coupling
7. Flared Joints
- For soft copper, water tubing shall be
expanded with a proper flaring tool
- usually used in gas piping
- flare – gradual widening
- acting as a stopper
8. Burned Lead Point
- Shall be lapped and the assembly shall be
fused together to form a uniform weld at
least as thick as the lead sheets being
joined
- for bigger pipes.
- sinusunog at tinutunaw ang lead gamit
ang torch
9. Copper Water Tube
- Joints shall be made using approved
brass fittings soldered, or by brass
compression type fitting
- stopper
- may ring – pag pibipihit yung knot, mas
lalo siyang sisikip para ma-prevent yung
leakage ng liquid
10. Solvent Cement Plastic Pipe Joint
- Shall comply with appropriate IAMPO
installation standard
- pinaka ginagamit
- pandikit is “solvent cement”
Method:
- Measure the face to face distance of the
fittings
- Cut with sharp knife / hacksaw / handsaw
- Clean pipe end with Methyl Ethyl Keton
(MEK) or Acetone
- Apply solvent cement to the shoulder
fitting and butt-end of pipe
- Insert pipe into the fitting
 - When bending plastic pipes, pack pipe
with sand then heat using flame torch or hot
water, gradually applying pressure
SPECIAL JOINTS
1. Copper Tubing to Screw Pipe Joints
- Joints shall be made by use of brass
adaptor fittings
- Joints shall be properly sweated or
soldered
2. Slip Joint
- Used in fixture traps (exposed for
maintenance) and drains
- higpitan para kumapit si p-trap
3. Expansion Joint
- Used in soil and waste stack
- Joints shall be free and accessible
- A rubber pipe expansion joint is a flexible
connector of two pipes. It provides stress
relief in a piping system due to thermal and
mechanical vibration or movements. This
infographic helps illustrate the piping
expansion joint construction.
- “relief” – for example lalo na sa maiinit or
malakas na pressure
4. Union
- May be used in drainage work when
accessibly located in the trap seal or
between a fixture and its trap
- Union, Adaptor, Coupling – you got one
job.
5. Plastic Pipe Connection to other
Materials
- Use only approved types of fittings and
adapters designed for the specific transition
intended.
6. Flanged Fixture Connection
- Fixture connections between drainage
pipes and water closets, floor outlet service
 sinks, pedestal urinals, and earthenware  Vertical runs of cast-iron pipe can be
trap standards shall be by means of attached to the building structure
approved brass, hard lead, ABS, PVC, or with wire staples, vertical pipe
iron flanges caulked, soldered, solvent brackets or pipe straps
cemented or screwed to the drainage pipe
- Closet beds or stubs must be cut off
square
- Wall-mounted water closet fixtures shall
be securely botted to an approved carrier
fitting;
- Gasket material shall be graphite-
impregnated asbestos, felt, or similar
approved types PIPE BRACKET – usually can be
seen in SM’s garage

PIPE STRAP – can see it in our

C bldg. nakakabit sa downspouts natin.
HANGERS AND SUPPORTS
1. Supporting Cast-Iron Pipe:
- Supports shall be placed at every joint on
horizontal runs unless distance between
joints is less than 4ft.
- Use strap iron or special pipe hangers for
this purpose

U-BOLT

 Friction clamps should support the

weight of cast-iron pipe at each floor
ADJUSTABLE CLEVIS HANGER – usually level
seen in malls - function is para hindi magshake
yung pipes mo lalo na sa vertical
pipes

STRAP IRON - cheapest

 masonry; it is internally threaded to
accept machine screws and bolts
- pag may ipapasok, nageexpand siya
para kumapit sa concrete walls or
masonry

RISER CLAMP/FRICTION CLAMP

MASONRY ANCHORS/FASTENERS

1. Lag Shields
- made from lead 3. Toggle Bolts
- are commonly used to attach pipe - are used when attaching pipes to
hangers or fixtures to concrete or hollow masonry units; with spring-
masonry operated wings
- pang hang nung mga hangers
- they are just like expansion vaults

2. Caulking Anchors
- provide a fastener which is
permanently attached to the concrete or
 4. Plastic Anchors  SETTING:
- can be installed in smaller holes o Water closet center rto side
wall: minimum of 0.375 m.
o Water closet center to WC
center: minimum of 0.75 m.

Types:
PLUMBING FIXTURES  According to method of flushing
1. FLUSH TANK
PLUMBING FIXTURES - Lever flush
- Receptacles which are used to provide, - Single Button Flush (6L/flush)
receive and discharge water, liquid and water- - Dual Button Flush (small 0.8-
carried wastes into a drainage system with 1gal/flush; big 1.6gal/flush)
which they are connected to.

CLASSIFICATIONS:

SOIL: SCULLERY: BATHING:

- Water - Kitchen - Lavatories
Closet Sinks - Bathtub
- Urinal - Laundry - Shower Baths
- Slop Tubs - Bidet
Sinks - Bar Sink - Foot/Sitz Tub 2. DIRECT FLUSH VALVE
- Shower - Flushing action can be obtained
Receptors directly from a flush valve connected
- Shower into the bowl
Compartments - Lever Flush (top spud)
- Sensor Flush (back spud)

SOIL FIXTURES

A. WATERCLOSET
- Also known as Toilet
- Typically made of solid vitrified china cast
with integral trap; also available in stainless
steel
 According to flush tank types  According to Mounting
- INTEGRAL FLUSH TANK - FLOOR MOUNTED

- CLOSE COUPLED FLUSH TANK

- WALL HUNG

 According to Flushing Action

1. WASH DOWN/GRAVITY
- LOW FLUSH TANK
FLUSH/PAIL FLUSH
- Flushes through a simple wash
down action
- Discharges waste into a trap
way located at the front of the
bowl.
- Has a bulge on the front
- Has a small amount of standing
water
- Cost less but is least efficient
and noisiest.
- HIGH FLUSH TANK

2. REVERSE TRAP
- Flushes through a siphon action
created in the trapway.
 - Trap located at the rear, hence
the term “reverse”
3. SIPHON JET
- Has a larger trapway making it
less likely to clog
- Quieter flushing action
- Retains a large amount of standing water
4. SIPHON VORTEX
- Less noisy and very efficient
- Flushing action is started by a whirlpool
motion followed by a complete flush down
- Retains a large amount of standing water.
5. DIRECT FLUSH VALVE/PRESSURE
(TANKLESS)
- Flushing action is obtained directly from a
flush valve connected into the bowl
- Strong flushing action is created by a jet of
water directed into the rim and jet. The force of
the jet draws the bowl contents into the rear
trap. It doesn’t use siphonic action but relies on
the driving force of jet action. At flush valve 25
psi is needed with 1.5-inch inlet spud. Large
water and large trapway size make this model
efficient and suitable for commercial use.
Flushing is very noisy. Expensive.
OTHER TYPES OF WATERCLOSET
1. WASHDOWN SQUAT BOWL W/
INTEGRAL FOOR THREAD
- Suitable for high or low cistern.
Recommended for low cost and rural housing
and public toilets.
2. WASHOUT
- floor standing bottom outlet pan flush
toilet.
- Recommended for rural areas, low
cost houses and public toilets.
 SOIL FIXTURE
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR WATERCLOSET

OCCUPANCY MINIMUM KIND AND NO. OF USERS

WC
DWELLING OR 1 FAMILY
APARTMENT
ELEMENTARY 1 FOR 1-20 PERSONS
SCHOOL 2 FOR 21-50 PERSONS
1 PER ADDITIONAL 50 PERSONS
ASSEMBLY 1 PER 1-100 MALES
PLACES 2 PER 101-200 MALES
3 PER 201-400 MALES

3 PER 1-50 FEMALES

4 PER 51-100 FEMALES
8 PER 101-200 FEMALES

1 PER ADD’L 500 MALES OVER 400

2 PER ADD’L 500 FEMALES OVER 400
DORMITORIES 1 PER 10 MALES
1 PER 8 FEMALES
1 PER ADD’L 25 MALES, 20 FEMALES
INDUSTRIAL 1 PER 1-10 PERSONS
2 PER 11-25 PERSONS
3 PER 26-50 PERSONS
4 PER 51-75 PERSONS
5 PER 76-100 PERSONS
1 PER ADD’L 30 PERSONS OVER 100

B. URINALS
 SETTING:
- Urinal center to side wall: minimum of
0.30 m
- Urinal center to urinal center: minimum
of 0.60 m

FLUSHING:
- Flushing urinals shall be done through
automatic flushing tanks (NPC 408.1)
- Flushometer valves shall be self-
closing types discharging a
predetermined quantity of water. No
manually controlled flushometer valve
shall be used to flush group urinals.
(NPC 408.2)
 - Washout/Washdown Flush provides
the quietest flush of all flush models.
SOIL FIXTURES
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS FOR URINALS
- Siphon Jet Flush provides a more effiecient
clean and quiet flush. OCCUPANCY MIN. NO. KIND AND NO. OF USERS
- Blow-out Flush produces a powerful flush OF
URINALS
relying entirely on high water volume with no SCHOOLS:
siphoning action. ELEMENTARY 1 PER 75 MALES
SECONDARY 1 PER 35 MALES
- Flushing urinals shall be done through OFFICE OR 1 PER 1-100 MALES
automatic flushing tanks. (NPC 408.1) PUBLIC BUILDING 2 PER 101-200 MALES
3 PER 201-400 MALES
- Flushometer valves shall be self-closing type 4 PER 401-600 MALES
discharging a predetermined quantity of water. 1 FOR EACH ADD’L 300
MALES
No manually controlled flushometer valve shall ASSEMBLY 1 PER 1-100 MALES
be used to flush group urinals. (NPC 408.2) PLACES 2 PER 101-200 MALES
(THEATERS AND 3 PER 201-400 MALES
AUDITORIUMS) – 4 PER 401-600 MALES
TYPES: FOR PUBLIC USE 1 FOR EACH ADD’L 500
MALES
DORMITORIES 1 PER 25 MALES
1 PER 50 MALES IN EXCESS
OF 150

SCULLERY FIXTURES

A. KITCHEN SINK
MATERIALS:
- Cast iron enamel

- Wall Hung - Trough

- Formed steel coated with porcelain

enamel

- Pedestal - Stall
 - Porcelain
- Stainless steel

C. SLOP SINK/MOP SINK

- Where janitors clean and leave their
CONFIGURATIONS: mops.
- Single, double or triple well
- Shallow or deep well

D. LAVATORIES
- Also known as Wash Basin
Types:
- Pedestal

B. LAUNDRY TUBS
MATERIALS: - Above Counter
- Cement or cement with tiles
- Wall Hung/Wall Mounted
- Through
- Pullman or Counter
- Undermount
- Overmount/Self rimming/drop-in
- Flush mount
- Drop-in apron front
BATHING FIXTURES
A. BATHTUBS
TYPES:
- Drop-in
- Free standing
Whirlpool
- with removable panel of sufficient dimension
to access pump
- circulation pump shall be located above the
crown weir of the trap
- pump and circulation piping shall be self
draining
B. BIDETS
- Sometimes referred to as “female urinals”
- Used for cleaning private parts
SETTING:
- Bidet center to side wall: minimum of
0.375 m
- Bidet center to bidet center: minimum of
0.75 m
C. FLOOR DRAIN
- With approved-type hinged strainer plate
having the sum of the areas of the small
holes of the waterway equal to the cross-
sectional area of the tailpiece.
- Provided with integrally cast water stop
outside flange around the body at mid depth
and with an inside caulk outlet to provide a
watertight joint in the floor.
D. SHOWER RECEPTORS
- Receptor floor shall drain not less than 2%
or more than 4% slope.
- Thresholds shall accommodate a
minimum 559 mm wide door.
- For wheelchair use, dam or curb may be
eliminated.
E. SHOWER BATHS/ COMPARTMENTS
- Metal enclosure containing shower head,
valves and faucets
- Shall have a minimum interior area of 0.6
sqm and shall be capable of encompassing
a 762 mm diameter circle.
- This area shall be maintained from a point
above the shower drain to a height of 1.78
m with no protrusions other than the fixture
valve, shower head and safety grab rails.
- Drains for gang shower rooms shall be
spaced not more than 4.9 m apart.
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM,
TRAPS & INTERCEPTORS, CLEAN-
OUTS
SANITARY PIPING LAYOUT
GENERAL RULE IN DESIGNING THE
SANITARY SYSTEM
The pipes should take the shortest possible
route to the house sewer or the terminating
point of the Sanitary system.
Control components such as clean-outs, traps,
and vents, should be located strategically so as
to ensure efficient circulation.
SANITARY DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 SUBSYSTEMS OF THE SANITARY
SYSTEM:
- WASTE COLLECTION SYSTEM
- VENTIALTION SYSTEM
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF THE SANITARY
DRAINAGE SYSTEM
 WASTE PIPE
- Conveys only wastewater or liquid waste free
of fecal matter.
 VENT PIPE
- used for ensuring the circulation of air in a
plumbing system and for relieving the negative
pressure exerted on trap seals
 TRAP
- a fitting or device designed and constructed to
provide, when properly vented, a liquid seal
which prevents the backflow of foul air or
methane gas without materially affecting the
flow of sewage or wastewater through it.
 STACK
- the vertical main of a system of soil, waste or
vent pipings extending through one or more
stories and extended thru the roof.
 BRANCH
- any part of the piping system other than a
main, riser or stack
 HOUSE/BUILDING DRAIN
- extends from the house drain at point 0.60
meters from the outside face of the foundation
wall of a building to the junction with the street
sewer or to any point of discharge and
conveying the drainage of one building site.
NPC 203.3

PRINCIPLES OF WASTE AND SOIL PIPES
ROUGHING-IN
 CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
Horizontal to horizontal change in direction
- use 45 degrees wye branches or other
approved fittings of equivalent sweep.
- use 45 or 60 degrees wye branches,
combination wye – 1/8 bend branches, sanitary
tee or sanitary tapped tee branches, or other
approved fittings of equivalent sweeps.
- No fitting having more than one inlet at the
same level shall be used (i.e., sanitary cross)
- Double sanitary tees may be used when the
barrel of the fitting is a least two pipe (2) sized
larger than the largest inlet, (pipe sizes
recognized for this purpose are 51, 64, 76, 89,
102, 114, 127, and 152 mm dia.)
SANITARY DRAINAGE LINES
 UNIT OF MEASUREMENT OF
SIZES OF SANITARY DRAINANGE
LINES
- The size of waste pipes or soil pipes depend
on the amount of waste It carries
- A lavatory discharges 0.47 liters/sec or 28.3
liters/min (7.5 gallons per min or 1 cu. ft. per
min.), which is equivalent to the Fixture Unit
(F.U.)
- The F.U. rating of plumbing fixtures is based
on the size of required trap.
NOTES:
1. Capacity over 3.15 L/s shall be
determined by the Administrative
Authority.
2. For a continuous flow into a drainage
system, such as from sump pump or
ejector, air-conditioning equipment or
similar devices, two (2) fixture units shall
be allowed for every 0.063 L/s of flow.
3. 1 gpm = 0.0063 L/s
 MINIMUM SLOPES OF SANITARY
DRAINAGE LINES
- Minimum slope or pitch of horizontal drainage
pipe – 2% or 20mm/m (1/4” per foot)
- Exception: Where it is impracticable due to
depth of street sewer, adverse structural
features and irregular building plans, pipes 102
mm dia. or larger may have a slope of not less
than 1% or 10mm/m (1/8” per foot), approves
by the Administrative Authority.
TRAPS & INTERCEPTORS
 TYPES OF PERMISSIBLE TRAPS
1. THE COMMON P-TRAP
- Used for lavatories, kitchen sinks, laundry
tubs, and urinals
- Materials commonly used for the P-trap:
nickel, chrome plated brass, Galvanized
malleable copper, & PVC.

MAXIMUM TRAP LOADING

Exception: on self-service laundries
ITEM NO. PIPE SIZE F.U.
1 32 mm 1
2 38 mm 3
3 51 mm 4
4 76 mm 6
5 102 mm 8

DISCHARGE CAPACITY
ITEM LITER/SEC (GPM) F.U.
NO.
1 Up to 0/47 L/s (up to 7.5 gpm) 1
2 0.5 to 0.95 (8 to 15 gpm) 2
3 1 to 1.89 (16 to 30 gpm) 4
4 1.95 to 3.15 (31 to 50 gpm) 6
 2. THE DEEP SEAL P-TRAP
- Water seal is about twice the size of the
common P-trap
- Used for extreme conditions because
resealing quality is greater
3. THE STAND TRAP
- Used for fixtures such as slop sinks that aew
usually built low in the ground, leaving very
little space for a foundation and a trap
- Serves as a water seal and structural support
for the fixture
4. THE RUNNING TRAP
- Used within the line of the house drain
5. THE DRUM TRAP
- Has a larger diameter (around 0.16 m)
- Used for fixtures that discharge large amount
of water (bathtubs, shower or floor drains)
6. THE BOTTLE TRAP
 TYPES OF PROHIBITED TRAPS
- Traps with movable parts or concealed
interior partitions
- No fixtures shall be double-trapped
THE S-TRAP
- Predecessor of P-traps
- Used before traps had to connect to a
ventilation line
REQUIREMENTS:
- Each plumbing fixture, except those with
integral traps, shall be separately trapped with
an approved-type waterseal trap/
- Only one trap shall be permitted on a trap arm
(portion of a fixture drain between a trap and
the vent)
- One trap, centrally located, may serve three
single compartment sinks or laundry tubs or
lavatories, adjacent to each other and in the
same room, where their waste outlets are not
more than 0.75 m apart.
 SIZE OF TRAPS
- The trap shall be the same size as the trap
arm to which it is connected
- Each fixture trap shall have a trap seal of
water of not less than 51 mm and not more
than 102 mm (except where a deeper seal is
found necessary by the Administrative
Authority for special conditions.

ITEM FIXTURE TRAP & DFU

NO. TRAP
ARM
SIZE
1 Bathtubs 38 mm 2
2 Bidets 38 mm 2
3 Floor Drains 51 mm 2
4 Shower single stall 51 mm 2  INDUSTRIAL INTERCEPTORS
5 Sink (Residential) 38 mm 2 (CLARIFIERS) & SEPARATORS
6 Urinal (Wall 51 mm 3 - Interceptors (a device designed and installed
mounted, Integral to separate and retain deleterious, hazardous
Trap) or undesirable matters from normal wasters
7 Wash Basin (Single) 32 mm 1 and permits normal sewage or liquid wastes to
8 Water Closet 76 mm 4 discharge into the disposal terminal by gravity)
(Private Inst.) shall have a water seal of not less than 152
9 Water Closet (Public 76 mm 6 mm deep.
Inst.) - Each interceptor shall be properly vented.
- Slaughterhouses, packing establishments,
MINIMUM TRAP SIZES FOR COMMON and any establishment which discharges
PLUMBING FIXTURE wastewater with considerable amount of
grease, hairs, feathers, etc. shall drain through
HORIZONTAL DISTANCE OF TRAP ARMS a screening device and thence into a grease
TRAP ARM DISTANCE OF interceptor.
DIAMETER VENT - Auto wash racks and/or floor or slabs used for
32 mm 0.76 m cleaning machinery or machine parts shall be
38 mm 1.07 m adequately protected against storm or surface
51 mm 1.52 m water and shall drain into an interceptor which
76 mm 1.83 m will separate oil and grease before the effluent
102 mm & 3.05 m reaches the public stream.
LARGER

NOTE: in no case shall the trap distance to be

less than 2 times the diameter of the trap arm,

 INSTALLATION OF TRAPS
- The vertical distance between an fixture outlet
tailpiece and the trap weir shall not exceed
0.60 m in length.
- The developed length of the trap arm
(measured from the top of closet ring to inner
edge of vent) of a water closet or similar fixture
shall not exceed 1.8 m.
- For trap arm 76 mm dia or larger, a cleanout
is required for a change of direction of greater
than 22 ½ degrees.
CLEAN-OUTS  INSTALLATION OF CLEAN-
OUTS
- Each clean-out shall be installed so it opens
with the direction of flow or at right angles to
the direction of flow except in the case of a wye
branch.
- Each 90 degrees clean-out extension shall be
constructed from a wye fitting or an approved
fitting of equivalent sweep.
- Each clean-out 51 mm or less shall have a
front clearance of not less than 305 mm; those
51 mm or more shall have a front clearance of
 REQUIREMENTS 450 mm.
- At the upper terminal of every horizontal - Clean-outs in underfloor piping shall be
sewer or waste line extended to or above finish floor shall be
- at each run of piping more than 15 meters (50 extended outside the building when there is
feet) in total developed length less than 450 mm vertical clearance or 750
- at every 15 m (50 ft) of total developed length horizontal clearance to the means of access.
or a fraction thereof - No underfloor clean-out for residential
- additional clean-out shall be provided on a occupancies shall be located more than 6.1 m
horizontal line with an aggregate offset angle from an access door, trap door or crawl hole.
exceeding 135 degrees.
- inside the building near the connection
between the building drain and the building VENTS AND VENTING SYSTEMS,
sewer or installed outside the building at the HOUSE DRAIN APPLIANCES AND
lower end of the building drain and extended to PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL
grade. SYSTEM
 CLEAN-OUTS NOT REQUIRED
- on a horizontal drain less than 1.5 m in length VENTS AND VENTING SYSTEM
unless such line is serving sinks or urinals.
- on short horizontal drainage pipe installed at (SEE PPT NALANG, DI KO
a slope of 72 deg or less from the vertical line NAENCODE MEHEHE)
(or at an angle of 1/5 bend)
STORM DRAINAGE SYSTEM
* CLEAN-OUTS – Size of clean-out shall be
in conformity with the size of pipe served
RAINWATER PIPES
SIZE OF SIZE OF THREADS DOWNSPOUTS OR CONDUCTOR PIPES,
PIPE CLEAN- PER 25.4 GUTTERS
OUT MM
38 mm 38 mm 11 1/2
51 mm 38 mm 11 1/2
64 mm 64 mm 8
76mm 64 mm 8
102 mm & 89 mm 8
Larger

- Rainwater piping shall not be used as soil,

waste, and vent pipes.
- Downspouts and gutter sizes are based upon
the maximum depth of rainfall per hour falling
upon a given roof area in square meters. An
ave. 102 mm/hr rainfall intensity is used around
Metro Manila
- Round, square (sized to enclose its
equivalent round pipe) or rectangular (shall
have at least the same cross-sectional area as
its equivalent round pipe, except that the ratio
of its side dimensions shall not exceed 3 to 1)
rainwater pipes may be used for downspouts.
- Downspouts for high-rise buildings shall be of
stronger pipe materials to resist the high
hydrostatic pressure, they shall be installed
within a pipe chase, and have no intermediate
branch from the roof to the ground level.

ROOF DRAINS
- Roof drains shall be equipped with dome-type
strainers extending 102 mm above the surface
of the roof surface. With a minimum total net
inlet area of 1 ½ times of the area of the outlet
pipe to which it is connected. THE COMBINED SYSTEM
- Roof deck strainers shall be approved flat- - combines storm water with sanitary waste
surface type, with a total net inlet not less than
2 times the area of the outlet pipe to which the
drain is connected.
- Roof drains passing through building interiors
shall be made watertight by the use of C.I.
drain with integrally-cast water stop ring around
the outside of the body and placed at mid
depth of the concrete roof slab and the
installation of a clamped suitable flashing
material around the drain.

STORM WATER SYSTEM

3 MAJOR SYSTEMS OF COLLECTING
STORM WATER:

THE INDEPENDENT SYSTEM

- a.k.a. ‘the Separate System’
- Brings collected water directly to the water
reservoirs
THE NATURAL SYSTEM
- Without using any rood gutters or downspouts
- Also when rainwater is collected in cisterns

STORM DRAIN LOCATIONS

THE STRAINER OR ROOF DRAIN: Drain

designed to receive water collecting on the
surface of a roof and to discharge it into a
downspout. Designed to prevent clogging.

ROOFING ELEMENTS TO COLLECT

RAINWATER:

(pink) THE GUTTER: usually located along the

entire perimeter of the roof
(violet) THE DOWSPOUT: Located every 8 to
10 meters and at every corner of the roof (but,
to avoid clogging of pipes, it is best to locate
them every 4 to 6 m)
THE SHOE: At the bottom of the roof leader to
direct rain-water towards the nearest catch
basin.

THE CATCH BASIN: Downspouts should

terminate in a catch basin (can serve more
than one downspout)
- Delivers water to the sewers in the street via
gravity
- Area-Drain-Catch Basin: also collects
surface water

(pink) THE STORM LINE: Connects to each

catch basin

STORM SEWER
- Carries only rainwater collected from the
storm drain or from the streets.
- Terminates at natural drainage areas (i.e.
lakes, rivers and water reservoirs)
- Require manholes to serve as clean-outs and
to make sewers accessible for inspection and
repair built at depths of about 2 to 3 meters;
diameter ranging from 0.6 to 1.2 meters.
PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
 COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL SPECIAL LIQUID WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM
REQUIREMENTS:
When liquid wastes containing excessive amounts of grease, garbage, flammable
wastes, sand, or other ingredients which may affect the operation of a private sewage
disposal system, an interceptor for such waste shall be installed.
DISPOSAL:
Waste from interceptors may be discharged to a septic tank or other primary system or
into a separate disposal system.

GENERAL GUIDELINES FOR PRIVATE SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEMS

LOCATION OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM

MINIMUM HORIZONTAL BUILDING SEPTIC DISPOSAL SEEPAGE PIT

DISTANCE IN CLEAR SEWER TANK FIELD OR CESSPOOL
REQUIRED FROM
BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES* 0.6 1.5 2.4 2.4
PROPERTY LINE CLEAR** 1.5 1.5 2.4
ADJOINING PRIVATE
PROPERTY
WATER SUPPLY WELLS 15.2 15.2 30.5 45.7
STREAMS 15.2 15.2 15.2 30.5
TREES - 3 - 3
SEEPAGE PIT OR - 1.5 1.5 3.7
CESSPOOL
DISPOSAL FIELD - 1.5 1.5 1.5
ONSITE DOMESTIC WATER 0.3 1.5 1.5 1.5
SERVICE LINE
PRESSURE WATER 3 3 3 3
PUBLIC MAIN

SEWAGE TREATMENT PLAN

 SOME FEATURES:
- An aeration system within the tank
- A submersible mixer to mix the waste
- A sludge waste pump that aids in clarifying
- A decanter
- Blowers
- A fully electronic control system
WATER RECYCLING
 2 MOST COMMON TYPES OF MUNICIPAL SEWAGE TREATMENT
The Activated Sludge Process
- Involves a series of stations where the raw sewage must pass through
- First Phase – gets rid of heavy materials with the use of three different filter houses
- Second Phase – clarifies the effluent
- Third Phase – hardens the sludge and converts it to fertilizers
- Produces water with 99-99.5% purity

ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS

(hindi po magkasunod sunod, inencode ko lang kasi mahirap basahin :>)

Raw Sewage > Raw Sewage Inlet Chamber > Screening > Grit Removal > Primary Clarifier

Treated Water > Desinfection > Secondary Clarifier > Aeration Tank (return activated
sludge)

Gas Holder > Sludge Drying Beds > Sludge Stabilisation > Sludge Thickener > Filtrate to Aeration
Tank
The Trickling Process
- a.k.a “Percolating or Sprinkling Filter System”
- Requires less mechanical elements and less stages
- Produces water with 95% purity
- Requires a large ground area for its building

The Activated Sludge Process

The Trickling Filter Process
Water Treatment Components and Processes

FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

Components of Fire Protection System:
1. Standpipes
TYPES OF STANDPIPE.
A. DRY STANDPIPE SYSTEM
- No longer being utilized in new buildings, provided other systems are
employed (otherwise must be installed in buildings 4 levels or more)
- The standpipe is a pipe installed in buildings not as part of the water supply
or waste disposal system but primarily for use as water conveyor in case of
fire.

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
A standpipe is connected to the exterior of the building via fire department
connections. (max height = 1220mm)

TYPES:
1. DRY STANDPIPE WITH AUTOMATIC DRY PIPE VALVE
- No water under normal conditions
- With pressurized air
- Dry pipe valve is designed to open when there is air pressure drop in the
system
- Water comes in via public utility connection

2. DRY STANDPIPE WITH MANUAL CONTROL VALVE

- No water under normal conditions
- Water enters after opening of manual valve
- Water comes in via public utility connection

3. DRY STANDPIPE WITH NO PERMANENT WATER SUPPLY

- Water is pumped into the system by the fire department
- Most common

B. WET STANDPIPE SYSTEM

WORKING PRINCIPLE:
 A piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line)
connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe outlet on each level)

The number of wet standpipes shall be determined so that all portions of

the building are within 6 meters of a nozzle attached to a hose 23 meters long.

Wet Standpipes shall be constructed of wrought iron or galvanized

steel.

A piping network (line is directly connected to the main water line)

connects to all levels of a building (at least 1 standpipe outlet on each level);
additionally, a Slamese Connection is located outside the building for additional
water supply (connects to fire truck hose)

The minimum diameter for a wet standpipe is 51 mm for those less than
15 meters from the fire service connection. For those more than 15 meters from
the fire service connection, the minimum diameter is 64 mm.

2. Outlets

Components of Fire Suppression System:

Pump

Fire Hose Cabinet

Elevated Water Tank – Water is pumped up to the tank and preserved for emergency
uses. Tank should not be connected to the water distribution line of the building.

Underground Water Reservoir – A cistern, Water is usually provided from the main
water line, but sometimes collected rain water.
Sprinkler Heads

WATER PIPE VS. DRY PIPE’

FIRE SPRINKLERS SYSTEMS

TWO TYPES OF SPRINKLER SYSTEM

1. AUTOMATIC WET – Lines are constantly filled with water
2. AUTOMATIC DRY – Valves and censors trigger the water to fill up the lines at
the slightest hint of fire
25 gals. Per minute / 1 sprinkler head

SPRINKLER HEADS
TYPES OF SPRINKLER HEADS:
1. UPRIGHT: use above piping when piping is exposed; this type is safer
against damage
2. PENDENT: projects through a finished ceiling when piping is concealed
3. SIDE THROW/ SIDE WALL
4.

SPACING OF SPRINKLER HEADS

Branch: 15 feet
Heads: 4-10 feet
From wal: 4 inches

COVERAGE
LIGHT HAZARD OCCUPANCY – 20sqm. (coverage of one sprinkler head)
EXTRA HAZARD OCCUPANCY – 10sqm. (coverage of one sprinkler head)

ALTERNATIVE FIRE SUPPRESSION SYSTEM

1. CLEAN AGENT GAS FSS
- discharges inert gas (halon) on the surface of combusting
materials
- consists of cylinders of agents, heat/smoke detectors,
piping and discharge nozzles
- doesn’t leave any residue
- do little harm to firefighters, occupants, and equipment
- alternative to Halon: FM200 (heptaflouropropane). FE-13
(Triflouromethane), NERGEN (mixture of nitrogen, argon
and carbon)
 2. CARBON DIOXIDE FFS
- discharge carbon dioxide gas that extinguishes fire by
displacing oxygen or taking oxygen away from the fire.
- consists of cylinders of agents, heat/smoke detectors, piping
and discharge nozzles
- can’t be used with occupants being present

3. FOAM FFS
- discharge a high volume of gas-filled bubbles that rapidly fills
the space
- bubbles float on the surface
- consists of foam generators, heat/smoke detectors and a
blower system that distributes the foam.