X-Science GA- 4

Chapter - 2 - NOTES
1) Acids
a) Acids have a sour taste
b) Acids turns blue litmus to red
c) Acid solutions conduct electricity (they are electrolytes)
d) Acids present in plant materials and animals are called Organic Acids.
a) Acetic Acid (Ethanoic Acid) present in Vinegar
b) Citric Acid present in Lemons and Oranges
c) Lactic Acid present in Sour milk or Curd
d) Tartaric Acid present in Tamarind & Unripe Grapes
e) Oxalic Acid present in Tomatoes
f) Formic Acid or Methanoic acid present in Ant Sting & Nettle Leaf Sting.
e) Acids prepared from the minerals of the earth are called Mineral Salts.
a) Hydrochloric Acid b) Sulphuric Acid c) Nitric Acid
f) An acid which is completely ionized in water and thus produces a large amount of hydrogen ions is called a
strong acid. For e.g. Hydrochloric Acid(HCl), Sulphuric Acid(H2SO4) and Nitric Acid(HNO3).
g) An acid which is partially ionized in water and thus produces a small amount of hydrogen ions is called a weak
acid. For e.g. Acetic Acid, Carbonic Acid(H2CO3) and Sulphurous Acid(H2SO3)
h) Acids react with active metals to give hydrogen gas.
Zn(s) +
Zinc
H2SO4(aq)
Sulphuric acid
 ZnSO4(aq)
Zinc Sulphate
+ H2(g)
Hydrogen
M Y
i) Reaction between Metal hydrogen carbonate and Acid
NaHCO 3 + HCl  NaCl +

D E H 2O + CO 2

A
Sodium hydrogen Hydrochloric Sodium Chloride Water Carbon
Carbonate Acid Dioxide
j) Reaction between Metal carbonate and Acid
Na 2 CO 3 + 2HCl

A 
C
2NaCl + H 2O + CO 2
Sodium Carbonate

NaOH(aq) +
U J I
Hydrochloric
Acid
Sodium Chloride Water Carbon
Dioxide
k) Reaction between an acid and a base to form salt and water is known as Neutralization Reaction.
HCl(aq)  NaCl(aq) + H 2O

(base)

U R
Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric
acid
Sodium
chloride (salt)
l) Acids react with metal oxides to form salt and water
Water

G CuO(s)
Copper oxide
acid
+ HCl(aq)
Hydrochloric
chloride
 CuCl2(aq)
Copper
+ H2O(l)
Water

m) Acids have corrosive nature i.e. causes severe burns on the skin and attack and eat up materials like cloth,
wood, metal structures and stonework.
n) An acid is a substance which dissociates(ionises) on dissolving in water to produce hydrogen ions(H+(aq)
ions)
i. HCl(aq)  H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
Hydrochloric acid Hydrogen ions Chlorine ions
ii. H2 SO 4  2H+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Sulphuric Acid Hydrogen ions Sulphate ions
iii. HNO 3  H+(aq) + NO 3-
Nitric Acid Hydrogen ions Nitrate ions
-
iv. CH3COOH(aq)  CH 3
COO (aq) + H+(aq)
Acetic Acid Acetate ions Hydrogen ions
o) The aqueous solutions of glucose do not show acidic character because their hydrogen does not separate out as
hydrogen ions (H+ ions) on dissolving in water
p) The aqueous solutions of glucose and alcohol solution does not conduct electricity due to absence of ions.
q) Acids do not show acidic behavior in the absence of water because the acid first dissolves in water to form
acidic solution, which then produces H+(aq) and other ions.
r) A concentrated acid is one which contains the minimum possible amount of water and maximum amount of
acid in it. On the other hand dilute acid is one which contains more of water and less of acid.
GURUJI ACADEMY, J-03, KIRTI NAGAR,N.D-15 URL:www.gakirtinagar.in email:gakirtinagar@gmail.com,Ph:# 9899037473,9811668836
X-Science GA- 5

Note: The diluting of a concentrated acid is always be done by adding concentrated acid to water gradually
with stirring and not by adding water to concentrated acid because:-
a) When a concentrated acid is added to water for preparing a dilute acid then the heat is evolved gradually and
easily absorbed by the large amount of water (to which acid is being added)
b) If, however, water is added to concentrated acid to dilute it, then a large amount of heat is evolved at once. This
heat changes some of the water to steam explosively which can splash the acid on our face or clothes and acid
burns.
t) Uses of Acids in Industry
a) Sulphuric acid is used in producing dyes, paints, fertilizers, chemicals(ammonium sulphate), explosives, detergents
etc.
b) Hydrochloric acid is used in dye-stuffs, textile and leather industries.
c) Nitric acid is used for making fertilizers(ammonium nitrate), explosives(TNT(Tri-Nitro-Tolune), dyes and
plastics.
2) Bases
a) Bases are bitter in taste
b) Bases have Soapy touch
c) Bases turns red litmus blue
d) Bases give hydroxide ions in solution.
e ) A base which is soluble in water is called an Alkali. For e.g. Sodium hydroxide(NaOH), Potassium
hydroxide(KOH), Calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH) 2 ), Ammonium hydroxide(NH 4 OH) and Magnesium
hydroxide(Mg(OH)2)
f) A base is a substance which dissolves in water to produce hydroxide ions(OH-) in solutions.

M Y
a)

b)
NaOH(s)
Sodium Hydroxide
KOH(s)



Na+(aq)
Sodium ions
+
K (aq)
D E +

+
OH-(aq)
Hydroxide ions
OH-(aq)

c)
Potassium Hydroxide
Mg(OH) 2(s)
Magnesium Hydroxide


C A Potassium ions
Mg2+(aq)
Magnesium ions
+
Hydroxide ions
OH-(aq)
Hydroxide ions

A
g) A base which complete ionizes in water and thus produces a large amount of hydroxide ions is known as strong

I
base (strong alkali). For e.g. Sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide.

J
h) A base which partially ionizes in water and thus produces a small amount of hydroxide ions is known as weak

R
hydroxide.
U
base (weak alkali). For e.g. Ammonium hydroxide(NH4OH), Calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2) and Magnesium

i) Bases conduct electricity (they are electrolytes)

G
Zn(s) +
Zinc U
j) Bases react with some metals to give hydrogen gas.

NaOH(aq)
2NaOH(aq)
Sodium hydroxide
k) Bases react with acids to form salt and water
+ HCl(aq)



Na 2ZnO2(aq)
Zinc Zincate (salt)

NaCl(aq)
+

+
H2(g)
Hydrogen

H 2O
Sodium hydroxide Hydrochloric Sodium Water
(base) acid chloride (salt)
2NaOH(aq) + H2 SO 4  Na 2SO4(aq) + 2H 2O
Sodium hydroxide Sulphuric acid Sodium Sulphate (salt) Water
l) Bases react with non metals oxides to from salt and water.
Ca(OH) 2(aq) + CO2(g)  CaCO 3 + H 2O
Calcium Hydroxide Carbon Di-oxide Calcium Carbonate Water
m)Uses of Bases
a) Sodium hydroxide is used in the manufacture of soap, paper and rayon.
b) Calcium hydroxide is used in manufacture of bleaching powder.
c) Magnesium hydroxide is used an antacid to neutralize excess acid in the stomach and cure indigestion.
d) Sodium carbonate is used as washing soda and softening hard water.
e) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is used as baking soda in cooking food, for making baking powders, as an antacid
to cure indigestion and in soda-acid fire extinguishers.
3) Strength of Acid and Base Solutions: ph Scale
a) The pH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in moles per litre. pH =
- log [H+]
b) The pH of a solution is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen ions in it.

GURUJI ACADEMY, J-03, KIRTI NAGAR,N.D-15 URL:www.gakirtinagar.in email:gakirtinagar@gmail.com,Ph:# 9899037473,9811668836