Pancreas &parathyroid gland&

calcium, phosphate metabolism

Pancreas secrets two important
hormones:
Insulin from Beta cell

Glucagon from Alpha cell

 Insulin
Insulin is a small protein molecule
composed of amino acid chains,
connected to each other
A) Effect of insulin on carbohydrate
metabolism.
1) Insulin facilitate the entry of glucose into cells.

2) Insulin facilitate glycogen synthesis in the liver.

3) Insulin inhibit gluconeognesis

 B) Effect of insulin on fat
metabolism

1)Insulin utilization of glucose,

utilization of fat
2)Insulin promote fatty acid synthesis in
the cell & adipose tissue.
 c) Effect of insulin on protein
metabolism
1)It causes active transport of the amino
acids into cells.

2) It has direct effect on ribosomes ,thus

forming new protein.

3) It also inhibit catabolism of protein.

 D) Effect of insulin on growth
It has synergetic effect with growth
hormone. Each promote cellular uptake o
different selection of amino acids

E) Effect of Insulin on potassium

It cause K+ to enter muscle cells. Insulin
Na+,k+,ATP ase in cell membrane
 Control of insulin secretion
1) Stimulation of insulin secretion by blood
glucose.

2) Amino acids

3) Gastrointestinal hormones

4) Autonomic nervous system

 Glucagon

Glucagon is a hyperglycemic hormone

secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of
langerhans when blood glucose
concentration falls
 Actions of glucagon
ØIt raises the blood sugar level
ØIt increases breakdown of glycogen in liver
ØIt increases glyconeogenesis from
available amino acid in the lever
ØIt increases ketone body formation
ØIt increase metabolic rate
ØIt stimulates the secretion grows hormone,
insulin and pancreatic somatostatin
 Regulation of glucagon
ØDecrease in the blood glucose
concentration
ØIncreasing the blood glucose to
hyperglycemic levels
ØHigh concentrations of amino acids after a
protein meal
ØDuring exercise
ØSecretion is increased by stimulation of
the sympathetic nerves to the pancreas
 Somatostatin

Somatostatin is secreted by the delta cell of

the islets of langerhans and it is a
polypeptide and has the same chemical
substance as growth hormone inhibitory
hormone.
 All factors related to the
ingestion of food will stimulate
somatostatin secretion
ØIncreased blood glucose
ØIncreased amino acids
ØIncreased fatty acids
ØIncreased concentration of several of the
gastrointestinal tract hormone in response
to food in take
 Inhibitory effects of
somatostatin
ØIt acts locally within the islets of
langerhans themselves to depress the
secretion of both insulin and glucagon
ØIt decreases the motility of the stomach,
the duodenum and the gallbladder
ØIt decreases both secretion and absorption
in the gastrointestinal tract
 What is diabetes mellitus ?
• It is a group of metabolic disease
characterized by high blood glucose level
( hyperglycemia).
• This result from defect of insulin secretion
or action or both.
• Hyperglycemia lead to spillage of glucose,
hence the term diabetes mean sweet
urine.
 Manifestation of diabetes
mellitus

• Deficiency of insulin causes disturbances

in carbohydrates, fats and protein
metabolism.
 Types of diabetes mellitus
• Juvenile diabetes • Maturity-onset
• Happen mostly in diabetes.
children • Happen mostly in
• Beta cell people
mature people.
destruction in • Specially in obese
genetically people
people.
susceptible person.
 Disturbance in carbohydrates
metabolism
• Polyuria

• Polydipsia

• Polyphagia

• Loss of weight
 Disturbances in protein
metabolism
• Rate of growth is decreased

• In adults cause asthenia

• Increase urea excretion

• Poor resistance to infection

 Disturbance in fat metabolism
• Ketone bodes formed in blood (ketosis)

• Sever blood acidosis

• Atherosclerosis in blood vessels

• Fatty liver
 Hyperinsulinsm

• When insulin production increase the level

of blood glucose fall to low values which
cause hypoglycemic shock characterized
by progressive irritability that lead to
fainting, convulsions and even coma.
 Prevention of Diabetes:
Increased exercise
Decreases need for insulin

Reduce calorie intake

Improves insulin sensitivity

Weight reduction
Improves insulin action
 Complications:
• Diabetic retinopathy which cause visual
disability and blindness.
• Kidney failure.
• Heart disease.
• Diabetic neuropathy.
• Diabetic foot disease.
 Calcium &phosphate
metabolism
Three hormones are primary concerned
with regulation of calcium metabolism:
-1.25 – Dihydroxycholecalcifrol (steroid
hormones formed from Vit.D)
-Parathyroid hormones( secreted from
parathyroid gland)
-Calcitonin (secreted from perfollicular
thyroid gland )
These hormones operate to constancy Ca
level in body fluid
 PARATHYROID GLAND

• Four glands located on the posterior

surface of the thyroid gland
 TARGET ORGANS FOR PTH

• Bone

• Kidney

• Intestine
 ACTIONS OF PTH ON BONE

• Rapid Phase (1-3hrs.) – to promote

calcium and phosphate absorption.

•Slow Phase (12-24hrs.) – increase

osteoclastic.
 PTH ACTIONS ON KIDNEY

• Increased calcium reabsorption from distal

tubule.

• Decreased phosphate from the proximal

tubule
 PTH ACTIONS ON KIDNEY

• It increases both calcium and phosphate

absorption from the intestine by increasing
1,25 dihydroxycholecaliferol from Vit.D
 Control of PTH Hormone
secretion

• Increases of calcium:decrese activity of

PTH and reduce its size.
 HYPOPARATHYROIDISM

1-When PT do not secrete sufficient

hormone.

2-When PT suddenly removed.

 HYPERPARATHYROIDISM
• Due to tumor of one of the PT,the bone
may be eaten away.

• Calcium level increase which lead to:

1-muscular weakness.
2-depression of the central and peripheral
nervous system.
 CALCITONIN

• It is secreted by the thyroid gland and it

reduces the blood calcium concentration
by three ways…
1-reduces bone resorption by inhibiting
osteoclast function.

2-increases the urinary excretion of

calcium,phosphate,sodium,potassium and
mangesium.

3-decreases the formation of osteoclast.

 CONTROL OF SECRETION
• Dopamine, estrogens, Gastrin H,Glucagon
H and secretin H stimulates calcitonin
secretion.

• Increase of plasma calcium concentration

of about 10% causes increase in calcitonin
secretion.
Names:
• Mohamed Magdy Mohamed Kamal
• Mohamed Mahmoud Sayed
• Mohamed Mahmoud Mohy El Deen
• Mohamed Nagy Abd El Kader
• Mahmoud Mohamed Ahmed
• Marwan Khamis
• Marwan Mustafa