Design Handbook of Plumbing INDIAN

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i
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK
J
ON
PLUMBING
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C. R. Mohan
B.Sc (Engineering), M.E (P.H), MIE, FIPHE
(Former Chief Engineer, Kerala Water Authority. Kerala:
Former Sanitary Engineering Expert. Baghdad Sewerage Board. Iraq

and Sanitary Engineering Exper~ Ministry of Public Works, Eritrea. Africa)
Dr. Vivek Anand
Ph. D (USA), M.E. MIPHE, MIE, MIWWA, MISTE
(Construction Management Expert. Ministry of Public Works, Eritrea. Africa)
STANDARD PUBLISHERS DISTRIBUTORS
1705-B, NAI SARAK, POST BOX No.: 1066, DELHI~ll0006
Phones: 3262700. 3285798. Fax: 3243180
www.standarduublishcrs.com email: stpuh@vsnl.colll
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Published by :
A. K. Jain
For Standard Publishers Distributors
1705-B, Nai Sarak, Delhi-llOOO6.
FIrst Edition Jan., 2003

1
ReorintEdition 2006 'i
J
@ Exclusive rights by Standard Publishers Distributors, Delhi for publication, distribution and export. All rights reserved.
No part of this publication in general and diagrams in particular may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any :
means, electronic, mechanical, photo copying, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without the prior '
written permission of the publisher.
Price :Rs. 150-00
ISBN: 81-8014-003-2
Laser Typesetting by ; Bhargave Laser Printers, Delhi.

Printed by : Prabhat Offset Press, Delhi.
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DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK
ON
PLUMBING
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CONTENTS
Page Froin To
CHAPTER 1. Common sanitary fixtures 1-6
CHAPTER 2. Layout of sanitary fixtures in toilets 7~1O
CHAPTER 3. Formulae for flow through pipes . 11-15
CHAPTER 4. Water supply in buildings 16-21
CHAPTER s. Water pipe sizing in buildings 22-34
CHAPTER 6. Foul water drainage in buildings 35-43
CHAPTER 7. Septic tanks, soak away pits etc... 44-59
CHAPTER 8. Storm water drainage in buildings 60-70
CHAPTER 9. Fire fighting. 71~94
CHAPTER 10. External water supply for buildings 95 -111
CHAPTER 11. Garden water supply and fountain 112-117
CHAPTER 12. External foul water drainage for buildings 118 -.135
CHAPTER 13. External storm water drainage for buildings 136 .. 149
CHAPTER 14. Common appurtenances 150 157
CHAPTER 15. Detailing of plumbing services and pr~p'aring plumbing drawings 158 177
Appendix A. Common symbols and legends 178
Appendix B. Fixture unit discharge table 179
Appendix C. Manning's table 180
Appendix D. Hazen William's Table for friction and velocity 184
Appendix E. Hydraulic characteristics of circular pipes 186
nmLIOGRAPHY 188
PREFACE
While teaching and training the young engineers in the Ministry of Public Works
of the State of Eritrea, Africa, it inspired us to take an initiative to prepare this
book on Design and Practical aspects on Plumbing.
International Standards are followed in this Handbook. However, we;, have
presented Indian Standards wherever applicable.
We fervently hope that this Handbook will benefit not only the Professionals in
the field on Plumbing, but also the students of civil engineering. We also invite
suggestions to still improve this Handbook with more details.
Our sincere' thanks are due to those, who have encouraged, cooperated and
assisted in compiling this Handbook.
c. R. Mohan
Vivek Anand
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1
1
CHAPTER 1
COMMON SANITARY FIXTURES
I r ,.
Selection of sanitary t1xtures is very important. They shall be durable and long lasting. Care should
be taken in fixing sanitary fixtures either in floor or in walL Water filled trap is to be provided for each
, fixture or a group of fixtures to prevent foul smelling. The diameters of water trap' pipe. and discharge
pipe are fixed according to the type of fixture usage. The following table I-A gives diameter of trap pipe
and discharge pipe
Note: Discharge pipe is a pipe that conveys discharge from sanitary fixtures.
Table I-A
Sanitary fixture Diameter of trap pipe and Maximum length of unvented pipe
discharge pipe in mm i1J--.m ' .
Water closet 100
(6~
Wash basin 40/
'-2.5.
Sink
Domestic 40
2.5
Commercial 50
2.5
Shower (Single) 40 or 50.
2.5
Shower (Multiple) 50
2.5
Urinal (Bowel Type) 50 or 65
2.5 , ". ~
Urinal (Stall, Trough)
65 or 80
2.5
Floor Waste Gully
(With out fixture connection)

50
2.5
(With fixture connection)
Up to 100
2.5
Washing Machine
50
2.5
Bath tub
40
2.5
Bidet
40
2.5
TIle following slopes are to be provided for discharge pipes:
Table 1-B
Diameter of discharge pipe Minimum slope to be provided
. .
In mill
40 1140
50 1140
65 1/40
80 1160
100 1160
125 1180
150 1180
Common sanitary fixtures are given below:

(a) Washbasins (I;) Water closets
2 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HANDBOOK ON PLUMBING
(c) Showers
(d) Sinks
(e) Bathtubs
if) Bidets
(g) Urinals
(h) Floor drains (floor Gullies)
(a) Washbasins (Fig. 1.1) .
Washbasins are usually made of vitreous
china clay, fire clay, stainless steel, or porce
lain channeled sheet steel. They are fitted $ 40 mm Dischargepipe
either to wall or to floor or 'to tabletop. Comer with water seal
fitting type washbasins are also available in
the market. The fixing height of washbasin
above finished floor level is between 76 em to
80 em. Different sizes of washbasins are
available. 500rnm x 500mm washbasin made
of glazed vitreous china clay, with two tap
holes is commonly used Hot arid cold chrome
plated pillar taps are fitted to wash basins. Fig. 1.1. Wash Basin
In the case of tabletop washbasin, the
gaps between the washbasin and the surroundings are to be sealed perfectly, to prevent seepage of
wastewater.
For each washbasin, one floor drain is to be provided for cleaning the floor water. As far as possible,
washbasin is to be placed near. the entrance of toilet. .Minimum space required for proper useage of
washbasin is 90 em x 90 em
(b) Water closets (Fig.1.2)
Water closets are used to collect and convey human waste in avery hygienic manner. TIle selection
of water closet pan is
such that, it will pro
T
duce less noise while
flushing. Wash down
type is widely used,
and in this type, the E
o
force of water flush o·
'<t
removes the content of t2
E
~
the pan. Single trap or o 5cmwaterT
two trap syphonic water g seal .
closet pans are also
available. In this type
syphonic action genera
ted in the trap is used
for the removal of the
1 Fig. 1.2. Pedestel type water closet (European type water closet)
content.
According to the type of use, water closets are divided into two:
1. Squatting type (Indian or Turkish type)
2. Pedestal type (European type)
Squatting type water closets are not having any seat. It consists of a floor level bowel, with a
squatting plate. TIle steps are slightly raised from the finished floor level. In the case of squatting type
'-'.-:--:-':'
COMMON SANITARY FIXTURES 3
water closet, the floor of the room is to be sloped by 2% towards the pan for the proper drainage, and no
separate floor drain needs to be provided. If it is fixed on raised platform, separate floor drain is to be
provided on the floor of closet room. For pedestal type water closet, it is advisable to provide a floor
drain in the closet room for the proper cleaning of the floor.
Pedestal type water closet pan is fixed firmly on the floor and provided with a seat. Wall hanging
type water closet is fixed direct to load bearing wall with bolts and nuts.
Open front seat is recommended in public toilets, as it is less fouled than ring type seat. Capacity of
flushing cistern is such that, it is sufficient to flush properly the water closet bowel. Capacity usually
ranges from 5 liters to 15 liters. The re-filling time of cistern is not more than' 2 minutes. 32 nun bore
pipe is used as--tTtis"hwaterpipe from cistern. 100mm diameter waste pipe is used as discharge pipe from
water closet pan.
As far as possible water closet is to be fixed away from the entrance of toilet. In any case water
closet should not be placed near the head side of bathtub. Minimum space required for a water closet is
90'em
- x 120 em. Handrail is to be provided near the water closet of hospitals, for assisting sick people.
-,......---_.,"', ....-.._......
(e) Showers
Body washing with running water is more hygienic and economical in usage of water. The shower
room is to be well ventilated to reduce condensation. A minimum space of 90 em x 120 em is to provide
for shower room. Shower room is to be provided with a shower tray of size>7S"crnx75 em, with slip
resistant base. Shower tray is made of either by glazed fire clay, or by glass reinforced polyester. Chrome
plated shower mixer with cold and hot taps are to be provided. The riser tube is concealed in the wall.
Chrome plated shower arm tube with swivel spray head, having (} diameter of 38 mm is fixed. Chest
level umbrella spray type showerheads are also used. The floor of shower room is to be slop~d (2~L
towards the tray and the waste outlet of tray is connected to the water trap. 40 rnm or 50 mm diameter
discharge pipe is provided for' conveying wastewater. Wastewater from one shower room should not be
allowed to enter in to another shower room. A minimum residual head of 1m is to be provided in the
shower spray head. It is advisable to provide a foot-tap in all shower rooms. Showers usually take 30 to
40 liters of watefJlef head for bathing. Hot water storage for shower is 10 to 30 lit~rs per head. .!'''."".~,,.
":'.....__"....;._ ••• --=".,_.<~., ....""v.::_" -.-."-'-' .....-....-__ E P~''''''::'-''-.~'';'<O'
(d) Sinks (Fig. 1.3)

Stainless steel sinks are more commonly used. Fire clay sinks are also in use. Sink is either fitted in
a cantilever or inserted in a table top
i.oIe--------.1000 mm --------.,
T L
200mm
To
300mm
~Lowel "~
i\ Drainer)
'\
.~ .'\. '\.'\. '\. ... " " .
(Width - 600 mm)
Fig. 1.3. Kitchen sink

Sinks may be of single or double drains and single or double bowels. Common sizes of sinks are
1000 111m x 600 111m, 1200 nun x 600 nun, 16(X) rnmx 600 rnm, 18(X) nun x 600 mm, 2400 mmx
600nun, and 2XOO mm x 600 nun. Depth of sink varies from 2(X) nun to 3(X) mm.
(e) Bath tuhs (Fig. 1.4) ,
Different varieties of bathtubs are available. Lenath of bathtub varies from 1450nml
. ' to1850 mm and ~ , " . . .
width is from 700 mm to 725 111m. TIle height of bathtub is usually between 480 mm to 540 mm from
4. DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HANDBOOK ON PLUMBING
$ 40mm Discharge pipe

with water seal
Fig. 1.4. Bath tub

the floor. Bathtub is having a flat bottom, with sloping towards the out let. Water trap pipe and discharge
pipe are of 4Omm; diameter. The gap between bathtub and surrounding wall is to be well sealed to
prevent seepage of wastewater.
2 nos, chrome plated pillar type taps are to be provided, one for cold water and other for hot water.
Spray type showerhead connected to flexible pipe is also sometimes provided.
if) Bidets (Fig. 1.S)
_
Water
::::;:::===~==.J
T
w
m
o
3
3
Floor
Fig. 1.5. Submerssible Feed ty?e bidet

Two types of bidets are used
1. Over rim water feed
2. Submersible water feed.
Both types are either pedestal or wall mounted.'They are used for washing perineal and foot. Water is
supplied through an ascending 'spray, In the case of submersible water feed, care should be taken to
prevent siphoning of wastewater in to the water supply system or any other fittings
COMMON SANITARY FIXWRES 5
(g) Urinals
4 types of urinals are commonly used. They are
1. Slab types (Fig. 1.6)
T
....
3
~ 80 mrn Semi circular

1
channel with grated
covering
Fig. 1.6. Slab type urinals
2. Stall types (Fig. 1.7)
60cm 60cm 60cm
Tread" 150mm , 80 mrn Semi circular

channalwith grated
covering
Fig. 1.7. Stall Urinals
3. Bowel types (Fig. 1.8)
4. Trough types
Urinals require privacy. Slab type and stall type urinals are more or less same. The difference is that
the way in which individual urinal is separated for privacy. Channel is required for slab type and stall
type urinals. Trough is required for trough type urinals. Channel and trough are to be smooth and laid in
6 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HANI)BOOK ON PLUM.BJ.NG o!
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j
'\-t- 70 em I++-...-j
s
n°
~i f
-"
3
,
./f'
50mm Bottle "0

5 Raised floor
co
trap
Fig. 1.8. Bowel type 'urinals

a slope towards the trap. Maximum run of channel is up to a length of 2.40 m (4 stalls only). Width of
individual urinal is not less than 60 em. For bowel type urinal, ~the heIgiiirrom floor to the mouth of
bowel is 60 em, and horizontaHIisiaiice from center to center of bowel is 70 em. A bottle trap or a 'U'
trap is provided for each bowel.
Urinals are to be flushed every. 20 minutes, by an automatic flushing unit at the rate of 35 liter/stall
or bowel. A minimum diameter "6('65 'il'iiil'~io- 80mm is provided for the discliargePiPe~'Of-combrne'd
urinals.
(h) Floor drains
Floor drains are to be rust resistant and provided with gratings. The diameter of floor drain varies
from 50 mm to lQQ.!nn1. Discharge pipes of other fixtures can also be connected to the floor drain. Three
to fouf'liX'tures can be connected to the discharge pipe of floor drain. In this case the diameter of
discharge pipe of floor drain is to be increased to 80nrnl and a common water trap in the discharge pipe
of floor drain is provided. Discharge PiPe'o(water'closet should not be connected to the floor drains.
Floor.g!J!i!l,-£tlal!J~.e provided near wash~a~JIl' ~it~ll~1l si~!_,~!!QJ?~c,l~~!4Lwat~,L.f;;lQsetIf squatting
type water closet is fixe(rofrrafsea'pratfoiiil~'a floor draiitshall be providedIn the water closet room.
Floor drain shall not be provided
.. .... _._ ,•.
in operation theaj~I~."Jllld consulgp!:...J,OJ>Jl15,9f 1}Q,sP,ita.ls.,
~-,::-,-::~::~':-::~;,';:-,:::;,,:.';;.;:..,,,,;!,,,~."=~_.;.,::,~,~,,,,,:,---;;,, "~.~:.,, ",:~,_. ~o._ ..• ~;'-.·-, :;- ";~"""""~.;'~~'>''";''''':;:J.~.•:"...:.":'~'~~:':.~" __.. :~c._." ., " ""';',:_'.. 0".,:_•.-...". " ,,{.- ...• .•.. .•• ,:.;"-.:.., .. '._ -.'.' , ' r " _•• 7. ":'fc
-_ .
CHAPTER 2
lAY OUT OF SANITARY FIXTURES IN TOILETS
• 11 1
Toilets are to be arranged in such a way that they \Vill give privacy, comfort and satisfaction, while
using them.
The floor of the toilet is to be 2 em lower than other finished floors, so as to prevent entry of
wastewater to other rooms. The t100f=ol"'ihe~ioilet should be non-skid and sloped 2% towards the floor
drain, ,.... . . "'-~~-" ... . .",.
Walls of toilet are fixed with glazed tiles or painted with waterproof paints. Proper ventilation is to
be provided in all toilets to reduce odor and humidity. A minimum space of lI20th of floor area of toilet
is to be provided for ventilation. If sufficient natural ventilation is not available, forced ventilation with
exhaust fan is to be adopted. The capacity of exhaust fan is such that it can change room air at the rate of
3 to 6 air changes per hour or a minimum of 4 m 3 per hour. Illuminations of. the toilet should be
su(flcleilt"tOilllimmate face from all angles. If natural lighting is not sufficient, additional electric fighting
may be arranged. Sufficient storage place shall be provided for current and reserve supplies. Counter top
surface provides excellent facilities. It is better to provide full-length mirror. Standard practice is to
provide a crystal glass mirror of size 500 mm x 400 nun above washbasin at a height of 120 em from the
finished floor. Grab bar shall be provided vertically above bathtub. It shall be adequate .in size and fixed
firmly on the wall. Rack shall also be provided.
Shower curtain, soap tray, towel rail, towel rack, bath mat, wastebasket, sanitary bin, tissue paper
holder, electric shaver socket, etc....are to be invariably provided. Space shall be provided between
fixtures for cleaning purpose, assisting other people and for using them conveniently with out obstruction.
Water closet is fixed away from bathtub. In any case, it should not be fixed near the head side of the
tub. As far as possible, it should not be provided near the entrance of toilet.
In hospitals, handrail is provided near water closet and fixed shower, for the use of sick arid elderly
persons. Glazed tiles are to be fixed, if space is left over between bathtub and sidewall and they shall be
sloped towards the tub. Fixed shower is fixed at a height oL12Q f~ from the floor level. Some time . . -~.
adjustable hand shower with flexible hose is also provided. Shower is provided with or without shower
tray. Shower tray is of enameled cast iron, glazed fire clay, or plastic. Pre-fabricated shower tray in
enameled sheet steel, in aluminum or in plastic is also available.
Only one door is provided for toilet. Generally door. swings into toilet. Door should not strike any
person, while using sanitary fittings. As far as possible, door should conceal water closet, when opened:
False ceiling is provided for multistoried buildings to conceal, water and waste water pipe corning
out from toilet below roof. Some time floor of the toilet is raised or lowered than other floors to
accommodate water and waste water pipes, instead of false ceiling. Duct shall be provided for taking
vertical pipes of water and wastewater from one floor to another, incase of multistoried buildings. Proper
access is also being provided in the duct for maintenance of pipes.
In toilet, towel rail should not obstruct space for movement. Handrail and soap holder are fixed at a
h~!gh12L!Q?£!!1' and towel rail is fixed at a heig~~QfJ1Q,.cm from the floor.
Minimum space required for each sanitary fixture, if fixed independently are given in Fig. 2.1 (a) to
2.1 (d)
Inside dimensions of some residential toilets are shown in Fig. 2.2 to 2.8.
8 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLU~mING
f-- 82.~..: --1
T T 5 Water Closet
I
E
0
..,0 Shower·
6
-
It)
co
Bath Tub j
~.~
5 -
0
N
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1
Wash Basin
1
It)
01
1 ~9.9_cm~ t--- 90 em ------l ~9o.en:'-1

(e) Showr
(a) Wash Basin (b) Water Closet
. {NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 2.1. (a) Wash basin, (b) Water closet, (c) Shower, (d) Bath tub
T§
,...
1.0 BT
-t SH
o
.... o
5 LEGEND
'<t
..... D - Door
1 BT -
WB -
Bath tub
Wash Basin.
1---180 em--1
we - Water closet
------215 em BD - Bidet
Fig. 2.2. Fig. 2.3. SH - Shower
Type 4
Type 3
T(
o
1.0
BT
,"--~------"
FD#
j I
0
E
0
co
.....
BT
.
FO
LEGEND
D -Door
1 wcG
1 /
/
»:
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01
I
BT - Bath tub
WB - Wash Basin
we - Water closet
BD - Bidet
SH - Shower
FD - Floor Drain
I..-----175 em--------I -----265
\1-0.. ~I
em - - - - -
Fig. 2.4. (NOT TO SCALE) Fig. 2.5.
Arrangements of sanitary fixtures and their pipes connection, in toilet of multistoried buildings (Hos
pitals), are shewn in Fig. 2.9
LAYOUT OF SANITARY Fl)'TURES IN TOILETS 9
Type-6
45 em 65 em
-1 ,,+' ~. f- \ ·1, f- 85 em ~
Type -.5
I
r--2ooem-1 ' - - 20em--,:
FD~ ~ Duct
T ~ 8Dem x30em
90em .E) WB G WB' FD
FD
we
'------, . D- .,..r--~
I 5
1.0
N
NOTE N BT
T·"',
J
Aminimum space of 10 em to 25 em is E I ,
LEGEND
t 0 be left between each sanitay fixture ~ ID \

for convenient use. .
A minimum open space of 60 em is to
11 \
D -Door
BT - Bath tub
WB - Wash Basin
be provided in infront of any sanitary
fixture for movement ~ 255 em - - - -
..I we - Water closet
BD - Bidet
Fig. 2.6. Fig. 2.7.
SH - Shower
Type -7
2Dcm . -20em
( 65 em'\ ( \
r- 85 em- j j+ -I Ji-'~e,r.J -I J r
T
8
It)
co BT
Tabletop
Shelf
45x20 em
(J
we
,
width-25em
./ LEGEND
Length-65 em / D -Door
I 0 BT - Bath tub
WB - Wash Basin
we - Water closet
I
..
320 em ..I BD -Bidet
SH - Shower
Fig. 2.8. FD - Floor Drain
Note: (NOT TO SCALE)
1. A minimum space of 10 em to~_CJ1l is left between each sanitary fitting for convenient use.
2. A minimum open spa2e0f60em.• i~JgJ1~~.Qrovided
,
in front of any
.,,,--~. ,""",..,",.:,:,- ~~.",,~ .
sanitary fixture for movement.
1-------'. -
0
/--------------
1_ ~5mm
Door
5': .I
45cm
~
.
ct'I'J
Ii f:Q
II)
11).
c
,2
')
2
o
- - -H. ;:g
15mm
Door ~
~
HOan 40 em ~
HOem :r:
)
TYPE A ( DUAL)
LEGEND I 10
z
SH.T • Shower tray
ED -Floor drain
(NOT TO SCALE) t:l:i
W.C - Watercloset
H R - Heater
8~
H - Hotwaterpipe "0
H.W.B • Handwashbasin Z
.."
C.O - C1eanout
W S • Watersupply pipe 8a::
W W • Wastewaterpipe
___ _ Sewerpipe t:l:i
.....
_ • _. _._ • Coldwaterpipe Fig. 2.9 2
o
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-~~'4-
. """';";~:':"".;~:.\:;~, (.
.:
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FORMULAE FOR FLOW THROUGH
. . . '. • .
PilES"
. : .:,..:--. .~-.-i>·~.;;i.;'·.-:-;'·:_'_'~<':r-
. 0.' ~
__ .:·s.'/i·
.; ;,
:.,;:"',;;'
When a fluid flows through a pipe. the flow may be either streamline or turbulent. When aIIPartiCle~ .
of the fluid are moving in a straight line. in the same-afrectioii:--as the
axis, of t6~ pipe. it iscalfed .
s~ flow. When all particles are moving ina'olsoroerIy'''Way;1t1S'callea'tlitbliient flow. The floW'
through pipes will be turbulent in most water supply systems. .,
The type of flow depends upon
1. Diameter of the pipe
2. Velocity of flow
3. Density of the fluid
4. Viscosity of the fluid.
There are different -formulae used to find out the head loss in pipes.due to friction.
1. Darcy's formula:
HI = (4flv 2)/(2gd)'
where,
HI = loss of head due to friction in meters
f = co-efficient of friction (0,007)
1 == length of pipe in meter
v ::: velocity of flow in m/sec •
g == acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m1sec2
d == diameter of pipe in meter.
2. Chezy's formula
Chezy's formula is also derived in the same way as Darcy's formula.
V = C (mi)1/2
where,
C ::: a constant usually taken as 55
V == velocity of flow in m/sec
. nt ::: hydraulic mean depth
::: Cross sectional area of flowlIength of wetted perimeter
i ::: slope or fall
Chezy's constant can be found from the relation
C = .,J(2g/f)
which is the relation between Darcy's co-efficient 'f' and Chezy's constant 'C'
.. C = (2 X 9.81/0.(07)1/2. f = 0.007
= 55.33
Usually taken as 55 .
It is assumed in both Darcy's and Chezy's formulae that the frictional resistance is varied
square of the mean velocity for turbulent flow.
12 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
Darcy's equation Hf = 4{t;2 (;!(
v2 l
Chezy's equation H;' = -.--
em
In practice, it is seen that the head loss in turbulent flow does not vary as the square of the mean
velocity, but as some power between 1.7 and 2, or more. Also 'f' is depended upon the roughness of pipe
surface, and may vary according to slope.
So Manning's formula came after modifying Chezy's formula.
3. Manning's formula
V = 0.003968 D2/3 S1l2/N for circular sections running full.
• - _c>-~ ....._~".,..",,,,,,._ •._ .. ,~, ...., _ ......_.",~~-
wtiere. ;
V = velocity of flow in m/sec

D = diameter of pipe in millimeter
=
S Hydraulic gradient or slope of pipe in meter/meter
=
N roughness co-efficient of pipe varying from 0.015 to 0.013
Thi~~la i~ ~sually used ~ desig~ ~i~£ll.I.ar drainsl".§~~s ,~J~. Tables and graphs _are available as
per rJaiimng's equatl~x~J.
4. Hazen William's formula
For designing, water supply pipelines, flowing full, und~l"hYdraulic pressw:e,~Jfazen Williams's
formula is usually used. ':"" =""-"""~"-='~-~~'~~"~--'"~'''-~-~
V = 1.0955 X 10-4 x C X DO. 63 X E1j.54
where,
V = velocity of flow in m/sec
D = diameter of pipe in mm
HI = hydraulic gradient or friction loss of head in meter/lOOOm
C = co-efficient, depending upon roughness of pipe .
(Varying from 80 to 140)

Hazen William's formula is used for designing water supply pipelines. Tables and graphs are also
available as per Hazen William's equation. (Appendix-D).
Example 1. Calculate the head loss due to friction in a pipe of 80mm diameter, 400m lengths, when
the velocity offlow of water through pipe is O.8m/sec. (Use Darcy's formula, f = 0.007) .
Ans.
As per Darcy's formula
Head loss
FORMULAE FOR FLOW THROUGH PIPES 13
Example 2. Calculate the discharge through a pipe of 50mm diameter laid for a length of 80 mti~t.
when the head available is 3 meter? (Use Darcy's formula, f = 0.007) [ .
Ans:
For finding discharge through a pipe, velocity is to be calculated initially.
As per. Darcy's formula
I [
I •
I R - (4fl if)
f - 2gd
~ _ (HI x 2 gd)
V - 4fl
1I2
V = Hf 2g
d J
( 4fl
V = (3 x 2 x 9.81 X 0.050)112 = 1.15 m/sec.

(4 x 0.007 x 80)112
Q =A x V = ( 1C tJ x 1.15 = (3.~42 ) x 0.05 x 0.05 x 1.15

.,
i
I
-1
1
= 2.26 litera/sec.
Example 3. A circular sewer of 250 mm 0 flowing full. laid in a slope of 1 in 300. Calculate the
flow through the sewer? (Use both Chezy's and Manning's formulas, C = 55, and N = 0.013)
Ans
(a) As per Cnezy's formula
V = C (mi)1I2
C = 55 .
(n d2/ 4) d
'til' when flowing fu11 = (nd)

4
.
J = SI ope = 300
1
d = 0.25 m
V = 55 ~r-(d-<4-)-i = 55 ~(0.25/4) x (11300)
= 55 x 0.0144 = 0.79 In/sec.
But Q = AV = (nd2/4) V'= 3.142 x 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.79
4
3
= 0.0388 m / sec = 38.8 lit/sec.
(b) As per Manning's formula
V = (0.003968/N) D2/3 SI/2
N = 0.013, D = 250 nun and S = 11300
.. V = (0·~~;368 )250"'3 (1I3(X)1/2 = 0.693 Ill/sec

,
= ( 1C~12 J .;
But Q =A V 0.693 = 34.021iVsec.
I I '
U
14 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING I ~.l
I i
l~.-J
Note: There is a small difference in discharge, as per Chezy's and Maiming's formulae. Since
Manning's formula i.s a modified formula,the discharge as per Maiming's formula is more reasonable.
__ ",",!_;,;;..-·t'·-"···~ .",. • . ' . .. • '-". "." ......._., ., •._~.~',.:__.......~:, ....._ . ." . - . . '~ ... " " . " .'c' '. ._ . .
Example 4. Calculate the slope required for a foul sewer, having a diameter of 200 mm to run half
full, with a self cleansing velocity 0.75 m/sec? (Use both Chezy's and Manning's formula) C = 55 and N
= 0.013 1
·1
Ans. J,
Note: In p~actice,=_.[Q~l~~.~a.~~!~~~rs"J!~~E~~.~"!y.~g~!g!l~~d+QtJlaJj~.~l~Q!JLQ(.)Ut,$P~ ~~x.!,m~~~ . ?!~_~:~
d~E~!.,l1ow, w~~~2!1W!g~tQ.nll se~~rs)~l.!:~J!~§!~W~~JWJ~l!Ill}!_g .J1Jn.g~pJ!1. .
(a) As per Chery's formula . . '.
V = C.,Jmi
where C = 55, i = slope = 1/L
When 1/2 full, m = 1t D 2/(4

X 2)/1t D/2 =' D/4
Note: For circular pipes, either running full bore or half bore, m will be equal to D/4.
V = 55 ~(DI4) x (IlL)
.! =
L
(..£)2
55
.! = ((0.75 x 0.75 x 4) ) = 0.00371
x D (55 x 55 x 0.2)
I
L = 0.00371 = 269.5 III
Slope to be provided to the Sewer is 1 in 270
(b) As per Manning's formula:

V = 0.00396 X D 2/ 3 x SIl2/N
where N = 0.013; D =
200 mm: V := 0.75 Ill/sec.
0.75 = OJ)03968 x 200°·666 X SII2

SII2 = 0.721
1
S = 0.00519 = L
L = 192.3 m.
Slope to be provided to the sewer is 1 in 193.
Note: For circular pipe, relation between depth of flow and hydraulic mean depth is given below in
table 3-A.
Table 3-A
Depth ojflow Hydraulic mean depth

FuJI or 1/2 full 0.25 X diameter y
I
3/4 depth 0.30 x diameter
. ExampleS. Castiron pumping main of a town water supply system is 250 mm diameter, and
4200tlleter length. Calculate the head loss due to friction, if itdiscliarges 5.7 million titers per day oj .
treated water? C =100 (Use Hazen William's formula, since pipe line is under pressureflow). .
~~"""'I:""""'l~ ..~~:.oor-="",··r~....:,""'.~·.·'·"· . - .
FORMULAE FOR FLOW TIlROUGH PIPES 1.5
ADs.
5.7 X 106 3
Q = 5.7 mId = (1000 X 60 x 60 x 24) = 0.06597 m /sec.
But Q = A x V
V=Q
A
V = 0.06597 = (0.06597' x 4)
(1t D 2/4) (3.14 ~ 0.25 x 0.25)
= 1.34 m1sec. (D = 0.25 m)
As per Hazen Wiiliam's Formula,
V = 1.0955 X 10-4 x C X DO. 63 X Jfj.54
C = 100, D = 250 mm, V = 1.34 m1sec.

1.34 = 1.0955 x 10-4 x 100 X 250°·63 X Jfj.54
HI = 3.771.851
HI = 11.64 m/1000 m
For a length 4200 of Pumping main.
total head loss due to friction = 11.64 x 4200/1000 = 48.8 m
CHAPTER 4
WATER SUPPLY IN BUILDINGS
Drinking water is supplied to buildings either from Municipal water supply system or from any other
reliable source. The head required to supply water directly to all water supply fittings of a single storied
building is 7 meters, and that of a double storied building (ground + one) is 12 meters. Generally
Municipal water supply system is designed to take care of either single story or double' stories buildings
only. For getting water to multistoried buildings, separate ground level reservoir is constructed and water
is collected in it and then pumped into the roof tanks for distribution through various water supply
fixtures.
Direct System
If water from Municipal water supply system is having sufficient pressure to feed the water supply
fittings in a building or to the roof tank of the building, the system is called direct system.
Pumped system
If sufficient terminal pressure is not available in the Municipal water supply system to feed the water
supply fittings, water is stored in a ground .level or underground reservoir and then pumped into the roof
tank or to the sanitary fittings
For pumped system, a ground level or underground water reservoir, with pump house, pump sets
(duplicate of which one is standby) pumping main, roof tank etc. are required.
Ground level or Underground reservoir

Usually the capacity of ground level or underground reservoir is for 2 to 3 days storage. But storage
capacity may vary from place to place, according to the reliability of source. If regular and uninterrupted
supply is expected, the storage capacity of reservoir can be reduced. But a minimum of one-day storage
is provided in any case.
Underground reservoirs are preferable in most cases to save land, and minimum disturbances. In this,
outlet of over now pipe shall be placed at a minimum of 20cm above finished ground level, or at any
level satisfying the over flow of water. Reservoir is to be constructed in such a way that no surface water
shall enter into it. Reservoir shall also be well ventilated with one or more ventilating pipe of diameter
50nun or nlore (Fig. 4.1). oC""
Elevated roof tank (storage cistern)

Capacity of elevated roof tank for dwelling houses is usually for In-day storage. If uninterrupted
supply from Municipal Water Supply System is anticipated, 2 hours storage is sufficient. The capacity of
roof tank is calculated either by tile number of occupants using the 'building, or by the available number
of sanitary fittings. For a single dwelling house of 5 to 8 members, it is sufficient to provide an elevated
roof tank of I m3 capacity.
For public institutions, such as Hospitals, Hotels, Hostels, etc ... one day storage is preferred, if water
is directly supplied from tile Municipal system, without a ground level or underground reservoir. (Fig.
4.2)
TIle storage capacities per day required for di ric rent type of buildings are given in Table 4..A
Pumping·
MainTo Roof T~r* .:
J
~-+-Pump sets
- Resprvior":- ..:::-
__ c::=====:::::J Nonreturn Valve
Inlet Pipe
SECTION
Pumping Main
- c:==:::;:~:::::r-¢
Inlet Pipe
.....
.PLAN
Fig. 4.1. Arrangement of Underground Reservior and Pump house
20cm
OverFlow Inlet Pipe

Pipe
Fig. 4.2. Elevated Roof tank

Table 4-A
Type of Building Cold water storage/day/head
in liters
(a) Factories with bathrooms
1. With Canteen 45
2. Without Canteen 40
(b) Factories without bathrooms
1. With Canteen 25
2. Without Canteen 20
(c) Dwelling house with
House connection 100
(d) Dwelling house with
Yard connection 35
(e) Hospitals (per bed) 150 to 200
(f) Hostels (per bed) 60
(g) Hotels (per bed) 100 to 150
(h) Offices 25
(1) Restaurants (per seat) 60
(j) Bars (per seat) 50
(k) Schools
1. Day school 15
2. Boarding school 60
Cold water storage for one day based on sanitary appliances are given in table 4-B:
Table 4-B
S. No. Sanitary appliances Storage Capacity
1. Water closet 180 lit/day
2. Sink 200 lit/day
3. Wash basin 180 lit/day
4. Shower 200 lit/day
5. 'Urinal 200 lit/day
Note: Storage capacity of tank above 5000 liters should preferably be divided into tw.0 or more compart
ments to avoid interruption of water supply, due to repair of one tank.
Example 1. Calculate the size of an underground reservoir for a multistoried building, having .: I
occupants?
Ans:
No: of occupants in the building = 50
,f
Assume a storage capacity for dwelling house • = 100 lit I capita I day.
i~,
Therefore. Total storage required =: 50 x 100 =: 5000 lit lday
For 3 days storage =

5000 x 3 =: 15000 liters
3
=: 15 m .
Therefore. size of underground reservoir is,
5 m x 3 m x 1.2 m (0.2 m of depth is for freeboard)
Example 2. In a 200-bedded hospital, what will be the sizeof roof tank?
Ans:
No of bed in hospital = 200
Assuming, storage capacity required ~er bed = 200 lit I day.
WATER SUPPLY IN BUILDINGS 19
Total storage for 1/2 day =200 x 200 x 1/2
= 200003 lit
=20 m.
Adopt 2 Nos: Steel tank of size
4 m x 2.5 111 x 1.2 m (0.2 111 is for freeboard)
with inter connection or
Adopt 5 m 3 capacity. 4 Nos: Syntex (plastic) tank with inter connection.
Example 3. Calculate the size of roof tank. if the building is having 5 Nos: of water closets, 10 Nos:
of wash basins. 5 Nos:of sinks. and 5 Nos: of shower?
Ans,
Assuming storage capacity required for each appliances
i.e. for Water closet = 180 lit/day
Wash basin = 180 lit/day
Sink == 200 lit/day
Shower = 200 lit/day
Therefore storage capacity required for the building is .
Water closets = 5 x 180 = 900 lit
Wash basins = 10 x 180 = 1800 lit
Sinks = 5 x 2(X) = 1000 lit
Showers = 5 x 2(X) = 1000 lit
Total =4700 liters/ day
Therefore 1/2 day storage = 4700/2
= 2350 liters
=3 2.35m3
Adopt a roof tank of 3m storage capacity. Size oftank == 2 m x 1.5 m x I. 2m (0.2 m is freeboard)
PUMP SETS AND PUMPING MAIN
Pump sets:
Power =
Work done: time
But Work done = Force x Distance
Therefore, Power = Force x distance/time
But, Force = mass x acceleration
Therefore, Power = mass x acceleration x distance/time
Power = mass (kg) x acceleration (m/sec') x distance (m)/time(sec) Watts
(1 Horse Power = 0.746 Kilowatts)
When water is pumped. through a pipe, pipe friction and acceleration due to gravity are acting against
the-direction of flow. So a force is required to overcome these factors.
Friction of pipe is expressed in terms of meters in pipe length and added to the vertical height up to. .
which water is to be lifted. Work done will be mass of water to be lifted. multiplied by acceleratlond~et'.;~,;;'
to gravity, and total head of water in meters inclusive of friction head expressed in meters. . . ;"
Therefore, Power of pump == ----,.."'
mass x. ..-acceleration
.. ,
due. to gravity.. x total .headl(1second x 11)
".".- ., '~"" ".- "~ .-~'
11 == Efficiency (usually 65%)
Power of pump == mass (kg) x 9.81(m

.~~.:..::...-::.--:..-,~--- .
..-._-_._._~
/ s~c~)' -x- -!9l~~L~
. ' - ---_.-
(meteJ:~Jt:rl Watts
Nute:
1. lil tQJ~4.Jitorage time of roof tank is taken as filling time of roof tank. For 1/2-day storage, the
filling time will be 1/4 of storage time
= 1/4 x 112 day = 1/4 x 12 hours = 3 hours.

Generally filling time of roof tank is taken between 2 to 3 hours for small tanks and betw~!!..3 to
6 hours for big tanks.
2. Velocity in pumping main is generally taken between'< 1.5 m/sec to ,. 3_", m1sec.
~. .,do~, _ p",
Example 4. Calculate size of a roof tank. diameter of pumping main. and power of pump sets. to be
fixed for dwelling flats. occupying 50 persons? Per capita' rate of water supply is 100 liters/day.
The flat is having 4 floors (Ground + 3 floors). No storage for fire fighting is to be considered.
ADS.
(a) STOrage capacity of roof tank
Storage capacity required per person in dwelling house :::: 100 lit/day
=
Therefore, one day storage- for 50 persons:::: 50 x 100 5000 lit
Assuming 112-day storage
Storage capacity of roof tank = 500012 lit
= 2500 liters
= 2.5 rrr'
Adopt a roof tank, having a capacity of 3m 3•
=
Therefore, size of tank 2 m x 1.5 m x 1.2 m (0.2 111 for free board)
(b) Pumping main

Storage capacity of roof tank = 3m 3
Assuming a filling time of 2 hours
Rate of tilling = 3m 3 /2 hours
= 3/(2 x 60 x 60)
= 0.0004166 m3/sec
= 0.4166 lit/sec
(Say 0.5 lit/sec)

Q=AxV
A= Q/ V
Assume a velocity in pumping main = 1.5 m/sec

Therefore. A = Q/1.5 :::: 0.5/(1.5 x 10(0) Q = 0.5110(X) m
3/sec
Therefore, (rc x d x d) :::: 0.5/(1.5 x 10(X»
(7t xd x d) :::: 4 x 0.5/(1.5 x 1000)
I
Therefore, d :::: \i(94 x 0.5)/(3.142 x 1.5 x 1nOO)
= 0.02059 m
:::: 20.59 mm
Since being small diameter. adopt 32 nun minirrlUl11
Adopt a pumping main of 32 mm diameter.
(c) Pump Sets

Pump set head = (HI+H2+H3+H4+Hs)+ 10% Factor of safely
where.
HI = pipe friction loss in m
H2 =·Ioss in fiuings and valves (0.5 in/each fitting)
H3 = total height in m to where water lifted
H4 = discharge head (2 111)
H, :::: pump loss (2 111)
(But 1 Hp = 0.746 kilowatts)

Therefore, Horse Power of pump = 0.1811/0.746 = 0.242 Hp
Adopt two pump sets of 0.5 Hp, out of which one is standby, to pump a quantity of 0.5 lit/sec,
against a head of 24 Ill.
.--j
!
,I
I
CHAPTER'S
WATER PIPE SIZING IN BUILDINGS
For small buildings, it is possible to size water supply pipes on the basis of practical experiences. But
for big buildings, pipe size shall be calculated. The size of pipes and fittings Used in' a water supply
system of a building shall provide, sufficient rate of delivery of water, without wasteful over sizing.
It rarely occurs that, all appliances are used simultaneously. So it is practicable to provide a
simultaneous demand much lesser than the possible maximum
The simultaneous design Bow rate can be found by using probability equation. This equation can be
used, where an individual draw off is not greater than 0.5 lit/sec., even if it is there, such flows shall be
for shorter period. Continues flows if any, shall be taken into account, by adding 100% of their flow
rates.
Row Rates And Loading Units (As Per Probability Equation) are given in table 5-A
Table 5-A ( L (). )
S. No. Fittings Flow rate (lit! sec)(q) loading unit (z)
1. w.e, bidet, Wash Basin 0.125 0.50
2. Flush Valve (Urinal) 0.125 0.50
3. Sink 0.25 1.00
4. Shower 0.25 1.00
5. Bath tub 0.35 1.96
6. Flush Valve (W.e) 0.25 4.32
,
7. Laundry tub 0.52 1.00
8. Washing machine 0.25 1.00
9.. Hose tap (20 mm) 0.30 1.44
;10. Hose tap (15 mm) 0.20 0.64
11. Cistern for Urinal 0.004 (to be calculated)
12. Spray tap 0.04 (to be calculated)
The relation between 'q' and 'z' is given below

z= (qI0.25)2
where 'q' is the flow r.'ite in liters/sec, equal to 0.25 lit/sec
Note: The constant is based on, by giving a flow rate of 0.25 lit/sec as a unit loading.
The probable simultaneous design flow
1/2
Q= q (2\ + ~ + ... + N n )
= 0.25 (2\ + Zz + .,. + 2,,)1/2
where,
21= Z value x No: of same type of appliances
i.e. Loading Unit of W.C = 2\ = Z value of W.C x No of W.C
I
k
WATER PIPE SIZING IN BUILDINGS 2~ .',
Loading Unit of W.B = ~ = Z value of W.B x No of W.B

Loading Unit of Sink = Z3 = Z value of Sink X No of sink etc. . ."
Example 1. Calculate the design flow rate of a water supply pipe line in a building, feeding 3 N()~.it.:,'
lv. C, 3 Nos. Wash Basins, 3 Nos Showers and 2 Nos. Sinks? . .
As per probability equation,
w.e. ZI = 3 x 0.5 = 1.5
W.B. ~ = 3 x 0.5 = 1.5
Shower Z3 = 3 x 1.0 = 3.0
Sink Z4 = 2 x 1.0 = 2.0
Total = 8.0
Q = 0.25 (ZI + ~. + Zn)112
= 0.25 (1.5 + 1.5 + 3 + 2)1/2
= 0.25 (8)1/2
= 0.25 x 2.82 = 0.7 Htres/second
The flow rates of water through pipes depend upon; the length, diameter, roughness and pressure
drop along the pipe. Head loss in pipe fittings (elbow, Tee etc) and valves are calculated in equivalent
length of pipe. •
Head loss expressed in equivalent pipe length (B. S) are given in table 5-B
Table 5-B
Type offittings approximate equivalent length in pipe diameter
(i.e. Diameter X this value gives in rom)
90° 30-36
Easy bend. 10
Flush connection to cistern or tank 20
Globe valve 340
Tee:
Straight 20
Reducing one side 30
Reducing two sides 36
Water entering branch 70 to 90
Gate valve 7
Example 2. In a 15 mm pipe, having a length of 3m, there are 2 Nos 900 bend and one gate valve.
Calculate the effective length?
Equivalent length of 2 Nos 90° bend = 2 x 15 mm x 36
= 1080 mm = 1.08 m
Equivalent length of one gate valve = 1 x15mmx7 = 105 nun = O.lm
Effective length of 15 nun pipe = 3 m + 1.08 m +O.l·m
= 4.18 m
Note: Head loss due to friction for 4.18m is to be found.
In any 15 mm end pipe connection to appliances, there can be expected a minimum of 2 Nos 90°
bend, and one gate valve. So total equivalent pipe length for fittings = (2 x 15 mm x 36) + (1 x 15 mm
x 7) = 1080 +105 =1185 nun = 1.185 m
So 1.185 m is to be added to the actual length to get the effective length, for calculating the head loss
due to friction in 15 mm p i p e "
Note: (a) Loss through water meter is to be added, as assessed from the manufacturers.
(b) TIle residual head available at each tap should be at least equal to the loss of head through the
tap, at the design flow rate. It is better to have a residual head of 0.2 kg/cm2 in all appliances,
-. ..-.~
Typical loss of head through taps and their equivalent lengths are given in table 5-C
Table 5-C
o of tc.p Tap flow rate Loss of head Equivalent length
in mm in lit/sec in m in m
15 0.15 0.5 3.7
0.2 0.8 3.7
20 0.3 0.8 11.8
25 0.6 1.5 22.0
Required minimum terminal pressure in appliances are given in table 5-D

Table 5-D
(a) Bath tub (Hand Spray) 0.8 m (15 mm, Q = 0.2 lit/sec)
(b) Wash Basin 0.5 m (15 rnrn, Q = 0.15 lit/sec)
(c) Water Closet 0.5 m (15 mm, Q = 0.10 lit/sec)
(d) Sink 15 nun 0.5 (15 mm, Q = 0.15 lit/sec) .
20 nun 0.8 (20 mm, Q = 0.3 lit/sec)
(e) Float valve 0.3 m .
if) Shower 0.8 m to 1 m
Note: But it is better to have ~<;ure of 2 m (0.2 kg/cm 2 ) in all w~ supply appliances; at
the delivery point. Central Building Research Unit, Roorkee, India, recommends for a minimum terminal
pressure of 0.18 kg/em' .
Sizing of pipes
Initial available head is normally measured from the uutlet of the storage tank.
Trial and error method, starting from the 1st pipe length, from the storage tank is to be done. TIle
residual-head of each pipe length (junction point to junction point) is to be calculated, taking into account
the head loss due to pipe work and head loss due to position. If the residual head available at the
discharge point is negative or less than the required head, the 0 of the preceding pipe is to be adjusted
and the procedure repeated.
Because of too many variables involved, in designing 0 of the pipe. tables and charts are available
showing, diameter of piP!. head loss. velocity. discharge etc. which will make easy the design of pipes.
Design assumptions
(a) Velocity of flow for design of gravity pipe (supply pipe) may be < 1 m/sec preferably 0.8 m/sec. {n
any case it should not be greater than 3m/sec. "'.
(b) Velocity of flow for design of pumP1'hg main shall be between 1.5 mlsec to 3 m/sec, preferably 1.5
m/sec < - ---=
(c) Head loss in main pipe is preferably limited to 2 ml100 m
(d) Reduction i~ capacity due to' ageing can'beneglected.-
Junction 'A' to Junction 'B' - Main Pipe (Fig. 5.1)
Junction" 'B' to Junction 'C' - Sub Pipe
Junction 'B' to Junction 'D' - Sub Pipe
WATER PIPE SIZING IN BUILDINGS 25
Note: Design. is to be done junction-to-junction

starting from the storage tank.
Procedure for pipe sizing
1. Prepare the pipe work diagram, num '=- - -
I- -
bering from junction to junction, starting '- - - Water StorageTank
from storage tank - -
f---
r- -
2. Calculate the fixtures fed by each pipe A
3. Determine the loading units for each
length of pipe
4. Convert the loading units into design tlow
rates in liters/sec (use Probability equa

tio~ .
Wash Basin -",~

5. Starting from storage tank with known
now rate and velocity less than 3m/sec,
o
(preferably in between 1m/sec and 0.8 1111
WaterCloset
sec), select a diameter of pipe. Note that
)C
the head loss is in meterll 00 meter.
6. Determine the height difference between B
the inlet and the outlet of pipe (positive
for drop, negative for rise)
Fig. 5.1.
7. Measure actual length of pipe being
considered
8. Determine an equivalent length of pipe for fittings, valves, etc.

9. Detemline the effective length of pipe work by adding actual length and equivalent ItJfigth of pipe-
fittings, valves etc. '
10. Determine actual head loss of pipe work considering effective length
11. Deduct actual head loss from available head.
12. If the residual, head is less than the required head, for a particular out let fitting or if the head is
negative, repeat the same with a larger 0.
Note: (a) If the details of pipefittings and valves are not known, add 20 to 30% of actual head loss in
pipe work, as minor head loss due to fittings and valves.
(b) TIle average rate of flow is to be taken for single fitting, while designing last pipe
Average rate of flows with friction loss and velocity for single fitting are given in table 5-E.
Table S-E
A. Bath tab, 20.nml, Q = 0.3 lit/sec hf =11.8 mllOO m
V = 0.954 m/sec
B. Sink, 20mm, Q = 0.3 iit/sec .hf = 11.8 mliOO m
=
V 0.954 m/sec
C. Sink 15 mm, Q = 0.2 lit/sec hf = 23.79 ml100 m
V = 1.13 m/sec
D. Shower, 15 nun, Q =0.2 li t/sec hf =23.79 mliOO m
V = 1.13 mlsec
E. Wash basin, 15 mm Q =0.15 lit/sec =
hi 14.44 m/100 m
V = 0.84 mlsec
F. Water closet, 15 nun Q = 0.1 lit/sec =
h! 6.32 mil 00 m
V = 0.56 m/sec
where,
hi = friction head loss in meter
V = velocity' in rn/sec I :
The best method to proceed for finding the diameter of pipe is that
(a) Find the critical fixture, which may be farthest or highest one, having minimum available head.
(b) Compute the available head, from out let of the storage tank to that fixture. after deducting residual
head required.
(c) Compute the length from out let of storage tank to that fixture.
(d) Divide available head by length and fix the average % head loss (H/L) x 1(0). H&L are in meters.
(e) Follow this average head loss %, for finding the diameter of pipe.
(f) Aging is not considered for pipes
I-
- -=-= :: I--
.......
..:::: Roof Tank
- - --<
1'----
I--
- -
- -
- -
- -
l'-" S lop "I
v2ve
A i . .... "'T:""
L.i~~=== t o.20 m
--:-'.ta-'~"-.':"'".--:-.I:JQ:I:L._._p_
1-::""::-,/:>-.-:'-.:-. '_' .:--'
... :. : ,;,.....;.-:---:'~-1-~O~.1:'::~:-m'-:-:.-·.-b-:::-.'-:':-
...-~':"':;-.;-.-,..,,-:':.:-":::"'"6":"'"':':"'".-:.-.,..
••-:-.'.-:"":-:'':'''":-:-~-:- .•-:'-:-":-~"""'.-:-'
....- ::-:.::-"!'-':"'"' .•-:-:~AN
• .-.' ,1:.-:-.-:-'.':"'"· ....,A
. .- . ·•
Bath tub
E Wash basin 3.30 m Wash-basin 4;)M
II'l
M l Q N
E
Water Closet
~
E
~ ~
E
so Water closet
~; 0 0 L
o ,. 17 -
·1.0m 4.0m 105m r-. O.5m O.75m
l O B .0.20 m J K I
f:"~' -: ...',A'. . J:>. : :. t-'.:. : b: .. c;. .. .:P·. i: .: .. 0.15m~:· .~ .. :-: ,p:.' : ~'.. :'J:>: '.,b
. '.'
.. h. ,"
'~'. ',4'
., ....
. . ' ,6".[
~. ". "."1
I j
Shower
~G
Wash Basin
Sink 3.30m ( H E
yl E ~
... Water closet
E
~
c:i
~
c:i
-
F
~
1.5m 1.0m 1.5m 1.0m
.C O.20m D E
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 5.2.
WATER PIPE SIZING IN BUILDINGS 27
Example 3. Calculate the diameter of pipes of a residential building as shown in Fig. 5.2?
Ans:
Note: The flow rate is computed, as per probability equation.
Where Q = 0.25 x ...J(ZI + q + Z3 + ... + Zn)
Computation of flow in each pipe:

Pipe EF = lWC = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5 Single WC =
Q 0) lit/sec
EO = 1 Shower = 1 x 1 = 1.0 Single shower =
Q 0.2 lit/sec
DE = EF + EO = 0.5 +1 = 1.5
DH =1 WB =1 x 0.5 = 0.5 Single WB
.
Q = 0.25 x ...J(1.5) = 0.3 lit/sec
=
Q 0.15 lit/sec
CD = DE + DH =1.5 + 0.5 = 2 = =
Q 0.25 x ...J(2) 0.35 lit/sec
CI = 1 sink = 1 x 1 =1 Single sink =
Q 0.2 lit/sec
BC = CI + CD == 1 + 2 = 3 =
Q 0.25 x ~ = 0.43 lit/sec'
KL =1 WC = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5 Single WC =
Q 0.1 lit/sec
KM = 1 Bath tub =1 x 2 2 =
Single bath tub =
Q 0.3 lit/sec
lK = KL + KM = 0.5 4- 2 = 2.5 Q = 0.25 x ...}(2.5) =0.39 lit/sec
IN = 1WB = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5 Single WB Q = 0.15 lit/sec
Bl = lK + IN = 2.5 + 0.5 = 3 Q = 0.25 x ...}(3) = 0.43 lit/sec
OP = lWC = 1 x 0.5 == 0.5 Single WC =
Q 0.1 lit/sec
OQ = 1WB = 1 x 0.5 = 0.5 Single WB =
Q 0.15 lit/sec
=
BO OP + OQ = 0.5 + 0.5 1.0 = =
Q 0.25 x ({f) 0.25 lit/sec=
AB = BO + Bl + BC = 1 + 3 + 3 = 7 Q = 0.25 x·{(7) = 0.66 lit/sec
Calculated results are given in Table 5-F
Table 5-F
Tabulated result of Example 3
S. Pipe Design Pipe Velo- Head Head Drop Avail- Actll' Effec- Head Minor Total Avail- Required head and
No. det flow size city loss (m) (+ve) able al tive loss 10.1'.5 head able remarks
ails (lit/sec) tmm) (Ill/sec) per Rise head leTlgth length (1/,') 30% to loss head
/001/1 (-ve) (m) (III) (m) 40% (m) (m)
1m) (m)
1. AB 0.66 32 0.86 5.70 - - 3.65 3.65 - 0.21 O.O!' 0.27 3.38 NB:Residual head
2. BC 0.43 25 0.94 8.55 3.38 +3.6.? 7.03 3.65 r: 0.31 0.09 0.40 6.63 preferably 2 m
3. CD 0.35 20 1.10 15.50 6.63' - 6.63 1.00 - 0.16 0.04 0.20 6.43 in all
4. DE 0.30 20 0.92 11.20 6.43 - 6.43 1.50 - 0.17 0.05 0.22 6.21 appliances. But nol
5. EF 0.10 15 0.56 6.32 6.21 -0040 5.81 1.40 - 0.09 0.02 0.11 5.70 less than
6. EG 0.20 15 1.13 23.79 6.21 -1.80 4.41 1.80 - 0.43 0.13 0.56 3.85 a. Bath tub 0.8m
7. DH 0.15 15 0.84 14.44 6.43 -0.65 5.78 0.65 - 0.09 0.03 0.12 5.66 b. Washbasin 0.5 m
8. CI 0.20 15 1.13 23:79 6.63 -0.65 5.98 2.15 - 0.51 0.15 0.66 5.32 c. w.e. 0.5 m
9. 81 0.43 25 0.94 8.55 3.38 - 3.38 1.50 - 0.13 0.04 0.17 3.21 d. Sink 0.5 m
to. 1K 0.39 20 1.29 20.70 3.21 - 3.21 0.50 - 0.10 0.03 0.13 3.08
n. KL 0.10 15 0.56 6.32 3.08 -0.40 2.68 1.15 - 0.D7 0.02 0.09 2.59
12. KM 0.30 20 0.95 11.80 3.08 -0.80 2.28 0.80 - 0.09 0.03 0.12 2.16
13. IN 0.15 15 0.84 14.44 3.21 -0.65 2.56 0.65 - 0.09 0.03 0.12 2.44
14. BO 0.25 15 1.41 34.43 3.38 - 3.38 4.00 - 1.38 0040 1.78 1.60 OK >0.5 m
15. OP 0.10 15 0.56 6.32 1.60 -0040 1.20 1.40 - 0.09 0.03 0.12 1.08 OK >0.5 m
16. OQ 0.15 15 0.84 14.44 1.60 -0.65 0.95 0.65 - 0.09 0.03 0.12 0.82 OK> 0.5 m
28 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PlUMBING
Hazen Williams's equation (simplified form) to find HI and V, if Q is known. C=100

A. 15 nun diameter ~'for 1000 In = 1.163522 QkI.851851
V m/sec = 0.060335 Hf
Where Hf = head loss. in m
V = velocity in m/sec
Qk = Kilolitre/day
B. 20 mm diameter Hffor 1000 m = 0.286600Q kI.85185 I
V m/ sec = 0.0732324lf}·S4
C. 25 mm diamter Hffor 10(X) m = 0.096669Qk1.8S1~51
V m/'sec> 0.08324lf}·S4 •
D. 32 mm diameter HI for 1000 til ::: 0.029049Qk1.8S1851
V m/sec = 0.097247 JI}.54
E. 40 nun diameter HI for 1 ()(X) til = 9.798264 X 10- 3 QkI.851851
V til/sec =0.111925 d}.S4
F. 50 mm diameter Hffor I()(X) fit = 3.304924 X 10-3 Qk1.851851
V m/sec = 0.128820 RJ·S4
G. 65 mm diameter HI for 1000 til = 9.209057 X 10-4 QkI.851851
V ui/sec = 0.151973 ¢j.S4
H. 80 mm diameter > Hi for 1000 ttl = 3.349821 X 10-4 QkJ.8S1851
Vm/sec =0.173212d}·s4
1. 100 mm diameter Hlfor 1O(X) til = 1.129884 X 10-4 QkJ.8518S1
V m/sec == 0.19Q357 FIj.S4
Note: Graphs/Tables are available for computation of Hfand V as per Hazen William's Equation
(Appendix-D)
Example 4. Calculate the head loss due to friction, and velocity for a 40mm pipe, having 85m long,
discharging water at the rate of 2 lit/sec (by simplifiedformuia and by table Of Hazen William)?
Ans
Q = 2 lit/sec = 2 x 60 x 60 x 24 =.172800 lit/day
For 40nun pipe, as per Hazen William's simplified equation
Hf for 1000 m = 9.798264 x 10-3 X Qk~·851851
= 136.37 m
V = 0.111925 X FIj.54
= 0.111925 X 136.37°·54
= 1.59 mlsec
For 85 m length, HI = (136.37/1000) x 85 = 11.59 m
As per Hazen William's tablef.Appendix-e-D), for D = 40 mm, Q =2 lit/sec
HI = 132 m for 1000 m
and V = 1.57 m/sec
For 85 m length, Hf ·= (132/1000) x.85 :~ tJ 22fAl-'
-.' -...'- ._.",-~._.- _·.... ·_~'~,·",'.'~l""'('r.""' ..·"........,....,.",.".....,. _ _~-wr:;:r-.:~~,r;--M,,~~:""""""'
..,..'.,..~,,"i~'-"'o>~e."'"'="'.l':t">·~,.)."lot-,~·"",~..,--,;l'':'>'.'''@·~_i;'~_~'''y·,~~~~··:,_Z·WA~:~'1·t::;; :.}."", {';.~ ~3'~: ~ ~~~~I--f.~'f':'.< ~e-'.f8~~~"':.~ ~:':"7.W,::,"r't!<;-!"" ...~,(,.... ,.. .,. 1 ~
'!

..:.
Alternatively,
Q=AxV
Q .,
V~A~lOOOXL(1tt)
= ~(=-2--=.x~4)L--_--=-::-:-:-
(1000 x 3.142 x 0.04 x 0.04)
= 1.59 m/sec
As per Hazen William's equation.
. 1.0955 x 1()~ x C x DO. 63 x t1j

V ttl/sec = •.0.54
1.59 = 1.0955 x 10~ x 100 X 400.63 X JIj.54
= 0.111920637 Ifj.54
D =
40mm
HI = mil 000 m
( )1.851851
HI ~ ~ 0.11:;;0637 ~ 136.2 mllOOO m
For 85 m length ~ (~~ ).x 85 ~ 11.58 m
Maximum numbers of smaller diameter water pipes that can be connected to bigger diameter pipes:
Box formula is q = ~ it'" x (HI25) x L x 10

5
where,
q = liter/sec (discharge)
d = diameter in mm
H = head in meter
L = length in meter
N = -/(Dld)5 Which is the relative discharge power of pipes. derived fro~l box formula. This ,~ .
_. __ ...
for computing the discharge power of various diameters of pipes.
By using N = ..,J(Dld)5. relative discharge capacity of various diameter of pipes can. be fOW1d out,
This equation holds good for branch pipes of short ·length.

'
Number of smaller pipes that C~Ul be connected to bigger pipes. according to discharge Catrvill1i!·:)<
capacity (assuming only 65 % of the appliances are working at a time):

Table 5-G
S. No. 0 15 nun 20 nun 25 mrn 32mm 40mm 50 nun
in.mm Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos. Nos.
1. 20 3 1
2. 15 6 3 1
3. 32 10 5 3 1
4. 40 18 9 5 3 1
5. 50 3i i5 9 5 3 I
6. 65 60 29 17 9 5 '3
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HANn BOOK ON PLUMBING
Example 5. How many umbers of short length 15 mni pipes can be connected to 32 mm?
Ansi N = 'V(DId)' = 'V(32/15)5
= 'V44.18 = 6.64
Assuming only 65% of the appliances using water at a time, actual number of 15 mm pipes that C,Ul
be connected to 32 mm is
100
6.64 x 65 = 10.2 say 10 numbers
Note: This will give a general idea in fixing the diameter of various water pipes in a building.
Table 5-H is a ready table for fixing various component of water supply system of residential flats
for varying No of users.
Table 5·H
Capacity of under ground reservoir, roof tank, diameter of pumping main, horsepower of pump sets
etc.: for different number of users in residential flats: '
Height of each floor =4 m
Height of roof tank bottom above roof = 1 m to 2 m
Suction Head = 2 III
G = Ground floor
G +1 = Ground floor + Ist floor, etc.
No of Floors of Vertical One day Capacity Capacity 00f Theoreti Adopted Remarks
users building lift of water, of Under- of roof pump cal horse hone
(Persons water require- ground tank ing power of power of
m ment Reservoir (1/2 day main Pump set pump sets
(WOtil/day) (3days storage) mm H.P.
Liters storage) Cum
Cum
10 G 7 1000 3.0 1.0 32 - 0.5
10 o-r 11 1000 3.0 1.0 32 - 0.5
15 G 7 1500 4.5 1.0 32 - 0.5
15 G+l 11 1500 4.5 1.0 32 - 0.5
20 c-i 11 2000 6.0 1.0 32 - 0.5
20 G+l+2 15 2000 6.0 1.0 32 I 0.5
30 c-i 11 3000 9.0 1.5 32 - 0.5
30 G+)+2 15 3000 9.0 1.5 32 - 0.5
40
40
G+I+2
G+l+2+3
15
19
4000
4000
)2.0
12.0
. 2.0
2.0
32
32
-
-
0.5
0.5
50 G+l+2 15 5000 15.0 2.5 32 - 0.5
50 G+l+2+3 19 5000 15.0 2.5 32 - 0.5
60 G+l+2+3 19 6000 18.0 3.0 32 - 0.5
60 G+I+2+3+4 23 6000 18.0 3.0 32 - 0.5
70 G+l+2+3 19 7000 2(0 3.5 32 - 0.5
70 G+I+2+3+4 23 7000 21.0 3.5 32 - 0.5
80 G+I+2+3 19 8000 24.0 4.0 32 - 0.5
80 G+1+2+3+4 23 8000 24.0 4.0 32 - 0.5
,::-...-
Ii
, J
jj
- •. ~-" •. " ' " ~,,~..... " .... ~ ..... ,,~~ · v ' '_ .
'_'_ ..~"""" c···.~,- '._.". -·~"",c_:',,··,~ ';"~"~_'_"". '~.-" . ~ ".',C"·';~ ...:".'"' ,,":.,.,

31
No of Floors of Vertical One day Capacity Capacity 00f Theoreti- Adopted Remarks
users building lift of water of Under- of roof pump- cal horse horse
(Persons water require g round tank ing power of power of
ttl ment Re servoir (1/2 day main Pump set pump sets
(100lit/day) (3days storage) mm
H.P.
Liters storage) Cum
Cum
90 G+I+2+3+4 24 9000 27.0 4.5 32 0.29 0.5
90 G+ 1+2+3+4+5 28 9000 27.0. 4.5 32 0.32 0.75

-.. , 100 G+I+2+3+4 24 10000 30.0 5.0 32 0.32 0.75
,
100 G+ 1+2+3+4+5 28 10000 30.0 5.0 32 0.36 1.0

150 G+ 1+2+3+4 24 15000 45.0 7.5 32 0.51 1.25
150 G+ 1+2+3+4+5 28 15000 45.0 7.5 32 0.58 1.50
200 G+ 1+2+3+4+5 28 20000 60.0 10.0 40 0.74 1.50
200 G+ 1+2+3+4+5+6 32 20000 60.0 10.0 40 0.82 2.0
300 G+1+2+3+4+5 28 30000 90.0 15.0 50 1.08 2.0
300 G+1+2+3+4+5+6 32 30000 90.0 15.0 50 1.20 2.0
Note: 1. Two sets of pumps are to be erected, out of which one is standby.
2. No storage for tire fighting water is considered in roof tank. If required, add 20% more.
3. Two times theoretical Horse Power is considered for arriving the actual Horse Power of Pump
sets.
PLUMBER'S CHART
Plumber's chart is used to assess the approximate estimation of sizes of water supply pipes in build
ings. If sufficient capacity of water is stored in roof tank, this chart can safely be used for single and
double story buildings
Table 5-1
S. No. Sanitary fixtures Number offutures
1 2 4 8 12 16 24
1. Water Closets 15 20 25 32 40 40 50
Pipe Size in nun
2. Urinals 15 '20 25 32 32 32 40
Pipe Size in nun
3. Wash Basins 15 . 15 ·20 25 25 32 32
Pipe Size in nun
4. Bath Tubs 20 25 32 40 50 50 65
Pipe Size in nun
5. Shower (tap) 15 20 32 40 50 50 65
Pipe Size in nun
6. Sink 20 25 32 40 40 50 50
Pipe Size in nun
Table 5-.1. Equivalent Pipe Size

Size of Pipe in rnm r5 20 25 32 40 50 60
No. of equivalent 15 nun 1 1.8 3.7 ."
5.9 12 23 42
diameter pipe _._
32 DESlClN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
••
I
r- ' _
1-----
I-- -Water tank

- - - - -
1--- - -
Roof
Bath tub
Washbasin Wash basln 0 M
cQ ( 'N
Water closet Water closet

1stFloor
"L
[
o B J K
r
Shower
(G i
Sink Washbasin
>H
Ground noor
c o E
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 5.3.
Example 6. Using plumber's chart, calculate the diameter of cold water pipes as shown in the Fig.
5.3?
Ans. Pipe AB is feeding all fixtures. So the diameter of that pipe shall be sufficiently big
Line AB
Washbasin =3 Nos.
Water closet =3 Nos.
Sink = 1 No.
Shower = 1 No.
Bathtub = 1 No. 'i

'I
"
I
As per plumber's chart (Table 5-1)

Washib~sin = 3 Nos., 0= 20 mm, equivalent 15 mm = 1.8
Water closet = 3 Nos., 0= 25 mm, equivalent 15mm = 3.7
Sink = 1 No., o = 20 mm, equivalent 15mm = 1.8
Shower = 1 No., 0= 15 mm, equivalent 15mm = 1
Bath tub = 1 No., o = 20 mm, equivalent 15mm = 1.8
Total = 10.1
From Table 5-J, for value 10.1, 40 mm diameter required (Near value)
Line Be (As per Table 5-1)
Wash basin = 1 No., 0 = 15 mm, equivalent 15 mm = 1
:;
WATER PIPE SIZING IN BUILDINGS 33 '
Water closet =.1 No., o = 15 mm, equivalent 15 mm =1
Sink = 1 No., 0= 20 mm, equivalent 15 mm ;; 1.8
Shower = 1 No., o = 15~, equivalent 15 mm =1
Total =4.8
From Table 5-1, for value 4.8, 32 nun diameter pipe required (Near value)
Line CD (As per Table 5-1)
Wash basin = 1 No., 0 = 15 mm, equivalent 15 mm = 1
Water closet = 1 No., 0 = 15 mm, equivalent 15 mm = 1
Shower = 1 No., 0 = 15 mrn, equivalent 15 mm = 1
•
Total = 3
From table 5-1, for value 3,25 mm diameter pipe required (Near value)
Line DE (As per Table 5-1)
Water closet = 1 No., 0=15 mm, equivalent 15 mm = 1
Shower = 1 No., 0=15 mm, equivalent 15 mm = 1
Total = 2
From table 5-1, for value 2, 20 mm diameter pipe required (Near value)
Line B1 (As per Table 5-1)

Wash basin = 1 No., 0
= 15 mm, equivalent 15 mm= 1
l-
I-
- -=- -=-- -- ----
-=----
- - -- -
I -- _Water tank _
-
-- - -- - - --
I-
- - A
~
m Foof
;~,
BT
WB WB M
(
Q E E N
E E
we
0
~ E E we
-
E "f
E -& E lO E
E
I~ - --
lO
p
0
lO
-&
ojl20mm
B
ojl25mm
-&
J
-&
ojl25mm.
K
ojl151Tlm !I L
SH
G
_.
Sink E WB
I< E E ( H
N
(') ~ E
E
E
E
-&
E
E -
l/)
E
E
Wc ~_.
f:,
o
N
-&
ojl 20 mm ojl25mm
-
l/)
.e
ojl20mm
.e
IP 15 mm
-
U'l
17
F
1;
e o E
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 5.4.
·34 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
I-
Water closet = 1 No., 0::: 15 mm, equivalent 15 rom ::: 1 :
Bath tub = 1 No., 0::: 20 mm.iequivalent 15 rom ::: 1.8

Total ::: 3.8
From table 5-J, for value 3.8, 25 rnm diameter pipe required (Near value)
Line JK (As per Table 5-1)
Water closet = 1 No., 0::: 15 mm, equivalent 15 mm ::: 1
Bath tub = 1 No., 0::: 20 mm, equivalent 15 mm ::: 1.8
Total ::: 2.8
From Table 5-J, for values 2.~.: 25 mm diameter pipe is required (Near value), (Fig. 5-4)
I
i
J
,I;,
,
. i
.,
, .. 1
" '-'", .'
CHAgr ' "E""'R':'-""";"';":'6

. ' '·:··F > .,: '. . :·:::t . :: . · ·:·
FOUL WA'TER DRAINAGE IN B'UILDi$GS
Air vent
T
O,5m
Roof slab
4:':-: '" '. ~ ", :,.:. :4: '.0 ... :' • .p.~: '..... : ; ~', :', " ','4: • 0' ': ' "0 ,0 "",'~ : : :.0,': ", '
1ST FLOOR
Wa.shbasin
GROUND FLOOR
T
1 m Prohibited connection
.r,
t--- L 2~ohibited connection

Manhole
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 6.1. Arrangements .of stack, branch drain & Horizontal drain
36 DESiGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
i
\
When wastewater is flowing downwards, through stack, the J
acceleration due to gravity (9.81 m/sec') is acting on it
downward, while the friction of the pipe acting against the , I
direction of flow. The flow finally attains a balanced velocity J
of flow and with that velocity the wastewater flows further

downwards. If the quantity of wastewater flowing down words,
through a stack is more than 1/4, the function of stack will be
Stack (pipe)
disordered due to air disturbances. This will affect water seals
of sanitary fittings and also stagnation of wastewater within ..-/
stack foot. (Fig. 6.2)
Due to this, there is a limit for carrying capacity of each
stack. To reduce air disturbances. stack loading should only be
1/4 full of stack.
~~~~~1I4th Waste water i t,
i (
The diameter of stack is fixed by discharge unit method.

Each sanitary appliance is given a discharge unit value, which Fig. 6.2. Row of Waste water through stack
represents, the discharge capacity and frequency.
;j;/ Table 6-A. Fixture Unit Rating

i
Fixtures Discharge Pipe 0 Fixture unit rate Max: length of un vented pipe I I
tn mm
Wash basin ON: 40 1 2.5m
i1
Water closet DN:lOO 7 6.0m,'
Sink DN: 40/50 1-3 2.5 m
Bath. (Spray) ON: 40 4' 2.5m
Shower ON: 40/50 2 2.5 m
Floor waste gully ON: 50/100 3 2.5 m
Sink laboratory DN: 50 1 2.5 m
Trough:
(a) Ablution ON: 40/50 3 2.5 m
(b) Laundry ON: 40/50 5 2.5 m
Urinal:
(a) Wall hangs ON: 50/65 1 2.5 m
(b) Stall/trough ON: 65/80 1 6m
Bathroom group [n Single room
(Washbasin, Oath, shower, and - 7
water closet)
-
Table 6-B. Maximum No: of discharge units allowed in stack (Three or less floors)
.
Diameter of pipe (stack)
in mm
I Max: discharge units
allowed/Floor
Max: discharge units
allowed per stack
ON 40 2 6
ON 50 5. 15
oN 65 6 18
ON 80 13. 40
ON_IOO 65· 195,
ON 125 150 450
ON 150 250 75.0
ON 200 950 3850
W,'C
FOUL WATER DRAINAGE IN'Bl]lLDINGS
Table 6-C.Maximum No: of discharge units allowed

Diameter ofStack Max. Discharge units allowed per .
in mit! floor
ON 40 4
ON 50 9 36 ','..~n',·::'·'.':';
ON 65 14 56 ,",'<:"'.'''.'.'
ON 80 20 80
ON 1_00 lZ5
....,-: -
,~.,
500
c
ON'12~ 250 • 10Q0
ON 150 600 2400
ON 200 1750 7000"
Single stack system: "
This is the most economical stack system, which eliminates a separate ventilating staCk;Tl}i~,~Y~!~W'~Ni£i}
can well be used in flats and dwelling houses, up to 5 floors .In this the sanitary appliancesai'egi'ou~9;':X:'>
close to the stack and as for as possible each sanitary appliances is independently connected totgesta~lCr/;i:, L
The bend of the root of the stack shall~be 200 mm radius or more. Horizonta.coDiiedioK~6f:~;··
appliances is prohibited from the foot of stack for distance of '1 m' height and '2 m' horizontal~:toavoid"
clogging of foot of stack. . , ' . ", "
The stack diameter shall not be in any circumstances less than the diameter of the branchdrainpipes.
The minimum diameter of W.C. connection -.-. ' ," ..
~
to a stack is 100 rom. Hence a minimum of

100 mm shall be provided for stack, if
there is a W.C connection.
A minimum of 200 rom vertical
r>---
3.0 m ..
Ro6fslab
_~ I . ,
.-1:..:..
O.5m
,-, ... ..
distance shall be left from any W .C

connection to the stack, for any small
branch connection, to 'avoid flooding of
small branch drain.
As stacks are also act as ventilating ~
%'~ I-- Windpw
I'===!
.:siacR.i::,
~ 0
pipe, the top outlet shall be covered with a
durable wire mesh or cage, which does not I~
II . lit/'
restrict sufficient airflow. A minimum
height o~ the roof shall be (NOT TO SCALE)
given for stack top outlet to avoid smelling
nuisance. Stack outlet shall also be a Fig. 6 . 3 . , .~: "', ,_

-~';:'
minimum of 3m' horizontal distance away form any type of .house ventilation, such as doors, wind6ws
,.'
etc. (Fig. 6 3 ) ' :
',--: <;':; ,.
Branch drain or fixture discharge pipe ..:).,.i'-.:',·';:,;:.'

Bran~ains of ground tlodf fixtures shall be connected preferably to external manhole, For 0th~t:;:';gf,l~,
floors, branch drain shall be connected to the stack. The size ofarain shall be computed by the n1lIIl~r9~:;~i!0:'"
fixture units discharging in it. The minimum diameter of fixture discharge pipe is to pe, 401JPll: ..o";;:~2;::·:<'./;~~
The minimum slope is to be provided for different diameter of fixture dischirge pipes are ~Y~l):,ip:,:\th.,:, . ::,;
Table 6-D. . , ' , ' '. ,.. . ;i;;,.;',.'::l;~·r,t<~·y:,
Sufficient length of water seal trap shall be provided for each discharge pipe, to. avoid ba,~;.~~ ..,'
nuisance. ' i :,'. \','f,
Table 6-D 1 shows the maximum number of fixture unit loading for sloped discharge Pi3.~'}~~lll:'
- , \ \;~ ~ ~.~;;~I,~f','"·~ "'s::.",/: '
..,j ~\,' I :', ,5:>"\ ,>:
:' '?';;o...
,
·'y;'·;.c>?'
,_
:} .".::-"''-:~. ',''-'/i,:""!'
,'"
-,,0;,:">:') _, ;.,;: ,:
38 , ? DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
fit f tf-. ( t P l{. r;
('~// vvtJ(' [.n):" Table 6-D t ~)\il.)
Diameter of Discharge pipe Minimum-Grade % No offixture units that can be
in mm connected
ON: 40 2.5 (1/40) 4
ON: 50 2.5 (1/40) 8
ON: 65 2.5 (1/40) 21
ON: 80 1.65 (1160.6) 16
DN: 100 1.65 (1/60.6) 115 r;
DN:f25 1.25 (1/80 254
ON: 150 1.00 (1/100) 509
sanitary appliances ~ t"I>" '",

\ v''' l
Table 6-Dl. Maximum fixture units loading for slope~...E!~har£~J2~.p.~~J!Q!!L~g!!,!tarx fixtures.
--........-~
i
,J
/
Via of discharge pipe Slope
5% 3.35% 2.5% 2 1.65% 1.25% 1% I
1959 1445 1148 953 813 627 509 ,!

ON 110;:>
ON 125 953 686 509 410 342 254 -
ON 100 376 248 182 '142 115 . -
~,
DN 80 65 39 27 20 16 - -
ON 65 51 27 21 - - - -
ON 50 15 10 08 - - - -
ON 40 06 05 04 - - - -
Horizontal drain
This is the drainpipe
".-
connecting buil~al manholes and manhole-to-manhole
TIle diameter of horizontal drain depends on discharge of wastewater from different sanitary'
appliances, during peak demand period.
TIle factors, which are to be considered while designing horizontal drains, are !t, ."
*No: and type of sanitary appliances.

*Possible peak frequency use of sanitary appliances
*The average duration of discharge of appliances
*The volume of wastewater discharging from the appliances.
A. Design of Horizontal drains by discharge unit method.
, When the number and type of sanitary appliances are known, the diameter and gradient of horizontal
drain can be found by discharge unit method. (Discharge unit values of sanitary appliances are already
given in table 6-A). >
(;' 1.H r ~xil11ul11. f~x~ure units allowed in horizontal drain (for ,fU.ll.f1~W) $~e ~i~e? ,in,Table 6-E
:/ ,v~f~~~'-., Ljp~) " Table6-E 1 ,~"'Jf"'-"'Yy. Ll\i10'») C 01;1..)
.\:~
Grade % ON 80 ON HX) ON 125 ON 150 DN 200 ON 3(X)
5% 215 515 1450 2920 11900 269W
3.35% i 140 345 1040 2200 9490 218W
2.5% HX) 255 815 1790 8060 18700
2% 76 205 665 1510 7090 16600
.. 1.65% 61 165 560 1310 6370 15000
FOUL WATER DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS
Grade % ON 80 ON 100 ON 125 ON 150 'ON 200

1.45% 50 . 140 485 1160 5810
1.25% 120 425 1040 5360 .'
1.10% 380 935 4970 12100 .

'1% 855 4500 11400
0.85% 3850 10300
0.65% 3250 9090
0.5% 7720
0.4% 6780
Horizontal drains are connected soffit to soffit in. manhole when there is a change is diameter. A
slope of 1 in 40 is to be pro~i9~d in the manhole channel, along direction of flow. ~!.~Q~..1~_J2J~".
benchecCup
_.-.,.---
to half diameter
..
of the drain. (Fig 6.4)
------~;;-------.-
'-'---="~"""----"'-'-'-'

,. ......IJt,~ - - - - - - - Inlet

~
Outlet
SECTION
- ~~~~~~~~
---b Sloping
-- - . h
t,tttt'11
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 6.4. Section of Manhole (Soffit to Soffit connection)

Example: 1. Find tile diameter of vertical stack in a to-story building witb the following number of
sanitary appliances?
l*.lter closet 40 Nos
Wasil basin 60 Nos
Sink 40 Nos
Urinal 20 Nos
40 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING r I
I
_. ~
Ans. Fixture discharge unit loading (table 6-A)

w.e =40 x7 = 280
. W.B = 60x 1 = 60
Sink =40 x 3 = 120
Urinal = 20 x 1 = 20
Total = 480
....
From table 6-C, it is seen that 100mm is sufficient. (For 100 rom diameter stack, maximum discharge
units loading is 500)
Example 2. A five story building having 10 water closets, 10 washbasins. 5 sinks. and 5 showers, in
each floor. Calculate the diameter of the horizontal drain (sewer)?
Ans. Fixture discharge unit loading (table 6-A)
WC = 5 x lOx 7 = 350
W.B = 5 x 10 x 1 = 50
Sink =5x5x3 = 75
Shower =5 x 5 x 2 = 50
Total Loading units = 525

Since foul drain pipe (sewer) is to run half full. total loading unit = 2 x 525 = 1050
From the table 6-E
150 mm horizontal sewer with a slope of 1.25% (l/80) is sufficient, (since sewer is flowing 1/2 full)
B. Design of Horizontal drains using Manning's formula

Note: 1. Manning formula is generally used for fixing the diameter and slope of horizontal drains
(sewers).
V 3
v = 0.003968 D Sll2
where.
N = 0.013
D = diameter in mm
S = slope.
2. Foul sewer (drain) is designed for flowing half full or 3/4 full. (Usually 1/2 full)
3. Usually the minimum self-cleansing velocity ofa foul sewer (drain) is taken as 0.60 mlsec.
4. With the use of Manning's formula. and fixing V = 0.60 rnlsec, minimum slope required for
different diameter of sewer can be found out.
Example 3. Find the minimum slope required for 150 mm and 250 mm diameter foul sewers,
running 1/2 full .to have the self cleansing velocity ~f 0.75m/sec?
Ans,
Circular sewer, when running full or running 1/2 full, the velocity of flow is the same.
Diameter = 150 rom, Self-cleansing velocity = 0.75 m/sec.
As per Manning's formula
. V = 0.003968 DV 3
. SI/2
V = 0.75 m/sec
N"" 0.013
D = 150mm
FOUL WATER DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS 41
0.003968 X 150v 3 x SI/2 .

0.75 = 0.013
,', (;
= 8.588 SII2
SII2 = 0.75 = 00873
8.588 .
762
S = (0.0873) 2 = 0..00762 = 100000
Slope - 1
- 131
or 0.76%
A slope of 1/131 is to be provided for 150 mm diameter sewer to get a self-cleansing velocity of .
0.75m/sec.
When diameter = 250nml
0.003968 x 250Q.666 x Sll2
V = 0.013
0.75 = 12.068 SII2
SII2 = 0.75 = 0062
12.068 .
S = (0.062)1 = 0.00384
384
= 100000 = 0.38%
1
= 260
A slope of 11260 is to be provided for 250 mm diameter sewer to get a self-cleansing velocity of
0.75m/sec.
As per National Building Code of India (NBC), the fixture unit values as load factor are given in
table 6-F. This values are slightly varying from table 6-A, as the values are arrived on the assumptions
that:
(a) The possible peak frequency of use of sanitary fixtures
(b) The average time of discharge of sanitary fixtures
(e) The volume of water discharged from sanitary fixtures
Fixture Unit Values as load factor for various sanitary fixtures (as per NBC), are given intabJe 6-F
Table 6-F
S. No. Type of sanitary fixture Fixture unit value
1. One bath room group. consisting of water closet. wash
basin and shower or bath tub:
(0) With flush tank 6
(b) With flush value 8
2. Bath tub 3
3. Bidet 3
4. Drinking foundation 0.5
5. Kitchen sink (Domestic) 2
6. Wash basin (Ordinary) 1
':.,~ ..
42
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL: HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
S.No. Type a/sanitary fixture

7. Fixture unit value
Wash basin (Surgeon's)
8. Shower (Domestic) 2
9. Shower (group) per head 2
10. Urinal 3
II. 4
Water closet (Tank operated)
12. 4
Water closet (valve operated)
8
Maximum number of fixture units that Cal b d
i: .
per National Building Code of India, are "giV~~ ~~:e~~~ to branches (discharge pipe from fixtures) as
Table 6·G I
;
S. Diameter ofpipe Number offixture units that can be connected tofixture

No. in mm branch (discharge pipe)
I. 30 I
2. 40 3
3. 50 \. 6
4. 65 12
5. 75 20
>,,
6. 100 160
7. 125 360
8. 150 620
9. 200 1400
10. 250 2500
11. 300 3900
Maximum number of fixture units that can be connected to a single stack, as per National Building
Code of India, are given in Table 6-H:
Table6..H
S. Diameter of pipe One stack of 3 stories More than 3 stories Total from each floor
No. ln mm
l. 30 2 2 1
2. 40 4 8 2
3. 50 10 24 6
4.
5.
65
75
20
30
. 41
60 16
9
6. 100 240 500 90

7. 125 540 1100 200
8. 150 960 1900 350
9. 200 2200 3600 600
10. 250 3800 5600 1000
II. 300 6000. 8400 15000
Maximum number of fixture units that can be connected to building drains and sewers as per
National Building Code of India, are given in Table 6-1.
FOUL WATER DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS 43
Table 6-1.
S. Dia. of pipe in Maximum number of fixture units that can be connected to any
No. film portion of building drain or building sewer
Slope 1/200 Slope 11100 Slope 1/50 Slope 1/25
1. 100 ~
180 216 2~0
2. 150 - 700 840 1000
3. 200 1400 1600 1920 2300
4. 250 2500 2900 3300 4200"
5. 300 3900 4600 5600 "6rOO
6. 375 7000 •8300 1O,<XJO 12;000
Example 4. (Same problem of example-F) Calculate as per NBC
Answer: Fixture unit loading (Table 6-F)
Water closet = 40 x 4 = 160
Wash basin = 60 x 1 = 60
Sink = 40 x 2 = 80
Urinals = 20 x 4 = 80
j"
Total =: 380
Total fixture units value =: 380

From table 6-H, diameter of stack is 100 mm (Maximum fixture units loading of 100 mm pipe is
500. for more than 3 storied buildings),
Example s. (Same problem of example 2). Calculate as per NBC
Answer: Fixture unit loading (as per table 6-F)
Water closet = 5 x 10 x 4 = 200
Washbasin = 5 x 10 x 1 = 50
Sink = 5 x 5 x 2 = 50
Shower = 5 x 5 x 2 = 50
Total 350 =
Since foul sewer is to run half full, total fixture unit value will be doubled.
Total fixture unit" value e 350 x 2 ::; 700 From Table 6-1, 150 nun diameter sewer with a slope of
11100 is sufficient.
Note: There may be small difference in the results, byusing both standards. The designer can choose
anyone standard for calculations.
CHAPTER 7 ,i
SEPTIC TANK, SOAK AWAY PITS Etc.

, I ,,
SEPTIC TANK
Disposing domestic sewage of a small community is by the use of septic tank. In septic tank most of
the suspended particles and harmful organisms are removed. An~~~.QP"i~_.~~~~erial action is taken place in
septic tank. The effluent coming out from septic tank is not free from suspended solids and harmful
organisms .The effluent is allowed to percolate through soil for final purification. This is done through
soak away pit or dispersion trench.
The recommended distance of soak away pit from any drinking water source shall be more than 2,QW..
The ground water table shall also be a minimum o[.lm,nelow the-h2.ttom of soak away pit to prevent
direct contamination of ground water.. The detention time adopted in septic tarue IS In betweeil I <laX to
~De-sludging of septic tank is usually once in a year, '. -=:-
~, Septic tank can be constructed either in R.C.C or in brick. Single chamber septic tank is usually used, ,
if the length of tank is .less tI1anA In. If the lenfth is more than 4m. double chamber is used. The r' "
chamber (inlet chamber) is 2trlength, and the-nil chainber is 1/3 length. The depth usually provided for
septic tank is not more than 1.5 m to 2 m .In the inlet chamber a baffle wall is provided at a distance a
1/5 length to prevententry of foam to the sedimentation zone (Fig. 7.1). A free board of 30 em is.
provided. The tloor is to be slopped (1/40) towards the manhole opening, so as to facilitate de,:sl\ldging.
An air vent of 50 111111 diameter pipe is to be provided for escape of gases, and it height shall be 2.5 m to
3 m to avoid smell nuisances. If the septic tank is deep below ground level, brickwork is to be made to
take the entrance of manhole to the top of ground level (Fig. 7.2). A minimum of one manhole entrance
shall be provided in any septic tank, and it shall be closed with iron manhole cover, or RCC slab. The out
let of septic tank shall be 5 tQ.2_~!11 below inlet to a void flooding of inlet. .
Various equations are \ised to find out the capacity of septic tank. The following gives two methods
of designing septic tank.
*Rate of water supply method
*Fixture discharge method
Rate of Water Supply method
Total Capacity of septic tank =Volume of Sediment s- Volume of sludge
Volume of Sediment = 1 Xl{}OO' q m' ,and'

c,,11 ,_I~ ...
~.'ic!V'Iil-l,i"'" S X d X P3
Volume of Sediment = lOOO m
(Total capacity of septic tank = (1 Xt~ q) + (s Xt::O; p) m3
where,
1 = Hydraulic detention time, taken between one day and 2 days (Preferably 1.5 days)
p = Population served
q = Water consumption in liter/capita/day
s = sludge production in liter/capital day
SEPTIC TANK, SOAK AWAY PITS. Etc,
lA!' vent ; 50 mm
Manhole opening
60cmx60cm
Min 1j11°Ofm ~:~ _

~ J>',
am ....
=J ;J.:
o~211l1'0 ,,.:'
Baffle
~ Ba~ewall
Slope 1/40
I
:/~f:~~:7';Y~;::·:·::;·
',' ~~lj~~~~~~\=;:~~:":,,,:~~;;=;~~~~~:;r~~~~~=:-~---;I'"'l'"~~~~
;' i:: ,:~::i:':::'"\:~::'. :"'''::':'~::~::~:':'~':-:'::::, ' '::'-: ;::; :.~.: '.:: :';..;:'~ A'; ..
i:' ::':,
~I
1-
.. L
. -
SECfIONAL ELEVATION ; v
c>'
.. /
1=1/5L-1
' ..
.~'.
."
.... .
I
....
,
",
~:
(NOT TO SCALE)
PLAN
Fig. 7.1. Saptic Tank
= 0.15 liter/capita/day
d = No of days between de-sludging (Minimum one, year)
Length breadth ratio = 2 : 1

Fixture discharge method
For good performance of a septic tank two important factors are to be considered
1. Surface loading
2. Detention time
Surfaceloading adopted is 0.92m2per 1() lpm (As per Indian Manual). A minimum, depth of 25 em
to 30'''C'IfrIifT6he piovideo for sediriltmtatioIJ, Detention time adopted is 24 hours: to'48 hours: De
U
'sIUuging of septic tank IS once in a, yeai. j
rToW~~lun~~req~ire<:l: '
, For sedimentation = Surface area x 0.3m in m 3
3
For digestion = No. Of people x 0:032 in m

For sludge storage = 0.0002 x 365 daysx No. of3
people in m 3
For free board = surface area x O. 3m in m i
Peak t1ow'ofa()nlestj(~'sewagei~t~ b~~~UIll~d for'cal_cu'lating"ihe ;utrace area. Peak flow is found

out from the discharge of sanitary fixtures.
Table 7-A. Approximate rate of discharge from sanitaryfixtures
Wash basin =0.6 lit/sec
Bath tub = 1.00 lit/sec
Sink (32mm diameter) =0.5 lit/sec
Sink (38nun diameter) = 1.00 lit/sec
Urinal =0.15 lit/sec
Shower =0.15 lit/sec
Water closet (9 lit to14 lit) = 2.3 lit /sec
Peak discharge from sanitary fixture at a time can be calculated either by

(a) Using fixture units or by
(b) Using simultaneous discharge factor of 5%
Example 1. Calculate the dimensions of a septic tank to serve 150 people? Water is supplied at the
rate Of 100-Wer/capita/day. De-sludging is expected once in an year. (As per rate of water supply method
andfixture discharge method) .
Ans. Rate of water supply method:
t sc p ic q ' 3
VOlume of sediment = 1000 III
where,
t = 1.5 days
p = population, 150
q = rate of water supply 100 Jpcd
1.5 x 150 x 100

Volume of sediment = 1000
= 22.5 m3 "'"
sxdxp 3
Volume of sludge 1000 m
where.
s = Sludge production 0.15 lit/capita/day
SEPTIC TANK. SOAK AWAY PITS Etc.
=
d De-sledging period in days. 365 days
p = Population. 150
Volume of sludge = 0.15 x 1~ x 150 m3 = 8.2 m3

Total volume of septic tank = 22.5 + 8.2 = 30.7 m3
Adopting a depth of 1.15 m (effective)
Surface area = 30. 7

= 26 69 m 2
1.15 .
Length breadth ratio of septic tank = 2:1
2B + B = 26.9 m 2
282 = 26.9 m2
2
B = 2~9~ = 13.34 m2
B = 3.65 m say 3.75 m
Length = 2B = 2 x 3.75 = 7.5 m
Size of septic tank = 7.5 m x 3.75 m x 1.40 m
Effective depth = 1.15 m
Free board = 0.25 m
.(Total in side depth = 1.40. m)
Since length is more than 4 m, septic tank is to be divided into two compartments'
Inlet compartment length = - Length

3
="32 x 7.5 = 5 m
lInd compartment length = 7.5 - 5 = 2.5 m
1 1
Distance to Baffle wall = 5" L = 5" x 7.5. = 1.5 m
2. Fixture discharge method:

(a) Peak discharge as per, fi,~l!J.1:~ UJ}ilS ,
Assuming'-~rpeoPiern a house
No: of houses = 150/5 = 30 Nos: Also assuming the following sanitary fixtures in each house.
Water closet =
1 No. = 7 fixture units (table 6-A)
Washbasin =·1 No.. = 1 fixture unit
Kitchen sink = 1 No. = 1 fixture unit
Shower =
1 No. = 2 fixture unit
Total = 11 fixture units
For 30 houses = 30 x 11 = 330 fixture units
From fixture unit discharge table (Appendix-B)
Discharge for 330 fixture units = 5.4 lit/sec = 5.54 x 60 = 324 lit/minute
(b) Peak. discharge as per simultaneous discharge factor

Assuming 5 people in a"h~use" .,'.-'... ' . ,
4R DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
No of houses = isO/5 = 30
Also assuming the following sanitary fixtures in each house
Water closet = 1
Wash basin = 1
Kitchen sink = 1
Shower = 1
Discharge from each house, (From table 7-A)
Water closet 1 No. = 2.30 lit/sec
Wash basin 1 No. = 0.60 lit/sec
Kitchen sink 1 No. = 0.50 lit/sec
Shower 1 No. = 0.15 lit/sec
Total discharge = 3.55 lit/sec
Discharge from one house = 3.55 lit/sec
Discharge from 30 houses = 30 x 3.55 = 106.5 lit/sec
Assuming a simultaneous discharge value of 5%

Total simultaneous peak discharge from 30 house =106.5 x 5/100
= 5.33 lit/sec
= 5.33 x 60 lpm ( lpm = lit/minute)
319.8Ipm. =
(Say 320 lpm)
Note: In both ways discharge from 30 houses comes approximately same. Here discharge from 30
houses is taken as 320 lpm
Surface loading of septic tank·= 0.92 m2 per 10 lpm
- 320 x 0.92
Surface area required - - -10-

= 29.44 nl
Volume of septic tank:
For sedimentation = Surface area x 0.:3 m in m 3

= 29.44 x ().3 = 8.831112
....
For digestion = No. of people x 0.032 = 152 x 0.032
= 4.8 nr'
For sludge storage= 0.0002 x 365 x No. People
Manhole opeining
60cmx60cm
.:~'~~:.:."::'.':).";:::~~'.:~:: :',i.;1: ::';~' .(...~:: '::.~.:. :1

(NOT TO SCALE)
}t'jg. 7.2. Raised manhole opening of septic tank
SEPTIC TANK, SOAK AWAY PITS Etc. 49
= 0.0002 x 365 x 150

= 0.95 nr'
For free board = Surface area x 0.3 m in m 3
= 29.44 x 0.3
= 8.83 m3
Total volume of septic tank = 8.83 + 4.8 + 10.95 + 8.83
= 33.41 m 3
Volunle
Depth of septic tank = Surface area
33.41
=-= 29.44 = 1.13 m
Adopt a depth of 1.20 m.
Length breadth ratio of septic tank = 2:1
2B x B == 29.44 -
B2 = 29 = 14.72 m2
244 ;
B = 3.83 m. Say 4 m ~.
Size of septic tank

~~th L==2~=2x4=~m
Breadth = B = 4 m
Depth = 1.2 m
i.e. 8 m x 4 m x 1.2 m (free board 0.3 m) (Fig 7.3)
Since length is more than 4m, septic tank is to be divided into two compartments
In Iet compartment -_ 2 -_ 8 ~ 2 -_ 5.30

_ IT)
3L
IIlId compartment = 8 - 5.30 = 2.7 m
Distance of Baffle wall from
1 x L I x 8
In let - 5 = 5 == 1.60 m
(2) Note: Dimensions of septic tank required for different number of users are given in table 7-B.
"-..f.
(ff)
f
Table 7-B. Dimensions of Septic Tank Required for Different Number of Users
No. of Simultaneous Surface Area Volume of Septic Length Breadth Depth Remarks
people Peak discharge (11,z) Tank (m) (m) (m)
(lI~G) l"\";"'" (",3)
5
10.65 0.98 Lln 1.5 0.75 1.2 For more than
10 21.3 1.96 2.226 2.0 1.0 1.2 150 users, more
15 31.95 2.94 3.339 2:5 1.25 1.2 than one septic
tank is advisable
20 42.6 3.92 4.452 3.0 1.50 1.2
30
63.9. 5.88 6.678 3.5 1.75 1.2 •
40 85.2 7.84 8.904 4.0 2.0 1.2
50
106.5 9.8 lLl3 4.5 2.25 1.2
60
127.8 11.76 13.36 5.0 2.50 1.2
50
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
No. of Simultaneous SUrface Area Volume of Septic
people Peak discharge Length Breadth Depth
(m 2 ) Tank (m) Remarks
Wsec) (m) (m)
3
(m )
70 149.1 13.72 15.582
80 170.4 5.5 2.50 1.2
15.68 17.808
90 191.7 5.6 2.80 1.2
17.64 20.034
100 213.0 6.0 3.0 1.2
19.60 22.26
150 319.8 6.5 3.0 1.2 ,1
29.44 33.41
200 8,0 3.75 1.2
426.0 39.2 44.52 9.0 4.25 1.2
!-Ai,venl ,I
,1
I
~,
30":~ 30
1.- ~.L
em
-
=-
- -
-',
~,' .100mm
Outlet
E "
I(l
:6.
....
1.6 m --l 2,7m

5.3m
:f
SECTIONAL ELEVATION
.. .. .. ;. .:':' ~ .::;i~:~:;
,I;> : .- ';:~
"
: .. -9 .. ~
"
"
>:.:·v . ; " "
"
L,"
~ "
A,
: :
"
:
;
~ ~ ..
:'~: ~ ~ b;
~:: l%/ ~ =:-.
'( ) ( J .,E ( ) 1J
.. ~ ~ i '
"
~ '~
V .~':.
.'
~
','
"
" "
v" f;; -,
~
v. ~/. , ;:A
,,,,,,.': "
J> .
~ " :
:
b : .IJ "
j,. " ~ ~
I
: "
:
cx-, ;
..
"
~~ " :
&>
,' . .-
" '~": ,
,~
"
'. ",>~..,. "
PLAN
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 7.3. Septic Tank
...v ...· ...
SOAK AWAY PITS

Soak away pits are used for disposing effluent discharged from septic rank. It is cheep to construct
and so used widely. The pit shall be circular or square in shape, and a minimum depth of 1m below the .
invert level of, outlet of septic tank is I!nwided. If the water faorelS'sufffcieritly~'beiow"and the"soil
ilT6imothe"pft"is·poro'us,soaf il\vay--piiS'af~ us'uaIly preferred. The pit shall be covered with slab and top
raised above adjacent ground level. Soak away pits shall be constructed by loose-jointed rubble or brick.
It can be fille· with rubble or brickbats or unfilled. If more quantity of effluent is to be disposed,
percolation enche.§ are to be adopted.
-The area of land required for soak away pit is calculated by percolation test conducted at site. The
details of the test to be conducted' are explained below. Excavate a square hole of 300 mm to a depth of
250 rnm, below the proposed invert level. Fill it with water for a depth of 250 rnm and allow seeping
away over night. Next day re-fill it with water for a depth of 250 nun and observe time in seconds for the
water to seep away completely, or partially. Divide the depth by time to get the water seepage in one
minute. Compute time for a drop of 25 DUn Form the given table 7-C, find the rate of percolation for that
obtained time. Rate of peculation is noted in liter/m 2/day.
Soak away pits are also used for disposing rainwater from a small area. This type of soak away pit is
not to be tilled with any material.
Table ,-C. Application rate for Subsurface Disposal
(As per steel)
Percolation rale Maximum rale of water application
(Time taken for water 10 fall 25 mm in minutes)

in lil/m 2/ day
1 minutes or less 204
2. minutes 143
3 minutes 118
4 minutes 102
5 minutes 90
10 minutes 65
Li minutes 53
30 minutes 37
45 minutes 33
60 minutes 24
Above 60 minutes Not suitable for percolation. Consider under ground filter
Note: In the absence of field data's, a peculationrate in between 20 Iitlm2/day to 30 liter/m2/day Cern be
TtSsuril~d, if the soil is sufficiently porous in
nature, such' as' sand, gravel or chalk.
Example 2. Calculate .the dimensions of a septic tank, and soak away pit, for disposing domestic
sewage from a small community of 20 people? Per capita water supply is 100 liters/day. The data's of
peculation test conducted at site are given below (size of pit 300 mm x 300 nun)
-.. _" . -0·_-
lime-level of water lime-level of water lime-level of water
Pit I 7.20 AM - 16.70 em 8.20 AM- 21 em 10.00 AM - 27.20 em
Pit II 7.30 AM - 1-6.00 em 8.21 AM - 20 em 10.01 AM - 26.60 em
Pil 1II 7.50 AM - 21.20 em 8.21 AM - 24.20 em 10.02 AM - 30.60 em
Ans.
(a) Septic tank:
Assuming 5 people in a house
No: Of house 520 = 4 Nos.

Assuming the following sanitary fixtures in each house
Water closet 1 No
Wash basin 1 No
Kitchen sink 1 No
Shower 1 No
Discharge of domestic sewage from each house
Water closet 1 No =
2.30 lit/sec
Wash basin .. . 1 No =
0;60 lit/sec
Kitchen sink 1 No = 0.05 lit/sec
Shower 1 No = 0.15 lit/sec
Total discharge = 3.55 lit/sec
Assuming a simultaneous discharge value of 5%
Simultaneous peak discharge from
One house = 3.35 x 1~ = 0.1775 lit/sec.

Total simultaneous peak discharge from 4 houses = 0.177 5 x 4
= 0.71 lit/sec
= 0.71 x 60 = 42.61pm
Surface loading of septic tank = 0.92 m2 for 10 Ipm
Surface area required = (42.6/10) x 0.92
= 3.92 m2
Volume of septic tank::
1. For sedimentation = 3.92 x ().3 = 1.176 m3

2. For digestion = 20 xO.(H2 = 0.64 m3
3. For sludge storage = 0.0002 x 365 x 20 = 1.46 m 3
4. For free board = 3.92 x 0.3 = 1.176m3
Volume of septic tank = 1.176 + 0.64 + 1.46 + 1.176
= 4.452 m3
volume 4.452
Depth of septic tank = --
Surface area - 3~92
= 1.135 Say 1.20 III
Length breadth ratio = 2: 1 .
.. 2B x B = 3.92 nl
B2 = 3.92 = 1.961112
2
B = 1.4 m
WidUl = 1.4 III
Length = 2 X width = 2 X 1.4 = 2.8 111
Deplh =1.20111
SEPTIC TANK, SOAK AWAY PITS Etc. 53
.. Size of septic tank = 2.8 m x 1.4 m x 1.20 m
Note: Single chamber septic tank is to be adopted, since the length of septic tank is less than 4~
(b) Soak away Pit <"",
Find the percolation rate of soil from the supplied data.

Pit I
TIme taken for percolation
= 7.20 AM to 8 AM =40 minutes and
8 AM to 10 AM = 60 + 60 = 120 minutes
Total time taken for Pit 1= 120 + 40
= 160 minutes
Water level difference = 27.20 em - 16.70 em
= 10.5 em = 105 nun
depth _ 105 mm _ 0656 mm/ .

.
time - 160'
nunutes - . , mmute
Pit II
TIme taken for percolation
=7.30 AM to 8' AM =30 minutes and
8 AM to 10.01 AM = 60 + 61 = 121 minutes
... =
Total time taken 121 + 30 = 151 minutes
Water level ditTerence = 26.6 em - 16 em
= 10.6 em = 106 nun
depth _ 106 mm = 0.702 nun/minute
time - 151 minutes
Pit I rate of water drop = 0.656 mm/minute
Pit II (do) = 0.702 mmlminute
Pit III (do) = 0.712 mmlminute
Take the least value

'i.e.
0.656 mm/minute, for calculating the rate of percolation" since it is on safer side. Find the time
taken for falling water level for 25nun at the rate of 0.656 min/minute, as the table 7-C is prepared for
25 mm fall.
105 nun 25nml

i.e. 0.656 mmz'minutes = =
160 minute X
54
-
DESIGN AND PRACTICAl. HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
1-60 X 25 .
X = 105 = 38.095 mmutes
From table 7-C
For 30 minutes... Percolation rat = 37 lit m 2/day
For 45 minutes... =
Percolation rate 33 litlm2/day
To find percolation rate for 38.095 minutes

Difference in time = 45 - 30 = 15 minutes
Difference on percolation rate =37 - 33 =4 litlm2/day
2/day
1 minute rate = 4lit/m
15 minutes
TIme difference from 30 minutes to 38Jl95 minutes
= 38.095 - 30 = 8.095 minutes
4
For 8.09 minutes rate,
I
= '15 x 8.095
= 2.158 lit/m2/ day

Percolation rate for 38.095 minutes = rate for 30minutes - rate for 8.095mtinuse
= 37 - 2.168 = 34.84lit/m2/day
Note: Since the rate is reducing, while the time is increasing. Hence deducted
Rate of water supply = 100 lpcd
Assuming only 80% coming to the soak away pit
80
Waste water effluent to soak away pit = 100 x 100 = 80lpcd
Total effluent from 20 people = 80 lpcd x No. peopel

= 80 x 20
= 1600 lit/day
Assuming"? Nos of soak away pits
Effluent discharging to each pit = 1600 = 800 lit/day
2
'. . Volume/day
Surface area required for each plt= Percolati
erco ation rate /d ay
-- 800-
- 34.84
= 22.96 m2
(Note: Bottom area of soak away pit is not considered)
.
Assuming the size of soak away pit is 2.5 m square
Perimeter of sock away pit == 2.5 x 4 = 10 ill
Surface area = 1() x d where d:;= depth in m
10 x d = 22.96 m2
d = 2~g8 = 2.29 (Say 23 m)
Adopt 2 Nos of soak away pits having size of

. j
i
Incomingeffluent pipe
100 mm SW Dr PVC pipe
Drybrjdc work
---10.25 ml.....I - - - - - - - - 2 . 5 0 m - - - - - -.....\O.25!!1~
SECTIONAL OFSOAKAWAY PIT
I-
__- - - - - - 2 . 5 0 m - - - - - - _
e
g
N
PLAN
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 7.4.
2.5 in x 2.5 m x 203m (Fig. 7.4)

Example 3. Calculate the dimensions of soak away pit to take care of rainwater coming from an
asphalt car park, having size of 40 m x 20 m. Rainfall intensity is 60 mm/hout:
ADs.
Note: Usually quantity for 1 hour rainfall is calculated, and soak away pits are designed to take care
of that quantit)Cfffif"storage) . ... ....
fh, .
Quantity ram water f aII'mg on car park lor
0 f rai c one h our = 40 20 x 60 m3
x 1000
= 48m3
Assuming 4 Nos: Of 2.5 m square type soak away pits.
\,
= ~ = 12 m
,l ...
3
Quantity collected in each pit
Area of one soak away pit = 2.5 x 2.5 m(bottom area is not considered)
= 6.25 m
2
Volume = Area x depth
12 m 3 = 6.25 x depth
Depth - -12

- 6.25
= 1.92 m(say 2 m)
Adopt 4 Nos: 2.5 m x 2.5 m x 2 m soak away pits.
Number and depth of soak away pits for disposing effluent from septic tank for varying number of
users are given in table 7-D.
Table 7-0. Number and depth of soak away pits for disposing eftluent from septic tank for
varying number of users (water supply is at the rate of 80 liter/capita/day)
Length x breadth of soak away pit = 2.5 m x 2.5 m
No of P~r. Total 80% of Percola- Surface Surface area No: of Depth of Remark
Users Cflpita Water Water tion rate of Area of Soak away soak soak away
(Per l*'tter Supply Supply as Soil Required Pit Size 2..5 m away Pits below
sons) Supply Per day Waste (litlm 2Iday) X 2.S m (2.5 pits invert level
Per day Water x '!x d) of inlet pipe
5 80 lit 400 lit 320 lit 30 10.66 m2 Wd I No. 1.20 m
10 80 lit 800 lit 640 lit 30 21.33 m2 IOd 2 No. 1.60 m
15 80 lit 1200 lit 960 lit 30 32.00 m2 IOd 2 No. 1.60m d= depth
20
30
80 lit
80 lit
1600 lit
2400 lit
1280 lit
1920 lit
30
30
.
42.66 m
64.00 m2
2 IOd
\0 d
3 No.
4 No.
1.60 m
I.:§!) m
- ""'""
Note: 1. Size of soak away pit is 2.5 m x 2.5 x depth (Varying)
2. Bottom area of soak away pit is not considered for percolation
3. Percolation rate of soil is assumed as 30 litlm 2/day
4. Depth as shown is to be provided below invert level of out let pipe of septic tank.
5. Above 30 Nos: of users, dispersion trenches are recommended.
DISPERSION TRENCHES
If huge quantity of effluent from a septic tank is to be disposed of dispersion trenches are preferred.
-Effluent from septic tank is collected in a distribution box, and allowed to flow into individual dispersion
"
;; ;."
SEPTIC TANK, SOAKA,WAYPITS Etc.·' " ." ~! .~··i'.;'~::·

:,:-,""~'i.-
".
."
- ".-'.
trenches. Dispersion teaches, when placed in parallel are"$pa¢e~'/'

usual length provided is 25 m to 30 m. Radiall type dispersiQ6 ~(,
Dispersion trenches are 0.5 m to '1m w1deexcayat~din ~"~!
jointed stone ware pipes or cement concrete pq,es of 80 mni to 100 '.
gravel or crushed stone of size 40 mm to 70' mm for it depth 9(2:
Refilled with el'Cav8ted earth
Gravel or crushed stone of,

40mmt070mm
.; : " ,"t:", \,:>-:-;"
Fig. 7.5. Section of Dispersion Trench i } ; ,'( ::<;::>, '. :iL, i,
covered with gravelor crushed stone of. same size for a depth of 15 em. (Fig. 1.5).1li€S'b~jtJc~;ij~htiij~,;;..
filled with excavated earth. Only bottom area of trench is counted for percolation of etnu,eri(;"j'iQfY".')
Example 4. Calculate the dimensions (If dispersion trenches, to dispose the erf1*~,pt·,·'pf.a"~ma!l(
community of 30 houses. Each house is having 5 persons. Supply of water is at the' rate;o.f6Q::Iltlcapftai
day and assuming only 80% of dt is entering.into the septic tank. Percolation rate of soil is:;30J~t¢ts1Iil21
day? ' - . : . . - \ { ' <;
Ans,
< '
Daily water supplied = No of houses x No of persons x per capita water suppli~q ,

= 30 x 5 x 60
= 9000 liVday
Waste water out flow= 80% of daily water supply
~ ( 1~ ) x 9000 ~ 7200 lit/day

Percolation rate of soil = 30 lit/m2 / day
Surface area required = __ Volume/day
--'---"-'--'---.:.:.L_ _
Percolation ratelday
= 7200 = 240 m2
30
Assuming a trench width of 1 m and a length of 30 m.
N00r d'ispersion trenc hes

°
es recuired
require - 1 240
x 30 = 8 Nos.
Adopting separation distance between trenches is 2 m

Area required = 8 x 30 x 3 = 720 m 2
(Center to center distance = -2 m clear distance ~ two 1/2 m width = 3 m).
Adopt 8 Nos of 30 m long dispersion trenches of 1 m wide (Fig. 7.6)
Number, Size and Length of dispersion Trenches for disposing effluent from septic tank for ~arYi~!t
Number of Users ( Water supply at the rate of 80 lit/capita/day) are given in table 7-E. "',
58 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMDING
100mm
. Air vent Manhole size 60 em )( 60 cm
~ 100mm Inlet .-tt---~4a..""......

~==~T--""
"
O.4m O.12mRCC
e=~~~~~L.-/
4.0m - __ II
SECTION
. r-+--~.100mmlnlet
.Airvent\...... ~~ rO.12mRCC
~I ~ d.6m
Benching of distribution box
_ •
SloPing. 1- Diversion
'F e se ~ ~ rt _0.12mRCC
chamber
r
I
O.5m A .J
~ r- r LJ I
Ur. l=============:rr-
lr
r:l========::U Ie .
........
," ...)
Ie
80 mm ~ COncrete
pipe loose jointed
OPel/S00
.E u u u o ~ o
,g -- ~--+t-iI'&-~~-+f4~~--llol-+_-~-"""'i4--~
CO) CO) CO) CO) CO)
--.t-l.......- E---+-+--- ~
CO) M
PLANE
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 7.6. Plan of Dispersion Trench with Distribution Box

SEPTIC TANK. SOAK AWAY PITS Etc.
-: _, Table 7-E. Number, Size and Length ofDispersion Trenches 'for9iSB~~\J~~(ij~~j;

C¥:J varying number of users (Water supply at the rate of 80 litlcapitw~aYl!J~f~'"
,:-..
'~61~
No.of Per Total 80% of ercolation Surface B()irotll
users capita water water rate of area lYidth(J[
(Person) water supply supply as -soil required dispers(6n
supply per day waste (liMm 2/ ..itfenth
-;-;' ..
X
.
- '
:'.
:;0 •
perdily water day)

40 80 lit 3200 lit 2560 lit 30· 85.33 m2 1m ·30m'
50 80 lit 4000 lit 3200 lit 30
<
106.66 m2 1m 30.. m
60 80 lit 4800 lit 3840 lit 30 12~.OO m2 1m 3pm,
70 80 lit 5600 lit 4480 lit 30 149.33 m 2 1m 30m
80 80 lit 6400 lit 5120 lit 30 170.66 m2 1m 30 m
90 80 lit 7200 lit 5760 lit 30 192:00 m2 1m 30m' ..:.'
100 SO lit 8000 lit 6400 lit 30 213.33 m 2 1m 30 m 7. Nos.

ISO 80 lit 12000 lit 960Q lit 30 320.00 m2 ' 1m 30m Il.Nos.
200 80 lit 16000 lit 12800 lit 30 2 1m 30 m 14 Nos.
426.66 m
Note: 1. Side area of dispersion trench is not considered

2. A standard width of 1 m. and 30 m length IS taken for each dispersiontrench
3. Center to center distance between dispersion trenches is assumed as 3 m;
4. A slope between 11400 to 11500 is to be provided for dispersion trenches
..", ;
CHAPTER 8
STORM WATER DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS
The intensity of rainfall for a specific duration is to be known for calculating the rainfall flow or
runoff, The intensity of rainfall varies accordingto duration and frequency (return period)
For short duration, intensity of rainfall is more. For long return periods intensity of rainfall is also
mote.
Generally for all rainwater drainage design purpose, it is assumed for a return period of 2 years, and
duration of 15 mts. Some times a return period of 5 or 10 years istaken for design purposes, for air port
drainage etc. to avoid any flooding
Rainfall flow or Rainfall runoff is calculated by Rational Formula
3/sec) C x t« A
Q (m = 60 x 60 x 1000
where,
Q = runoff in m3/sec
A = area drained in m2
C = impermeability factor
I = rainfall intensity in mm/hour
--,
Example 1. Calculate the rainfall runoff from ..J
an area of 1 m2 (/ = 60 nunlhour, C = 0.9)

3 CxlxA
Q (m /sec) = 60 x 60 x 1000
0.9 x 60 x 1
=
60 x 60 x 1000
= 0.000015 m3/sec/m2
.. Runoff from 1m2 ::: 0.015 lit/sec
Example 2. Calculate the runoff, 0, and gradient, of a storm sewer, to be laid for conveying rain
water from an asphalt covered car park, measuring 80 m x 20 m? (Fig 8.1)
1. Impermeability factor ::: 0.9
2. Discharge full bore
3. Rainfall intensity ::: 60 nun/hour
4. Velocity of flow in sewer =
1.2 m1sec.
5. Manning's roughness co-efficient = 0.013
.. . 3 CxL~A
Run ott = Q III (m /sec) ::: 60 x 60 x 1000
0.9 x 60 x 80 x 20
= 60 X 60 x. 1000
- ::: 0.024m3/sec.
STORM WATER DRAINAGEll'lB'QI.LDINOS
h··.·
,Fig. 8.1.
Q=Ax-V
A=.Q.
V
-V(4 Q)
. D == . (V = 1.2 m/sec.)
~(V1tj~_._--
~(4 X 0.24)
=
~(1.2 x 3.142
= 0.160 m
= 160 min Adopt 200, mm
Gradient is to be find out from Manning's equation
V = 0.003968 D2I3 SI/2
N
where.
D = 200 nun
N = 0.013
V = 1.2 m/sec.
1.2 = 0.003968 x 2()()O.~6 x ...rs

0.013
{S = 1.2 x 0,013
0.003968 x 200°. 666
= 0.1154
S = 0.1154 x 01154 = 0.0133
1
S = L = 0.0133
L = 1 = 75
(O.IJ~)
Slope to he provided = 1 in 75
= 1~3(hl
Rain water down pipe and gutter

The same equation Q (m]/sec) = (60 xC~ ~A1OOO) is used for calculating the rainfall runoff from
roof. The permeability of roof is nil and hence a value of ' l' is taken for impermeability factor
Effective area in m2_x_rainfall
i.e. Run off from roof (in m3/sec) = ~c:....:....;.~-'---'--_-'-- intensity in mm/h
~';";':"'_"';';""'''-'-.L_~-''-'::'-:'''=
60 x 60 x 1000
Assuming C = 1
Allowance for wind in sloping roof
Wind also acts on falling water drops and allows more water to fall on the sloping roof. In order to
allow for wind action wind driven rain is taken as 1 unit for every 2 units of decent.
Rain water drops I
......+---+--+-+ b cl2 ~+-~
',I
--.---
~I
b----....,
Fig. 8.2.
This means that the effective area of the sloping roof shall be taken as plan area + 112 the elevation
area (Fig. 8.2)
b = plan area
c = height of roof or elevation area
Ef'.tective
· roo t· area > +
b
~ c
2
Note: For tlat roof. the plan area only needs he taken.
Gutters (lc'ig. 8.3)
Eve gutter Eve gutter
\ 'V
/ -,
Fig. 8.3.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE IN BUIWINGS 63
1. Eve gutters
2. Valley gutters
There are different types of eve gutters (Fig. 8.4)
LJ \\..---J/V
Rectangular Trapizodal
2, Segemental Gutter 3. Ogee Gutter,
1. Half round Gutter
Fig. 8.4. Different types of Gutters
1. Half round gutter
2. Segmental gutter
3. Ogee gutter
Table 8-A. Capacity of gutter (Level gutter) 1/2 round (as per B.S.)
Size mm Capacity of 1/2 round gutter
75 0.4 lit/sec
100 0.8 lit/sec
125 1.5 lit/sec
150 2.3 lit/sec
tK) Table 8-D. Sizing of.down pipe

1/2 round gutter in (mm) Down pipe diameter (mm)
75 50
100 65
125 75
150 100
Note: 1. A free board of 2/5 1h of

diameter of gutter is given. L- - Free board, 1/2 of
But it shall not be more
than 75 mm. Suppose 150
T .
~ of gutter
nun gutter, free board =

1/2 round gutter, Slope 1/600
150 x 2/5 = 60 nun. So a
free board of 60 mm is to
be given for 150 mm 1/2
round gutter.
2. A slope in between 1/350 - t - - Down pipe
to 1/600 is given for gurrer.
Cenerally 1/600js given.
3. The down pipe diameter
must not be less than 60
mill. (Fig. 8.5) ~
Example 3. Plan of sloping roof
Fig. 8.5. Section of down pipe and Gutter
of a building is 30 III long and 15 III
wide. The slope of roof is 3(1' i.e. approxinuuelv 5m vertical height. Calculate the size of eve gutter and
distance between down pipes 1. Intensity of rainfall is 60 nun/hour.

Ans
Effective area of roof/m ==

1$
b + c
-,,---,c........::..
2
'1m
"-II--
/T /
/
/ .
>- - - - - -<
==
~+5
2
Impermeability factor of roof == 1
10 x 1 x 60
.,.
== 10 nr (Fig. 8.6)
~
/
/
/ ~ '1"'
~-
~
~
~
,
""
a&
..
,,
Run 0 ff 'torom 1 meter == -_..:....:....-=---:....:.......=..::..

~>--------30m------
60 x 60 x 1000
3
~
== 0.000166 m / sec
Fig. 8.6.
= 0.166 lit/sec
Suppose using 100 mm 0 gutter (1/2 round)
From table 8-A, run off for 100 rnrn 0 1/2 round gutter = 0.8 lit/sec.
So the length up to which this gutter can carry rain water
0.8
= 0.166 = 48
. m Say 5 m
L j
Note: Eve gutter with a slope of 11600 can carry 40% more rain water
~E+E+E+E+E+E_
lO
\tJ
. ~
Eve gutter 100mm $, 1/2 roundjslope
\tJ \tJ \tJ \tJ
1/600 towards down pipe
- --- --- --- ---- ---

,
f--
- Down pipe 65 mm $
L.- , -;
--
To manhole
~
(NOT TO SCALE)
~
l'i~.
.-//
8.7. Side Elevation

IL:
. '
So eve gutter can take from both sides 5m distances without causing flooding or over flowing over
the, gutter. From the table 8-B. 0 of down pipe required for a 100 nun 1/2 round gutter is 65 nun. Hence
provide 0 65 mm, down: pipe. 10m apart (5 m + 5 m) as
shown (Fig. 8.7 and Fig. 8.8)
-L Free board, 40 mm
Flat Roof
1. Flat roof is generally given a slope of 1160
T r
!L
towards the long sides.
2. Flow from flat roof is calculated according to the

plan area.
~_ _ Down pipe 65mm$
3. Rectangular gutter is generally provided for
conveying rain water from flat roof
Flow of a rectangular gutter discharging freely
...J(A3 ) -4 .
q == 18 x 10 lit/sec.
Fig. 8.8.
(As per Building Research Establishment Digest)
--9.-
( 10-4
J--,/J.'
A
3
1
..,.,.
A';(~JXB
~------:-- B -----....
where
! A = Area of water flow at out let in mm'
B = Width of water surface at out let in mm Fig. 8.9.
\
q = Flow capacity of gutter discharging freely lit/sec
\
i \. Depth of flow of outlet in mID ~~~I = ~ \: =2.. l1ID1 (Fig. 8.9)
-
For free discharge the maximum depth of flow in a gyll~Li£.twi~~Ub_~_<!tmY:Lof out let .
._-------~,._---~---_.,-_.---'_ ..~.~._". ~ -
Water level at top of gutter
2/3 h
Head loss =1/3 h -;:--+---=--=--==--=:---::=-=~=--=-=""""=-----
Depth of outlet flow = h H =,2h
. "
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 8.10. Section of Gutter
Depth of flow of gutter 'H' = 2iz (Fig.8.10)
= two times the depth of out let flow
Rain water down pipe for rectangular J,JUUers

The discharge capacity of a down pipe depends up on
1. Type of out let
2. Smoothness-of pipe bore
3. Depth of water over out let
4. Water swirls and formation of vortex
~1__ ~~~\,~idcd_ if_lhe~!dtJ10f ~utte~.!~l~~~lwi~.the el_gLdgwIll?i~:JJ:Q!!1_ all.~Q~.s._(Fig.
T
Less than • 0
ii'
Flowin
gutter ~ B L
Down pipe
;
i ';
Less than - 0
Fig. 8.11. Plan of Gutter
8.11) i.e. B < 2d.
The 0 of rain water pipe .! . ,
can be reduced~2L3 its or.

out let 0 (4) if the change of Smooth andgradualchange
1'Iow is smooth and gradual
for a length not less than the
(0 of out let. (Fig 8.12)
(A) In the absence of
swirl, the out let functions as
a weir
where,
q =
h
1. For d up to "3
1
d{(j;3) .
5000 Itt/sec
1 Down pipe
q = discharge capacity
of out let in lit/sec
d = 0 of out let in nun
ti = head of water over
out let in mm .
Fig. 8.12. Rain water down pipe
2. °For hd greater than 1 "3

_ d2 ({ii) .
q - 15,000 lit/sec
(B) In the presence of swirl
For ~ < t' the out let will act as a weir

d{h3
. q = - - lit/sec
5000
'
d 4'
For h > 1"itacts as an on"f'Ice
. _ d2 {(hf .
q - 20,000 Itt/sec
Note: If the outlet is covered with a grating the effective discharge capacity of ;the.9utJe,\;(i,$~;,~L:
unobstructive area of the gratings. . "'}::' .
, Example 4. A flat roof of size 50 !n x 20 m is !O be.drained by ~ectangula';;8:.t.{tl~S;!]!h;;~~g"
towards the long side and two down pipe each provided m the long side. The ramfall mle.~~1X'XS;
hour. Calculate the size of gutter and down pipe? (Fig. 8.13) . ", ;,,;' ,
::.~
r
.'
·~ , .
5001
I
~L-EVe gutter
0 v. Oownpipe
- - -
r -
1 1
- - -
+
S =1/60
I. t·
- - -
f 1
--
T
E
~
! ! !!!
I
~ S =1/60
t
1
(NOT TO SCALE) Fig. 8.13. ,....•.J:
Ans.
Flat roof area = 50 x 20 = 1000 m2
Intensity of rainfall = 60mmlh
Impermeability factor =1
CxlxA 3
Run off from roof = 60 x 60 X 1000 m / sec
lx60x1000 1
= 60 x 60 x 1000 - 60
= 0.01666 m3/sec
= 16.66lit/sec
There are four down pipes collecting the storm rain. So each gutter and pipe has to carry only kof
the total rainwater flow.
q of each gutter 16.66 = 41

= -4- . 6 5 lit/sec
Assume a width of gutter 'B' = 250 IUm q = 4.l6lit/s~c
Area of gutter near outlet' A' = {j f(q/10-4)2 X B] .
= ~[(4.16 x 104l x 250]
= -{/(416002 x 250)
= 7496nmi
depth of flow near out let 'h' = ~ = 7~~ = 29.98 Say 30 mm
Gutter depth shall be double the depth of out let + free board (60 to 70 mm) (Fig 8.14)
There fore gutter depth = (2 x 30) + 60 = 120 IlU11
Then find the diameter 0 of the rainwater down pipe and cheek for hid less than 1/3, so that it will , \
act as a weir.
= 5~0
\
3 ", I
If acting as a weir q ...J(h ) lit/sec ! I
'.....1
_ q x 5000
d - -Jh3 , 1
I
J
4.16 x 5000
= "';(302) 1
where, '.J
q = 4.16 lit/sec
h = out let depth. 30 mm ;\
I..----250mm - -.....--l ..l .. ,\
60mm
r-----~+
I-- 126mm-.J 60mm
.L
TE 60mm Freeborad 60 mm T
E
~ --------- +
... -..-------
- - - - - - - 60 mm 213d= 100mm
-.l ---- - - -=- -.=------ --
~
-
I1...----250mm--_:' T
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 8.14 Fig. 8.15.
d _ 4.16 x 5(X)()
.- ..J27()O()
4.16 x 5(X)0
= 164.3
= 126.59 nun (diameter. of outlet)
d = 126 rom, down pipe 0:::; ~d
= -23
x 126
= 84mm
Adopt 4 rain water pipes of 100 mm size.
h 30 l'
Check for d = 126 = 0.238, less than 3" = 0.333

Acting it as a weir if not other equation is to be used.
STORM WATER DRAINAGE IN BUILDINGS 69
Check on gutter width:

To avoid swirl at the out let and a vortex being formed, the width of the gutter should be less than
twice the diameter of outlet (Fig. 8.15). Width = 250 mm,. 2 x diameter = 2 x 126= 252 mm; W < 2d.
:..----; ~
Width of gutter is less than 2 diameter. So there will not be ariy swirl and vortex formation. 250 mm
width adopted is suitable. "
I, i
Design of Valley Gutters
~'-------- L1 = 406 mm ------~I

~ I
{f·
\ . 2/5 d free board
T
d= 127mm
-l
L2=254mm -I
Fig. 8.16. Valley Gutter
(f}..J Table S-C. Capacities of valley and boundary wall gutters (B.S) ( Fig. 8.16)
S. No. Size in mm Capacities
(L I , d.L2) (lisee/meter)
l. 406 x 127 x 254 6.2
2. 457 x 127 x 152 4.1
3. 610 x 152 x 229 8.0
4. 457 x 152 x 102 3.5
5. 279 x 127 x 17.8 4.3
6. 305 x 152 x 229 7.1
7. 457 x 152 x 305 9.7
8. 559 x 152 x 406 12.7
where.
L 1 = Top width
Lz = Bottom width
d = Depth
Note: Above flow capacities are calculated on the basis of free board being 2/5 gutter depth
(Maximum up to 75 mm). i.e. depth given is inclusive of free board. .
Example 5. Calculate the size of a valley gutter iO"b~p;~~ided for two sloping roofs having a length
of 40 111, and width of 20 m. The rise is approximately Sm. Intensity of rainfall is 60 mm/h?
Note: Generally valley gutter is made in such a way that the down pipes at the two ends will carry
the whole rain water
Ans, J •
:. Only two down pipes at the two ends are provided. 1/2 rain water to be collected in one direction
and other 1/2 in the other direction
:. 1/2 area (effective) of both sloping roof (Fig. 8.2) .
= 1[Co; 5 x 40 J] 1[(+ 10 ; 5 x 40 J]
I"
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING , I
!1
G
= 1 (12.5 x 40) + 1 (12..5 x 40) • Ii
!
'J
= 250 + 250
= 500m2 \
i
: i
CxlxA 3 .J
.. Q = 60 x 60 x 1000 m /sec
500x1x60 3
= 60 x 6.0 x 1000 = 0.0083 m /sec
= 8.3 lit/sec i\
:. Form table 8-C i
J
Adopt a valley gutter size of 457 mm x 305 mm x 152 mm (d).
Which can carry a discharge of 9.7 lit/sec (A small slope of 11600 may be provided from center to
both ends).
II i:
Ij
\1
u
[j
ll
~ll
,[1
:; _J
II
L
- - --: :-.~
'.- .
FE
A. HOSE REELS .
Hose reel is only a 1st aid for extinguishing fire, by a jet of water, before the fire brigade arrives.
Fire extinguisher shall. also be provided With hose reels, in required places, where expect fire hazards.
Hose reels are usually fitted adjacent to the fire exit door. This will help not to open the lobby, while
'.~
using fire hose, and prevents lobby being filled with smoke:
In industrial-buildings.-additionai hose reels shall be provided in the center of the building, usually
on colunms.
Design consideration:
1. One hose reel for 800m2 of floor area or there of.
2. No part of the building floor is more than 6m away from the hose nozzle.
3. The discharge of the nozzle is not less than 05litJsec
4. Hose reels are to be designed such that, a
minimum of two hose reels are to be used
simultaneously in the critical point, with the
required head and discharge
(Q = 2 x 0.5 lit/sec = 1 lit/sec)

Ti
5. Water pressure of 200 kpa is required at the
nozzle, and with this pressure, the jet of water will
have a horizontal distance of 8m and a height of Nozzile
about 5 m. (Fig. 9.1)

6. 0 of pipe supplying water to hose reel, is not less
11----------
I~ 8m
Fig. 9.1. Water jet coverage
~
than 40 mm. It is usual to use 50 mm 0 pipe for
building up to15m height and 65 mm 0 pipe for building above 15 mheight
7. Minimum 0 of pipe connection to hose reel shall be 25 mm.

8. Length of hose shall be 18 m to 35 m.
9. 0 of hose shall be 20 mm or 25 mm.
10. The size of supply main for two hose reels working simultaneously for ground floor, shall be not
less than 25 mm. (preferably 40 mm) (Fig. 9.2)
11. Nozzle 0 shall be 8 mm to 13 mm.
12. Hose reel can he directly connected to the supply main, if sufficient pressure (200 kpa) and
sufficient discharge is available in the supply main for 24 hours.
If not automatic pumping arrangement from a ground level reservoir will have to be provided.
In small buildings manual pumping is also resorted. Separate ground level reservoir of sufficient
capacity shall be provided. If a conunon reservoir is used for both water supply and fire fighting, .
special arrangement has to be made to keep sufficient water in the reservoir for fire fighting, all
times. Hose reels are expected to work for two hours, and by this time; fire engine will corne and
put down the tire ~._---_._~. .
Storage Capacities of Ground Level tank. for hose reel will be = 2 x 0.5 x 60 x 60 x 2 hours
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND nOOK ON PLUMBING
40mmx25mm
angle valve
Nozzlle tip - 13 mm
zsmme hose (Copper or brass)
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 9.2. Hose Reel

3
= 7.2 in Adopt 10 m" Storage tank for fire fighting.
13. An additional 20% storage capacity is also added to the roof tank for fire fighting with 'hose reel
and fire-fighting pipeline is connected to the roof tank with a non-return valve, allowing flow only
from roof tank. This will prevent water entering in to the roof tank. while fire-fighting pump is
working. (Fig. 9.3)
r--
T
~
r---
-/--
' ----
--- -__

80 % for drinking water
..
1 20 % for fire fighting water
PWI J.. Roof
. !
;
..... ~.... __ Fire fighting water ( Hose real)
\ "Non - return valve ( Allowing wale,

down wards only)
~ Drinking water
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 9.3. Roof T!,,-nk

14. Duplicate pump is also to be provided (one as stand by)
15. Minimum discharge for pump designwill be more than double the requirement.
. ,···,···,,·,··,··,,'c ,.,., ',',., 'Oc:-· , 'c."
FIRE FIGHTING ,73
ROOF TANK
Water pipe
Gate valve
Roof
,+80mm
Non return valve (Flow only to down
IlIrd FLOOR
wards)
+40mm
Hose reelcabm
+40mm ~, Portablefire exlingII\
e 8...
-e-
e-- ~hef 3,3kg
IIrdFLOOR
+40mm
+40mm E
E
E
E
e l6 8...
-e
e
-e-
IstFLOOR
+40mm
+40mm E E
E e
e 0
co 8... e
-e- -e-
GROUND FLOOR
+40mm
+40mm e'
E
16
-&
e
BASEMENT FLOOR Peessiretank 200 to 500 lit

capacity
1jl40mm ---- -
---

Drinking
water
e "'Drainpipes
::,:,', ':':::':,'::',:::,.6,:,:: :';' :,";' ~', ",:,::~:,:,: :::':"'~':"';'"
••• '
•' "
0°
, ,~' , ,
••••••
•
a ~
' , ' , p .. ' .

.~ • •
",
" •
"
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 9.4. Arrangement of Fire FightitJg .Pump and Pipes

,
(Two hose reels working at a time i.e. discharge =
2 x 0.5 lit/sec = 1 lit/sec. Double the ! \
requirement = 2 x 1 = 2 lit/sec). Usually a discharge of 2.5 lit/sec is taken for the designing
pumps for hose reels.
Note: General arrangement of fire fighting pipes and pumps are shown in Fig. 9.4.
16. In large buildings diesel pump may also be provided to deal with non-availability of Electric
power.
17. Pressure switch or flow switch is to be installed in the delivery pipe. Whenever there is a
pressure drop or flow of water at the rate of 0.1 lit/sec. this will keep the duty pump working,
until the hose real is shut off.
18. Manually operated switch is also provided to pump, water directly from ground storage tank,
directly to hose reels.
19. Automatically operated switch, with pneumatic pressure steel tank is also provided to pump water
from ground storage tank, directly to hose reels.
20. In some places, a start button of the hose reel pump is also fixed in. each hose reel box for
emergency. manual operation (Fig 9.5).
=======~Imm
SECTION
Glass Panel
40 mm x°25 mm (20 mm)

AngleValve E
E
o
~
2Oor25mm
Synth~tie hose
---......
40mmx 13mm
"+ 90 emFrom Finished Aoor
CopperNozile -t-r==~~~====:!.J
~---370mm---~
(NOT TO SCALE)
¥ig. 9.5. Wall Mounted Hose RCels Box

21. In some cases, water hammer devices are also fitted in the pumping line (Fig. 9.6).
22. Separate pumps (one stand by) shall be provided for tire fighting.
Example 1.
4 Floors flat ( G + 3)
---.-.--
FIRE FIGHTING 75
- 0.25 _
Water Hammer Cushion Tank
,41 100mm
_0.50
41 100mm , ~100mm
4l1oomm • 4l80mm
Pressure Gauge
cIl10Qmm
Pressure Tank
200litor 500 lit
Capacity
Basement Floor
-2.50
Centrifugal Pump Jokey Pump

o = 10 liUSee 0= 1liVSec
H=Varying H=1Orn
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 9:6. Pump and Pressure Tank Arrangement (Standard)

Total no: of people occupying = 300 Nos:
Supply of drinking water = 100 lit/day
Find the capacity of roof tank, G.L storage tank, size of pumping main and capacity ofpump sets for
fire fighting? (Adopting hose reel system)
Ans. Daily demand of water = 300 x 100 = 30,000 lit/day = 303/day
Design of roof storage tank
Storage of roof tank for
Water supply = t day minimum (1 day good)
= 30 m3j2 = 15 nr'
Add storage required for fire fighting.
Roof tank storage for drinking water = 15 m3
Roof tank storage for fire fighting (~O% of drinking water storage) 'j-,
15' x 20· 3.. ~
---:-::--- = 'm3
100
1I
.
1,
,. 76 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
'.
Adopt 5 nr'
Capacity of roof tank == Storage for water supply + Storage for fire fighting
3 3 3
= 15 m + 5 m == 20 m
Adopt a steel tank. of 4 m x 3 mx 2 m (0.2 III for free-board)
Design of Pumping main

Since the building is only a (G + 3) flat, the 0 of pipe for hose reel fire fighting arrangement shall
be 50 mm. (minimum). (Above 4Ul floor minimum of 65 nun is to be adopted.)
Height of the flat 3.7 x 4 = 14.8 m
Design of Ground level storage tank for fire fighting (separate tank)
A minimum of 2hours storage = (2 x 0.5 x 60 x 60 x 2 hour) = 7200 lit
== 7.2 rrr'
Adopt a ground level tank. of 10 tf\lIl3
Adopt a R.C.C tank of 4 m x 2 m x 1.5 m (0.25 free board)
Design of Pump sets
Discharge for two hose reels working == 2 x 0.5 =1 lit/sec
Adopt Minimum discharge of pump. == 2.5 lit/sec. (standard)
Length of vertical pipe =3.7 x 4 = 14.8 m.
Assume a 10m length. (horizontal connection for pump, valve etc.)
Total length of Pumping Main == 14.8 + 10 == 24.8 m
Say 30 m
o pumping main = 50 mm (assumed)
Fire fighting pump discharge head =H
=(HI + H2 + H3 + H 4 + H, + H6)+ 10%
for factor of safety
where,
HI = pipe friction loss in m
H2 = loss in fittings and valves in m (0.5 m for each fitting)
H3 = loss in hose in m (length 35 m, 0 = 20 rom)
H4 = total static head in m (suction head + delivery head)
H, = nozzle tip (copper Istainless steel) discharge head in m
=200 kpa =200 kpa/9.81 = 20.4 m say 20 m .
H6 == loss in pump in m = 2 m (Assumed)
Here HI = pipe friction loss in 30 m and 0 = 50 rom
Q = 2.5 lit/sec i.e. 2.5 x 60 x 60 x 24 = 2,16,000 lit/day
From Hazen William'stable (Appendix-D)
For 2,20,000 lit/day HI = 71.94 m/lOOO m

71.94 x 30
For 30 m = lOOO= 2.158 m say 2.5 m
Hz = loss in fittings and valves @ 0.5 in/each
Assuming a.maximum of 10 Nos. fittings
Total loss in valves and fittings = 10 x O~5 = 5 m
H3 = loss in hose, 0 = 20 mm, length = 35 III

FIRE FIGHTING
=
Q 0.5 lit/sec in single hose
Q per day = 0.5 x 60 x 60 x 24 = 43.200 liVday
From Hazen William's table (Appendix-D), for 43.200 lit! day
HI = 330.2 m/1ooo m
H - 330.2 x 35 = 11.5 m say 12 m
3 - 1000
H4 = total height of building + suction head
= (3.7 x 4) + 2 = 16.8msay 17m,
H; = nozzle tip discharge head
= 200 kpa (standard)
= 200 kpa/9.8l = 20.4 III
Say 20 m
H 6 = pump loss = 2 m (Assumed)
Total discharge head H = (2.5 + 5 + 12 + 17 + 20 2) + 10% F:S.
= 58.5 + 6
= 64.5 m Say 65 m
Pump discharge = 2.5 lit/sec
- Over Flow Pipe

-"- -- 15m3
to
-l' t,
3
8m
T
Water Pips Outlet Roof
Now Return Value T
3,7m
1II'd Floor
lind Floor
11-+-- Firefighting Pipe +
3.7m
lWWWlll 7l ??lUll71?
111 Floor
- ¢!50mm +
3.7m
Ground Floor
+
3.7m
- - - - Hose Reel
4HP Centrifugal Pump-2 Nos.
(NOT TO SCALE)
i'ig.9.7.
:11
"
~
..
PUmp head = 65m. TJ = 65%

Power in watts = mass x ace: due to gravityx distance/(l sec x TJ)
. . . . . 2 100
=
2.5 kg x 9.81 rn/sec x 65 m x 65
= 2452.5 watts
= 2.452 k. watts
1 Hp = 0.746 watts
HP 0 f pump 2.452 =3, 28 Hp. "say 4 H p

= 0.746
.. Adopt 2 Nos of 4 Hp centrifugal pump sets
with Q = 2.5 lit/sec and Head = 65 m (Fig 9.7).
Note: Fire fighting down pipe, connected to the roof tank is fitted with a non-return valve of same
size, allowing water to now downwards only. While any hose is opened, tire-fighting water
stored in the roof tank flows downwards, but sufficient pressure will not be available at the
nozzle. When there is a pressure drop, or flow of water at the rate. of 0.1 lit/sec through the
delivery main, the pressure switch ortlow switch will be on and the fire hose duty pump will
be running until the hose reel is shut off. The non-return valve fitting near the roof tank will
not allow the pumped water to enter in to the roof tank. On high rise buildings; separate roof
tank for fire fighting is fitted which is filled by fire fighting pump.
Automatic Air Release

Value
, - Fire Fighting Pipe
Hose Reel
. ,
-Water'Tank - . Pump:
•
FIRE FIGHTING 79
Automatic or manual pumping direct to the delivery main without' any roof tank is also adopted in
some cases. In this system, automatic air release valve is to be provided at the top most point in pj~ line.
(Fig 9.8) , ...., . , ;
Example 2. Design a fire hose reel system for a hospital building (ground + Ist story), spread in. ci ' '
compound as shown in the site plan (Fig 9.9 a). In-patients of hospital are 200 numbers/day..
10m [10m
-p ~_ _ roo m _ _.. 1 ~l I .·C'.
_ - - - - - - - - - - -• ....L. '..;.",...
10m ---..., 10m,
I
~
~
T
§
8
1
8
E
~
wwa'~ 1
10
1
15m 15 m
11
15m
8 f~r----10om--.. 14 r-T
10m 10m
T
(a) (NOT TO SCALE) (b}
Fig. 9.9.
Ans,
Area of the building, leaving roads = 100 m x 100 m
= 10,000 m2
One hose reel is to serve 800 m2
Number of hose reels required for 10,000 m2 = 10000 = 12.5 say 12nos
800
i.e. For ground floor =12 nos.
l st tloor =12 nos.
Note: The location of each hose reel is marked' in the building site plan in such away, that no part of
the floor is more than 6 m away from the hose nozzle (Fig 9.9 b).
The hose reels length = 35 m
Water jet length = 6 m
Coverage of a single hose reel = 35 + 6 = 41 111
So hose reels are to be fixed at notl more than 40 m apart in the hospital building.
Design of roof tank

Daily demand of drinking water in hospital = 300 x 200
= 60,O(X) lit/day
'2I Day storage of roof tank =

60 '\
T nr
3
= 30 m
80 DESIGN AND PRAc:TICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
. ,
! I
3
Add storage required for fire fighting. Roof tank storage for drinking water = 30 m
20 . 3
Roof tank storage for fire fighting (20% of drinking water storage) = 30 x 100 = 6 m
Provide additional capacity of 6 m3 to the roof tank for fire fighting.
Total capacity of roof tank = 30 + 6 =36 nr'
Adopt a tank of size 5 m x 4 III X 2 m (0.20 m free board)
Design of Pumping Main
Since the building is G + 1, only 50 nun pumping main is required. But ine fire fighting pumping
main has to run in the compound for a length of 400 m from both sides.
:. Assume a diameter of 65 nun for tire fighting main line, around the building.
Design of ground level storage tank for tire lighting (Separate tank for tire fighting)
A minim of 2 hour storage
i.e. 2 x 0.5 x 60 x 60 x 2 ti = 72CX) lit
= 7.2 m3
Adopt a ground level lank of 1() m 3
Size 4 III x 2 mx 1.5 m. «U5 free hand)
Note: This quantity of 10m3 can also he added to the ground level storage tank of drinking water
supply. But special provision is to be made in the tank that there will be 10 nr' water available
at the bottom of tank for using fire fighting pumps, for which drinking water suction pipe shall
be fixed at a different height in the tank.
Design of pump sets

Adopt a minimum discharge of pump set = 2.5 lit/sec (Standard) I, .j
Length of pumping main = 400 + (ground + Ist story height), height of floor = 4 m
= 400 + (4 x 2)
= 400 + 8 = 408 m
ASSUll1C a 12m length for horizontal connection to pumps & values
:. Total length of fire fighting pipe line to the extreme end hose reel = 408 + 12
= 420m
Diameter of pumping main assumed = 65 111m (around the building)
Note: If friction loss is more due to length of pumping main, increase the 0 to next higher size.
Fire lighting pumps discharge head
H = (HI + H2 + H 3 + H4 + H, + H6) + 10% F.S
HI = Pipe friction loss for 420 m, 0 = 65. mm.
(Assuming one way now to the extreme end of the site)
Q = 2.5lit/sec = 2.5 x 60 x 24
r
= 2,16,000 lit/day
From Hazen William's table (Appendix-D) l
For 2.20,000 lit/day, 0 =65 mm, ~ = 20.05 m/lO(X) m r
. For 420 m l
HJ. -- 20.051000
x 420 - o 42
- o. III
S
ay
9
m. f
FIRE FIGHTING
,\
81
H2 = loss in fittings and valves (0.5 m/each filling)
Assume a maximum of 15 Nos: fittings
Total loss in fittings and valves = 15 x 0.5 = 7.5 m
=
H3 loss in hose, 0 = 20 mm, length = 35 m
Q = 0.5liVsec in single hose
JL
day = 0.5 x 60 x 60 x 24 = 43,200
,
liVday
From Hazen William's chart (Appendix-D)
For 43,200 lit/daY-iff = 330.2 m!IOOO III
H3 = 330i~ 35 :;:;' 11.55 m say 12 m
H4 =Total static head (delivery head + suction head)

~. .
=height of building + suction head = 2 -x 4 + 2 m = 10m
H, = nozzle tip discharge head = 200 kpa
= 20.4 m Say 20 m
DrinkingWaterPump
Roof
1st Floor
Hose Reel __ ,
Q@@@@@tZ)®®®@@
, .• ' • . • • •
GroundFloor
2 Pumps Q=2.5IiVSec
H=67mHP=4
~r----------400m-------- --I
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 9.10.
1\
H6 = pump loss = 2 m (assumed)

Total discharge head H = (9 + 7.5 + 12 + 10 + 20 + 2) + 10% !
J
= 60.5 + 6
= 66.5 m Say 67 m r
I
J
Pump discharge = 2.5 lit/sec ~
Pump head 67 m
Power in watts 2.5 x 9.81 x 67 x toO 65%

1 sec x 65 11 =
~ 2527.96 watts
= 2.528 k. watt')
1
J
2.528
Hp = 0.746 = 3.38 Hp
,
I
J
I
Say4 Hp
Adopt 2 Nos. 4 Hp centrifugal pump sets with
Q = 2.5 Iit/sec and head = 67 m. (One pump stand by) (Fig 9.10)
In some cases, fire fighting pipe line from roof tank is taken down through roof and floors and from
.Which branch pipes are taken 80 cm below roof of each floor, along waIls and hose reels are fixed in
them.
B. nREHYDRANTS
There are two types of fire hydrants: ,J
i
1. Pillar type fire hydrants or stand post type
2. Wall mounted fire hydrants -,
1
Fire hydrants are very essential for fire hazards protection. It is to provide the whole fire fighting j
!
facility or to use where other means such as fire hose reels, portable fire extinguisher ect. .. are un
successful. Intemal fire hydrants are fixed in occupancy building with four or more floors. Internal fire
hydrants are to be installed in.
1. Apartments 2. Mottles·
3. Hotels 4. Hostels
5. Auditoriums 6. Night clubs
7. Museums '8. Banks
9. Mills to. Garages and workshops
11. Laboratories 12. Factories
13. Hospitals 14. Shopping centers and
15. Building where high fire hazards are expected
External fire hydrant is fixed in places where fire hazards are expected, such as industrial places,
storage places, etc.
Internal fire hydrants are fixed in accessible positions e.g.: stairway enclosure. TIle numbers of
internal fire hydrants are to be fixed according to floor area.
Building area . Minimum number of hydrants
2 1
:5 1,000 m
> 1,000 m 2 but :5 5,000 m 2 2
> 5,000 m 2 but :5 10,000 m 2
2
> 10,000 m one additional for each 5000m2 or part
I
FIRE FIGHTING 83··
External tire hydrant is to be fixed 6 m away from building. They are not more than 150 m away.'
from each other
Design Consideration
1. Fire hydrants are designed for simultaneous operation of at least 2 Nos of most hydrau!ic~IY' '.
critical fire hydrants.
2. The discharge from each hydrant shall not be less than 4 lit/sec
3 TIle residual pressure at the nozzle shall De 2 kglcm2 (Indian standard 3 kg/ern", BSS 410 kpa)
4. The content of the ground level storage tank shall be sufficient for a minimum of 2hours storage
tor working two fire hydrants i.e. 2 x 4 xl~~ pO x2 = 57.6 m 3 say 60 ~3 (Indian standard 37.5
=
lit/sec for 45 minutes 100 m', B.S = 45.5... m')
5. Where fire hose reel forms a part of fire hy&ant systems, additional storage for hose reel is not
required
6. Two pumps are to be provided, out of which one Isstand by, with two separate power supply.
7. Water supply roof storage tank shall be provided with an additional storage of 20% water of total
fire fighting storage, for the instantaneous use of fire hydrants. One gate valve and one non-return
valve are fitted in the delivery pipe of roof water tank. The non-return valve is tobe fitted in such
a way that it will allow flow only from the roof storage tank. Separate provision is to be made in
the roof tank so that all times, there will be 20% water is available in the .roof tank for fire
fighting.
=
(Additional 20% for fire fighting storage capacity = 20% of 60 m 3 12 nr')
8. The pump is designed for discharging a minimum quantity equal to 2 fire hydrants working
simultaneously
=
(2 x 4 lit/sec 8 lit/sec, adopt 10 lit/sec)
9. TIle maximum height allowed for single boosting is 60 m, Building having more 60 m height
requires further boosting with storage tanks.
10. The minimum 0 of pumping main up to 45 m height building is 100 mm. Above 45 m height
building 0 150 mm is used as pumping main.
11. Automatic pump with manual on and off switch has to be provided. On and off switch has also to
be provided in the wall mounted 'fire hydrant boxes
12. A drainpipe with valve shall be provided in the bottom of the pumping main
13. Automatic air release valve shall be provided at top most point of the pumping main
14. An additional inlet pipe of' 150 nml with four 65 mm 0 coupling should be provided in the
ground storage tank for re-filling .
15. Some times pneumatic pressure tank is also fitted in the pumping main, to regulate water pressure,
without storage tank.
Example 3. In a shopping complex of ground + 3 story (G + 3), tire hydrants are to be provided.
The site of shopping complex is 300 m x 300 m, out of which 200 m x 150 m is occupied by the
shopping complex building. Design internal and external fire hydrant system? (Fig 9.11 a)
Ans:
Area occupied by building = 200 x 150
= 30,000 m2
As per standard 1 No internal fire hydrant for every 5000 m 2
No of fire hydrant required for each floor = 30,000

5000 = 6 Nos.
l :
84 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING LJ
External Fire Hydrant
~ 50 m~~~~- 200 m----·-ISO mI"L --1 50 m I~"-""'" --r----+i 50 m r-

E
s
T
E
o
LO
o
2
o
3 4
o
5
o
1 6
o r "I
i I
I I
LJ
E
T-
Ci-O
8
--- - - L.-_.L--I---raJ - - - -- _ _- - l
f
~I--
L...---_
Internet Fire Hydrant
(NOT TO SCALE)
1
(0) Sketch of shopping complex (b) Internal and External fire hydrants
Fig. 9.11
., Total no: of internal fire hydrant (Box type) = =
6 x 4 24 Nos. (4 floors)
As per standard, external fire hydrants are to be fixed not more than 150 m apart
.. =
No : of external fire hydrants 8 Nos : (as pet plan)
Note: External fire hydrants are to be fixed a minimum of 6 m away from walls.
Locations of internal and external fire hydrants are marked in the sketch (Fig. 9.11 b)
Additional capacity of roof tank for fire hydrants (20% of storage)
A~suming 2 fire hydrants working simultaneously for--2 hours, at a discharge of 4 litJsec
Total storage = 2 x 4 x 60 x 60 x 2
= 57.6 m 3
20 3
20% storage in roof tank = 57.6 x 100 = 11.52 m
Say 12m3
Note: The capacity of roof storage water tank is increased by 12 m 3 more, for -taking care of fire
hydrants requirements. Separate arrangement is also made in the roof storage tank, so that 12
m 3 of water is always available in the tank for fire fighting. This is achieved by fixing outlet
pipe of water supply system from roof tank, at a specified height in the tank.
Pumping main-
Q= 2 X 4 = 8liVsec, adopt 10 liVsec
2xV
-1C·d
Q=-'--
4
Assume V = 1.5 m/sec
. ,
,- ;
FIRE FIGHTING 85
... 10 liVsec
1000
1t. d2 X 1.5
4
(t2 = 10 x 4
1000 x 1t x 1.5
_ [ (10 x 4)
d - (1000 X 1t X 1.5)
]1/2_
- 0.0921 m
= 92mm
Adopt 100 mm 0
As per standard practice a minimum of 100 DUll 0·
is taken for pumping main of fire hydrants.
Ground level storage tank
Capacity of ground storage tank is to be computed, assuming two fire hydrants

working
simultaneously for 2 hours.
2x4x60x60x2
Storage capacity = 1000 = 57.6 m3
Adopt a tank with a capacity of 60 m3
Tank.size = 8 m X 5 m x 1.75111
= (0.25 m for free board)
Pump sets
Discharge through pump set, while working two fire hydrants = 2 x 4 = 8 liters/sec
Say 10 lit/sec'
Length of pumping main to reach the extreme hydraulically critical hydrant in the building
=
100 + 50 + (3.9 x 4) + 200: (3.9 x 4 is the vertical height
. ,
of total floors)-. ,
=
365.6 m. Say 400 m
o of pumping main 100 mm. =
Fire hydrant pump discharge head
H = (HI + H2 + H3 + H 4 + H, + H 6) + 10% F.S
HI = pipe friction loss, 0 = l(){) nun
Length 400 III =
Q = 10 lit/sec = 10 x 60 x 60 x 24 = 8,64,000 lit/day
= 0.864 mid
From Hazen William's Table (Appendix -I;)
31.71
Friction loss = l(){X) m
Friction loss for 400 m = 31.71 x 400 = 12.68 m
1000
Say 15111
H 2 = loss in fittings and valves (0.5 m for each fitting)
Assume 20 Nos: of fillings.
Note: In practice actual number of fittings ~U1d valves are to be counted as per working drawing
H2 = 20 x 0.5 = 10 m
H3 = loss in hose
o of hose = 50 nun
Length = 35 m
Note: In some places 65 nun hose is also used.

Discharge per day from each hose = 4 x 60 x 60 x 24, (Q = 4 lit/sec)
= 3,45,600 lit/day
From Hazen William's table (appendix-D),
0= 50 nun
Q = 0.345 mld I
j
Hf = 169.98 m/HX)O 111
Actual loss in hose = 169.98 x 35 = 5.9 m, say 6 m

1(X)O
Nozzle 0 adopted = 19 111m
H4 =Total static head = Building height + suction head
= (3.9 x 4) + 2 = 17.6 III
Say 18 m
Hs = Nozzle tip discharge head = 2 kgzcnr' 1
= 20m
H6 = Pump loss = 2 111 (assumed)
H = total discharge head = (15 + 10 + 6 + IX + 20 + 2) + lOCk FS.
= 71 + 7
=78 III
Adopt SO'm
Pump discharge = 10 lit/sec
Pump 11ead ' • =80m
Pump power = mass x Acce: due to gravityx distanc/m x 1 sec)
Mass = 10 kg
g = 9.81 m/sec2
T\ = 65%
10 x 9.81 x 80 x 100
Power in watts = -=...::.---:....:--=--:c:.:....:..--:....:.......:.:.::.:.......:...:.......:c..::....::..
1 sec x 65
= 12073.8 watts
= 12.07 kilo watts.
1. Hp =0.746 K.W.
Hp of pump set = :)~~~ =16.18 Hp, say 17 Hp
Adopt 2 pumps (one stand by) of 17 Hp, with discharge or 10 lit/sec and a total head of 80 m
Note: Fire lighting hose 0 is to be 50l11m and copper or stainless steel nozzle 0 is 19 mm. Hose
may be canvas or linen or rubber lined.
FIRE FIGHTING 87
Internal hydrants (Fig. 9.12 and 9.13)

Internal hydrants. according to the required numbers (each floor 6 Nos) arefixed on each-floor. A
typical wall mounted hydrant box include one 65 mm hydrant, one 19 mrn spray gun (nozzle), one 50nuu
Non Return Value ~100mm

=- -- :-..- -.-
- -- -- -
-
- - -
..
T
Stcrage For Drinking Water
W.S.Pipe
Fire Fighting Pipe ---I-C '

~
Vhf ~
11--Storage 12 m310r Fire Fighting
Rool
E
E
a ~65mm
~65mm =0 a Hydralically
IlIrd Floor
i=O '& FO !:o -=J. Critic al
Hydrant
<1l80mm
t:
'5mm
E ~5mm
lind Floor =0 ;=() 8.... F=o f::o
-&
<jl80mm ,..
c!l65mm Fire Hydrant
1 st Floor =0 =0
~om~ F=o . FO· ~
.r>:f l
ci 80 mm
,.
E <j>65mm
G. Floor E '.
n:d Fe pO ==0 8 1=0 Fo, F=o

I -&
~Ip,e,,",,:.nk
,.,~
"'~/~! - - - -
160 m"Tank
'. \ . Fire Fighting Piipe
2 Nos. Pumps 0-10 LIt/Sec H=80 m
HP= 15
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 9A2. Internal Fire-Hydrants

or 65 nun hose for a length of 35 III and one hose roUer. A start button of hydrant
supply pump is placed on each hydrant box (Fig. 9.14 a and b). Two portable dry
powder fire extinguishers are also to be placed near by.
External hydrant
Fire Hydrant
Pillar type or stand post type hydrants are to be fixed in such a way that no
external hydrant is far away from 150 m. Number of external fire hydrants comes to
8 Numbers (Fig. 9.15). <j>80mm
In some cases, direct pumping to fire hydrants, from. ground level reservoir,
without roof tank, is also adopted. In this system auto-pneumatic steel cylinder is
provided to keep a steady pressure in all hydrant discharge points. Automatic on and
off arrangement by tloat switch is also provided, apart from manual on and off
switch (Fig. 9.16). Internal tire hydrants are to be fixed, in wall, (wall mounted type) Fig. 9.13 Arrangcmeut
of lire hydrant
~ .~J
4>65mm
65mmx 50 mm Angle Value

For Internal Fire Hydrant
Fig.. 9.14. (a) 65 mm x 50 mm Angle Valve for internal fire hydrant

.
65mmx 19mm
Nozzfle
cjI50mm Hose,
L ~-35';n ~,.... Copper or Stainless
Steel Nozzjle
ljl19mm
Fig. 9.14. (b) fire hydrant's Nozzle
40Qmm
t
2BOmm
",4. , "D "
"
'
.'
.. ,
TE
~
"
'J>:
, ' '.'
';-4.:,
--,or--n-"7r"+n::-rrl' , . . , ' ~l7./I\\7A7./f\\~I/T1:(1IT(-
q. JI::
":~ :.
E
E
o
R
Concrete Block
350 mm x 350 mm x 200 mm
: 6.~ .,<.::
~ .
• ~, .' ','PO " ' : .~.
f-- 350 mm--l

Fig. 9.15. External Fire Hydrant
"'i a;: .-• . -?<.J!4! :'(off'
i'
FIRE FIGHTING 89
r--------....,. . 1~ :::;.-::., ' ';.s:,·;··.
. .'~
.i
lind Floor
E
E
0,
~
E
G. Floor E E
E o
~
~
1jl100mm ~100mm
Auto Pneumatic Tank (Steel) Firelighting Pipe

Pumpset
SECTION
/ " Pump Hose

WalerTank ( Fire Fighting Pipe
.
Ijll00mm ~100 mm 1jl100rnm ~100 mm
'E
E
o
~
E
External Fire Hydrant E
o
~
E E
E E
·0 o
CXl
~ -&
E E E
E E E
o o o
s s ~
(NOT TO SCALE)
PLAN
Fig. 9.16. Fire Hydiunt Arrangement in A Hostel (Direct pumping)
as far as possible near to stair walk way.
Note: For each town and citiy, Fire Fighting Department of that area may be contacted and their
specific requirements. if any. for fire fighting, shall be included in the fire fighting
arrangements.
C. SPRINKLERS
. This consists or a sys~em of pipe works connected to a source of water supply. The pipe work is
usually fixed in the ceiling level and sprinkler heads are connected to the pipe works. Whenever there is
a fire, the heat generated causes a fusible part in the nearest sprinkler head to break and allow water to
fall in the form of fine spray in to the fire.
The most inconvenience of sprinkler system is that, it will wet all things. which are even not
required; Usually sprinklers are connected to a roof tank of sufficient capacity. with mains and laterals.
Sprinkler heads are connected to the laterals (Fig. 9.17) .
. RoofWaterTank .
Fig. 9.17. Sprinklers

The pipe system is to be designed in the same way as that 'of water supply system.
The area covered by a: single sprinkler is based on the intensity fire hazard. The details arc given in
table 9-A (BS).. ' .
Table 9·A
.Extra. light hazard 21 m2
2
Ordinary hazard 12m
Extra high' hazard. 9 m2
Extra high hazard with storage rack 7.51112
Spacing of sprinklers are given betow:
Extra light hazard 4.6m
Ord,I1¥Y hazard 4.0m
Extra high hazard 3.7m
Extra high hazard with storage rack 2.5 III
Nominal orifice diameter of sprinkler heads:

Extra Light 10 mill
ARE FIGHTING
91
Ordinary 15 mm
Extra high 20nml
Auto Pneumatic System
In c~l indirect system of water sup~ly or fire fighting system to buildings. a steel cylinder under
pressure ~s used to s.uppt~ water at required pressure. to fittings, instead .01' providing roof tanks. This
steel cylInder. C(~ntallls au at top, which is compressed by the water, pumped into the bottom.
Compressed. arr forc~s allow water to reach high-level points. When water is drawn through fittings,
water level I1l U1C .cyhn~r goes. down. and at a pre-decided low level a pressure switch of water pump is
on and the tank IS rc-Iilled WIUl water. When water level rises in the tank, a pre-decided high. level
pressure switch cuts out the pump. (Fig. 9. I8)
Rising Main
Pressure Switch For Water
'-
Float Switch For Air
Pressure Gauge
-}
Water Level Sight Gauge
J
Incoming !
Water Main Drain Value Pressure i
I
Release Value !
i
Pump Set .f
'-- Air Compressor
Fig. 9.18. Auto-Pneumatic System
After some time, air in the pressure cylinder gets absorbed into the water, and the quantity of air
available in the tank. becomes less. This causes less pressure to water and frequency of start and stop of
water pump is increased. A tloat switch fitted in the tank., starts air compressor, at high water level, and
operates until the required volume of water gets into the cylinder.
In practice horizontal and vertical type steel pressure t,U1k.S are used. The minimum pressure in air
pressure tank. must be determined according to the necessitated water pressure at distribution poiI~t, in the
most unfavorable position of water supply fitting or fire hydrant.
TIle total air and water volume under pressure is calculated according to the following formula
Vw 3
VT = 1 m
- ab
and Vw =. Cv . S Qp nr'
4 Nmax .
where,
VT = Total air and water volume in nr'
3
Vw = Water volume in tank in 111
= Ratio of minimum working pressure and maximum working pressure (varies from 0.65 to 0.85)
.(4
Cv = Additional Volume co-efficient. For horizontal steel tank, it should be 1.25 and for vertical
steel tank it should be 1.05.,
=
S Safety factor 0.5 to 2)
Qp = Out put of water pump in m 31h. Out put must not be less than 1.2 times maximum hourly flow
Nil/ax = Maximum hourly starting frequency of pump. It should be 6 to 8 times per hour.
Example 4. Design the capacity of an Auto-pneumatic system, for fire fighting arrangement (hose
reel), of a high rise building, having a fire lighting pump which discharges 2.5 lit/sec?
Ans.
Vw 3
Vr · = -:----- m
1 - (J.b
Vw = _C_v_'_S_';.;;;;.Q,,-,'P m3
4 Nmax
where,
Cv = Additional volume Co-efficient (vertical type = 1.05)
S = Factor of safety = 1.5 .
Qp = Pump discharge in m 3/l1our 2.5 x 60 x 60/1000

=
=
Nil/ax Maximum hourly starting of pump - 8 times
C4 = 0.65
Vw = 1.05 x 1.5 x 2.5 x 60 x 60
4x8xlOOO
= 0.443 nr' = 443 lit
. V = 0.443 = 0.443 = 1 26 3
T 1 _ 0.65 . 0.35 . m
Provide a vertical type steel pressure cylinder having a total capacity of 1.25 nr'
Assuming a 0 of 1m
Q = 1.25 m3
Length =?
Tt·d2 X L
1.251113 = .:..:..-~..:...:...;;;;.
4
3.142 x 1 X 1 xL
4
L = 1.25 x 4 1 59
3.142 x 1 x 1 = . 111
Say 1.6 m
Adopt a vertical steel cylindrical pressure tank. Inside dimensions are
0= 1m
Length = 1.6 m
Volume = 1.25 m3 (Fig. 9.19)
Note: In practice, due to high construction cost, such big type pressure tank is not used. Small
capacity tanks are usually used. In this case, discharge of pump is taken as 0.96 lit/sec
Discharge through one flre hose reel« O.4litlsec
Ri{E FIGHTING 93
~r----- L=1.6 m
T E
Air
Water
-' -
J .:.
From Pump
~65mm
0=2.5 LiVSec H=62m
Pressure
Release Value
Fig. 9.19.
Simultaneous discharge of 2 hose reel = 2 x 0.4 = 0.8 lit/sec
TIle discharge of pump will be 1.2 times
Required discharge = 1.2 x 0.8 = 0.96 lit/sec
Vw 3
Capacity of steel tankVT = m
1- a b
and
Vw = Cv· S . Qp m3
4 Nmax
Cv = 1.05 (vertical type)
S = 1.5
QP
= 0.96 x 60 x 60 3
/ h
1000 m
N max = 8 times
ab = 0.65
Vw = 1.05 x 1.5 x 0.96 x 60 x 60 = 0 17 3

4 x 8 xlOOO . m
= 170litres
VT = 0.17
1 - 0.65
0.17 3
= 0.35 = 0.486 m
Say 500 liters
TIle capacity of vertical steel pressure tank is 500' liters. This is the capacity of tank used for hose
reels (Inside dimension of tank are 0 = 60 em, Length = 180 em).
Smaller size of steel pressure t<l11k is also used some times. In such cases, tile starting frequency of
pump per hour will be more than 8 times
94 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING i
I
\ .
Example 5. In example 4, the cafacity of pressure cylinder is 1.25m and water volume is 0.44I1r~. If
3
file air in tile tank reduces to 0.115n1', While pumping, up 10 what height water can be pumped? ]
i
ADs.
Capacity-of steel tank =1.25 ml
Volume of water in tank = 0.44 m

3
i
) .
Volume of Air in tank under atmospheric pressure = 1.25 .; 0.44
= 0.81 nr'
Atmospheric pressure = 101.33 kpa.
Volume of Air after pumping = 0.115 nr'
As per Boyl's Law
PI x VI = P2
X V2
PI and P2 are absolute pressures
101.33 x 0.81 = P2 x 0.115
P _ 101.33 x 0.81
2 - 0.115
= 713.71 Kpa (absolute)

Gauge pressure- 713.71 - 101.33 = 612.38 kpa
. 612.38'
t.e. = 9.81
= 62.42m
Theoretical height up to which water rises is equal to 62.42 m. The actual height will be less than
this.
The actual height = theoretic height - friction loss in pipes and fittings.
EXTERNAL WATER SUPPLY'FOR'B
j • '. .• .., " ' i ) ':;;"Sl};'::,

External water supply arrangements are t9 be investigated, planned, designed ande~et~l~4.
Sufficient potable water is to be made available for the use of occupants of bUlldings:l{ri~iiig>"';i
source, 'adequacy of the source is to be assured and quality of water should be ". ch~mr9'li11~:,~,
bacteriologically tested for potability. Suitable treatment may be suggested, to purify' raw:wate(lf:i~,J~'
found not suitable. for drinking. Water from 'Municipal water supply line can directly be'connected lP.
buildings. . . .., -. ,,' . . . . . c..
For designing external water supply forbuildings, the site around the building has tbbeil)Spede~:,"~it:
and studied well. The residual pressure available in the in the Municipal water supply pipeline shalJ.b¢;j'*:'
checked and utilized for economy. A minimum terminal pressure of 2 to 3 m is to be kept: intbe/'.'l.
discharge point inside the ground level water tank, and accordingly the location of it should be decided~Hi,?i"
is important that no rainwater or wastewater should enter into the under ground tank from outside.'Ib.e,:
tank shall be raised, 20 em to 30 em above ground level" and proper drainage around the tank sJ;1aJlb¢t .
provided. The over flow arrangement is to be made in such a way that over flow water will be discharged:'
into convenient place, with out causing pollution. . ". . . "
If sufficient pressure is available in the Municipal supply line, it can be directly connec~eg,;J(L;"
overhead tank, or independent roof tanks, for storage and distribution. The site plan furnished with q!ll~~.·
drawings has to show the general arrangements of site water supply network. The pipeline net~Qf'k:C$'S
be designed either branch type, or loop type. Nowadays computer soft wares are also available to.design'
pipeline n e t w o r k . , . .", ·.·.,·;)t;.
Gate valves shall be provided at e:ery junction point for easy maintenances. For buildingcQmpt~~~s,:·i.;J;;tL:
site water supply network is to be designed properly, considering all aspects. In some '.' ca.~es,.Q«:~J;J::(:'
pumping to sanitary fixtures is resorted, with auto-pneumatic steel cylinder. It is advisable to §uppl~;:X
water to roof tank, or to over head tank, as this will maintain a steady pressure at all times in'terniinaJ~:<i
points, with some storage. , .
While designing external water supply pipeline, a peak factor of 2 times to 4 times' is assumed; If.; .
water is to be supplied all around the building, loop design will be economical. In this case. supply: Q.r
water can be maintained in other parts, while repairing one p i p e , : ',"'" '.'
If the site is of complex nature, with various buildings, located in different parts, water<SW1~iW.,·
pumped into different roof tanks, of each building, or pumped into a common overhead tank''Orieoye-:
head tank of sufficient height and capacity will be more, economical than pumping into different roof'.
tanks. Direct pumping with auto-pneumatic arrangement (steel cylinder under pressure, Fig. 9.16) with""
automatic on and off arrangement is also resorted to pump water to a common overhead tank~' roof ti!nks".<!%
or directly to taps. For high-rise building, storage and distribution of water can be arranged from ' 3. '
common roof tank, or different roof tanks connected together. Usually roof tank is fixed 1m to l.Jill):·'·;";;,
higher than roof, so as to have sufficient pressure in the top floor toilets. In some cases, the tloor u ....~.".-.;·.
roof tank is provided with independent pipeline from roof tank and another pipeline is provided for "U2Yn>;
other floors together. Independent pipeline to top most floor will facilitate supply of sufficientquantity
water to that floor. ., .
TIle standard diameters of pipes usually used for water supply are
1. 15 mm 2.20 nun
3.25 mm 4.32 mm
5.40 mm 6.50 mm
7.65 mm 8.80 mm
9.100 mm 10.125 mm
11. 150 mrn etc.
I
Galvanized steel pipe, galvanized iron pipe, or PVC pipe are used for conveying cold water. Gate
!
valves, non-return valves etc. made of galvanized steel, brass; bronze, are used to control the flow in
I '
pipe. i
There are four types of arrangements to feed the water supply system
1. Directly feeding from Municipal water .supply system, if sufficient quantity and pressure is
available in the line .
2. Feeding from a common overhead tank of sufficient height and capacity
3. Feeding from roof tanks (Independent or, connected together)
4. Feeding to fixtures 'by pumping, using Auto-pneumatic steel pressure tank, with auto on and off
switch arrangements. In this system, there is no storage of water and hence, break down of pump
or power will stop supplying water. !,
If the building complex is very extensive, it is advisable to divide the site into different suitable I'
J :
blocks, having area in between 40000 m 2 to 50000 m2 and independent water supply arrangements to
feed the roof tanks can be resorted too. A common overhead tank, having sufficient height and capacity is
required to feed all.blocks. For high-rise buildings of more than four or five floors, overhead tank is not
practicable due to its high elevation.
Flow rate of water through each pipe is to be known for fixing the diameter of extemal water supply
system. . .,.,
Flow rate of water through pipe can find out either by: 1
1. Number of population served by each pipe or by
2. Number of fixtures served by each pipe.
However flow rate through each pipe can be calculated according to the practical experience of the
design engineer, most suitable to the site conditions and requirements.
1. A. As per number of population served
(assuming points of withdrawls)
From the site plan, select a site for the construction of overhead tank, having a higher ground
elevation. Draw pipeline network most suitable to the site. Select points from which withdrawal of water
is anticipated. Calculate the population to be taken care of each point. If assessment of population served
independently by each point is not possible,' calculate the average population served by each point, by
dividing the total population by number of withdrawal points. Multiply population of each point by per
capita water supply, to get the average flow rate per day of each point
Calculate the maximum flow rate per hour on the assumption that, half of average daily supply is
withdrawn in peak six hours. Multiply maximum now rate per hour with a peak factor in between 2 to 4,
to get peak hourly flow rate of each point. Calculate cumulative flow rate of each pipe
Example 1. Calculate flow rate througheach pipe of a water supply net work proposed for a small
housing complex, as shown (Fig. 10.1J. having a population of 600 people? Water is supplied at the rate
of 100 liter/capita/day.
Note: Withdrawal of water is anticipated from all points near to junctions and end points, apart from
, some other specific points.
Ans. \
Population served = 600 Nos
EXTERNAL WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS 97
Water supply = 100 lit/capita/day
No: withdrawal points = 12 points
(taken from Fig 10.1) A

Reservio'r
Since no specific demand of water is shown,
average population by each point is to be calculated
:. Population served by each point
600
::: '12 ::: 50 NOs.
:. Water supply required at each point c
::: 50 x 100 ::: 5000 lit/day
Assuming t of daily supply is consumed in 6 hours
:. ~ daily supply in 6 hour

::: 5000 ::: 2500 lit 12
2 E '---'------------.L-+I
:. Maximum rate of supply required per hour
Fig. 10.1.
2500 .
::: -6- = 416.66 Itt/hour
::: 6~/~6:0 = 0.1157 lit/sec
Assuming a peak factor of 2
Peak hourly flow rate at each point::: 0.1157 x 2
::: 0.23 lit/sec
Note: Maximum rate of supply is equal to 1/2 of daily supply in 6 hour
.
I.e.::: 12 xx 24
6::: 2'
times In tlie ab ove exampIe
2 times average flow rate > 50(X) x 2 ::: 10,000 lit/day

10,000
24 x 60 x 60
::: 0.1157 lit/sec
Same as maximum flow rate.
i.e. Maximum rate of flow is equal to 2 times average rate of flow
It is seen that 4 times average flow rate is taken as peak flow rate.
Note: Here design is done on the assumption that each pipe has to carry the whole quantityof water
through out tile length. In case of long pipelines, reduction in 0 can be made according to the
place. where point of withdrawal is fixed.
Peak hourly now rate of each point > 0.23 lit/sec
Peak nnw rate or each pipe is given below, (Fig. 10.2)
Pipe EI ::: point (1 I) and (12) = 0.23 + 0.23 =0.46 lit/sec.
Pipe ED = (same) = 0.46 lit/sec.
Pipe DH = point (7) + (8) + (9) + (10) = 0.23 + 0.23 + o.n + 0.23 = 0.92 lit/sec
DESIG~ AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
A Reservior
2.76 LiVSec
1 2
0.23 Lit/Sec 023 Lit/Sec
2.3 Lil/Sec
0.23 LiVSec 0.23liVSec
3 4
5 6
0.23 LiVSec 0.23 Lit/Sec
1. 38 Lit/Sec
0.23 Lit/Sec 0.23 LiVSec
7 B
9 10
0.23 LiVSec 0.23UVSec
0.46 Lit/Sec
0.23 LiVSec 0.23 Lit/Sec
11 12
0.46 Lit/Sec
Fig. 10.2.
Pipe DC = pipe ED + pipe DH ::: 0.46 + 0.92 = 1.38 lit/sec.
Pipe CG = point (3) + (4) + (5) + (6) = 0.23 + 0.23 + 0.~3 + 0.23 = 0.92 lit/sec
Pipe CB ::: pipe DC + pipe CG ::: 1.38 4- 0.92 = 2.3 lit/sec
Pipe BF = point (l) + (2) = 0.23 + 0.23 = 0.46 lit/sec
Pipe AB . ::: pipe CB + pipe BF ::: 2.3 + 0.46 =2.76 lit/sec
The 0 of pipe is fixed according to the peak flow rate.

I. B. As per number of population (assuming area served)
In this case, calculate the density of population per sq: m, by dividing the number of population by
area in sq: m (assuming population is evenly distributed). Calculate the area in sq: m, served by each
pipe. Multiply the area with density of population to get the population served by each pipe. Multiply it
with per capita water supply -=
to get average flow rate per .day. Calculate maximum flow rate per hour. on
the assumption that half of average daily supply is withdrawn in peak six hours. Multiply maximum flow
rate per hour with a peak factor in between 2 and 4 to get peak hourly flow rate of each pipe. Calculate
cumulative flow rate of each pipe.
Example 2. Calculate the flow through each pipe of a water supply net work, proposedfor a small
housing complex, as shown in the sketch (Fig. lO}), having a population of 600 Nos.? The area served
by each pipe is marked in the figure.
Pipe IE ::: 1060 m2
Pipe ED ::: 530 nl
Pipe DH =2120 m2
Pipe DC ::: 530 m 2
. Pipe CG = 1060 m2
Pipe CB = 530 m2
2
Pipe BF ::: 530 m

Pipe BA = Nil.
~.-' r:. "

...· .
·._,. -,.')'"; ·'·'~"·"""'~"-__"":",,,_~l>·''-7...:'7~:;-::;,.,~>.~, ..•."",'.. ..,. '"" ~": ...' ", .. "'::'~~{~.i.:~'k! ·;S"~ .... ~t
\'
,.)$;. $.M.% -,j .. MWT·..ifi!!@iJ.+JW*·· _..'J, ,.~.' ":1-.. " "
Reservior
." ,{ .
.-""!r"'-7t-- 1060 rn1
530 m2
Fig. 10.3.
The per capita supply of water is 100 liter/day.
ADS.
Total population served = 600Nos.
Area of building or site = 1060 + 530 + 2120

+ 530 + 1060 + 530 + 530
2
= 6360m
2 600
Density of population per m = 6360 = 0.0943 Nos.
Cumulative area served by
Pipe IE 1060 1112 =
Pipe ED = IE + ED = 1060 + 530 = 1590m2
Pipe DH 2120 ni =
Pipe DC = ED + DH + DC
= 1590 + 2
2120 + 530
=4240 m
Pipe CG 1060 m
2
=
Pipe CB = DC +CG +CB
. .-v
= 4240 + 1060 + 530
= 5830 m2
2
Pipe BF = 530 m
Pipe BA = CB + BF
5830 + 530 = 6360 m

2
=
Cumulative population served by
Pipe IE =
Area x density of population
= 1060 x 0.0943 = 100 Nos
Pipe ED = 1590 x 0.0943 = 150 Nos
Pipe DH = 2120 x 0.0943 = 200 Nos
Pipe DC =
::: 4240 x 0.0943 400 Nos
Pipe CO ::: 1060 x 0.0943 = 100 Nos
Pipe CB ::: 5830 x 0.0943 = 550 Nos
Pipe BF = 530 x 0.0943 = 50 Nos
Pipe BA ::: 6360 x 0.0943 = 600 Nos
. Average daily flow through

Pipe IE = Population x per capita water supply
.= 100 x 100 = 10,000 lit/day
Pipe ED = 150 x 100 :::15,000 lit/day
Pipe DH ::: 200 x 100 = 20,000 lit/day-
Pipe DC = 400 X 100 = 40,000 lit/day
Pipe CG = 100 x 100 =10,000 lit/day
Pipe CB = 550 x 100 ::: 55,000 lit/day
Pipe BF = 50 x 100 = 5000 lit/day
Pipe BA = 600 x 100 ::: 60,(X)0 lit/day
Maximum flow per hour through pipe. assuming that t daily tlow is withdrawn within 6 hours
:. Maximum now in
Pipe IE ::: ~O~l~ = 833.33 lit/hour
Pipe ED ::: ~5,~0~ = 1250 lit/hour
Pipe DH ::: ~O~)(j~ = 1666.661it/h~ur

40,000 .
Pipe DC ::: 2 x 6 ::: 3333.33 Itt/hour
Pipe CG ::: lO,O()() . ,,, I'ItIIiour

2 x 6::: 83"_'l ••'l.'l
Pipe CB ::: 55,000

2 x 6 ::: 45°1111't/l
0_ ' • .' 1. lour .
Pipe BF ::: 50<& ::: 416.66lit/hour

2 x 6
Pipe BA =- ,~O'~O~ ::: 5(XlO lit/hour

Peak: flow rate of water through
Pipe I E : : : 833.33 x 2 ::: ()4 0~ I'It I sec

60 x 60 .
=- 1250 x 2 =- 0691\t1sec
Pipe ED 60 x 60
Pipe DH ::: 1666,66 x 2 ::: 0.92 lit/sec
60 x 60
::: 3333.33 x 2 ::: 1.85 lit/sec

Pipe DC 60 x 60
Pipe CO = 833.33 x 2 046 I·t/

60 x 60 . I sec
Pipe CB = 4583.33
60x60
x 2 = 2 54 I·t/
. I sec
Pipe BF = 416.66 x 2 = 0231.tl

60 x 60 . I sec
5000 x 2 .
Pipe BA = 60 x 60 = 2.78 lit/sec
The 0 of pipe is fixed according to the above flow rates.
Note: Pipe network can also be proposed as loop type, and can be solved by Hardy Cross method or
by computer software.
2. As per number of fixtures served
In this case number of fixtures served from each point of withdrawal is to be known. From site plan.
select the site for construction of overhead tank, having a higher elevation. Draw pipeline network, most
suitable to the site. Select points from which withdrawal of water is anticipated. These are, those points
from which water is drawn to sanitary fixtures of toilet, kitchen etc. Count the number of fixtures to be
fed from each point. Calculate simultaneous withdrawal of fixtures at each point using probability
equation;
Q = 0.25 -Y(ZI + Zz + Z3 + ...)
where,
Q = quantity in lit/sec
ZI =No: of appliances of same category x loading unit
-----
(Refer chapter 5, table 5-A for loading units of fixtures). Calculate cumulative flow rate through each
pipe and design the size of pipe according to this flow rates. Assume a velocity of 1m/sec or less in
pipe.
.
Example 3. Design external water supply system of a single storied building complex, as shown in
the sketch (Fig. 10.4), feeding from a common overhead tank. The minimum terminal pressure required at
each withdrawal point is 4 m (single story). Calculate the size of pipes, capacity of overhead tank, its
height from ground etc. ? Design the network as branch type.
Note: For single story buildings, provide a minimum terminal pressure of 4m at each withdrawal
point. If the building is more than single story, the height of such stories and friction loss for
such heights are to be added to the minimum pressure 9f 4m to fix the terminal pressure of
withdrawal points.
Fixture details of each point is given below
Point (l) Water closet - 6 Nos
Washbasin - 6 Nos
Sink - 6 Nos
Shower - 6 Nos
Points (2), (3) ~U1d (4)
Water closet - 3 Nos:
Washbasin - 3 Nos:
Sink - 3 Nos:
Shower - 3 Nos:
",
102 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING :\,
A GL 100.00
GL99.80·
L=-80m
B
L=120m GL 101.30
ct-----------,
l"30 m GL 99.80 2
o 3 GL99.50
L=30m 4
E·t-G-L-1-0-2-.9-0-·------G--'L100.70
L=80m
GL 98.70 L.50mGL 100.10 l=:50m L=80m Gl100.00
6 F; GL 102.60
5
, L=100m·
9 8
L=50m L=50m
A - Reservior
GL=99.00 _GL 99.00) L..:.. Length'
Fig. 10.4. GL Ground Level
Point (5)
Water closet - 4Nos:
Washbasin - 4 Nos:
Sink - 4 Nos:
Shower - 4 Nos:
Points (6) and (7)
Water closet - 5 Nos:
Washbasin - 5 Nos:
Sink - 5 Nos: .
Shower - 5 Nos:
Point') (8) and (9)
Water.closet - 6 Nos:
Washbasin - 6 Nos:
Sink - 6 Nos:
Bathtub - 6 Nos:
Ans.
The simultaneous flow rate at each discharge point, as per probability equation.
Q = 0.25 "'<21 + z, + Z:3 + ...)
=
Where 2 (No: of appliances of same category) X loading units
.'. For points (8) and (9) As per table 5-A, loading units of
Water closet - 6 Nos = 6 x 0.5 = 3 Zl
Wash basin - 6 Nos = 6 x 0.5 = 3 Zz
Sink - 6 Nos = 6 x 1 =6 ~
Both tub - 6 Nos =
6 x 1.96 11.76... Z4 =
. EXTERNAL WATER SUPPLY FOR BUILDINGS 103
Q == 0.25 --.1(3 + 3 + 6 + 11.76) == 0.25 ~(23.76)

== 0.25 x 4.87
== 1.22lit/sec
For points (6) and (7) Loading unit of
Water closet - 5 Nos == 5 x 0.5 = 2.5. ... Z1
Wash basis - 5 Nos = 5 x 0.5 = 2.5 ~
Sink • - 5 Nos = 5 Xl::: 5 Z3
Shower - 5 Nos == 5 x 1 = 5 Z4 '
Q == 0.25 --.1(2.5 + 2.5 + 5 + 5) '== 0.25 {l5
::: 0.25 x 3.87
::: 0.97 lit/sec
For point (5) Loading units of
Water closet - 4 Nos == 4 x 0.5 == 2 ZI
Wash basin - 4 Nos::: 4 x 0.5 ::: 2 ~
Sink - 4 Nos e 4 xl::: 4 ~
Shower - 4 Nos::: 4 x 1 = 4 Z4
Q::: 0.25--.1(2 + 2 + 4 + 4) == 0.25m
::: 2.5 x 3.46
== 0.87 lit/sec
For points (2), (3) and (4)
Water closet - 3 Nos e 3 x 0.5 = 1.5 ZI
Wash basin - 3 Nos e 3 x 0.5 ::: 1:5 ~
Sink - 3 Nos > 3 x 1 3 = ~
Shower - 3 Nos::: 3 x 1 = 3 Z4
... Q ::: 0.25 ~(1.5 + 1.5 + 3 + 3) ::: 0.25--J9
::: 0.25 x 3
::: 0.75 lit/sec
Point (1)
Water closet - 6 Nos,::: 6 x 0.5 ::: 3 ZI
Wash basin - 6 Nos e 6 x 0.5 ::: 3 ~
Sink - 6 Nos ::: 6 xl::: 6 ~
Shower - 6 Nos::: 6 xl::: 6 Z4
Q ::: 0.25 ~(3 + 3 + 6 + 6) ::: 0.25 {18
::: 2.4 x 4.24
::: 1.06lit/sec
Flow rate of point (1) ::: 1.06 lit/sec
Point (2) == 0.75 lit/sec
Point (3) ::: 0.75 lit/sec
Point (7) ::: 0.97 lit Isec
Point (8) = 1.22 lit /sec

,
Point (9) = 1.22 lit/sec ,
I
• i
• __..J
From Hazen William's table, find the diameter of pipes for the cumulative now rate in each pipe or
2
by using the formula Q = 1t: x V. Velocity is to be taken as 1m/sec or less in both cases.
2
1t d
Q=-x V ,
4 i
I
d _ ...}(Q x 4)
V = 1 m/sec
- ...}(10oo x V x 3.14)
Cumulative now through
Pipe (8 - 9) = 1.22 lit/sec
Pipe (F - 8) = 1.22 + 1.22 = 2.44 lit/sec
=
Pipe (F - 5) 0.87 lit/sec
Pipe (6 - 7) = 0.97 lit/sec
=
Pipe (F - 6) = 0.97 + 0.97 1.94 lit/sec
Pipe (E - F) = 2.44 + 1.94 + 0.87 = 5.25 lit/sec
Pipe (E - 4) = 0.75 lit/sec
Pipe (D - E) = 5.25 + 0.75 = 61it/sec
= =
Pipe (C - D) 6 + 0.75 6.75 lit/sec
Pipe (C - 2) = 0.75 lit/sec
Pipe (B - C) = 6.75 + 0.75 = 7.50 lit/sec
Pipe (B - 1) = 1.06 lit/sec
Pipe (A - B) = 7.5 + 1.06 = 8.56 lit/sec
Note: First "fix the critical point in respect of longest. points from reservoir or highest ground level
point and starts designing from that critical point to the reservoir
Critical point will be, in most cases, the longest end point, if the level difference of ground is very
less with respect to other points. In the -above example, point (9) is taken as the critical point and starts
designing from there to the reservoir.
TIle minimum terminal pressure fixed at the critical point .is taken as 4m
Pipe (8-9) (Fig. 10.5)
Q = 1.22lit/sec
L = 50m
V = 1 m/sec (Assumed)
Q = discharge in lit/sec
_d = ...}(Q x 4)
"(1000 x 1 x 3.14
....J(1.22 x 4)
= = O.039m = 39 mm
....J(1000 x 1 x 3.14)
Adopt 40 mrn 0 pipe.
From Hazen William's Table( Appendix -0)
Q = 1.22 lit/sec:
d = 40 mm
EXTERNAL WATERSUPPLYFOR~UILOINGS"'"
A t;ieight of reservior = 1.2.21 IT'····

.:o".·'P·.-}lWi:"
Ijl tOOmm
T.H.7.06m
cj)40mm B
4> 100mm
c t - - - - - - - - -........- - - ,
1jl100mm 1jl40mm 2 TH 6.11 m .• ' .

" 'r.. - .,... .','
~
o 3 TH 10.14 m
ljl100mm • 4 THP'.QOrn
Et-------""""':""""-:-=-........----'
ljl80mm
F
ljl40mm 1jl40mm 1jl40mm
7 6 5
T.H.4.03m T.H.3.6701
TH4.38m
4>65mm
TH·4m TH5m
9 8
1jl40mm 4> 65mm
Fig. 10.5.
59.()9
Head loss HI = 1000 m
HI for 50 m length = 59.09 x 50

1000 = 2.95 m
For 50 m lengths friction loss of 2.95 rn, which seems ·high
So change the 0 of pipe (8-9) to 50 mm
Q = l.22liVsec
o = 50mm
L = 50m
From Hazen William's Table. for Q = 1.22 lit/sec and
o = 50mm
19.93
HI = 1000 m
HI I'lor 5() m = 19.93 x 50

1000
= 0.996 m
Say 1 III
Terminal head required atpoint (9) = 4 m (single story)
Ground level at point (9) =99.00
Hydraulic gradient at point (9) = 99 + 4 = 103 m
Friction loss inpi~ (8-9) =1m
Hydraulic gradient required at point (8) = 103 + 1 =104 m
Ground-level at point (8) = 99.00
Terminal head at point (8) = 104 - 99 = 5 m.
", ,"
Pipe (F-8)
Q = 2.44 lit/sec
L = 150m
d = -../2.44 x 4 55 0
~(lO00 x 1 x 3.14) = rom Adopt 65 mm
From Hazen William's Table
20.05
H1= 1000 m
HI for (F-8) = 20.05

1000 x 150 =3m
Hydraulic gradient required at point (F) = 104 + 3
= 107m
Ground level at (F) = 102.60
Terminal head at point F = 107 - 102.6

i \
= 4.4 m (Ok)
Pipe (F-5)
Q = 0.87litlsec
L = 80m
d = -../0.87 x 4 33 0'
.. --J(1000 x 1 x 3.14) = .. mm Adbpt 40 rom
Friction loss from Hazen William's Table
For 80 m
= 32.76 x 80
1000
= 262
. m
Hydraulic gradient at point (F) = 107m
Hydraulic gradient at point (5)= 107 - 2.62.= 104.38m
Ground level at point (5) = 100
Terminal head at point (5) =

104.38 - 100
.= 4.38 m (Ok)
Pipe (F-6)
Q = 1.94lit/sec
L = 50m
_ --J1.94 x 4
d - ~(1000 x 1 x 3.14) = 49 mm Adopt 50mm
HI as per Hazen William's Table. for 50m

H = 44.63 x 50
I 1000
= 223
.. m
Hydraulic gradient at point F = 107 m
Hydraulic gradient at point (6) = 107 - 2.23
= 104.77m
Ground level at point (6) = 100.10
Terminal head at point (6) = 104.77 - 100.10
= 4.67 m (O.K.)
Pipe (6-7)
Q = 0.97 lit/sec
L = 50m
V = 1 m/sec
d - ~""'-0-.9-7-x-4- = 35 mm Adopt 40 mm 12'
- ~(1000 x 1 x 3.14)
Ffiction ~ 50 m = 40.75
· · Ioss lor x 50 =204
1000 . m
Hydraulic gradient at point (7)= 104.77 - 2.04
== 102.73 m
=4.03 m
Pipe (F-E)
Q = 5.25 lit/sec
L = 80m
V = 1 mlsec (Assumed)
d _ ~5.25 x 4 I?I
- ~(1000 x 1 x 3.14) .= 82 mm Adopt 80 mm lU
J
For Diameter of 80 mm (As per Hazen William's simplified formula) J
I
HI for 100 m = 3.349821 x 10-4 Qkl.851851

where,
Qk = kilo liter/day
Note: As table (Appendix-D) does not have friction loss for 5.25 lit/sec, Hazen William's equation
(simplified form) is used
. Qk = 5.25 x 6~~0 60 x 24 = 453.6 kilo liter/day
HI for 1000 m = 3.349821 x 10-4 x 453.61.851851
= 27.85 m
HI for 80 m = 27 '~~O~ 80 = 2.28 m
Hydraulic gradient at (F) = 107
Friction loss in pipe (F-E) = 2.28 III
Hydraulic gradient required at (E) = 107 + 2.28
== 109.28 111
Ground level at point (E) == 102.90
Terminal presser at (E) = 109.28 - 102.90 =6.38 m
DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND nOOK ON PI.l IMBING
Pipe ( E-4 )
Q = 0.75 lit/sec
L = 120m
d - ---10.75 x 4 = 30 nun Ad 12 0
- -V(1000 x 1 x 3.14) opt ~ mm
Hf for 100001 as per Hazen William's Table
= 66.13 m
HI for 120 m = 66.131000
x 120- = 793
. m
Hydraulic gradient at point (4) = 109.28 - 7.93
= 101.35 III
= 0.65 m, very less
Hence re-design the pipe (E-4) by changing the 0 to the next higher size.
Adopt 40 mm 0 for pipe (E-4)
Q = O.75litlsec
L = 120m
H d for 1000 m = 22.30m
x~
Head loss for 120 m = 22.30rooD
= 2.68ill
Hydraulic gradient at point (E) = 109.28 m
Hydraulic gradient at point (4) = 109.28 - 2.68
= 106.6m
= 5.9 m (O:K.)
Pipe (E-D)
Q = 6lit/sec
L = 30m
V = 1 m/sec
..
d - "r-
6-x- 4-
- v'(HXlO x 1 x 3.14)
= 87.4 mm Ad
op
t 100
nun
0
As per Hazen William's simplified formula

HI for 1000 m = 1.129884 x 10-4 Qk1.851851
Qk = kilo liter/day
Qk =6 x 60 I~O x 24 = 518.4 kilo liter/day
HI for 1000 m = 1.129884 x 10-4 X 518.41~851851

= 12.02 m
HI for 30 m = 12·~~O~ 30 = 0.36 m
Hydraulic gradient at E = t09.28
Friction loss in pipe (E-D) = 0.36
Hydraulic gradient required at point 0 = 109.28 + 0.36 = 109.64 m
Ground level at D = 99.50
Terminal read at D = 109.64 - 99.50
= 10.14 m (O.K.)
Pipe (D-C)
Q = 6.75 lit/sec
L = 30m
d - ."J6.75 x 40 = 92.7 mm Ad t 10() I?I

- ."J(1(X)O x 1 x 3.14) op mm lU
HI for 1000 m = 1.129884 x 10-4 X Qk1.851851
. x 60 x 60 x 24
Qk = -6.75 HX)O
.. .
= 583.2 kilo Iiterv'day
HI for 1000 m = 1.129884 x 10-4 x 583.21.851851
= 14.96 m
H;. for 30 m = 14.96 x 30 = 045
lO(X) .
Hydraulic gradient at (D) = 109.64
Hydraulic gradient required at (C) = 109.64 + 0.45
= 110.(>9 m
Ground level at (C) = 99.80
Terminal head at point (C)= I HH>9 - 99.80
= 10.29 III
Pipe (C-2)
Q = 0.75 lit/sec
L = 120m
d - ."J0.75 x 4 = 30.9 mm Adopt 40 mm 0, same as pipe (E-4)

- ."J(lOOO x 1 x 3.14)
HI for 1000 m = 22.30 m
Head loss for 120 m = 22.3~0~ 120 = 2.68 m

Hydraulic gradient at point (C) = 110.09 m
Hydraulic gradient at point (2) = 1.10.09 - 2.68 = 107.41 m
= 6.11 m (O.K.)
Pipe (C-B)
Q = 7.50 lit/sec
L = 40m
V = 1 Ill/sec (Assumed)
([- "7.50 x 4 = 97.7 nun Adopt 100 IIll110

- -/(1000 x 1 x 3.14)
Hffor 1000 m = 1.129884 x 10-4 x Qkl.851851
Qk = 7.5
x 60 x 60 x 24
1000
= 648 kilo liter/day
H for 1000 m = 1.129884 X 10-4 x 6481.851851
f
= 18.18 m
Ht " 4() _18.18x40_ 0 73

I or m - 1000 - . " 111
Hydraulic gradient at (C) = 110.09 m
Friction loss = O.7} 111
Hydraulic gradient required at B = 110.09 + 0.73
= 110.82 m
Ground level at (B) = 99.00
Terminal head at point (B) = 110.82 - 99.00
= 11.82 m
Pipe (8-1 )
Q = 1.06 lit/sec
L = 80m
V = 1 -mz'sec (Assumed)
d - -/1.06 x 4 = 36.7 nun Ad 4() zx

- -/(l(X)O x 1 x 3.14) opt mm zi
HI for WOO III = 49.53 m
Hf t·or 8() m. -- 49.53 x 80 - 3 96

1000 - -. 111
•
Hydraulic gradient at (B) = 110.82
Friction loss = 3.96 m
Hydraulic gradient available at (1) = 110.82 - 3.96
= t06.86111
Terminal head available at point (1) = 106.86 - 99.80
= 7.06111
Pipe (B-A)
Q = 8.56 lit/sec
L = 60m
d - "8.56 x 40 = 104.4 mm Adopt 100 mm 0

- "(HX)O x 1 x 3'.14)
H;. for 1000 III = 1.129884 xio" x Qkl.851851
Qk = 8.56 x ~)(~ 60 x 24 =+ 739.58 kiloliter/day
HI for 1000 m = 1.129884 x 10-4 x 739.581.851851 = 23.22 m
H;. for 60 m = 23.;~~ 60 = 1.39 m
Hydraulic gradient at point (B) = 110.82 m
Hydraulic gradient at point (A) = 110.82 + 1.39 = 112.21 m
Level of the floor of overhead tank is to be fixed at 112.211n
Ground level at over head tank site (A) = 100m
Height from ground to floor of over head tank = 112.21 - 100.00 = 12.21 m (Fig. 10.6)
(5m x 3m x 2.20m)
Inlet Pipe
Over head tank
Floor Level 12.21 ,.
TE
......
N
C\i
......
~====.=-
1 GL 100.00
Fig. 10.6. Roof tank arrangements

Capacity of Overhead Tank
Daily requirement of water = 600 x 100 = 60,000 lit/day
.
.A ssummg a 2"1 day storage
Storage capacity of over head tank = 60,~00 = 30,000 lit
= 301113
Adopt an overhead tank of size 5 111 x 3 III x 2.20 III
(0.20 III is for free board inside the tank)

CHAPTER 11
GARDEN WATER SUPPLY AND FOUNTAIN
A. GARDEN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Requirement of water for gardening is taken as~of the potable water demand. Usually, this
quantity is added in the total requirement and pipeline network is designed accordingly.
Some-times. garden water is separated from potable water due to reasons such as availability of
non-potable water in abundance, suitable for gardening, requirement of huge quantity of garden water.
scarcity of potable water to spare for gardening etc.
In such cases a separate garden water pipe line network is designed and executed. It is usually
considered that all garden water taps are not working together, at a time. So for economic reason. it is
assumed that 12 Nos. of 20 mm garden taps are only working at a time
One 20 nun tap can discharge a quanLity= 0.3 lit/sec
12 Nos: of such taps will discharge a quantity == 12 x 0.3 lit/sec
== 3.6 lit/sec t
Say 4 lit/sec
For designing sizes of pipes, it is also assumed that 4 lit/sec of water is discharged through 4 I
different points almost located at equal distances, discharging each at a rate of 1 lit/sec. So the whole
length of pipeline network, is divided into 4 sections. of equal length and 'each point is discharging one '.~
liter/sec. Accordingly the flow through each pipe is calculated cumulatively. A terminal pressure of 7 III is
to be provided in the extreme end tap. This will give a minimum pressure of 2 m, at the end of 30m long
hose of 20 mm 0. -
Note:
o of hose = 20 nun
Q = 0.3 lit/sec
Length of hose = 30 m
From Hazen William's Table (Appendix-D)
Friction.loss for 1000 m = 155.84 m
. Friction loss for 30 m = 155.~~ 30 = 4;7 m

=
Terminal pressure at tap 7 m
Residual pressure at the end of 30 m long hose= 7 m - 4.7 m
= 2.3m
However, the design of garden water system is to be prepared, according to the site conditions and
the requirements of client
Watering of garden is done 2 hours in the morning and 2 hours in the evening. A minimum of 1 hour
storage, at the rate of 12 garden taps working at a time is to he provide
i.e. 12 taps working, at the rate of 0.3 lit/sec
GARDEN WATER SUPPLY AND FOUNTAIN 113
j .;
12 x 0.3 X 60 x 60 x 1 I·'
I _
For one hour = -1000
= 12.96 m3 "
;1
I
'.1
Say13m3
Storage capacity of garden water tank = 13 m3
Example 1. Calculate the size of garden water pipes net work, as shown is the sketch (Fig. 11.1).
Calculate also the storage capacity and height of overhead tank?
(Assume that the ground level is same in all points) ...~ ~
,I " E 1liVSec. 1 LiVSec c

;:
SOm 50m
50m SOm
150m
25m
200m o 1liVSec
150m
125m 1liVSec 8
50m
20m 100m ....

20m 100m
RESERVIOR
/ Reservior
L-- ---' R A
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 11.1. - Fig. 11.2
Ans: Divide the pipeline- network into 4 sections of almost equal length and fix the four discharge
points (Fig. 11.2)
Length of each section of pipe is
Pipe RA = 20 m
Pipe AB = 150 m
Pipe BC = 150 m
Pipe AD = 125 m
Pipe DE = 125 m
Since point 'C' is the extreme end point (300 m away from the reservoir), design is to be started
from that point There are 4 discharge points and each point -is discharging at the rate of 1 lit/sec.
Cumulative flow rate in each pipe is
Pipe RA = 4 lit/sec
Pipe AB = 2 lit/sec
Pipe BC = 1 lit/sec
Pipe AD = 2 lit/sec
Pipe DE = 1 lit/sec
For pipe Be (extreme point)
Q = llit/sec
L = 150 m
Required terminal pressure at 'C' = 7 m
V = 1 m/sec or less (assumed)
d = "(1 x 4)
"(1000 x 1 x 3.14)
= 35.7 mm Adopt 40 nun 0 pipe
From Hazen William's table (Appendix-D)
Friction loss = 40,75 rn forlOOO m

For 150 m length = 40.7:~ 150 == 6.11 m
-
So head required at point B = 7m + 6.11m = 13.11 m
For pipe AD
Q = 2 lit/sec.
L = 150 m
V == 1 m/sec or less
d _ ...}(2 x 4)
= 50.5 mm Adopt 65 mm 0 pipe
- "(1000 X 1 X 3.14)
From Hazen William's table
Q = 2 lit/sec.
o == 65 nun
Friction loss = 15.82 m for 1000 in
For 150 III IengtI1= 15.82 x 150 -- 2 ..-,")7 111

1000
Head required at point A = 13.11 + 2.37 = 15.48 m

For pipe RA
Q = 4 lit/sec.
L = 20m
V = 1 m/sec or Jess
d == "r-(4-X-4-) == 71.38 nun Adopt 80 mm 0 pi pe
.• "(1()(X) x 1 X 3.14)
. Friction Joss as per Hazen William's table
= 17.23111 for 1000 m
17.23 x 20
For 20 m = 1000 = 0.34 m t
~
Head required at point 'R' = 15.48 m + 0.34 m \

I
\
= 15.82 m
Say 16 m
Height of over read tank will be = 16 III
i.e. up to the floor level of tank.
Check for pressure in pipe AD and DE.
GARDEN WATER SUPPLY AND FOUNTAIN 1l5·
For pipe AD
Q = 2 lit/sec
L = 125m
Head at point A = 15.48 m
Adopt same size of AB
ie 65 mm (2) pipe
Friction loss as per Hazen William's table
= 15.82 m for 1000 m
For 125 m length
15.82 x 125
Friction loss = WOO = 1.98 m
Head a available at point 'D' = 15.48 - 1.98
:::: 13.5()m
:For pipe DE
Q :::: lilt/sec
L = ItS-ri't
I
V = 1 011sec or less
Adopt same (2) as BC, 40 mm
. Friction loss as per Hazen William's table
= 40.75 m for WOO m
.For 125 m length
F" 40.75 x 125

I
ncuon oss = 1000 =.5 ()9
m
Head available atE:::: 13.50 m - 5.()9 m
= 8.41 m (More than 7 m, hence O.K) (Fig.l1.3)
E~--1IiVSec 1 IiVSec-----. c
E
E
a
~
E
o
cj>40mm v
~
D _1liVSec
-eo
ffi
3 1 LiVSec
3
E
<jl80mm E
~
~
Reservior
(Height .16m) R A cjl65mm
(NOT TO SCALE)
I,'ig. 11.3.
ns DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
Note: Garden taps are to be fixed according to the requirement of site. They can be more than 12
Nos: but it is assumed that only 12 Nos: are working at a time for design purpose.
Capacity of overhead storage tank
Only one-hour storage is provided
. No. of taps x 0.3 lit/sec x 60 x 60 X 1 hour m3
.. . Storage capacity = 1000
Here number of garden taps = 12 Nos: (assumed)
Note: Garden taps are to be marked in the site plan 55 m apart (hose length is 30 m on both sides
with some over laping distance). If necessary provide branch pipes of 32 nun or 40 nIDI from
middle section of pipes to cover the whole garden area.
it 12 x 0.3 x 60 x 60 x 1 hour m3
Storage capaci y = --... 1000
= 12.96 m3
Adopt an overhead tank of 13 m3 capacity, with a height of 16m from ground to floor of the tank
B. GARDEN WATER FOUNTAIN
Example 2. Design a waterfountain of l O-meter height. Diameter of nozzle is 12 mm?
Ans. Actual head required at the nozzle to produce a height of 10-meter fountain is to be calculated,
for which co-efficient of nozzle is to be found. (8 mm, 10 mID, 12 mID etc. diameter nozzles are
available.)
Here nozzle diameter, d = 12 mm
0.25 0.25
Co-efficient of nozzle, Cn =
d + (0.1 (tl - 1Z + (0.1
= 12 ~'~~728 = 0-<)182
H
Height of fountain 'SB'
1 + (Cn x H)
where,
SB = Height of fountainin'm'
H = Outlet pressure in nozzle in 'rn'
Cn = Co-efficient of nozzle
H
SB = 10 = 1 + (0.0182 x H)
or H = 10 (1 + 0.0182 H)
H - O.182H = 10
10
or H = 0.818 = 12.2 m
Flow through nozzle, Q = Jl A V
where.
Jl. = Co-efficient of discharge = 0.945 (assumed)
V = --J(2gH)
d = 0.01.2 m
H = 12.2 m (out Jet pressure in nozzle)
GARDEN WATER SUPPLY AND FOUNTAIN 117
Q = J.lA ...J(2gH) = 0.945 x xx 0.012 x 0.012 x ...J(2 x 9.81 x 12.2)

. 4
= 0.00165 m3/Sec = 1.65 lit/sec
o of pumping main:
Q = 1.65 lit/sec
Assume a velocity of 2 m/sec,
Q=Av
=
v 2 m/sec
Q ~ ;~~ m3/sec, ;o~ = x· d:X 2'
or d = 0.032m = 32mm.
Adopt a pumping main of 32 mm, Assumed length of pumping main is = 10 m.
From Hazen William's table, (Appendix-D)
For Q = 1.65 lit/sec
0=32mm
Frictionloss for 1000 m =273.81 m.
For 10 m length =. 273.81 x ( 1000·

10 J
= 2.74 m
Total head = 12.2 III + 2.74 ttl +lm (suction head) +lm (height of fountain tank) =16.94 m
Power of pump sets in watts
_ mass x acc.due to gravity x total head
- 1 sec x ~
60
~=60%=-
100
Mass of 1.65 liter water = 1.65kg
Power in walls = 1.65 kg x 9.81 m/sec' x 16.94 x (1:: Jper sec

= 457 watts = 0.457 kilowatts
1 Hp = 0.746 kilowatts
0.457
Horse Power of pump set = 0.746 = 0.61 Hp.
Adopt a pump set of 0.75 Hp.
:.:j
.1
i .!
CHAPTER 12
.EXTERNAL FOUL WATER DRAINAGE
FOR BUILDINGS
In this system wastewater coming from buildings is only included. Sub soil drainage water and storm
drainage water are excluded, High standard drains and manholes construction are to be adopted for
minimizing blockage of sewers. The recommended minimum size of foul sewer is 150 nun, starting
adjaceristo building. Sewers should not be over sized, so as to have sufficierit velocity of flow, to avoid
settlement of particles. The selected grade of sewer has to 'provide a self-cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec,
but should nol.exceed the scovering velocity of 3 m1sec. The gradient of sewer is to be such"'-that 'at peak
flows, the risk of induced trap siphoning is-minimized, by ensuring adequate air movement in the drain.
For easy maintenance, foul sewer from building is connected to external sewer system through
inspection chamber or manhole. Branch connection in the manhole is to be made less thJUL9Q~ __ to-the
direction of flow of main sewer. All connections in manhole are to be benched and channeled along the
direction of tlow. Whenever there is a change in size of sewers, soffil-to-os.offUconnection of sewer is
most advisable, to avoid turbulence and backing .....up. ~Adr6p-Iniillhole is to b;--p~ded, when the
difference in level of two-connection sewers is more than 1.5 m. Manholes are provided in every change
of direction or change in size ol~~wers.
Foul sewers are designed ~ or a maximum pf 3/4th depth of flow. Wastewater from
restaurants, hotel kitchens, cafeterias, clubs, ect. contains hfgb percentage of oil and grease. They are
separated from wastewater by passing through oil and grease' separator, before letting into foul sewer
system (Refer Fig. 14.9). Chemical wastes from laboratory, x-ray units etc. are to be collected and treated
separately.
UPVC pipes, fiberglass pipes, clay pipes, concrete pipes etc. are usually used as sewers.
Standard sizes of sewers in Use are 150 nun, 200. mm, 250 mm, 300 mm, 350 mm, 400 mm, 500
nun. 600 rom, etc. ' .
Design Consideration:
1. A minimum 0 of 150 mm is to be provided for external foul sewer.
2. Design is to ge done from manhole to manhole fixing 0 slope, invert level, etc, of the sewer.
3. Foul sewer is designed for 1/2 depth or a maximum of 3/4 depth of flow in sewer
4. Mark in the site plan, general alignment of Ioul sewer system, taking into consideration, natural
slope of the ground, shortest distance, and location of final point 01' discharge.
5. Mark location of manholes at a distance of 30 to 40 m apart in straight run, and also at point of
receipt of foul water (discharge points of toilets). .
6. Manholes are also marked at points of change of direction of flow, grade and slope
7. As far as possihle, flows of all sewers are to he aligned in the same direction of general flow. (Fig.
12.1) Sewers of same system should not cross each other.
8. Calculate daily flow of wastewater entering into each sewer, assuming that only 80% of per-capita
supply of water enters into sewer.
9. Calculate average hourly flow into each sewer assuming that 1/2 of the daily flow is entering into
-t'.-+. ••'l.. :-"..... " ' . ... "--'",-,...---".'~ . . .',. --, •. , .• '"~ ""- ..• - . . . . . . -_ _ I'~...... ,,..,.'-'-"-'"..... '~....,,., .. ~ ...
the sewer With 111 6 hours.

J",:T ' ·:'~1-'!!·'·r~,~,·,~·2)'~,,·4@Y:ik &.!~,ft;'~~-~~~~W<!!"i~~~.~:_<
~ . : ..>
D-·_·-Q-·_·fr·_--Q·
I
¢l
¢f\ ".
-_.-0- -·0--0--·-6 .-._.-6-._.0-
FLOW TAKEN IN OPPOSITE DIRECTION FLOW TAKEN IN SAME DIFtEC1l0IN;:;;/··.'/(i,;:;i;:,"
(NOT CORRECf) i . (Co~cr)
Fig. 12.1. A~gnment of Sewer flow
10. Calculate peak hourly flow get into eac~ sewer by multiplying average hourly nbw
factor in between 2 and 4 ' " " ;

• '" .11~!lWJI
, .
11. Calculate cumulative peak flow of each s e w e r , .

12. Since foul sewers are designed for 1/2 depth of flow in sewer, double the cumulatiy.~~akt1QW.of:
each sewer is taken as design pe~JJ.Q»'. ,. . '. ' ..,'.' .
. ~~'=_ .J'",).,.~",.~.,=~,","/~~ , , .' ::-.\ ....:/. _ .
13. Assume a velocity in between 0.8 m/sec to 1.2 m/sec and with the cumulative design 'peakJlow;
design the size of each sewei:tfS~ slope-erc.-~using Manning's equation or Mailiung's':ililjle.
. (Appendix-C)
Manning's equation, when flowing full
V = 0.003968 if3 . Sl/2
for circular section

N
Where;
V = Velocity in m/sec
D = 0 of pipe in rom .
S = Hydraulic gradient or slope of pipe in meters/meters
N = Roughness co-efferent of pipe varying from 0.015 to 0.013 (Usually 'N' is taken as O_Q.13)
~ oJ .. .
14. Calculate minimum now in each sewer, which will be taken as 1/2 of cumulative daily'floW and
check the.:v'elocl(y for suCli minimum flow. -- - ; "... "ll!"'''~ai!oi<'',','
If the velocity is less than 0:6 m/sec (self-cleansing velocity), change sewer size into small Si~~::'\Vi.tJ.1.
more slope. Even then the. self-cleansing velocity is not attainedvpropose for flushing of th.at,se\,Verv··
automatically or manually with water, once in a day. . ..'
Note: 1. It is a good engineering practice that minimum 9~ze of sewer is used for maximum useful,'
slope, limiting the velocity not more than 2 m/sec. ' . . . . .,.
2. Even though self-cleansing velocity is not attained at minimum flow, checkfor peak..'floW in',";;
each pipe to have a velocity more than self-cleansing' velocity of 0.6. m/sec sothat set~ed}:
particles in the sewer will be flushed at peak flow at least once in a day. .' .......; ...; ;,.<.
3. If Municipal sewer manhole is at higher level than the designed last sewer,lift puinpjng,~}q?k
be p r o p o s e d . " ,;'j';:;; , " " ,
Example 1. Calculate the size and slope of a foul sewer serving for 850 people, having ~f~~~iJ~"':}
water supply of 150 lit/day? Assume velocity of 1.2 m/sec. (Use Manning'sequaticn)" "i""'3··f:!'·:,)::':i': -.,)
Ans, {:':,,,: ,'... '/

Population = 850 Nos.
Per capita water supply = 150 lit/day
Assuming only 80% of water supply is entering into sewer ,as foul water
Daily flow of foul water = 850 x 150 x 0.8

== 10,2000 lit/day
It is also assumed that 1of the daily foul water is entering into the sewer within 6 hours.
1 10,2000 2361'V
Average hourly flow = "2 x 6 x 60 x 60 = . I sec

-------------~~
Peak flow = 2.36 x 2 = 4.72 lit/sec
Since being sanitar~ sew~r~~t_i~,_,!!l<!-~~~~~
~
--.
So design
.. -
flow
-~ ..
is
Design peak flow
double the_peak_Om\'
..-......----
= 4.72 x 2 = 9.44 lit/sec
Q = 9.4'4 lit/sec
Velocity assumed = 1.2m/sec
2
Q=1CXd x V
4
_ -../(9.44 x 4 =
. . - ~(lOoo x 1.2 x 3.14)
d 100.1 mm
Minimum diameter of foul sewer = 150mm
S6-adopt 150 mm 0 sewer
According to Manning's equation
V= 0.003968 XDV 3 x Sl/2
N
where,
N= 0.013
D = 150 mm
S= Slope
V= 1.2 m/sec
0.003968 x 150°·666 x sO·s
1.2 = 0.013
S =
0.0195
1 1
i.e. S = 51.28 Say 50
5~
d.
So provide a slope of (2%)

Check the velocity for minimum flow
Minimum flow = ~ daily flow

1 850 x 150 x 0.8 .
= 2 x 24 x 60 x 60 = 0.59 Ilt/sec
-.!L _ 0.59
QfuU Qfun
EXTERNAL FOUL WATER DRAINAGE FOR BfuLOIN&§': " ,
i.:
i
)
rt·d2 x v
But Q full = 4
3.14 x 0.15 x 0.15 x 1.2 x 1000
4
= 21.19 lit/sec
--.!l- _ 0.59 _
Q full - 21.19 - 0.027
,
.
From the table of hydraulic characteristic of circular sewer (Appendix-E)
,
~= 0.027
v
V = 0.44
But V = 1.2 m/sec.
v = 1.2 x 0.44 = 0.528 m/sec.
Less than 0.6 m/sec
i.e. For minimum flow self cleansing velocity is not achieved.
Check whether self-Cleaning velocity is available at peak flow
Peak flow =4.72 lit/sec
Full flow = 21.19 lit/sec.
--.!l- _ 4.72 _
Q full - 21.19 - 0.22
From hydraulic
Characteristic of circular sewer
V; 1.2 m/sec
v
V = 0.80 ,
V = 1.2 x 0.8 = 0.96 m/sec, , ';
i.e. in peak flows, at least once in a day, all settled, particles in the sewer is flushed since velocjty,,'
peak flow is more than self cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec. " , " "
Foul sewer system of building complexes is finally connected to septic tank or to Municipal s~~
If the area of complex is very extensive the building complex is divided into several blocks, and sep
septic tanks with soak away pits are to be proposed for each block as per the conveniences of the sit.¢,
A minimum size of 150 rom is used as external foul sewer. Usuall a slo of 2%
1150) is fQY(
to 1 0 rom sewer, so as to get a velocity of 1.2 m/sec, when 'flowing half full:
'
~ Note: For circular sewers, the velocity Will be same while flowing full or' half full
Example 2. Calculate the contributory population that can be served by 150 mm 0 foul s~~{!f'i,:~l,f,~,{
in a slope of 2%, when flowing halffull?
Per capita-water supply is 150 lit/day
Ans.
o of pipe = 150 mm
Slope 2% = 0.02
According to Manning's Formula, (when flowing full)

V = 0.003968 X if3 x S1l2
N
where,
N =0.013
D = 50 nIDI
= 0.003968 X 1502/ 3
x (0,02)112
. = 1.2 m/sec.
n d 2 x 1.2
Q full = A x v = - - -
4
3.14 x 0.15 x 0.15 x 1.2 x lOOO
= 4
= 21.19 lit/sec.
Note: Q full can also be found form Manning's table. (Appendix-C)

When flowing i full
Q half = 21.19
2
= lO.59 lit/sec.
0.59 lit/sec is the peak flow (peak factor 2)

.. Average hourly flow = -10.59
2 - = 5.295 lit/sec.
111is 5.295 lit/sec will be discharging in to the sewer with in 6 hours, which will be equal to t daily
now. j
t
I
,..
daily flow = 5.295 x 6 x 60 x 60 .....i
= 114372liter
Average daily flow = 114372 x 2 = 228744 liter
But average daily now = contributory population x 150 x 0.8
Assuming 80% only entering into sewer

228744 .
Contributory population = 150 x 0.8 = 1906.2
SayI9(X)
.. 150 nIDI 0 sewer laid in.2% slope, flowing half full, can accommodate foul water corning from
1900 people, while per capita water supply is 159litlday.
..,." ..-...........~~< ..""'....."!' ..
Example 3. Calculate the minimum number of contributor» pepultttiori that can be served by 150mm
foul sewer laid in a slope Of 2% to get a self-cleansing velocity 'of 0.6 til/sec? Per capita water supply is
150 lit/day.
(a) When the flow is minimum
(b) When the flow is peak
ADS.
(a) At minimum flow conditions
(Minimum flow = i of average daily now)

v (turrr :r= 1.1 m/sec. (for150 mm diameter sewe «, . s
EXTERNAL FOUL. !"~J'ERDR,~Nf\OEFOR BlJjkI:?~t'lQS .. 123
v (self) =0.6 m/sec. (self cleansing ~eIOCity)

v self 0.6 \
.. V (full) = 1.2 = 0.5 ~
From hydraulic characteristic table of circular sewers

9 (self) _ .
For 0.5, Q (full) ~~ 0.04
But Q (full) = 21.19 lit/sec
q (self) = 21.19 x 0.04 = 0.85s liVsec.
0.85 lit/sec is theminimum flow, which 'is half of-average daily flow.
. Average daily flow = 0.85 x 2 ==t 1.7 lit/sec.
= 1.7 x 24 60 x 60
j
xl
== 146880 lit/day
,
But average daily flow ==contrihutory population x .150 x 0.8
average daily flow
Contributory population» 150 'x 0.8
146880 = 1224=
150 x 0.8 .
i.e. foul water coming fro~2l'l!, will give a self cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec, at mirliro4111
tlow condition, when the sewer 0 is 150mm, laid in a slope of 2%. Per capita water supply
lit/sec. .
(b) At peakjlow conditions
o = 150 mm
Slope = 0.02
Self cleansing velocity 0.6m1sec

=
Velocity, when flowing full = 1.2rn/sec (As per Manning's equation)
. v (selt) . = 0.6 = 0 5
. V (full) '1.2 .
From hydraulic characteristic table of circularsewers (Appendix-E)

v (selt) = 05
--v (full): . .--~-
q (selO _
Q (fun) -:- 0.04
But Q (full) for 150 nll10 sewer with aslope of 2%
= 21.19 lit/sec
(1 (self) = 0 04 ==(1 (selt) - "

Q (full) . 21.19
.. q (self) = 21.19 x 0.04 = 0.85 lit/sec.
0.85 lit/sec will be the peak flow, when velocity is 0.6 m/sec.
. Peak hourly flow 0.85 lit/sec
Peak factor = 2
Averag inOLA ely flow = 0.~5 = 0.425. lit/sec.

This 0.425 lit/sec will be discharging in to the sewer within 6 hours, which will be equal to ! daily.
~ daily flow = 0.425 x 6 x 60 x 60

=9180 lit \
,J
Average daily now = 9180 x 2
= 18360 Itt/day
But average daily flow = contributory population x 150x 0.8
Contrib
ontn utory popu Ianon
. = 150
18360
x 0.8 = 153Nas.
"
Say160 Nos.
L
Waste water form 16Qpeople, coming into a sewer of 150 mm 0, laid in a slope of 2%, will have a
self cleansing veloCity'or' 0.6 m/sec at peak flows, at least once in a day. This flow will flush the settled
particles in the sewer.
If the area of building complex is extensive and level, fewer slopes can be adopted to lay sewers to
avoid deep excavation and lift pumping stations. But automatic or manual flushing of such sewers shall
be recommended, where ever the velocity at peak flow in the sewer is less than 0.6 m1sec
Table 12-A. Showing, discharge and slope of 150 mm 0 foul sewer for various velocitie ,
(As per Manning's Formula)
o of Sewer Velocity 'N' Slope Full sewer Halffull discharge

in mm in ttl/sec value discharge lit/sec in lit/sec
150 0.6 0.013 1/205 10.59
---rl--
5.29
150 0.8 0.013 1/115 14.13 7.06
150 0.9 0.013 )/90 15.89 7.94
150 1.00 0.013 1174 17.66 8.83
150 1.10 0.013 1160 19.42 9.71
150 1.20 0.013 1150 21.19 10.59
More slope is to be provided in the starting points of sewers, since peak flow in minimum slope will
not give a self cleansing velocity, even once in a day. Whenever flow increases due to addition of new
branch connections, less slope can be provided.
Table 12-B. Showing slope and discharge of various sizes of sewers, when flowing
full or half full with a velocity of 1.2 m1sec. (As per Manning's Formula)
o of Sewer Velocity Manning's Slope Full discharge 1/2 full discharge
in film in m/sec 'N' • lit/sec in lit/sec
150 1.20 0.013 115,0 21.19 10.5~
"
200 1.20 0.013 1175 37.68 18.84
-
250 1.20 0.013 11100 58.87 29.44
300 1.20 0.013 11130 84.75 42.38
350 1.20 0.013 1/155 115.39 57.69
400 1.20 0.013 '1/185 150.72 75.36
..500 1.20 0.013 11255 ~5.50 117.75
~
600 "1.20 0.013 11325 339.12 169.56

o Velocity . .: Slope
in mm {n m/sec .
"150 1.2 . 1/S0'
200' . 1.2 Ins
There are different methods to find out peak Dow of foul water entering intoeaCbs,~er."
.(a) According to population served by eac/l sewer . .',.
1. Average population served by eachpoint, calculated by dividing whole POPUhltio~'1:)' ' ...~\;/Ar;
of discharge points to the'
sewer system. . . . . . .: "';;'n:}i'm~f;:;t;~~tSfi~'::'-
2. Population served by each point, by computing the area served by each sewer, :riiultipij~(bY"i
the density of population .'.' }·j4}(:~;;:;i\;'
.Example 4. Calculate the size offoul sew~r in a housing complex as shown in the sketch (Fiit12.2Jr,
-------:-:------:------------:---------..-,..-,..
GL 101.50 GL 102.00·GL 102.20 GL 102.20 GL 102.50
....
- - Road
_ _ _ _ _--"-_--4:!=22~0~m~~=:r_·40m ~::::::~~20~m~~i----------1~
T
E
~
-i.. L.- ~
GL
50m 101.50
E
Block-III
R
GL
101.20 GL 101.20 GL 101.30
GL 101.50
GL 101.70
E
o
co
Block-IV ®
GL
101.00
Block-V Block-VI
64, -t--tl'2)
-
GL 100.80
GL 100.60
GL 100.20 GL 100.50 GL 100.60 GL 100.60 . GL 100.70
1 ~XiSling Fou~sewer =
10
Manhole
GL 100.60 - Depth 1.8 m
Fig. 12.2.
I . I
" \
126 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBiNG
having 14 points of discharge? The population of complex is 1200 Nos. The per capita water supply is
150 lit/day. Prepare also the profile table of foul sewer system. The existing Municipal foul sewer
manhole is having a depth of 1.8 m. .
Note: Generally sewer is laid along the middle of the road so"that distance of house laterals from
both sides of road is more or less equal. Air vent is to be provided in the starting manholes for
escape of gases (Refer Fig. 14.7 and 8). .Air vent pipeline can be extended from manhole to a
suitable place, to avoid smell nuisances. Ground water infiltration is to be taken at the rate of
25m3/daylkm. (0.29 lit/sec/km)
Ans.. The contour lines of the site show that the developed site is sloping towards the existing foul
sewer manhole in which the proposed sewer system is to be connected. So align the sewer system
towards the discharge point, taking benefit of the slope of the ground. Fix manholes at a distance of 30 to
40 m apart in straight run, at all discharge points, at all change in direction points, at all change of slope
and at all change of size of sewer. (Fig. 12.3). Design the sewer system from manhole to manhole
starting from the initial point, after computing cumulativeflow through each sewer.
As per drawing, there are 14 points of discharge. So it has to find out average population served by
each point.
MHS
Road Road
20m Block I
SOm
EI Block III
~!
MH7 6-._ MH10 (
i
"
EI
0'
vi
Block IV MHll
I i :
I i
1 \
---
MH12
0I
f t
Block V E'
01 Block VI
v.
___ Road
Road
MH19 MHia
Fig. 12.3.
EXTERNAL FOUL WATER DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS 127
Population of housing complex = 1200
Average population to be served by each point = 1i~O

= 86 Nos.
Daily flow of foul water at each point = 86 x 150x 0.8 = 10320 lit/day
(Assuming only 80% entering as foul water)
Assuming half of foul water entering.in to the system with in 6 hours
" i of daily flow = 10320 = 5160 lit/day
· Average hourly flow = 6 x 5;06O 60 = 0.23 lit/sec

x
Assuming a peak factor of '2' (s-rne time 4 times taken)
Peak flow from each point = 0.23 x 2 = 0.46 lit/sec
Ground water infiltration is at the rate of 25 nbdaylkm (Assumed)
25 x 1000 ~ .
i.e. = 24 x 60 x 60 ~-0.29 hVsec./km.
Since the length of the whole system is 300 m

Ground water infiltration = 0.2~~0300 = 0.087 lit/sec
Note: This quantity is very negligible. Hence need not be counted. For long sewer systems, this
infiltration flow is also to be added to the peak flow of each sewer, and size of sewer is to be
determined, accordingly.
Sewer MHI - MH2
Discharge = 0.46 lit/sec.
Since foul sewer it is to be designed for 112 full.
.. Design full flow = 0.46 x 2 = 0.92 lit/sec
Assume a velocity of 1.2 m/sce.
· d _ ~r-(0-.9-2-x-4-)
- ~(1000 x 1.2 x 3.14) == 31 mmonly
Adopt a minimum size of 150nml with slope 5~

Note: Sewer150 mm diameter, with a slope of 1150 can carry a discharge of 10.59 lit/sec (l/2 full).
So any discharge less than 10.59 lit/sec will not satisfy the diameter requirement So adopt a
minimum size of 150 mm up to a discharge of 10. 59 lit/sec.
Check velocity at peak flow
Q (full) = 21.19 lit/sec.
q (peak) = 0.46 lit/sec.
· q (peak) _ 0.46 _
Q(full) - 21.19 - 0.02
From hydraulic characteristic of circular sewers (Appendix-E)

v (pea.k) = 04
V (full) .
128 DESIGN A"ND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING
v= 1.2 m/sec.
·. v = 1.2 x 0.4 = 0.48 m/sec.
In peak flow, the maximum velocity attained is only 0.48 m/sec. This velocity is less than self
cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec. So automatic or manual flushing is to be resorted daily once. in manhole
'MH-l •
Sewer MH2- MH3
=Discharge of MHI - MH2 + point 2
= 0.46 + 0.46 = 0.92 Iit/sec
Since the flow is-less than 10.59 lit/sec
Adopt a sewer size of 150 nIDI minimum. with a slope of 1150
Check velocity at peak flow
Q (full) = 21.19 lit/sec
· q (peak) _ 0.92 _
Q (full) - 21.19- 0.04
· v (peak) _ _ .
V (full) - 0.54. V - 1.2 m/sec
.. v = 1.2 x 0.51 == 0.61 m/sec.
Velocity at peak flow is 0.61m/sec. which is greater than self-cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec, Hence
Ok. No-hushing is"required,
Sewer MH5 - MH4
Same as MHI-MH2 .
.1
Sewer MH4 - MH3
Same as MH2-MH3
Sewer MH3 - MH6
Peak flow = discharge of MH2 - MH3 + discharge of MH4 - MH3
=0.92 + 0.92 = 1.84 lit/sec
Since the peak flow is less than 10.59 lit/sec, adopt a minimum size of 150 nun with a slope of 1/50
Check for velocity at peak flow.
Q (full) == 21.19 lit/sec.
q (peak) = 1.84 lit/sec
q (peak) _ 1.84 _
Q (full) - 21.19 - 0.086

V = 1.2 m/sec.
v
V = 0.62
· v == 1.2 x 0.62 == 0.74 m/sec. ok> 0.6 m/sec
Sewer MH6 - MH7
Same as MH3 - MH6
Adopt a minimum size of 150 mm, with a slope of 1/50
Sewer MHll - MHlO and MHI0 - MH9
Same as MHI - MH2
.L
Adopt a minimum size of 150 mm 0 sewer, with a slope of 1/50. Sewer is to be flushed
automatically or manually with water.
Sewer MH9-MH8
Peak discharge = discharge MH 9 - MH 10 + point (6) + point (8)
= 0.46 + 0.46 + 0.46 = 1.38 lit/sec.

.~ .
Flow is less than 10.59 lit/sec (1/2 full flow). Adopt a minimum size of 150 nun 0 sewer with a
slope of 1150
q (peak) _ 1.38 _ '.::
Q (full) - 21.19 -,. 0.06
v .
r. .V = 0.55--1 V = 1.2 m/sec .
• v"= 1.2 x 0.55 = O.66m/sec.Ok>·O.6m/sec.
Sewer MH8 - MH7
Peak discharge =
discharge of MH9 - MH8 + point (5) + point (7)
= 1.38 + 0.46 + 0.46 = 2.3 lit/sec.
Since the discharge is less than 10.59 lit/sec (1/2 full flow), adopt a minimum size of 150 mm 0
10
sewer with a slope of 5

q(peak) _ ~_
Q (full) - 21.19 - 0.1
v
.. V = 0.65 (V = 1.2 m/sec.)
. v = 1.2 x 0.65 = 0.78.m/sec. Ok> 0.6 m/sec
Sewer MH7 - MH12 and MH12 - MH13
Peak discharge =discharge of MH6 - MH7 + Discharge of MH8 - MH7 .
=1.84 + 2.3 =4.14 lit/sec.
Discharge is less than 10.59 lit/sec (1/2 full flow)
... Adopt a minimum size of 150 mm 0 sewer, with a slope of 1/50
q (peak) _ 4.14 _
Q (full) - 21.19 - 0.19
... ~ = 0.77 (V = 1.2 misec.)

., v = 1.2 x 0.65 = 0.78 m/sec. Ok> 0.6 m/sec
S.ewer MH17 - MH16 and MH16 - MH15
Same as MH1- MH2
10.'sewer
Adopt a minimum size of 150 mm 0 sewer with slope of 5 is to be flushed automatically or

manually.
Sewer MHI5-MHI4
, ,
Peak discharge =discharge of MH16 - MH15 + point (11)
= 0.46 + 0.46 = 0.92 lit/sec
Same as MH2-MH3. Adopt 150 mm 0 sewer with a slope of 1150

Sewer MH14 - MH13
Peak discharge = discharge of MH15 - MH 14 + point (10)
=
0.92 + 0.46
= 1.38 lit/sec.
Same as MH9 - MH8
Adopt 150 mm 0 sewer with a slope of 1150
Sewer MH19- MH18
Same as MHI - MH2
Adopt a size of 150 mm 0--sewer with a slope of 1/50. Sewer is to be flushed automatically or
manually.
Sewer MH18 - MH13
Same as MH2 - MH3
Adopt 150 mm 0 sewer, with a slope of 1/50
Sewer MH13 - Existing manhole.
Peak discharge = discharge of MH12 - MH13 ... discharge of MHI4-MH13
+ Discharge of MH18 - MH13
=4.14 + 1.38 + 0.92
= 6.44 lit/sec
Since the flow is less than to.59 lit/sec (1/2 full flow of 150 mm 0 sewer, with a slope of 1/50).
Adopt 150 mm 0 sewer, with a slope of 1150
q (peak) _ 6.44 _
Q (full) - 21.19 - 0.3
~ = 0.88
v = 1.2 x 0.88 = 1.05 mlsec. Ok> 0.6 mlsec.
Table 12-D. Showing details of flow, 0, slope etc. of example 4
Manhole PeakJlow 0 Slope Peak Velocity Remark
From To Lit/sec in mill in m/sec
MHI MH 2 0.46 150 1/50 0.48 Flushing required.

MH 2 MH3 0.92 ISO 1/50 0.61
MH 5 MH4 0.46 150 1/50 0.48
MH4
MH 3
MH3
MH6
0.92 150 . 1/50 0.61 Flushing required .
1.84 I
ISO 1/50 0.74
MH6 MH7 1.84 ISO 1/50 0.74
MH 11 MH to 0.46 150 1/50 0.48 Flushing required.
MH 10 MH9 0.46 150 1/50 0.48 Flushing required.
MH 9 MH8 1.38 150 1/50 0.66
MH 8 MH7 2.3 150 1/50 0.78
MH 7 MH 12 4.14 ISO 1/50 0.92
MH 12 MH 13 4.14 150 1/50 0.92
MH 17 MH 16 0.46 150 1/50 0.48 Flushing required.
~---------------J1
, EXTERNAL FOUL WATER DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS 131
Manhole Peakflow 0 Slope Peak Velocity Remark

From To Lit/sec in mm in m/sec
MH 16 MH 15 0.46 150 1/50 0.48 Flushing required.

MH 15 MH 14 0.92 150 1150 0.61
MH 14 MH 13 1.38 150 1/50 0.66
MH 19 MH 18 0.46 150 1150 0.48 Flushing required
MH 18 MH 13 0.92 150 1150 0.61
MH 13 Existing
Manhole
0'.44 150 . 1150 1.05
Note: Protile table of Example 4 is given in table 12-E

Note: Ground level of existing manhole = 100.60
Depth of existing manhole = 1.80 m
Invert elevation of existing manhole = 100.60 - 1.80
= 98.80
-
~
N
Table 12·E
Profile table
Note; A minimum depth of 0.8 m is provided in the starting manholes
S. Sewer line Ground elevation Distance Cumu- Size Slope Fall Invert elevation Depth of Size of Remark
No. Up Down late of Up Down MHUp MH
From-To
stream stream flow pipe .stream stream stream in mm
MH-MH m m m l/sec. rom m m m m cm

1. MH 1 - MH 2 101.50 102.00 20 0.46 150 2% 0.40 100.70 100.30 0.80 60 x 60 Depth 0.80 rn
2. MH 2 - MH 3 102.00 102.20 20 0.92 150 2% 0.40 100.30 99.90 1.70 9Ox60
3. MH 5 - MH 4 102.50 102.30 20 0.46 150 2% 0.40 101.70 101.30 0.80 60 x 60 Depth 0.80 rn
4. MH 4 - MH 3 102.30 102.20 to 0.92 150 2% 0.40 101.30 100.90 1.00 60 x 60
5. MH 3 - MH 6 102.20 101.50 35 1.84 150 2% 0.70 99.90 99.20 2.30 120 0 Critical invert
6. MH 6 - MH 7 101.50 101.20 35 1.84 150 2% 0.70 99.20 98.50 2.30 120 0
7.. MH: 11 - MH 10 101.70 . 101.50 10 0.46 150 2% 0.20 100.90 100.70 0.80, 60 x 60 Depth 0.80 rn
8. MIllO - MH 9 ro1.50 101.30 10 0.46 150 2% 0.20 100.70 100.50 0.80 60 x 60
ettl
CI:l
9. MH 9 - MH 8 101.30 101.20 20 1.38 150 2% 0.40 100.50 100.10 0.80 60 x 60 5
10. MH 8 - MH 7 101.20 101.20 20 2.3 150 2% 0.40 100.10 99.70 UO 90 x 60 z
..
11. MH 7 - MH 12 101.20 101.00 40 ' 4.14 150 2% 0.80 98.50 97.77 1500 Critical invert
>
z
2·70
12. MH 12 - MH 13 101.00 100.60 40 4.14 150 2% 0.80 97.77 96.90 3.23 1500 '='
;g
13. MH 17 - MH 16 100.80 100.70 10 0.46 150 2% 0.20 100.00 99.80 0.80 60 x 60 Depth 0.80 m
100.60
f)
14. MH 16 • MH 15 100.70 10 0.46 150 2% 0.20 99.80 99.60 0.90 60 x 60
15. MH 15 - MH 14.
1~. MH 14 - MH 13
100.60
100.60
100.60
100.60
20
20
0.92
1.38
150
150
20/0
2%
0.40
0.40
99.60
99.20
99.20
98.80.
1.00
1.40
60 x 60
90 x 60
~
r
17.: MH 19 - MH 18 ::c
100.20 100.50 20 0.46 150 2% 0.40 99.40 99.00 0.80 60 x 60 Depth 0.80 rn >
18. MH 18 - MH 13 100.50 100.60 20 0;92 150 2% 0.40 99.00 98.60 1.50 90 x 60 S
19. MH 13 - Existing MH 100.60 100.60 10 6.44 150 2% ~

0.20 96.90 96.70 3.70 150 0 Invert of existing
MH98.80 8
~
o
Z
"'tl
S
a::
~
~
,. ..
\-..
...·L .
l~ __ .~ __) ',. __ ., .' 'L•. _.____ L:. _
EXTERNAL FOUL WATER DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS
Assuming a peak factor of '2'

Peak hourly flow = 0.277 x 2
= 0.55liVsec.
Since foul sewer is designed for 112 full
Peak design flow = 0.55 x 2 ' ..... :,'...
= 1.1 liVsec.
V = 1.2 m/sec.
·
0 of sewer MH 1 M H2 = _J -'-l (1.1 x 41
= 34mm
v (1000 x 1.2 x 3.14)
Adopt a minimum size of 150mm with a slope of 5~
Like wise. cumulative flow of each sewer can be calcul~~<t~d tl]L~ew~I_~y~teIJl can be designed
accordingly.
For each sewer, velocity at peak flow is also to be calculated and if the velocity is less than 0.6m1sec,
flushing of sewer with water is to be recommended once in a day.
MH3I1 MH1/1 Road MH 1/2

MH2!1 MH2!2 MH3I2
o-!
SP
ST. 1 Block I Block II
Block III SP
"
III
0
a:
ST - Sepnc tank
SP . Soak away Pit
MH· Manhole
ST·II) SP
/,-------,
Mh4/5
()-jr-
i -~
ST·IV BIOCkV
Sp , T
g..
MH3/5 Mh2l5 MH1/5
l I
I
Fil!. 12.4.
If there is no Municipal sewer, near by, foul water is to be treated in septic tanks and effluent is to be
disposed through soak away pits or dispersion trenches.
In example (4) each block is to be provided with a septic tank, and soak away pits, if there is no
Municipal sewer near by. They are to be located conveniently near each block taking benefit of the slope
of ground. Soak away pits and dispersion trenches are to be located at least 20· m away from drinking
water source to avoid water pollution
The locations of septic tanks and soak away pits of example (4) are shown in Fig. 12.4.
Some Engineers design foul sewer system of building complexes, for the self cleansing velocity of
0.6m/sec at peak flow, to avoid steeper gradient and deeper earth work excavation. This is on the
assumption that particles, which are settled in sewer during minimum flow, should be flushed out in peak
flow at least once in a day. However it is advisable to adopt a velocity of 1.2m/sec for designing foul
sewer system of building complexes to avoid blockage of sewers. Foul sewer system of cities and towns
are usually designed for the self-cleansing velocity of 0.6m/sec at peak flow to avoid deeper excavation.
Table-12-F. Showing slope and discharge of various sizes of sewers for a self cleansing
0003968 D2I3 • SI/2
velocity of 0.6 rnIsec as per Manning's formula. V = ' N
..
S. No. 0 Self cleaning Slope Full discharge 1/2 full discharge
in mm velocity lit/sec. lit/sec
1. 150 0.6 mlsec 0.00488 10.58 5.29
2. 200 0.6 mlsec 0.0033 18.83 9.41
3. 250 0.6 mlsec 0.00247 29.45 14.72
4. 300 0.6 mlsec 0.00193 42.40 21.20
5. 350 0.6 mlsec 0.00157 57.71 28.85
6. 400 0.6 mlsec 0.00132 75.38 37.69
7. 450 0.6 mlsec 0.00112 95.41 47.70
8. 500 0.6 mlsec 0.00098 117.80 58.90
9. 600 0.6 mlsec 0.00077 169.63 84.81
10. 700 0.6 mlsec 0.00062 230.90 115.45
Note: For designing size of foul sewer, flowing 1/2 full, with a self cleansing velocity of 0.6 m/sec at
peak flow, the following procedure can be followed.
From the above table adopt a size of sewer, with slope, having a 1/2 full discharge equal or less than
the required peak discharge and check for actual velocity at peak flow.
Example S. Calculate the size of a Municipal foul sewer, when peak flow is 23 lit/sec? Sewer is to
be designed for flowing 1/2 full with a self-cleansing. velocity of 0.6 m/sec
ADS.
Peak flow =23 lit/sec

Peak design flow =23 lit/sec x 2, (sanitary sewer is designed for 1/2 full)
=461it/sec
From table 12 - F
Size of sewer, which discharges less, -or equal to 46 lit/sec is to be found
Adopted Q full = 42.40 lit/sec, Diameter 300mm, with a slope of 0.00193.
q (peak) _ ---1L _
. Q (full) - 42.40 - 0.54,
:"i
j
From hydraulic characteristic of circular pipe (Appendix-E)
v (peak) _.
For 0.54, V (full) - 1.02
V = 0.6 m/sec.
,
v (peak) = 0.6 x 1.02 = 0.612m/sec. > 0.6 m1sec.
.
. At peak. flow velocity = 0.612 m/sec Hence Ok
So adopt a size of sewer 300 mm with a slope of 0.00193
:i
I
)
CHAPTER 13
EXTERNAL STORM WATER DRAINAGE
FOR BUIIJDINGS
Run off contribution to each sewer is to be known for designing storm sewers. Rational formula is 1
commonly used to find run' off. ... J-
As per Rational formula
CxlxA 3
Q = 60 x 60 x 1000 m /sec.
where,
.Q = run off in m3/sec
A = Area drained in m2
C = Impermeability factor
=
I Rainfall intensity in mm/hour
TIme of concentration of a drainage area is to be estimated for selecting appropriate value of
intensity of rainfall. TIme of concentration is the time required for the runoff to enter into sewer plus the
time of now in the sewer to the point under design.
For designing sewers, duration of rainfall is taken equal to the time of concentration since this will
give maximum discharge of storm water from an area.
Intensity of rainfall reduces, while duration of rainfall increases. Also intensity of rainfall increases
while frequency (return period) increases. Storm sewer system of building complexes is usually designed
for a particular intensity of rainfall, falling for a duration of 15 minutes with a return period of 2 years, as
the extend of drainage area is limited. A constant intensity of rainfall is taken for designing external
storm sewer system.
In the absence of rainfall data, intensity of rainfall can reasonably be assumed between 40 mm/hour
to 60 mmlhour for a duration of 15 minutes and for a return period of 2 years. (If possible actual value
for intensity of rainfall is to be assessed as per rainfall data available at that place)
In the key plan, general layout of storm drainage is to be decided at first, identifying main and
branch sewers, considering natural slope of drainage area and location of out fall or existing Municipal
--~~ ~--6
- -.[1
E E
E
a
E
a
a a
C\J C\J
-e- -&
To Out fall
MH
MH - Manhole
IC - Inspection Chamber
Fig. 13.1. Arrangement of Down pipe and storm drain DP - Down pipe
'. ;..,,::e·'f.±t{~~\~:.jt ,
, ,~,_, ". " 1 "<,e..,,> >:<J.~' ;·:~:·_:'r p~/~<;;L·., ·,·):{b
EXTERNAL STORM Wt\lER DRM~~G~,~qtt;B.:lfW~~~,~··i<-?r.?~h,·~j;r!ii;;;)~iS.%~,]~~
:~i;a~::=tII~~::~:i~rar~~:~~tt~~t.Ii'~
Storm run off from buildings, coming' thrO!Igh,rain~terdoWl'l'pipe,>. ',"",,/
drain or an inspection chamber or a mat.-mole bra gtiily.AccesSshOuld. ~"~~Q~!;:,,~,:
dOWn pipe for redding, if connected directly to adrainrThere ar:e two inajl)it~·s.'·'o,f,'
(gullies). They are ," "
"
1. Vertical type (kerb gullies) ,' ,,
2. Horizontal type (grated gullies) , " ' . ',"
The quantity of storm water that canbe <4-ainedJ)y a kerb gully is comparatively'less
grated gully. The following dimensions of gull* pots attt generally used. :. ' ' .
1. 380 mm x 360 rom (less than 10m wid~ road)
2.500 nun x 300 nun (greater than 10 m wide road) " ~ ~.,
The depth of storm water

. COv¢rGr~ting$
gully is fixed such that, a man lQinm>t 100mm
can clean it with his hands. So
the depth usually given will not
be more than 90 em, A sand trap
of 25 em (minimum) below
E
u
. '36cm T @ 3o'mm6lCi' .'
.120mrn Flee .
, ' '
g . Drain Pipe$200~rn
invert of out let pipe is provided ':
to remove ,sand' and silt from
storm water, prior to discharge
in to storm water drainage
system. (Fig. 13.2)
1
Storm water gully may be Section
connected directly to a drain or r.--36cm~
to an inspection chamber or to a
manhole. If it is directly
connected to a drain, suitable E
'T
rodding access is to be pro S I
vided. It is advisable to connect
gully to main sewer through
manhole.
1
The frames of gully should Fig. 13.2. Plan of Grated Gully
be at least having a bearing ,.;/,';"
width of 1/2 of the wall thickness of gully pot. The holes of grating are to be perpendicular to thii:t§i
and the longer side of gully is to be parallel to tile road. ' ' ' ; '(
Gullies are placed at a distance of 20 to, 40 nl apart. TIley are fixed on either sides or on~~j~~';'
road, according to the slope and width of road. - ,. ,'.", ,
Catch pits are also used to collect.storm water, considering economy. Catch pi~ wiH:se(X~:tJ1~'PMt
of ~Otll grat~d ~ and manhole.. One, c~tch ~it is di~ectly connected to the other catchpit~jtJi"~'~;>I>(':''
navmg required slope. Grated honzontal inlet IS provided to collect storm Water. A sand trap,o.f,,'50"clll;
below the invert of out going pipe is provided in it to collect dirt and sand. TIle sizepfcaJc;\)..l?:i:l:';·' ," .'
!!!!Jl-?< 600 nml with variable depths. For deeper catch pits, 8{)(j mmx 800 mm sizeis~~ls6 g~¥,
13.3). Design of sewer is done from catch pit to catch pitin the same.way as that of storm seVle~'~Y~it~'\"'}/,:"i
Example 1. Calculate the area drained bv grated type storm water gully of size 3801Jli:!i.,~,~~~·l;~;b~';i.;:f:;t
placed at 20 tn apart along tile road on both sides? Tile widtli oJ road is 8 m and inlensity9.t,;f~{l1Jfl#L;.lt~L'?{
601/l1l111101II: ';i;;;;;;Fk,~';; "i"
Ans. It is assumed that IlO rainwater over flows the k e r h . > ' "~\;':;7 ,,,. "".""',
Cover Gratings 1Omm x 100mm @ 30mm c/c

(
T "., .::to.
~ f 1
00mm
Depth
Varying
~
V.
-
60cm
-
--
1;1---150mn:t RCC
,
-- ~l--cll16mmSteel bar Rugs @

.~
300mmC/C
f '. ~;
l :~
-, "T
T
1 .'
.IJ
:
-
-
50cm
:v:·.·.· ·15·.····;:.:· '"'

t
(I
..
Ii
Section
T'
E
g 1
1 ......- - 6ocml-----<-1
(NOT TO SCALE) Fig. 13.3. Plan of Catch pit
Kerb height = 120mm (Fig. 13.4)
Cross- sectional slope of road near kerb = 8%
/--8=bxY=1500mm---l Road
Grated Gully 380mmx360mrn
Fig. 13.4. Showing Cross-section of Rood

Depth of flow of rain water = 120 mm (same as kerb height)
i.e. 'Y' = 120mm
. depth 120
Width of flow = B= =
Slope 8%
120 x 100
== 1500 mm
8
Effective side shape of triangular
Channel 'b' = ~ = 1;; :::: 12.5

\
/'
Assume a longitudinal slope of road ~-o;oot1 '.

. ' . ! '1/2 f
Ch annel cntenon
criteri . b XN°'
'C' .=. s.i'f
where,
N = Manning's constant
=
0.014 (rough concrete) .
112
= 12.5
C -0.001
- -X0.014
- =.':28.23
Quantity of flow as per Manning's equatio~., ..
Q = 3 X 10-6 X C X f!3 lit/sec.
= 3 x 10-6 x 28.23 ix 1202.666.
= 29.575 liVsec.
where.
C = 28.23
y = 120 mm
Inlet criterion 'E' = 7.90 X C'/16 x Q7/16
= 7.90 X 28.23°.5625 x 29.575°.4375

= 227.60
where.
Q = 29.575litlsec
Adopted size of grated inlet = 380 mm x 360 mm (Fig. 13.5)
+
Q
..1"4--+- B
Wp=360mm
/1"'It----f- Wp-+--~ L=380mm
Kerb
T
L
1
Grated GUlly
size 380mmx 360mm
(NOT TO SCALE)
}ig. 13.5. Carry over and carry pass flow

.~
i.e. L = 380nml
Wp =360 mm
(a) Check/or carryover above grating
Length 'L.' required for not to.have carryover flow = K. ~ mm
Where 'K.' is a constant depending up on the type of grating. Since traverse grating is used (holes 90%
to the flow)
K1 = 24
_ 24 (227.60) _
.. L1 - 12.5 - 436.99 uml
Length of gully grating = 380 mm = .L'
Since L. is greater than .L' there is carryover flow above gratings
. Carryover flow q, ~ Q[ 1 - ( t. JJ lit/sec,
2 2
_ [ ( 380
- 29.575 . 1 - 436.99) J
11
= 29.575 [l - O.756f
= 29.575 x 0.0595
= 1.759liVsec.
:. Carryover flow above grating = 1.759 lit/sec
(b) Check for carry pass now out side-grating
x E [B - Wp]l/2 ~.-.
Length '0.' required for not (0 have carry pass flow = 2.4
.=.:..c"""';""'--=-..L:---";""-,,,,-,L- llUI"1
(B) 112
2.4 x 227.60 [1500 - 360]1/2
=-----'=-:--;::-'------''--
(1500)112
= 2.4 x 227.60 [0.76]1/2
= 476.20mm
Lz = 475.20 mm
Length of gully grating used: 380 mm
There is carry pass flow out side grating
Carry pass flow 'Q'2 =Q x L )] lit/sec

WP]2 x [ 1 - ( Lz.
0.6. [B -(B)2' .
= 29.574 x 0.6 [1500 - 360f x [1 _ ( 380 )]

(1500)2 476.20
= 29.575 x 0.6 [0.577] (0.202)
= 2.068liVsec.
Sum of carry over now and carry pass flow shall not exceed 1/5ili of total flow.
=
1I5th of total flow = 1/5 x 29.575 5.915 lit/sec.
Sum of carryover now and carry pass
Assuming area is impermeable

C = I, I = Intensity of rainfall = 60 mmlhour
Q. ql and q2 are in lit/sec
Q ~ (ql + q2) = 29.575 - 3 f83 = 25.745 lit/sec.
3600 x 25.745
Area drained =
(60 x 1)
= 1544.7 SqII\(Say 1544 sqm)
Area that can be drained by a single grated type gully .= 1544 sqm
But gullies are placed at 20 m apart on both sides of the road. So it can drain approximately a length
of 1544120 = 77.20 m (Fig.13.6)
r-- 20m
--I
T
17m
Extendof drained
Area of one gully 15.44 m2
GUlly at 20 m Appart
Road Road
(NOT TO SCALE)
~20m--l
Minimum size of pipe used f;g~:~:;;t::r: ~:~:~:~:: ~~u~:u. Standard sizes of 'stQrfilk~~i~l~~~:~~f:":
~oo mm, 250 rom. 300 mm, 350 rom, 400 rom, 500 IIlIl1. 600IliID etc. StoneW~~l>l~~;,:Q);,:':':e~;"
concrete pipes are commonly used as storm sewers. UPVC pipes,GRP pipes etc are;also lls~~K' ",,!Y~~; ·~~;",i:~)l:·
Since storm water carries dirt and sand, a higher velocity-is adopted for designing'-;S(~,;.,~"-"" . ',p'
self-cleaning Nelocity of 0.8 m/sec 1s taken for designing stom} sewers.tStorm sewersare,·1lf' .....
~ fun depth flow.... The following table 13-A, shows slopes and discharges of various siie~§r~:.
a.self cleansing velocity of O:·~Hvlsec. . '-i~'{' ::·f".
,""/;::" :.
I
i
~ Table 13-A. (As per Manning's equation V = (0.003968 X DO.666 x SlflYN
S. No.. 0 Self cleansing Slope % Full depth Remarks

of sewer in mm Velocity (m/sec) discharge (lit/sec)
1. 200 0.8 0.592 25.12
2. 250 0.8 0.439 39.25
3. 300 0.8 0.345 56.52
4. 350 0.8 0.281 76.93
5. 400 0.8 0.235 100.48
6. 500 0.8 0.175 157.00
7. 600 0,8 0.137 226.08
8. 700 0.8 0.112 307.72
9. 800 0.8 0.093 401.92
10. 900 0.8 0.0798 508.68
II. 1000 0.8 0.0693 628.00
12. 1100 0.8 0.0611 759.88
13. 1200 0.8 0.0544 904.32
Design procedures:
In the key plan of proposed drainage area, mark main and branch sewers, taking into account ground I
slope. and location of storm water out fall. Mark anticipated storm drainage inlets (gullies) for draining I
::
'.
J }"
R d
oa
GL',
-'-'- .-
.
/ Gl
'-'-'- '-'_._.-3=1-..'.
'pMH,.
20m '1"
"
.....
.
20m
MH""
'"
- r- 20m
"',.
-I.
..... MH .--
-~-._,_._.-\--._. . : r r ',_,_._~o~
20m"
. '""
.,
. .". .
GL / '. Gl .-"'....... GL "" "" ..... Gl
, 'mrn
MH
i
! MH-Manhole
O-~-""""'->-1o...:L-l-~ DP-Down Pipe

Gl-Gully
- ' _. - Storm Sewer
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 13.7. Storm inlet Arra;tgement of Building and Road·

roof water, surface water and road water. Road gullies are to be marked 20 to 30 III apart on both sides 0/
road, if the cross-section of road is sloping to both sides. Mark manholes near gully, and also at change
of direction, at change of slope or diameter of sewer. (Fig. 13.7)
Calculate common impermeable factor (common run off co-efficient) of the whole drainage area,
EXTERNAL STORM WATER DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS 143 .
considering the extend of impermeable area (concrete, asphalt, buildings etc) and semi impermeable area.
(garden, green area etc) .
(AI X CI + A2 x C2 )
Common impermeable factor 'C' = (AI + A )
2
l where.
Al = impermeable area (concrete, asphalt, buildings)
A 2 = semi impermeable area (garden, green area)
C1 = impermeable factor for concrete building, asphalt etc = I
C2 = Semi impermeable factor for garden, green area etc = 0.15
(A 1 x 1 + A z x 0.15)
Hence C = (AI + A2 )
Select intensity of rainfall of that locality for 15 minutes duration, for a return period of 2 years.
Intensity of rainfall can reasonably be assumed between 40 nun/hour to 60 rnm/hour, if actual rainfall
data's' are not available.
Calculate expected peak flow for 1 sqm using Rational formula.
1-
Q
= (C x I xA) rv
3600 I sec.
where.
A = area = 1 sqm
C = common impermeable factor
I = intensity of rainfall in nun/hour
Calculate area drained by each section of sewer in sqm (From manhole to manhole). Calculate
cumulative area in sqrn drained by each section of sewer.
Calculate the design peak flow of each' sewer by multiplying the cumulative area into peak now per
sqm. Adopt a design velocity of 0.8 m/sec. With peak discharge and design velocity, find the diameter of
sewer using the equation:
Z
1t d
Q=--xV
4
Where, d is in meter, Q is in liters/sec- and V = 0.8 mlsec
From Table 13-A, diameter of sewer can be selected, which has a discharge nearer to the design
discharge.
Note: 1. Usually no peak factor is taken for storm design flow.
2. Never design from a bigger size of sewer to a smaller size of sewer.
3. Ground water infiltration is to be taken as 3 cum to 5 cum per day per hectare is equal to (5
x 1000)/(24 x 60 x 60) = 0.06 lit/sec/hectare
Example 2. Calculate the size of storm sewers, to be laid to drain the area as shown in the following
sketch (Fig.l3.B)? The intensity of rainfall is 60 mm/hout: 60%'v/-the whole area ;.'1 built up area
(buildings, paved. and tarred) and balance 40% is unpaved area (green are-a).
Ans.
. 60% area is paved, and 40% is unpaved,
where,
C1 = 1 for paved area
MH1 GL.1004,00
E]J
t··
I
I
MH2 GL.1004.00
GL.1004.20 GL.1004.20 GL.1004.10 fTl GL.1004.00 GL.1004.20 GL 1004.00
MH3 MH4 MH5 I MH8 MH7 MH6
D- ._.--0- ,-,-,0---·MH9 ._. -o-·_·_·Q-·_·_·O
I
I -GL.l004.00 .
GL.1 004.20 ~
MH10 If
G1.1004.10 GL.1004.00 GL1004.00 GL.1004.00 GL.1004.30 GL.1004.20
MHll MH12 MH13 I MH16 MH15 MH14
-o-~~.--0- --0--_.-0
.
0-.---0--
MH18
l 9
i.
I
GL:iOO3.80
GL.l003.80
_._.- Storm Sewer
0 -Manhole
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 13.8.
C2 = 0.15 for green areas
Al = 60% and
A 2 = 40%
'c = (l x 60) + (0.15 x 60) = 066
(60 + 40) .'
Common run off Co-efficient =0.66
Intensity of rainfall = 60 nun/hour
~
Run-off rrom 1 sqm = C x3600
I x A = lit/sec.
where.
A = 1 sqm
=
C 0.66
I =
60 mmrhour
Run off from 1 sqm = 0.66 x 60 x 1
3600
= 0.011 lit/sec.
The area in sqm, drained by each manhole is to be marked and calculated, considering the slope of
ground. (Fig.13.9) .;: /- .
..·i
145
EXTERNAL STQRM WATER DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS
. I
I
I
J"
i .
.i
I
J
"
I ~
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 13.9.
Calculate the cumulative design flow through each storm sewer, according to their drainage area,
which is given in Table 13-B
Table 13-B
S. Storm Sewer Length Width Area Flow per sqm Flow Design cumulative flow
No.
From To m m sqm lit/sec. lit/sec. lit/sec.
MH MH
1. 1 2 110 52 5720 0.011 62.92 62.92
2. 2 I) 11012 52 2860 0.011 31.46 94.38
,. 3 4 97 50 4850 O.oIl 53.35 53.35
4. 4 5 97 50 4850 0.011 53.35 106.70
5. I
\
5 I I) 97/2 60 2910 (>.0 11 32.()l 138.71
o. I 0
I 7 97 50 4850 0.011 53.35 53.35
7. I 7 ~ 97 50 4850 0.011 53.35 106.70
x. g I) 97/2 50 2425 0.011 26.67 133.37
9. 9 10 11012 45 2475 0.011 27.22 393.68
10. 10 17 110/2 45 2475 0.011 27.22 420.90
11 12 100 50 5000 0.011 55.00 55.00
11.1
12. 12 13 I 100 50 5000 0.011 55.CXJ 110.00
146 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL HAND BOOK ON PLUMBING I
r
:1
, I
S. Storm Sewer Length Width Area Flow per sqm Flow Design cumulative flow
No. From To m m sqm lit/sec. lit/sec. lit/sec.
MH MH
13. 13 17 100/2 60 3000 0.011 33.CX> 143.00
14. 14 15 100 50 5000 0.011 55.CX> 55.00
15. 15 16 100 50 5000 0.011 55.00 110.00
16. 16 17 10012 50 2500 O.Ol1 27.50 137.50
\7. 17 18 110/2 55 3025 0.011 33.27 734.67
Note: The area of building complex is 6.68 hectare
=
Rate of ground water infiltration 0.06 litlseclhectare
=
So total ground water infiltration 6.68 x 0.06 0.4 litlsec =
This is very small and neglected in the design flow.
From table 13-A, select the size of sewer, for the design cumulative flow, very near to that flow.
If the size of sewer, selected is having less flow, then the carrying .capacity of that sewer is to be
increased by increasing velocity for which slope is to be increased.
For sewer from MHl to MH2, the design flow is 62.92 lit/sec. The selected size is 300 nun from
table 13-A, which is having a discharge of 56.52 lit/sec, very near to the design flow. Since the discharge
is less than the design flow, the carrying capacity of the sewer is to be increased by increasing the
velocity, for which slope is to be increased.
So for that particular design flow, calculate the velocity using the equation
Q==-xV
1CJl
4
or V==Qx4
d2 ) (1C
Here Q = 62.92/1000 cum/sec, 1C == 3.14 and d = 0.3 m
62.92 x 4
where,
D=300mm
N 0.013,= and
=
V 0.89 m/sec
0.003968 x 300°·666 x SI/2
0.89 == 0.013 .
S _ { , (0.89 x 0.013) }2
.. - (0.003968 X 3000.666)
S == 0.00427
So for sewer from MIll to MH2, adopt 300IilID diameter pipe with a slope of 0.00427. The velocity
at design flow of 62.92litJsec will be 0.89 m/sec, which is more than 0.8 m/sec. Hence O.K.
Like wise, the sizes of sewers, MH4 to MH5, MH7 to MH8, MHIO to MH17, MH12 to MH13 and
! ..
.. - - . ' : ' C , - . •' •. " . ' .
EXTERNAL STORM WATER DRAINAGE FOR BUILDINGS 147
..1H 15 to MH16 are to be selected from table 13-A, having a little less discharge. In all these cases,
calculate the velocity and slope, as done above. .
Ifsize of sewer -selected from table 13-A, is having higher discharge, then check, whether the design
.low of that particular sewer is more than 1/2 full flow of the selected sewer. If the design flow is more.
.
than half full flow, the velocity at design flow will be more than 0.8m/sec, as the velocity at 1/2 full flow
s 0.8 m/sec, and the velocity increases according to the increase of flow. (For circular sewers, the
/elocities are same for flowing full depth or flowing half depth).
For sewer from MH2 to MH9, the design flow is 94.38 lit/sec. From table 13-A, select a size of
sewer, having a discharge very near to. design flow.
Select 0 = 400 mID, Slope 0.00235, Full flow =100.48 lit/sec and velocity = 0.8 m/sec.
So ~ full pow of 400 mm = 1~48 = 50.24 lit/sec.
.
;
,
The design flow 94.38 lit/sec is more than 1/2 full flow of 50.24 lit/sec of selected pipe,
Hence the velocity at design flow of 94.38 lit/sec will be more than 0.8 m/sec.
Like wise, the sizes of sewer from MH3 to MH4, MH5 to MH9, MH6 to MH7, MH8 to MH9, MH 9
to MHlO, MHll to MH12, MH13 to MH17, MH14 to MHI5, MH16 to MH17, and MH17 to MH 18 are
selected from Table 13-A. having more full flow. In all cases, the design flow is more than 1/2 full flow
(Table 13-A).
Minimum invert depth of Manhole is to be 80 em. However in heavy traffic roads, it is suggested to
MH1 , J? ~.
. I .
. ~.
MH3 MH4 MH5 i

MH8 MH7 MH6
. \ I
d-, -,'~',-, -, ~:C(_·_, *~'-'-U'-'
m rrrr " 'urn on' •mn 1\" -·n-'·--·':n
,.
MH11
MHlO '* MH14
_. -1=1.'_. -,~'n
Manhole
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 13.10.
provide an invert depth of 1m. Where the depth of sewer is less than as prescribed above, the slope of
sewer is to he increased to get the minimum depth, for the safety of sewer. Wherever there is a change in I.
diameter, soffit-to-soffit connection is to be adopted, for smooth now. " I
Recommended manhole sizes are:

Depth s I, 111. 600 nun x 600 mm
Depth $ 1.75 m 900 mm x 60<)"nml
Depth $ 25 m 1200 mm x 750 mm
Depth> 2.5 m 1400 nun x 900 mm, with a shaft size of 900 mm x 800 mm.
Profile table of storm sewers, of example 2, showing, diameter, slope, depth etc. of sewers are given
in table 13-C
.
Arrangement of manhole and gullies for the above example "are shown in Fig. 13.10.
Thble 13-C. Profile Table of Storm Sewers in Example-Z ~
:;l:l
z
S. Manhole Length Design Ground. Ground Size of Pipe Pipe Excavation Manhole Size Remarks »
["'"
No. flow Elevation slope pipe slope Invert Depth (I)
Vmlll to III lit/sec up down % IIUIl % up down up down length width depth d
:;tl
m III mm mm mm 3::
1. - 1 - 1004.00 600 600 1000 minimum depth 1.00m ~
2. 1 2 52 62.92 1004.00 1004.00 00 300 0.427 1003.00 1002.78 1.00 1.22 900 600 1220 ~
:;tl
3. 2 9 52 94.38 1004.00 1004.00 00 400 0.235 1002.68 1002.56 1.32 1.44 1200 750 1890 e:;tl
4. - 3 - 1004.20 600 600 1000 minimum depth 1.00m
~
~
5. 3 4 50 53.35 1004.20 1004.20 00 300 0.345 1003.20 1003.03 1.00 1.17 900 600 1170
6. 4 5 50 106.7 1004.20 1004.10 +0.2 400 0.265 1002.93 1002.80 1.27 1.30 900 600 1300
trl
7. 5 9. 60 138.71 1004.10 1004~OO +0.166 500 0.175 1002.70 1002.59 1.40 1.41 1200 750 1890 on
. o
8. - 6 - 1004.00 600 600 1000 minimum depth 1.00m :;tl
ttl
9. 6 7 50 53.35 1004.00 1004.20 - 0.4 300 0.345 1003.00 1002.83 1.00 1.37 900 600 1370 c:
i
10. 7 8 50 106.7 1004.20 1004.00 + 0.4 400 0.265 1002.73 1002.60 1.47 1.40 900 600 1400
11. 8 9 50 133.37 1004.00 1004.00 00 500 0.115 1002.50 1002.41 1.50 1.59 1200 750 1890 critical invert for MH9 .
12. 9 10 45 393.68 1004.00 1004.20 - 0.44 800 0.093 1002.11 1002.07 1.89 2.13 1200 750 2130 soffit to soffit MH9
13. 10 17 45 420.9 1004.20 1003.80 +0.89 SOO 0.103 1002.07 1002.02 2.13 1.78 1200 750 20~0 critical invert for MH17
14. - Ii - 1004.10 . 900 600 1000 minimum depth 1.00m
15. 11 12 50 55.00 1004.10 1004.00 + 0.2 300 0.345 1003.10 1002.93 1.00 1.07 600 600 1070
16. 12 13 SO 110.00 1004.00 1004.00 00 400 0.,272 1002.83 1002.69 1.17 1.31 900 600 1310
17. 13 17 60 143.00 1004.00 1003.80 +0.33 500 0.175 1002.59 1002.48 1.41 1.32 1200 750 2080
18. - 14 - 1004.20 600 600 1000 minimum depth 1.00m
19. 14 15 50 55.00 1004.20 1004.30 -0.2 300 0345 1003.20 1003.03 1.00 1.27 900 600 1270
20 . 15 16 50 110.00 1004.30 1004.00 +0.6 400 0.272 1002.93 1002.79 1.37 1.21 900 600 1210
21. 16 17 50 137.50 1004.00 1003.80 +0.4 500 0.400 1002.69 1002.49 1.31 1.31 1200 750 2080 slope increased from
0.175% to 0.4% to get
minimum cover
22. 17 18 55 734.67 1004.80 1003.80 00 1100 0.0611 1001.72 1001.69 2.08 2.11 1200 750 2110 soffit to soffit for MHI7
Note: 1. Soffit to soffit connections.
2. Minimum depth of starting MH is 1 m.
.~
1~~~~:T?~:~~~U~~~~~~=-~-W&~!i;jt,FRfi~V •
CHAPTER 14
COMMON APPURTENANCES
un
1. INSPECTION CHAMBERS AND MANHOLES

Inspection chambers or manholes are provided at changes in direction. gradient, or at changes in
diameter of sewers. They are also provided at every 40 to 60 meter straight run of sewers. They shall be
watertight.
The size of inspection chamber is such that the drain can be cleaned from surface. The size of
inspection chamber is generally 40 cm x 40 em with a depth not more than 60 COl.
TIle size of manhole should provide entry of man, and provide sufficient working space for
maintenance. TIle minimum size of manhole opening is 60 em x 60 em or 60 cm diameter.
Half round open channel is extended inside inspection chamber or manhole, with the same slope of
sewer.fUne sides of channel are to be benched with a slope of 1/30. Step irons or ladder is fixed inside
manhore for easy entry. Step irons are placed in staggered manner at a vertical distance of 30 em, Soffit
to-Soffit connections of sewers are advisable, inside manhole. (Fig. 14.1)
Table 14-A. shows, different sizes of manholes according to their depths.
Table 14-A
(a) Inspection chambers
Depth < or = 60 em; Size: 400 mm x 400 mm
(b) Manholes
Depth < 1 m; Size: 600 mm x 600 nun
Depth < 1.75 m; Size: 900 mm x 600 nun or 0 1000 mm
Depth < 2.5 m Size: 1200 mm x 750 mm or 0 1200 nun
Depth '> 2.5 m Size: 1400 mrn x 900 nun or 0 1400 mm
For> 2.5 rn depth, adopt a shaft size of 900 x 800 mm or 0 750 mm.
For sewers of 12' 800 mm av.6~bove, special rectangular R.C.C. manholes are provided. Inside length
of such manhole shall be (D -IJI..5- + 0.2) meter; where D = out side diameter of sewer in meter. Inside
width of sewer shall be a minimum of 1.25 meter. Sidewalls, floor, slab etc. are to be reinforced cement
concrete. Benching shall be provided up to the center of the sewer, with a slope of 1130 towards sewer
channel. (Fig. 14.2)
Handrail is provided around benching platform. Safety chains are also provided inside manhole.
A minimum overhead of 2 meter is provided above benching, and manhole is reduced to a shaft of
750 mm diameter. Cast iron manhole coyer, having a clear opening of 60- ern diameter is fixed on top
slab. Ladder is provided inside manhole for easy access.
~'":··0.
2. JUNCTION MANHOLES
If two or more-sewers are joined in a manhole, that manhole is called junction manhole. The size of
junction manhole is fixed according to the size of sewers coming and joining in it. If the difference in
invert depth of two sewers is less than 20 ern, that difference is adjusted by providing slope in the
COMMON APPURTENANCES 151
I'
.
.0':
'
, ..
"0' :
A
A Step Iron 18mm~
:.0' '.
..: Galvanized Iron Bar
..
. @300 mm c/c
;,0.
".:b: __
p
.
R.C.C. Reducing Slab 900mm ... I
".
t - - - - - 900mm -----:II-i
P.
.: t. ~'; . . .~; - .. E
ll)
-r- --- tV
." :. .11
.1:>'..----
'.
1400mm - - - - - I..p
I
'~,
'j)
, .
,,17
.. ' . . --
j.,. : .
: Benching
# SIope1/30 ,
~:: : .\
, .', ,I>
D
\ '. ?,,~:~~:~~;:,:,::':
( :'.::S ':': '.. 'pi .,' ,: b·' 't.:, ,'p:::: ':':. :'. i?:: :':: :'~:: :... :.~.~
\ I " ....:'. '" ' ..,' ~. ':,'. ,·,.pr·,: .,p.....Y" .,P'.'... ~~. ;-,1 : . .' :~ .
tjK 700mm \ \.. Mat Concrsate 1/2 Depth Channel
Semi Circular Channel

SECTIONA·A
SECTION
1400rnm - - - - - - /
A- ,
... .' . .... ..

;':~:.::' : ."': . -r
"
' 'J!> ' A. ,'.
-ir--.
• ·4'
... ' I
I .::.',
.. I
I
I
I I '.
..
I
.4
,:
I I
:"".
II -
I
I . .
I I \) "
I Middle Channel
I I )
" . I .'
'iI'. I
1
I
: I
I I .;:. :'
'., J
1
I I ."
.r ..
'-:~.::. : . ~ ~ ':-"
., .:~ «.
I
A--'
(NOT TO SCALE)
PLAN ,
Itlg. 14.1. Manhole with Reducing Slab
. 152
channel. If difference in depth is more than 20 R C C Cover Slab \ (ManhOle Cove

em, ramp manholes, or backdrop manholes are
provided. """'Zf ~.~. s.
~,
(a) Ramp manholes II :;':'

If the difference in invert depth of two
sewers is more than 20 em, but less than 150 p'
em, ramp manhole is recommended. Ramp is

provided to tilt' sewer having higher elevation. p. ·.,P. , ..
"
Ramp is constructed out side manhole, and the R.C.C. Reducing

0." •
slope of ramp is made at 45° to the horizontal. Slab

.:<: f-<,------'-- 1m -Trl'"fo 'J>
Open channel of ramp sewer is curved inside t= '.
~.
manhole in tile direction of main tlow (Fig. Ladder -'
14.3).
.,b
(b) Back drop 'manholes

Backdrop manholes shall be provided, if .0.2m+D+1.5m - - - f + - * i
'p'
the difference in invert levels of two or more I::::: •
sewers joining to main sewer, in a manhole is .....

more tl1(iln 1.5 meter. A maximum of 3-meter ::P..
Benching Slope 1/30
drop is &Iy. allowed in a single backdrop. If A
.r
the drop is .more than 3 meter, drop is to be
adjusted in more than one manhole.
Bottom bend pipe of back drop is turned
in such a way to give a smooth flow in tile
direction of main sewer flow, and tile channel
inside manhole is curved ~U1d sloped to join,
[:;,..;..:... ; .... , .. ;&> .. / ••; ~'4 ""':'.o:!>"'."01
bottom of main channel. to have a water
Guard Chain / HandRail
cushion in all times (Fig.14.4). Usually next
smaller size of sewer is used as backdrop SECTION
pipe, which is given in table 14-B
.Table 14-8
Incoming sewer '" t B(lckdrop pipe '"
in mm ..... in mm "
200 ISO
250
300
400
200
250
300
:
'.P:
I
I E
I ... .'
/:
.f. T
Step irons (Steel bar rugs)
..
.'
'p t+- - _. -
L __
1m
-'
"
./>'
..
.
, If depth of manhole is less than 4 meter,
step irons are fixed inside manhole for easy
access. It shall be galvanized deformed steel , - Salty Chain
':' -:i :::'ok . : :.:~:::. :: f.:

'.
~.
~.
;~
·1·
bar of 18 nun. Theyare fixed in a staggered
manner with a vert!c31 distance of 3D-em. -..----"-. 1.5m ----I
Special molded type : step irons are also
(NOT TO SCALE l
available. (Fig. 14.5)
I~AN
Fig. 14.2. R.C.C. Rectangular Manhole, (Sewer 0;> lSlj() mm)
ManholeCover
6Dcmx60cm
'. r
',Q
."
A
~ .
.' ,
:A.
~
....
BenchingSlope 1130
. ~
: .,
. ,, '
'..
.' ;.&',~,
.,
,'.0'
. ... .: " , .•
", .~
,
z:> '
..... -.... "~"
~ , "
,. ..;.
'
'
.,:~.", . p . " '. ".,-'
Slope 1/30
SECTION
:'J~:~I\~ '.~: :":

, .
Branch Sewer
",
,
. ' ..
. ti
.,
.'\'
, , -T'
t,
L:::::=l.l: :';
.:
", ,
"
, "
.,:
s ••
..
'oO ".
'1---'"'""'-I-_--,f.,;~......:::,-:~.:;- ,--:.-{:.c(
Mainsewer
PLAN
Fig. 14.3. Ramp Manhole

154
"IJ •
, "
'. "
,,,I!}
,
:~.
.' . ,
' ,
, .;a .. '
, "
0 1 - Branch Sewer
. . " .~,.
, "
. ~, : :: O2 - Back Drop Pipe
A·
. .: 'f,',~
E E .' ' O2 • ~:: .
U10
"":cri
/\ v ... "
, p'• , ": ,0
"
"
.1 ..
Benching
Slop 1/30
Back Drop Pipe 2 1/2 Round Channel

SECTION
.b> . ' '. '/:;. ' • .0' ",
. "
,D'
": ,,,6 '.: .' '.t::J' " • " "

rr---'~---+-" -..: ,..;:.'-' '...::' +--'"'+-
-.,.; --J _ _ .a ( -L\ ~ _A
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":',~"'Q': .
. ~. • • O. 4
" M~inSew~r
PLAN
(NOT TO SCALE)
Fig. 14.4. Back Drop Manhole
Manhole ladders
If depth of manhole is more than 4 meter, mild steel ladder is fixed inside manhole instead of step
irons (Fig. 14.6).
Ventilating columns
Ventilating columns are very essential in foul sewer system to safe guard against internal .corrosion
,
~.
I
~ 3Ocm'
I
-I
--.I
T,
E
wall I I 8C')
:.:A :',
:.:::. . , .' o·
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I ~
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T I
I
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, Slep Iron
I (.) E'
." 'N
8,
M'
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~ lLfJ
r
i
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I--- 120m -..j 18mmlj> Deformed
Steel Bar
I
I
Fig. 14.5. Step Irons
T 25cm <Il and 35cm long.rugs reveted into center

E
~ sunk holes in strinqars
+
~
6,5 em x 1.2 em Slraingers 3 m long
.J...
22 mm <Il rugs bolts
6.5cmx t.z crn

:":~' ,,'. " .~: d:'
:.;. ''; .~ .::.,::': . ~ . '. '..p:- : " ' ?: -:. ~ . ..L mild steel stay
-']
'~
ELEVATION
,r-- 30cm--l
fixed to wall by
16mm q, rug
Bolts Each at
,
r
,
SECTION i
t.srn of Ladder ".
length
(NOT TO SCALE)
ELEVATION SECfION
Fig. 14.6. Ladder for Manhole
and foul smelling. This may be provided at a distance of 500 m to 1000 m apart. It is also provided
wherever the slope of sewer is very less, to avoid locking of air inside sewer. Generally it is provided in
the high-elevated starting manhole, ac; the tendency of gas is to move to the highest point. "j- '
1.:
It can be constructed either on top of manhole, if location allows, or any other near place, suitable for
that and connects it into the manhole, below cover slab. The diameter of ventilating column is 150 nun
for sewers up to 700 nun diameter.
The height of column may vary from 3 meter to 4 meter. (Fig. 14.7 and 14.8)
Oil and grease traps

Oil and grease from waste water of restaurants, hotel kitchens, cafeterias; clubs, etc. are to be
separated before letting it into foul sewer system. Oil. and grease separators are used to separate them.
(Fig. 14.9)
~ ,
;1
I,_','!
~.
I:
i
-'
~AI""'" w.h G""'",""" wire M"h
T It-
f.. "70"' 99~ ---1
Ventilating Column ~ 150mm, Galvanized
steel pipe thickness 5mm
n •
; ,
Cement Concrete Block 70cm x 70cm x 90 cm
13mm Anchor Bolt, Length 200mm· 4 Nos.
Fig. 14.7. Ventilating Column on top of Manhole Cover slab
Alrvent with GalvanIzed wire Mesh
Ventllallng Column ~ , SOmm,

-..f-- Galvanized steel pipe thickness Smm
..
Manhole Cover
Concrete Block75cm x 750m x 100cm
.•
,
PVC or Steel
Bendpipe Manhole
Fig. ~4~ Ventil<t!ing Column_outside Manhole cover.

COMMON APPURTENANCES 157
Airvent
110mm PVC Pipe
TE
A"
s
U) Grease And Oil
1-
tE
.x E
;6.:::
15crn
20Cm
T
E
8..,. .'.
....
.~::
1i ..
:.t:.:': ....:.,',' .:-: ,":,'::..:~.: :.~ :.•..,0; '.: '" ':
. ,......• ' .. 'P' ",." " . '.' " ~-. '.' .'. ' ,p': .'. : ' ~ '
.1
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'. po '. ". '...
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."
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:.;~:: ::::i .
I~ ~I
__- - - - - - - - - - 18OCm----------~
SECTION
Airvent
/
. :· .....0 'cr,':--,~ .> '.: J:l.' ~.A;::,ft.·"'·' .;.'A .': ., ;6':' '/~'"
tE
:~
x·:'
:~
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g ",1
-- .)
.',
I~ ·-------1BOcm
~--,
PLAN
(NOT TO SCALE)
I'i~, 14.9, Oil and Grease Trap
CHAPTER 15
.DETAILING OF PLUfl;IBING SERVICES AND
PREPARING PLUMBING DRAWINGS
A. DETAILING OF PLUMBING SERVICES

'The installation of water supply wastewater and fire fighting systems are important works of building
services. These installations are to be more economical and efficient. So great care should be taken in
preparing desigr.. .s and drawings of plumbing services. This chapter will give an .overall idea of. how to
prepare details of plumbing services. .
The following documents are generally prepared for plumbing services of multistoried buildings;
1. Design report
2. Working drawings
3. Bill of quantities (estimates)
1. Design Report
Design Report may include the following details (design Report is not a must for small buildings)
(a) Introduction
•
This includes general description of the project with its necessity. objective and scope. in respect of
plumbing services.
(b) Design details .
This may include the following details.
• Popdfation served.
• Water demand (potable. fire lighting. gardening etc).
• Waste water now (sanitary and storm).
• Existing utilities.
• SHe details (topography. nature of soil. intensity of rain fall. duration of rainfall. daily maximum
and minimum temperature. level of water table. percolation rate of water in soil. availability of
natural drains etc.)
• Source of water. its quality and quantily.
• Type of martial used for pipes and sewers.
• Class of water pipes and sewers.
• Method of wastewater collection, conveyance and disposal.
,. Types of treatment proposed for water and wastewater and their efficiency and sustainability.
• Method of disposal of effluent and storm water.
• Code of practice adopted
• Criteria's/Principles/Assumptions adopted in designing various plumbing services etc.
:c) Hydraulic Design
111is may include:
• Design calculations of water supply. wastewater, storm water and fire fi~hting systems.
DETAILING OF PLUMBING SERVICES AND PREPARING PLUMBING DRAWINGS 159
• Design of storage tanks/service reservoirs,

• Design of pumps and accessories.
• Design of water and waste water treatment plants, septic tanks, soak away pits, dispersion
trenches etc.
(d) Structural Design
This may include:
• Design calculation of all structures related to plumbing works, such as treatment plants,
reservoirs, septic tanks, manholes etc.
(e) Solid waste
111is may include: .
• Details of collection, conveyance and disposal of solid waste.
2. Working drawings.
. 1 1
(a) Location map (scale between 1000 to 2(){)(»)
111is may include:

• Location of the building with roods.
• Identification of adjacent plots.
• Boundaries of the site.
• Reference points if any.
• Orientation of the building (North) etc.
(b) Sit plan (Scale between 2~ to l(~)

This may include:
• Plan of the building with other structures if any.
• Contour line of the site at 0.50 m intervals.
• Layout of external water supply, sanitary, storm water and fire fighting, systems with 0 and
length.
• Location ofvmanholes, fire hydrants, storm water gullies, soak. away pits, percolation trenches,
pump house, open ditches, out falls, natural drains etc.
• Location of water supply source, or existing water supply point
• Location 'of existing sewage line etc.
1 1
(c) Plan of roof (scale between 100 to 500)
111is may include:

.:;
• Roof plan of the building with slope of roof. t
"
• Location of roof' drainage down pipes, and their connection to manholes, gullies, or open il
ditches. f!
• Location of roof water tank, sewer, air vent.
• Alignment of water and fire fighting pipes, along the roof if any etc ... etc...
(d) Floor plan of the building (scale li)(» 1

!
111is may include:
• Floor plan of the building with layout internal water supply sanitary and fire fighting pipes.
• Location of ducts.
• Arrangements of sanitary fixtures, stacks. fire hydrants, or fire hose reels, etc .... and their pipe
connections.
(e) Enlarged floor plan of toilets, kitchen etc. (Scale 5~)

This may include:
• Arrangements of sanitary fixtures.
". Location of stack.
• Alignment of water supply, sanitary and fire fighting pipes with 0.

• Location of electric water heater, hot water pipelines and connection to taps etc.... etc ....
(j) Plan, elevation and cross section of structures including reinforcement details
(In any suitable scale)
111is may include:
• Septic tank .
• Manhole
• Soak away pit
• " Percolation trench
• Storm drainage out fall
• Catch pit
• Gully
• Grease and oil trap
• Pump house and pumping arrangements
• Reservoir and storage tank
• Valve chamher
: Surface drain and open ditch
• Gutter etc .... etc....
(g) Riser diagram (Scale between 2~ to ;0)

This may include:
• Three dimensional (Axonometric) riser diagram of water supply, Sanitary and fire fighting
arrangements with details of fixtures, their levels, 0 of pipes etc.
(h) Profile diagram (Vertical scalel:20)
(Horizontal scale 1:200)
(or in any suitable scale)
This may be prepared for both sanitary and storm water sewers, which may include
• Ground level
• Invert level
• Distance from manhole to -manhole
• Diameter of sewer
• Slope of sewer from manhole to manhole
• Depth of sewer
• Size of manhole etc. starting from I st manhole to public sewer, waste water treatment point,
septic tank or storm water out fall .
N.B. Schematic diagram of different systems may be prepared for complex projects
·),E.TAILING OF PLUMBING SERVICESAND; PREPAR~n' PLUMBINGDRAwiN6~~:;r
3. Btll of quantities
This may include:
• 'Specification rqr w o r k s . ,
• Specification for, materialsand their quality.
• Quantity. .
• Unit price.
• Total amount.
• Grand total amount 'etc.
B. PREPARING PLUMBING'DRAWINGS ' ",~.<,_. ,
All drawings are to.be prepared in drawing sheet of size A r- They are to be numbered;,serially>~Th~':
, best way to present dr;{~irigsheetsis III book form; The cover Sheet may show, name of project.-name of: '
consultant-'name o(:Cllent,·location of project, date, etc. " '.; " ' ;' ', '",,' "
The second sheet may contain ' r·
(a.) General notes ,

(b) Materials :speciflcations
...
(c) Plumbing legends
(d) List of drawings
(a) General note

Specimen of general notes are given below: These may be changed according to the requirements of
client. " ,
1. All plumbing works noted shall be executed according to the provision of standard code of
practice.
2. All 'pipes and sewers are to be installed as per drawings. ,
3. The plumbing contractor has to verify all existing utilities at thesite andconvince himself before
starting plumbing work. c . ~ , ' , • •
4. All drainage pip~s inside ,bujlding are 1% slope minimum, unless other wise specified.
5. Dilul"ie~~r ,of draihagepipe' frtim water closetshall be 100 hun. " , . . , .
6. Mlntrnum dial1le~r of external sanitary sewer shall be 1SO mm, ' !
7. Minimum diameter of external storm sewer shall he 200 nun.
(b) Materials speclt1cat'lons"
These may alYo change according to client's requirements:
1. Sanitary sewers, stacks, 'vent pipes etc. Polyvinyl chloride pipe. and fittings
2. Cold water pipe , Galvanized iron pipes and fittmgs
3. Hot water pipe Galvanized 'iron pipes and fittings
4. Gate valve Brass made or e ual
5. Storm sewers PVC pipes and fittings for iriside building ,
and concrete cement pipe, for out side:
building. '
(c) Plumbing legend
(Refer Appendix-A)
162 DESIGN AND J>RACT1CAL HAND BOOK ON PLUl\lBING
(d) List of drawings

PLUMIHNG DRAWINGS
S. No. Sheet Title Scale Drawing No. Remark
1. Site Plan (Sanitary Sewers) • <
1/500 .< PB-l
2. Site Plan (Storm Sewers) lI500 PB-2
3. Site Plan (Water Supply & Fire Fighting) 11500 PB-3
4. etc.
5. ele.
Details of drawings
1. Site plan, in scale 1I5(X) or 1/1000, showing alignment of external sanitary sewers. with manholes,
grease and oil trap, location oC treatment and disposal (septic tank or existing Municipal Sewer).
Refer specimen drawing (Fig. 15.1).
2. Site plan, in scale 11500 or 1/1000, showing alignment of storm sewers, with manholes and
gullies, or with catch pits, location of disposal point. (Outfall or existing Municipal storm sewer).
Refe.r specimen drawings. (Fig. 15.2 and 3).
3. Site plan, in scale 1I5(X) or 1I1O(X), showing alignment of water supply, and fire fighting pipes,
with diameter, location of source, ground level reservoir, pump house, gate valves at junctions, fire
hydrants etc.. Refer specimen drawing. (Fig. 15.4).
4. Enlarged plan of toilet. kitchen etc. in scale 1/50 showing location of all sanitary fixtures. their
water supply and sanitary pipe connections, hot water arrangement etc. with their diameter,
location of service valve for each sanitary fixture, location of stack, ducts etc., Refer specimen
drawing. (Fig. 15.5,8, 10 andl2)
5. There dimensional riser diagram (axouornctric) in scale 1/20 or 1/50 tor water supply arrangement
inside toilet, kitchen etc., showing water pipes with diameter and level, location of service valve
etc. For multistoried buildings, water pipe through duct is to be shown, with identifying names
such as WI> W2 etc. Refer specimen drawing (Fig. 15.6 andl J).
6. Three dimensional riser diagram (axonomctric) in scale 1/20 or ]/50 showing sanitary sewer
inside toilet, kitchen etc.. with diameter, level etc... For rnultistoried huildings, sewer through duct
is to be shown with identifying name such as Sit S2, etc.. Refer specimen drawing. (Fig.15.6, 9
and 11)
7. Roof drainage arrangement in scale 11100 or 11250 of each building, showing location of gutter.
down pipes, catch basins and the alignment of storm sewer around the buildingv Refer specimen
drawing (Fig.15.7)
8. Profile diagrams in vertical scale 1120 and horizontal scale 11200 or in any suitable scale with
necessary information, are to he prepared for external sanitary and storm sewer systems. In small
projects. profile table is sufficient instead of profile diagram (Fig. 15.14).
TIle following point'> an: 10 be considered, wllile.prep:lTing plumbing dr:lwing:
1. :"s [11r 115 possible •. grou,nd l1o(~r sanitary fixLures :1Tt:' to he COlUlccled direclly to ' 1 1>
Inclcpemferrtly, especwlly tor 11OspIlals. hostets. lloLels etc. m,UllO e,
2. No sanitary fixture in 111(.' ground floor is connected to stack Stack <. t b
manhote. " -. '-, lS 0 e connected directly to
3. Three independent sewer connections from sanitar Iixt .
Additional m,mhole is to he proposed' if t.I • "<" ' y. ures arc usually allowed in a m,ul.hole.
fixtures. ' icrc IS more than three sewer connections from sanitary
4. Minimum diameter of sanitary sewer, out side hUi.lding is to be 150
5. Minimum diameter of storm'sewer, out ,side' l)u'I'/' :-.' b 21.:
I uing IS to e 00 mm.
111m.
: -ETAlLING OF PLUMBING SERVICES AND PREPARING PLUMBING DRAWINGS 163
6. Manhole is to be provided at every change in direction, change In diameter, change in slope; and
at every 40 to 60 meter straight run of sewers. '
7. Diameter of drainpipe from water closetis to be 100 mm and that of other fixtures are to be 50
mm or more.
8. Oil and grease trap is to be provided for wastewater discharging from kitchen, and dining hall. and
is to be shown in drawing.
9. Chemical waste from laboratory, x-ray unit, pharmacy, and wastewater from isolation wards of
hospitals are to be collected and treated separately..
10. Floor drain is to be provided in water closet room, toilet. kitchen and near hand wash basin.
11. Clean out is to be provided at the starting point of long horizontal branch drainpipes.
12. Service valve is to be provided inwater supply connection of each sanitary fixture, ~U1d is to be
shown in riser diagram and enlarged toilet.plan.
13. Duct is to be provided for stacks and water pipes of multi-storied buildings and is to be shown in .
drawings.
14. All horizontal drain connections of toilet are to be at 45° or less, along the direction of main flow.
15. Diameter of all pipes and sewers are to be noted in the drawings.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ \()l).)O/
1. BOY'S BORMITORY
... --------- 2. GIRL'S DORMITORY
3. DINING HALL
-,
MH12
.>
MHl
o PI MH2
o ~MH3
.: Areafor Future
~MH4 filen
oZ
~
Development >
SP ~
;g
t\.'\.~ .:? I'~ ~ MH5...... ~
MH16 SP
)J' ./"~ __ ~
MH17
DC-[ ,r;jJ.r:P
SP'W ______ [e
MH16J .>: ~ROJECT TITLE ~
BOY'S & GIRL'S DORMITORY ~.
---
ST·II
t::l
CONSULTANT
20m 3 '
o
nlENT '0
~.
LEGEND:
MH - MANHOLE (SANITARY) DRAWING TIlLE : SITE PLAN '~
ST - SEPTIC TANK SANITARY SEWER "i:l
WC - WATER nOSET DC - DISTRIBUTION CHAMBER .~
DEOGNED BY: DRAWING NO.
\VB - WASH BASIN _"f}f.)-~ti SP - SOAK AWAY PIT
SH - SHOWER SNf· ~
(NOT TO SCALE)' Fig.IS.I. Site plan showing External swer alignment with Manholes, APPROVED BY : SCALE IDAm Z
1:500 c
l .
,-,~~~~':.:.
CP3 CP4 otTl

CP6
\~:§) ~
0) '~
Z
C)
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I. BOY'S BORMITORY G
a:t;;j
2. GIRL'S DORMITORY
3, DL~ING HALL
-
Z
C)
~
~
-
(=)
CP31 CP30 CP29 tTl
tn
l 0 0
~
e
CD ;g
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;;
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/' CP37 CP36 CP35 CP34 CP33
-e
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Area for FutureDevelopment S
~
\(j:)~ o
~
PROJECTT~ "~
Z
CP-C","/.
LEGEND
C
tn
To Public
j ~
BOY'S & GIRL'S DORMITORY
CONSULTANT
ICLIENT
Storm Sewer ./"
d ~ ->
----
CP42
) 0 Or
CP50 - CP43
.~ (NOT TO SCALE)
LTENI>:
L.._ . , ATCH PIT
CP- en APPROVED BY
Fig, 15.2, Site plan showing External Storm Sever with CATCH PIT
:,.~ o:-e: _J~;~t·;'-~~l;.~~;;t~Jf~2fC:~~;'::;/f;,~··~7;7t~;{~;tY~:j·;~~~}~~~~;~~~~:2~tt!~~~~{!f.~~~f£~~~i~~;~l~~.t~',:~~~~~Y~.? "<""':::.~"; 'r-.. ->" "-.~.

--- '---- .'~'.-'
-
0\
0\
MH1 MH2 MH3 MH4
o //~ ,OJ'' -
MH8 MH9
HG MH 12 MH 13,
1. BOY'S BORMITORY
2. GIRL'S DORMITORY
3. DINING HALL
0)
MH20 _ MH29 ,
g
MH211ll,
=i ~ .cu-~
MH 28 MH 27 - - - - MH 25 MH 24
-
f\SSS\S\\\S5SSS\~
'SSSSSS'S"""\.; 'is>Slr_
5,555) 5S'
1 @
2\~
,f;)c::,~<::>
t MHj7 . . - M H J b MH35 \~~~~~Js9.~~30 etrJ
ISSssssssS «\132.
Ii c~
/
i •
MH 34~ MH32' MH 31.
~
('_-' HG MH33'
Z
>
I, Area for Future Dsvelopment
MH41
Z
e
~
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~
! ..../ ' >
~
f.
..t\c::>C::>
\\1""
LEGEND /'
. MH42 PROJECT TITI.E
~
I HG-Manhole(Rain water)
HGHorizontal Gully BOY'S & GIRL'S DORMITORY
CONSULTAlI.'T i:z
~
To Public
Storm Sewer
CLIENT o
--a MH 4J
t:1
MH47 MH46. DRAWING 1TIl..E : srrs PLAN
8'
~,/ STORM DRAINAGE (Wrrn HANHOLES) X
.~.- ...... /''''''~- DEOONED BY: IDRAWING NO. o·
LEGEND:
Z
SN/·
(NOT TO SCALE)
-r :
,(j:)r;j:)
MH - MAN HOLE (RAIN WATER)
HG - HORIZOll.'TAL GULLY APPROVED BY: I SCALE I
1:50()
DATE ~
3::
I ~M
t:1
Fig. 15.3. Site. plan showing External Storm Sever with Manholes and gullies Z
c
r
o
m
c~z
Q
o 100.50 ...
o
'Tl
.,;,
t"
~
/
::::
t:l:l
/ 1. BOY'S BORMITORY Z
Q,.
-I 2. GIRL'S DORMITORY
",f, ,3. DINING ~~\ '. ! I~
r:h
~.,
-:
OA. <, ;$'
'''-'it. " (J.
o , m
<, tIf··
_._._._._'-'-\ )'
DN·40 01-\ ,' Z
''b\
,..,tl,
; :;.s -.
(3)
... ....,
. elf
'~
,."".~.;~,
/ ,<5'' ' I~ ~:;
DN·40 ·z
/0
t""..
. - ' -'-. - . '_ON_40_:_'- ' - ' - ' - _.J .~ .. ,
Areafor FutureDevelopment
CD K
FHI
'/' \~
.".'~"
r;f:l/
. \cc'
PROJl:cr TITLE -
·Ii,r@?;'~
ir;'OY'S &'GUU.:snORMITORY
CONSULTANT
CLIENT .
DRAWING TIlLE '.': SITE PLAN
W..\TER S\1pPLYAl'-'D FIREF1GHTll"~G
LEGEND: bE()G~ BY: . ..'.·lp.SN/·
RAWIN~'t~~,.;
-. _.- COLD WATER PIPE'
(NOT TO SCALE)
\cc.oc
-®- FIRE WATER PIPE
./ FH ,..FIRE HYl)RANT .
Fig. 15.4. Site plan showing.Waterpipe and lire fighting pipes

-,,"-,:.",::'.,, .. .....,,;'.. -,...
,:~:: ;" ,...•
.' ~ ".,',''':"--,
';"" +:
.». .·,,{A <...V·,'C

:>
ee
\~15~
\
If "-
-,
co
-,
, \
i
MH8
"- we
~j!lIr \ \
~150l
z· LEGEND:
°llI we - WAmR CLOSET (INDL'\N TYPE)
. J.// SH- SIIOWER
~
~
WB - wASIl BASIN
O~~
",. ./
/ / cb- CLEAN our
,-
a.
I
'"
. -,/ I
/
/1 MH - MAl\1fOLE
FD - FLOOR DRAIN
oiTl
til
"'-, -
~i
PRoreCf TITI..E 5
MH9 z
~I BOY'S & GIRL'S DOR.\lITORY >
~
~ 0/' , we
<,
-,
\
CONSULTANf
CLIENT
'"0
'o"
):
DRAWING Tffi.E : srm PL'\N
.'sol i
ENLARGED PLAN OF BOY
DEOG!,;'ED BY: \DRAWING NO.
::l
,~
:I:
SN/·
O'
":1 >
APPROVED BY SCALE I DATE Z
z'
01
Foul Sewer
1150
"
t::l
o
MH10 I
)===b}== )== )== ) )== }= F==) )==)= o
X
-----~~l--~ $150
-
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Cll.Q,
:: 1.9

.
MH11
$150mm - -
~

-
~
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\ ,'JOT TO SCALE) C:
8/ ~
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Fi!!,. I~.s. ElIl.lI'gt:d plan of toilets with Se\\w ami Water pipe
• Z
c
i.. ... '_y l'

--~-- _. -----
o
~
;l>
wc p
Z
a
~
MH8
wc
tE
~t:C
wc' ~
en
trl
.;N
<::
MH9
wc f5
rn
Ground Floor 00.00
~.
"tl
~
co ~
c:z
a
MH11
tE
~t:C
.....
PROJECT TITLE
BOY'S & GIRL'S DORMITORY
a
o
:;tl
CONSULTANT I
LEGEND:
_. -,......, WATER PIPE CLIENT ~
(
------ SEWAGE PIPE DRAWING TITLE: SITE1LAN ~
en
WC WATER CLOSET
RISER DIAGRAM FOR WATER PIPE & SEWAGE
SH - SHOWER
WB WASH BASIN DEOGNED BY : IDRAWING NO.
FD - FLOOR DRAIN SN/
CO - CLEAN OUT APPROVED BY : I SCALE I DATE
(NOT TO SCALE)
MH MANHOLE 1/50
......
Fig. 15.6. Three diamensional riser diagram for watee pipe and Sewers 0\
\0
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PROJECT TITLE
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LEGEND: --
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WB WASH BASIN
FD FLOOR DRAIN
BD BIDET
BT BAm TUB
SB SHOWER BATH
CO - CLEAN OUT
Airvent Airvent
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LEGEND:
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Z
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Fig. 15.14. Profile Diagram of Example 2 of Chapter 13 (From MID to MH6)

....
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APPENDIX-A
Common symbols used in plumbing drawings

.. ..-
SEWERS
( ( (
_._.----- COLD WATER PIPE
® FIRE WATER PIPE

.. __ . _ .. _-_ .. HOT WATER PIPE
0 _.
..--_ ....-
.-
i SANITARY MAN HOLE
CJ RAIN WATER MANHOLE OR CATCH PIT

- :----- - --- I VENT PIPE
--t><J- II GATE VALVE
N NON-RETURN VALVE
~~ VENT PIPE TO ROOF
II CLEAN OUT
WC WATER CLOSET
WB WASH BASIN
SH SHOWER
BT BATH TUB
CO CLEAN OUT
KS KITCHEN SINK
BDT BIDET
GV GATE VALVE
ST SEPTIC TANK
SP SOAK AWAY PIT
FH FIRE HYDRANT
-
MH MAN HOLE
CP CATCH PIT
DC OISTRIBUTION CHAMBER
·r
APPENDIX-B
Fixture Units : Discharge Table

Fixture Units Nos. • Approximate Discharge liters/sec
2
1.8
3
1.9
4
2.0
5
2.2
10
2.5
20
2.8
30
3.0
40
3.3
50
3.5
60
3.6
70
3.7
80
3.8 -.
90
3.9
-~
100
4.0
200
4.7
300
-5.2
400
5.S
500
6.1
600
6.7
700
7.0
800
7.4
9(X)
7.8
10(X)
8.0
2000
14.0
3000
16.0
4000
18.0
5000
20.0
6000
24.0
70<XJ
26.0
80(X)
28.0
90lX)
30.0
10,O()()
34.0
. 1
i
.APPENDIX - C
MANNING'S TABLE .i .~~
Showing diameter, discharge. velocity and slope for pipes running fun
1. Pipe diameter 150 nun, (N =0.013)
Discharge Velocity Slope
liters/sec m/sec (l by this length)
8.10 0.458 353.2
8.67 0.491 307.7
9.25 0.523 270·4
10.42 0.589 213.6
10.60 0.600 206.2
11.57 0.654 173.0
12.72 0.720 143.0 I .:
13.25 0.750 132.0 i •
13.88 0.785 120.2

14.47 0.818 110.8
15.03 0.851 102.4
15.90 0.900 91.66
16.20 0.916 88.31
17.35 0.982 76.93
18.51 1.047 67.61
19.66 1.113 59.89
20.83 1.178 53.42
21.98 1.244 47.94
23.13 1.309 43.27
25.45 1.440 35.76
27.76 1.571 30.05
. ;
28.93 1.636 27.74 ~ !
30.08 1.702 25.60

32.40 1.833 22.07
34.71 1.964 19.23
2. Pipe Diameter 200 mm, (N = 0.013)
Discharge Vel!Jcity Slope
liters/sec m/sec (l by this leng th)
13.88 0.442 557.5
15.03 0.478 475.0
16.20 0.515 409.6
17.35 0.55:2 356.8
. I
. j
i
-.J
APPENDIX-C 181

liters/sec til/sec (l by this length)
1 18.51 0.589 313.6
~.J
i
:
18.83 0.600 302.6
19.66 0.628 277.7
i 20.83 0.663 247.7
J 21.98 0,699 222.3
23.13 0.736 200.7
23.55 0.750 193.7
24.28 0.7/3 182.1
25.45 0.810 165.8
]
J 26.60 0.847 151.8
"
27.76 0.884 139.3

28.26 0.900 134.5
28.91 0.920 128.5
30.08 0.957 118.7
31.23 0,994 110.1
32.40 1.031 102.4
33.55 IJ)68 95.5
34.71 1.105 89.2 '.
37.03 1.178 78.4

39.35 1.252 69.44
41.66 1.326 61.94
; ."
" 43.96 1.399 55.59

46.28 1.473 50.17
3. Pipe Diameter 250 min, (N = 0.013)

20.83 0.424 814.5
21.98 0.447 731.0
23.13 0.471 659.8
24.30 0.495 598.1
25.45 0.518 545.2
26.61 0.542 498.6
27.76 0.565 458.1
28.93 0.589 422.1
29.45 0.600 407.5
30.08 0.613 390.4
31.25 0.637 361.7
32.40 0.660 336.6
33.56 0.684 313.6
34.71 0.707 293.2
36.80 0.750 260.8
182 DESIGN AND PRACTICAL BOOK ON PLUMBING

liters/sec m/sec (l by this lengrlz)
37.oI 0.754 257.7
39.35 0.801 228.3
41.66 0.848 203.6
43.96 0.895 182.7
44.16 0.900 181.1
46.28 0.943 164.9
48.60 0.990 149.6
50.91 1.037 136.3
53.23 1.084 124.7
55.55 1.131 114.5
57.86 1.178 105.5
63.65 1.296 87.24
4. Pipe Diameter 300 mm, (N = 0.013)

Discharge lleloeity Slope
-,u.l)~ 0.425 1032.3
32.40 ,.j O.45~ X90.1
34.71 ' 0.491 775.4
37.03 0.523 6XI.5
39.35 0.556 60 V ..
41.66 0.589 53X.4
42.40 0.600 519.7
43.96 0.622 483.2
46.28 0.654 436.1
48.60 0.687 395.6
50.91 0.720 360.4
53.00 0.750 332.6
53.23 0.753 329.8
55.55 0.785 302.8
57.86 0.818 279.1
60.75 0.859 257.0
63.61 0.900 230.9
63.65 0.901 230.7
66.53 0~941 211.0 "I
69.43 0.982 193.8

75.21 IJ>64 165.1
81.01 1.146 142.4
86.80 1.228 124.0
92.58 1.309 109.0
98.36 1.391 96.59
104.16 1.473 86.15
109.95 1.555 77.32
APPENDIX-C 183
s. Pipe Diameter 400 nun, (~,= 0.013)

54.96 0.437 1434.5
57.86 0.460 1294.7
63.65 0506 1070.0
69.43 0.552 899.1
75.21 0.598 766.1
75.38 0.600·· 762.7
81.01 0.644 660.5
86.80 0.690 575.4
92.58
.
0.736 505.7
94.23 0.750 488.1
98.36 0.782 448.0
104.16 0.828 399.6
109.94 0.874 358.6
113.06 0.900 339.0
115.73 0.921 323.6
121.51 0.967 293.7
~ 127.29 1.013 267.5
I tr 133.08 1.059 244.6
i
I 138.88 1.105 224.7
144.66 1.151 207.1
t
150.44 1.197 .191.5
I
I
156.23
162.03
167.81
1.242
1.289
1.335
177.6
165.1
153.9
1
, 173.59 1.381 143.8
t 185.17 1.473 126.4
I
f
196.74 1.565 112.0
t
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"
rr-
APPENDIX~D
l~12
'1 2
2
r' 2
Table for Friction and Veloc:ity of small pipes
.! • 2
(As per Hazen William's Equation)
2
c= 100 . 2
=
hI Head loss in m per 1000 m
; r
2
V - Velocity in rnJsec
liters! Usee 15mm 20mm 25mm 32mm 40mm 50lhm 65mm BOmm
day
hI V hI V hI V hI V' hj V hj V hI V' hI V
toOO 0.01157 1.16 0.07 0.29 0.04 0.1 0.02 0.03 0.02 om 0.01
2000 0.0231 4.2 o..t3 1.03 0.07 0.35 0.05 0.10 0.03 0.04 0.02
3000 0.0347 8.9 0.20 2.19 0.11 0.74 0.07 0.22 0,04 0.07 0.03 t. 3
4000 0.0463 . 15.16 0.26 3.73 0.15 1.26 0.09 0.38 0.06 0.13 0.04 3
5000 0.0579 22.92 '0.33 5.65 0.18 1.90 0.12 0.57 0.07 0.19 0.05 3
6000 0.0694 32.12 1:1:39 7.91 0.22 2.67 0.14 0.80 0.09 0.27 0.06 3
7000 0.0810 42.73 0.46 10.53 0.26 3.55 0.17 1.07 0.10 0:36 0.06 4
8000 0.0926 54.72 0.52 13.48 0.29 4.55 0.19 1.37 0.12 0.46 0.07 I 4
9000 0.1042 68;06 ~59 16;76 0.33 5.65 O.2F 1.70 0.13 0.57 0.0'8 " :l 4
0.09
, 4
10,000 0.1157 82.12 0.65 20.38 0.37 6.87 0.31 2.07
;
0.14 0.57 0.23 0.06 0.07 0.03
\
15,000 0.1736 181.00 0.98 43.17 0,62 14.56 0.35 4:38 (j)?-2 1.48 0.14 0.50 0.09 0.14 0.05 4
0.47 7:46 0.29 2.51 0.18 0.85 0.12 0.24 0.07 0;09 0.5 4
20,000 0.2314 298.60 1.31 73.55 0.74 24.80
25,000 0.2893 111.19 0.92 37.50 0.59 11.27 0.36 ~.80 0.23 1.28 0.15 0.36 0.09 0.13 0.06
30,000 0.3472 155.84 1.10 52.37 0.71 15.70 0.43 5.33 0:28 1.80 0.1.8 0.50 0.10 0.18 0.07
207.33 1.29 69.93 0.83 21.01 0.50 7.09 0.32 2.39 0:21 0.67 0.12 0.24 0.08
35,000 0.405)
85.55 0.94 26.91 0.53 9.08 0.37 3.06 0.24 0.85 0.14 0.31· 0.09
40,000 0.4629 265.49 1.47
33.47 0.65 11.29 0.41 3.81 0:27 1.06 0.16 0.3a 0.10 • r
330.20 1.66 HU8 1.06 i
45,000 0.5208 4.63 0.29 i.29 o.i? 0.47 0.12
401.34 1.84 135.37 1.18 40:68 0:72 13.72 0.46 I
l~
'
50,000 0.5787 5.52 0.32 1.54 0.19 0.56 o.n
478.82 2.03 161.50 1.30 48.53 0.79 16.37 0.51
55,000 0.6365 6.49 0 135 1.81 0.21 0.66 0.14
562.53 212 189.74 1.41 57.02 0.86 19.23 0.55 I ,
60,000 0.6944 7.52 0.38 2.10 0.23 0.76 0.15 v I
220.01 1.:53 66.13 0.94 22.30 0.60 i !

65.000 0.7523 8.63 0.41 2.40 0.24 0.87 .0.16 I "
252.43 1.65 75.86 1.01 25.59 0.64
70.000 0.8102 0.28 1.12 0.18
80;QOO 0.9259
323.24 1.89 .
97.14 1.15 32.76 0.75
120.81 1.30 40.75 0.83
11.05 0.47
13.74 0.53
3.08
3.83 0.31 1.39 0.21
90.000 1.0416 16.71 0.59 4.65 0.35 1.69 0.23
1.00,000 1.1574
146.84 1.44 49.53 0.92
5.55 0.38 2.20 0.25
"
;
!
.'
!
115.18 1.58 59.09 1.01 19.93 0.65

1,10.000 1.2731 1.10 23.42 0.70 6.52 0.42 2.37 0.28
W5.81 1.73 69.42
1,20.000 1.3889 27.16 0.77 7.57 0.45 2.75 0.30
238.70 1.87 80.51 1.20
\30,000 1.5046 31.15 0.83 8.68 0.48 3.16 0.32
273,81 2.01 92.35 1.29
140.000 1.6204 35.40 0.88 9.86 0.52 3.59 0.35
311.13 z.is 104.94 1.38
150.000 1.7361 118.26 1.47 39.89 0.94 11.12 0.56 4.~ 0.37
160,000 1.8518 132.32 1.57 44.63 1.00 12.43 0.59 4.5~' Jf39
170,000 1.9676 147.09 . 1.66 49.61 1.06 13.82 0.63 5.03 0:41
180.000 2.0833 162.58 1.15 54.84 1.12 15.82 0.66 5.56 0.44
190.000 2.1990
fPPENDIX-D
~
I, Liters/ Usee 15 nun 20mm 25 mill 32 111111

-_. 40111111
~~._---
...... _•... ~
50 nun 65 nun 80111111
day V V V V V V
hi 1'1 hi hi hI hi 1'1 V hi V
(200,000 2.3148 178.7& 1.84 60.30 1.18 16.80 0.70 6.11 0.46
110,000 2.4305 195.68 1.93 66.00 1.24 18.39 0.73 6.69 0.48
f2O,OOO 2.5463 213.29 2.03 71.94 1.30 20.05 0.77 7.29 0.51
f23O,OOO
240,000
2.6620
2.7778
231.59
250.58
2.12
2.21
78.11
84.52
1.36
1.41
21.77
23.55
0.80
0.84
7.92
8.5?
0.53
0.55
~50,OOO 2.8935 270.26 2.30 91.16 1.47 25.40 0.87 9.24 0.58
1-260,000 3.0092 .290.62 2.39 98.02 1.53 27.31 0.91 9.94 0.60
270,000 3.125 311.66 2.49 105.12 1.59 29.29 0.94 10.65 0.62
~80,OOO 3.2407 333.37 2.58 112.4;J 1.65 31.33 0.98 11.40 0.64
: - ..
. _.:l~u.wu Ij.j.)05 355.75 2.67 . 119.99 1.71 33.34 1.01 12.16 0.67
13~,OOO 3.4722 378.80 2.76 127.77 1.77 35.60 1.05 12.95 0.69
310,000 3.5879 135.77 1.83 37.83 1.08 13.76 0.71
'320,000 3.7037 143.99 1.89 40.12 1.12 14.59 0.74
[330,000 3.8194 152.43 1.95 42.18 1.15 15.450 0.76
,340.000 3.9352 161.10 2.00 44.89 1.19 16.33 0.18
1350•000 4.0509 169.98 2.06 47.36 1.22 17.23 0.81
[360,000 4.1666 179.08 2.12 49.90 1.26 18.15 0.83
1370,000 4.2824 188.40 2..18 52.50 1.29 19.10 0.85
;380,000 4.3981 197.94 2.24 55.16 1.33 20.06 0.87
I
1'390,000 4.5139 207.70 2.30 57.87 1.36 21.05 0.90
400,000 4.6296 217.67 2,36 60.65 1040 22.06 0.92
/410,000 4.7454 227.85 2.42 63.49 1.43 23.09 0.94
i 42O
,OOO
4.8611
430,000 4.9768
238.25
248.86
2.48
2.53
66.39
69.34
1.46
1.50
24.15
25.22
0.97
0.99
1440,000 5.0926 259.68 2.59 72.36 1.53 26.32 1.01
1450,000 5.2083 270.72 2.65 15.43 1.57 27.44 1.04
APPENDIX -'It I
J
Hydraulic Characteristic of Circular Pipes

(Partiallv full)
Discharge Ratio Depth Ratio Velocity Ratio

(q/Q) ({VI) (w'\I)
0.01 0.07 0.30
0.02 0.10 0.40
0.£>3 0.13 0.46
0,(>4 0.15 0.51
0.05 0.16 0.53
0:06 0.17 0.55
0.07 0.19 0.59'
0.08 0.20 0.6]
OJ)9 0.21 0.63
0.10 0.22 0.65
0.11 0.23 0.67
i 0.12 0.24 0.69
~
I
0.13 0.25 0.70
0.14 0.26 0.7]
0.15 0.27 0.73
0.10 0.28 0.74
~
~;!
0.17
0.18
0.29
0.30
0.75
0.76
il 0.19 0.30 0.77
,Ii 0.3] 0.78
; 0.20
"I 0.21 0.32 0.79
0.22 0.33 0.80
0.23 0.33 0.81
0.24
0.25
I .
0.34
0.35
I
I
0.83
0.84
0.26 0.35 0.84
0.27 0.30 0.85
0.28 0.37 0.86
0.29 0.38 0.87
0.30 0.38 0.88
0.31 0.39 0.88
0.32 0.40 0.89
<U3 . 0.40 0.90
0.34 0.41 0.91
APPENDIX-E 1&7
Discharge Ratio Depth Ratio Velocity Ratio

(qIQ) (diD) (vlV)
0.35 0.41 0.92
0.36 0.42 0.92
0.37 0.43 0.93
0.38 0.43 0.93
0.39 0.44 0.94
0.40 0.44 0.94
0.41 ·0.45 0.95
0.42 0.45 0.96
0.43 0.46 0.97
0.44 0.47 0.98
0.45 0.47 0.98
0.46 0.48 0.98
0.47 0.48 0.99
0.48 0.49 0.99
0.49 0.49 0.99
0.50 0.50 1.00
0.51 0.51
•1.01
0.52 0.52 1.01
0.53 0.52 1.02
0.54 0.53 1,<)2
0.55 0.53 1.02
0.56 0.54 1.03
0.57 0.54 1.03
0.58 0.55 1.03
0.59 0.56 1.04
0.60 0.56 1.04
BIBLIOGRAPHY
J. Sewage Disposal and Air Pollution Engineering by S. K. Garg

2. Design Calculations for Plumbing and heat Engineering by F. Hall
3. Neufert Architects Data by Neufert
4. Time Saver Standards by John and Hancock Callender
5. National Standard of the People's Republic of China, code for Design of Buildings and Water Supply and
D~n~e .
6. Water Supply, Waste Disposal and Environmental Pollution Engineering by A. K. Chatterjee
7. Water Supply.& Sanitary Engineering by Gurcharan Singh. _
8. Plumbing Services of Buildings - Ethiopian Code of Practice
9. Tables for Hydraulic Design of Circular Drains, Sewers and Pipelines hy D. B. Bhatt
10. Manual for Sewerage and Sewage Treatment -Government of India Publication
II. Manual for Water Supply and Treatment -Government of India Publication
12. National Building Code of India .
13. BS lW05-I987
14. BS 8301-1985
15. BS 5906-1980
16. BS 6297-1983
17. Practical Hand Book on Puhlic Health Engineering hyG.S. Bajwa.

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J

B.Sc (Engineering), M.E (P.H), MIE, FIPHE

(Former Chief Engineer, Kerala Water Authority. Kerala:

Former Sanitary Engineering Expert. Baghdad Sewerage Board. Iraq

Dr. Vivek Anand

Ph. D (USA), M.E. MIPHE, MIE, MIWWA, MISTE

(Construction Management Expert. Ministry of Public Works, Eritrea. Africa)

STANDARD PUBLISHERS DISTRIBUTORS

1705-B, NAI SARAK, POST BOX No.: 1066, DELHI~ll0006

Phones: 3262700. 3285798. Fax: 3243180

www.standarduublishcrs.com email: stpuh@vsnl.colll

FIrst Edition Jan., 2003

Price :Rs. 150-00

Laser Typesetting by ; Bhargave Laser Printers, Delhi.

CHAPTER 1. Common sanitary fixtures 1-6

CHAPTER 2. Layout of sanitary fixtures in toilets 7~1O

CHAPTER 3. Formulae for flow through pipes . 11-15

CHAPTER 4. Water supply in buildings 16-21

CHAPTER s. Water pipe sizing in buildings 22-34

CHAPTER 6. Foul water drainage in buildings 35-43

CHAPTER 7. Septic tanks, soak away pits etc... 44-59

CHAPTER 8. Storm water drainage in buildings 60-70

CHAPTER 9. Fire fighting. 71~94

CHAPTER 10. External water supply for buildings 95 -111

CHAPTER 11. Garden water supply and fountain 112-117

CHAPTER 14. Common appurtenances 150 157

Appendix A. Common symbols and legends 178

Appendix B. Fixture unit discharge table 179

Appendix C. Manning's table 180

Appendix D. Hazen William's Table for friction and velocity 184

Appendix E. Hydraulic characteristics of circular pipes 186

(With out fixture connection)

Common sanitary fixtures are given below:

(d) Sinks (Fig. 1.3)

(Width - 600 mm)

Fig. 1.3. Kitchen sink

$ 40mm Discharge pipe

Fig. 1.4. Bath tub

Fig. 1.5. Submerssible Feed ty?e bidet

~ 80 mrn Semi circular

60cm 60cm 60cm

Tread" 150mm , 80 mrn Semi circular

50mm Bottle "0

Fig. 1.8. Bowel type 'urinals

1 ~9.9_cm~ t--- 90 em ------l ~9o.en:'-1

t 0 be left between each sanitay fixture ~ ID \

f = co-efficient of friction (0,007)

1 == length of pipe in meter

v ::: velocity of flow in m/sec •

g == acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m1sec2

d == diameter of pipe in meter.

Chezy's formula is also derived in the same way as Darcy's formula.

V == velocity of flow in m/sec

. nt ::: hydraulic mean depth

::: Cross sectional area of flowlIength of wetted perimeter

i ::: slope or fall

Chezy's constant can be found from the relation

Darcy's equation Hf = 4{t;2 (;!(

V = velocity of flow in m/sec

HI = hydraulic gradient or friction loss of head in meter/lOOOm

C = co-efficient, depending upon roughness of pipe .

(Varying from 80 to 140)

V = (3 x 2 x 9.81 X 0.050)112 = 1.15 m/sec.

Q =A x V = ( 1C tJ x 1.15 = (3.~42 ) x 0.05 x 0.05 x 1.15

rates in liters/sec (use Probability equa