activity-2

Observation:
☆ with onion strips

• the odour vanishes when dipped in NaOH.

•THE odour remains unchanged in HCl.

☆ with clove oil

• The odour vanishes when added into NaOH.

• the odour remains unchanged with HCl.

☆ with vanilla

• The odour vanishes when dropped into NaOH

• The odour remains unchanged with HCl.

odours vanishes in bases and odour remain unchanged in acid. odour

(smell)

lab activity
Explanation:
To show the reaction of acids with metals.
Required Materials : 1. Test tube 2. Delivery tube 3. Glass trough 4. candle
5. Soap water 6. Dil. HCl 7. Zinc granules.
Procedure :
Set the apparatus as shown in figure.
Take about 10 ml of dilute HCl in a test tube and add a few zinc granules to
it.
We will observe the formation of gas bubbles on the surface of zinc
granules.
Pass the gas being evolved through the soap water.
Gas filled bubbles are formed in the soap solution which rise into the air.
Bring a burning candle near the gas filled bubbles.
The gas present in a soap bubble burns with a ‘pop’ sound.
Result:
Only ‘hydrogen’ gas burns making a ‘pop’ sound.
So we will notice that gas evolved is { H }_{ 2 }.
Additional Experiment:
Repeat the above experiment with H_{2}SO_{4} and HN{{O}_{3}}.
We observe the same observation of the HCl experiment.
Conclusion : From the above activities we can conclude that when acid
reacts with metal, ${ H }_{ 2 }$gas is evolved.

Activity-3
Answer
When zinc is added in sodium solution sodium zincate (Na2ZnO2) is formed
along with hydrogen gas.

2NaOH+Zn→Na2ZnO2+H2 

When burning splint is held near the evolved it continues burning with pop sound
indicating evolution of Hydrogen gas.

Same metal i.e Zn reacts with strong acid H2SO4 to give ZnSO4

Zn+H2SO4→ZnSO4+H2↑
Activity-4
Answer:
a) The two reactions have similar products;
   Sodium Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid → Sodium Chloride + Water +
Carbon dioxide(g)
Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate + Hydrochloric acid → 2 moles of (Sodium
Chloride) + Water + Carbon dioxide(g)
b) The gas evolved is carbon dioxide. So when CO2 is passed through lime
water, lime water turns milky white

activity-5
Aim : To test the change of colour in the reaction of an acid with a base.
Required Materials :

1. 2 ml of dilute NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide) solution.

2. Phenolphthalein indicator solution.
3. Dilute HCZ (Hydrochloric) solution.
Procedure :
4. Take about 2ml of dilute NaOH solution in a test tube.
5. Add two drops of phenolphthalein indicator solution.
Observation (i) :
6. It turns to red or pink colour.
7. It shows that NaOH is a base.
Experiment (1) : Add dilute HCZ solution to the above solution drop by drop.
Observation (ii) : Pink colour disappears due to the reaction of NaOH (base) with
HCZ (acid).
Experiment (2) : Now add one or two drops of NaOH to the above mixture.
Observation (iii) : Pink colour reappears on adding NaOH.
8. Result: This reaction is called a neutralization reaction.

Activity-6
CuO + HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
The colour of the solution will change to blue-green due to the formation of
copper chloride.
Copper oxide has changed to copper chloride.

● Answer -
Colour of solution changes to bluish-green due to CuCl2 formation.
CuO(aq) + HCl(l) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

● Explaination -
Copper oxide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form copper chloride & water.
CuO(aq) + HCl(l) → CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)

This CuCl2 formed changes solution to blueish green color.

When dilute HCl is added to a small amount of copper oxide in a beaker,

a greenish yellow gas is released and bluish green solution is formed.
Since, the metal oxides such as Copper oxide (CuO) is basic in nature, it
reacts with acids such as HCl to form the corresponding salt and water.
The reaction that occurs is called redox reaction.
The balanced chemical equation representing the above reaction is
CuO(s) + 2HCl(aq) --> CuCl2(aq) + H2O(l)  

Activity-7

1. Observation :
2. We will notice that the bulb glows only in acid solutions.
3. But the bulb not glows in glucose and alcohol solutions.
Result:
4. Glowing of bulb indicators that there is flow of electric current through the
solution.
5. Acid solutions have ions and the movement of these ions in solution helps for
flow of electric current through the solution.
Conclusion :
6. The positive ion (cation) present in HCl solution is {{H}^{+}}.
7. This suggests that acids produced hydrogen ions H+ in solution, which are
responsible for their acidic properties.
 8. In glucose and alcohol solutions the bulb did not glow indicating the absence
of {{H}^{+}} ions in these solutions.
9. The acidity of acids is attributed to the {{H}^{+}} ions produced by them in
solutions

Activity-9
take some water in a test tube and add concentrated H2So4 to it.Shake the
test tube well.If you touch the test tube,you feel it as hot. Now instead of
H2So4 ,if you add NaOH pellets to water in another test tube and touch the
bottom what do you observe

it will also become hot

The bottom of test tube is also hot because reactions of acid_s, bases with water are exothermic
reactions.

Activity-8
Explanation:
The wet blue litmus paper change
Reason=hydrogen ions are produced by HCL in the presence of water
It is acidic in nature
Chemical=HCL + H2O -> H3oplus ions +cl minus ions
Activity-15

Avtivity-12
The "Hcl in a beaker" is mixed with methyl orange gives a "yellow
color".
Answer: Option(A)
Explanation:
When Ramu added "dilute HCl in a beaker" and mixed with "few drops
of methyl orange" indicator and noted the color of the solution and also
mixed excess "antacid tablet powder" to the above solution, it provided him
the yellow color solution.
This yellow coloration is due to the mixing of methyl orange and Hcl. The
methyl orange acts as an "acid-base indicator".
Activity-13
Answer:
The Ideal pH for the growth of plants is 5.5 to 7.0.
Explanation:
When the pH of the filtrate is checked with the help of universal indicator
paper, the value obtained was 6.
Based upon the pH value the nature of the substance is determined either
as acidic or basic or neutral.
The substance with pH 1-6 are considered as acidic, 7 is neutral, above 7 it
is basic.
As the pH of the obtained filtrate is 6, it means that the soil is slightly acidic.
If we apply lime to the soil it will become neutral and can be used for plat
growth.
Learn more about such concept

Activity-14
Answer
The formulae of the given salts and the acids and bases from which these salts
may be obtained are given in the following table
S.No.           Salts     Formula           Family    Acid and Base
1 Potassium sulphate K2SO4 Potassium salts H2SO4 and KOH
2 Sodium sulphate NaSO4 Sodium salts H2SO4 and NaOH
3 Calsium sulphate CaSO4 Calcium salts H2SO4 and Ca(OH)2
Magnesium Magnesium H2SO4 and M
4 MgSO4
sulphate salts g(OH)2
5 Copper sulphate CuSO4 Copper salts H2SO4 and Cu(OH)2
6 Sodium chloride NaCl Chloride salts HCl and NaOH
7 Sodium nitrate NaNO3 Nitrate salts HNO3 and NaOH
8 Sodium carbonate Na2CO3 Carbonate salts H2CO3 and NaOH
9 Ammonium NH4Cl Chloride salts HCl and NH4OH
 chloride

Answer
Potassium sulphate-K2SO4
Sodium sulphate-Na2SO4
Calcium sulphate-CaSO4
Magnesium sulphate-MgSO4
Copper sulphate-CuSO4
Sodium chloride-NaCl
Sodium nitrate-NaNO3
Sodium carbonate-Na2CO3
Ammonium chloride-NH4Cl

Activity-16
1) After heating the colour of copper sulphate will be white.
2) Yes, water droplets will be seen inside the boiling tube
3) These water droplets come from the water molecules of crystallisation.

Originally the colour of copper sulphate crystals will be blue due to

the presence of water of crystallisation. On heating, the water
of crystallisation will be lost and colour of the anhydrous copper sulphate
will be white.