8

Ro I Rxeb
Matter and Life

†h c„w_ex‡Z evm Kwi Zv †`k I Kv‡j Aew¯’Z cÖvK…wZK RMr| G RMr Ro I

Rxe Øviv MwVZ| G `y‡qi cvi¯úwiK wµqv-cªwZwµqv I cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
RM‡Zi me ˆewkó¨| wKšÍz Ro Kx? Rxeb Kx? Ro‡K Avgiv Rvb‡Z cvwi wK?
Gme cÖ‡kœi DËi wb‡q c„w_exi mKj wPšÍvwe`, `vk©wbK I weÁvbx‡`i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
cÖPyi gZ‡f`| Avgiv G BDwb‡U Ro I Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev Ges
†`L‡ev Ro I Rxe‡bi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© †K wK e‡j‡Qb|

GB BDwb‡U †gvU mvZwU cvV i‡q‡Q

ã R‡oi ¯^iƒc : cÖvPxb `vk©wbK gZ
Nature of Matter: Ancient Philosophical Views
ã R‡oi ¯^iƒc : AvaywbK `vk©wbK gZ
Nature of Matter: Modern Philosophical Views
ã R‡oi ¯^iƒc : ‰eÁvwbK gZ
Nature of Matter: Scientific Views
ã cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : hš¿ I Rxe‡`n
Nature of Life: Machine and Organism
ã cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : hvwš¿K gZev`
Nature of Life: Mechanistic Theory of Life
ã cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : cÖvYev`
Nature of Life: Vitalistic Theory of Life
ã cÖv‡Yi mgb¦qKvix gZev` : D‡b¥lev`
Gm Gm GBP Gj

The Synthetic Views of Life: The Emergence Theory

cvV 1

R‡oi ¯^iƒc : cÖvPxb `vk©wbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Ancient Philosophical Views

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 R‡oi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ro m¤ú‡K© cÖvPxb `vk©wbK‡`i gZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `vk©wbK‡`i gZvg‡Zi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †_‡K _vK‡j Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
`k©‡bi Rb¥Kvj †_‡K R‡oi cÖK…wZ wbY©‡qi †Póv P‡j Avm‡Q | AvRI R‡oi mwVK
cÖK…wZ ev ¯^iƒc wbY©q Kiv †kl n‡q‡Q Ggb ejv hvq bv | e¯ÍzZ wkÿv, mf¨Zv I gvby‡li
Ávb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ R‡oi cÖK…wZ wbY©q mgm¨vI RwUj †_‡K RwUjZi n‡q c‡o‡Q|

R‡oi ¯^iƒc (Nature of Matter)

mvaviY †jvK †`k I Kv‡j Aew¯’Z Ges cuvPwU Bw›`ªq w`‡q cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq Ggb mg¯Í
e¯Íz‡KB Ro g‡b K‡i _v‡K| wKšÍz `k©‡b R‡oi A_© †jŠwKK ev mvaviY aviYv †_‡K
wKQyUv wfbœ| `k©‡b Ro ej‡Z eySvq e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb‡K| RvMwZK e¯Ízi bvbvwea
cwieZ©‡bi g‡a¨I hvi †Kvb cwieZ©b nq bv, Zv‡KB Ro ejv nq| †hgb †Kvb GKwU
dzj d‡j cwiYZ n‡Z cv‡i ev gvwU‡Z S‡i c‡o gvwUi mv‡_ wg‡k †h‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz GB
cwieZ©b m‡Ë¡I Avgiv aviYv Kwi bv †h, dz‡ji g~j Dcv`vb webó n‡q‡Q| GB g~j
Dcv`vb ¯’vqx ; e¯Ízi cwieZ©b n‡jI R‡oi cwieZ©b nq bv| R‡oi `y'cÖKv‡ii ¸Y Av‡Q
- gyL¨ ¸Y I †MŠY ¸Y| R‡oi gyL¨ ¸Y we¯Í„wZ I †Kvb ¯’vb AwaKvi K‡i _vKv,
A‡f`¨Zv (hvi †fZ‡i XzKv hvq bv), evB‡ii kw³i gva¨‡g MwZkxj nIqv Ges GKB
Ae¯’vq _vKvi cÖe„wË| R‡oi †MŠY ¸Y n‡jv iƒc, im, MÜ, ¯úk© BZ¨vw` Ges GB †MŠY
¸Y¸‡jv R‡oi Avw` Dcv`v‡bi g‡a¨ ivmvqwbK ms‡hvM ev wµqv †_‡K DrcwË n‡q
_v‡K| hv‡nvK R‡oi Avmj iƒc Avgiv †h‡nZz †Lvjv †Pv‡L †`L‡Z cvwi bv , †m‡nZz G
m¤ú‡K© cÖ_‡gB †`Lv hvK G wel‡q cÖvPxb `vk©wbKiv wK †f‡e‡Qb| cieZ©x cvVmg~‡n
Avgiv AvaywbK `vk©wbK I weÁvbxiv †K wK ‡f‡e‡Qb ‡m m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 130

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖvPxb gZ ev gZev`
cÖvPxb gZev` ej‡Z cÖvPxb wMÖ‡mi `vk©wbK‡`i gZev`‡K eySvq| cÖvPxb gZev‡`i K_v
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z †M‡j cÖ_‡gB wLª÷c~e© lô kZvãxi †k‡li w`‡Ki gvB‡jkxq m¤úª`v‡qi
†_wjm, Gbvw·wgÛvi, Gbv·vwgwbm †_‡K ïiæ K‡i wnivwK¬Uvm, †cø‡Uv I A¨vwi÷U‡ji
gZev` Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq|

†_wjm (Thales, L„. c~. 624-564)

‡_wjm me©cÖ_g wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw` e¯Ízi bvg K‡ib cvwb| AvBIbxq Øx‡ci evwm›`v
cvðvZ¨ `k©‡bi RbK wn‡m‡e L¨vZ †_wjm e‡jb †h, cvwbB G RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb|
Zuvi g‡Z, cvwb †_‡K me e¯Ízi DrcwË nq Ges cvwb n‡qB me wKQy wejxb n‡q hvq |
cvwb †h GB wek¦ RM‡Z GKUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f‚wgKv MÖnY K‡i i‡q‡Q, Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB
g‡b nq †_wjm cvwb‡KB wek¦ RM‡Zi Avw` e¯Íz wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz cvwb †_‡K
wewfbœ e¯Íz wKfv‡e m„wó n‡Z cv‡i †m m¤ú‡K© †Kvb fvj e¨vL¨v †_wjm w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|
ZvQvov cvwb wb‡RB GKwU RvMwZK e¯Íz Ges †m wn‡m‡e cvwb Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j
Dcv`vb wKfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i? †m m¤ú‡K© †_wjm †Kvb m‡šÍvlRbK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Gbvw·g¨vÛvi (Anaximander, L„. c~. 610-545)

Gbvw·g¨vÛvi †_wj‡mi gZev`‡K mgv‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, cvwb Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK
e¯Ízi g‡a¨ GKwU e¯Íz| ZvB cvwb mg¯Í e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb ev Ro n‡Z cv‡i bv| Zuvi
g‡Z, e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb wbw`©ó †Kvb e¯ÍzB n‡Z cv‡i bv| eis e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb n‡”Q
mxgvnxb (Boundless), GB Ômxgvnxb' Gi †Kvb AvKvi †bB Ges GB AvKviwenxb
mxgvnxb †_‡KB RM‡Zi hveZxq e¯Ízi DrcwË n‡q _v‡K| wKšÍz Gbvw·g¨vÛvi GB
AvKviwenxb Ômxgvnxb' †_‡K wKfv‡e RvMwZK e¯Ízi D™¢e n‡q _v‡K Ges Gi cÖK…wZB ev
wK? G m¤ú‡K© †Kvb hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|

Gbvw·wgwbm (Anaximenes, L„. c~. 588-524)

Gbvw·wgwbm †_wjm I Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii mv‡_ GKgZ †h, e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb Ro mËv
(material substance), wKšÍz Zv Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii gZ Abyhvqx ÔmxgvnxbI bq Awbw`©óI
bq' ev †_wj‡mi gZ Abyhvqx cvwbI bq | wZwb g‡b K‡ib, Awbw`©ó ev AvKviwenxb †Kvb
Dcv`vb AvKviMZ e¯Íz m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB Zuvi g‡Z, GKgvÎ evqyB RvMwZK e¯Ízi
g~j Dcv`vb ev Ro mËv|
Gbvw·g¨vÛvi Zvi mxgvnx‡bi †Kvb cwi®‹vi aviYv w`‡Z cv‡ibwb e‡j g‡b nq|
Gbvw·wgwbm evqy‡K RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| ZvQvov, evqy
G‡Kev‡i cvwbi gZ RoxqI bq, Avevi mxgvnx‡bi gZ AvKviwenxbI bq | eis G `y‡qi
gvSvgvwS Ae¯’vq Av‡Q| Z`ycwi evqy Qvov †Kvb RxeB euvP‡Z cv‡i bv Ges evqy me©ÎB
Qwo‡q Av‡Q| Gme Kvi‡YB nqZ Gbvw·wgwbm evqy‡K g~j Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e MÖnY

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 131

Gm Gm GBP Gj

K‡i‡Qb| wKšÍz Zuvi `yRb c~e©m~wii b¨vq wZwbI evqy †_‡K Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi wKfv‡e
DrcwË nq? Zvi †Kvb m`yËi w`‡Z cv‡ibwb|
wnivwK¬Uvm (Heraclitus, L„. c~. 565-475)
wnivwK¬Uvm Gbvw·wgwb‡mi gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, evqy bq eis Av¸bB
RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb | RvMwZK e¯Ízi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv cwieZ©b Ges Gw`K †_‡K
Av¸bB me mgq cwiewZ©Z n‡q _v‡K| Zuvi g‡Z, RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz Av¸‡biB wfbœ wfbœ
AvKvigvÎ| wKšÍz Av¸bI Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi b¨vq GKwU e¯Íz| myZivs Av¸b RvMwZK
e¯Íz n‡q Ab¨vb¨ RvMwZK e¯Ízi wKfv‡e g~j Dcv`vb n‡Z cv‡i, G e¨vcv‡i wnivwK¬Uv‡mi
†Kvb mwVK e¨vL¨v †bB | ZvB GwU‡KI m‡šÍvlRbK gZev` e‡j MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|

Gw¤úWwK¬m (Empedocles, L„. c~. 495-435)

GK_v jÿYxq †h, gvB‡jkxq m¤úª`v‡qi `vk©wbKiv Ges wnivwK¬Uvm RvMwZK e¯Íyi Avw`
Dcv`vb GKwU gvÎ e¯Íz‡Z mxwgZ K‡i iv‡Lb| wKšÍz Gw¤úWwK¬m G wPšÍvavivi g‡a¨ GKwU
bZzb aviYv w`‡q e‡jb †h, G we‡k¦i hveZxq e¯Íz‡K GKwU gvÎ mËv ev e¯Íz Øviv e¨vL¨v
Kiv m¤¢e bq| Zuvi g‡Z, gvwU, cvwb, evZvm I Av¸b G PviwU Dcv`v‡bi mgb¦‡q we‡k¦i
hveZxq e¯Íz MwVZ| †Kvb wKQyi DrcwË ej‡Z GB Dcv`vb¸‡jvi wgwjZ nIqv‡K eySvq
Ges wejywß ev wbt‡kl nIqv ej‡Z G Dcv`vb¸‡jvi we‡”Q` nIqv‡K eySvq|
Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi g‡Z, AbyivM I weivMB Ro e¯Ízi cwiPvjK kw³| GB AbyivM I
weivM‡KB AvaywbK weÁvbxiv AvKl©Y I weKl©Yiƒ‡c e¨vL¨v K‡ib|

Gbv·v‡Mvivm (Anaxagoras, L„. c~. 500-428)

Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi g‡Z, RM‡Zi AmsL¨ e¯Ízi e¨vL¨v gvÎ PviwU Dcv`v‡bi gva¨‡g †`qv
m¤¢e bq| ZvB Zuvi g‡Z, wfbœ wfbœ ¸Ym¤úbœ RvMwZK e¯Ízi g‡a¨ wfbœ wfbœ Dcv`vb
i‡q‡Q| Kv‡jv-mv`v, VvÛv-Mig, ïK‡bv-wf‡R BZ¨vw` ai‡bi AmsL¨ ¸Ywewkó RvMwZK
e¯Íz ev cÖK…wZi g‡a¨ ˆewPΨ †`Lv hvq| Zuvi g‡Z, RM‡Z hZ iK‡gi ¸Y Av‡Q wVK ZZ
iK‡gi Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q Ges GB Dcv`vb¸‡jv G‡K Aci †_‡K ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K c„_K|
Gme Dcv`v‡bi wbR¯^ †Kvb mÂvjb kw³ †bB| †h kw³ G‡`i‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i
Gbv·v‡Mvivm Zvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb †PZm (Nous)| wKšÍz GB †PZm RovZ¥K bv Ava¨vwZ¥K
G wb‡q `k©‡b bvbv ai‡bi hyw³-Z‡K©i AeZviYv Kiv nq| Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi G ¸YMZ
Dcv`vbev`‡KB ¸YMZ cigvYyev` (Qualitative Atomism) ejv n‡q _v‡K|

†W‡gvwµUvm (Democritus, L„. c~. 460-370)

cÖvPxb wMª‡mi cigvYyev‡`i cÖavb aviK I evnK n‡”Qb cigvYyev`x wjDwmcvm I
†W‡gvwµUvm| ZuvivI Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi gZ‡K mg_©b K‡i e‡jb †h, RM‡Zi e¯Ízmg~n eû
Dcv`v‡bi Øviv m„ó| wKšÍz G Dcv`vb¸‡jv ¸YMZ w`K †_‡K G‡K Aci †_‡K c„_K bq,
eis cwigv‡Yi w`K †_‡K c„_K| †W‡gvwµUvm e¯Ízi Dcv`vbmg~‡ni †hŠ_ bvg †`b

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 132

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cigvYy| cigvYyi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q wZwb e‡jb †h, Ro e¯Íz‡K µgvMZ fvM
Ki‡j Ggb KZ¸‡jv m~ÿèKYv cvIqv hvq, †h¸‡jv‡K Avi fvM Kiv hvq bv| G AwZ m~ÿè
I AwefvR¨ KYv¸‡jvB cigvYy| G cigvYy¸‡jv‡K fvM Kiv hvq bv, †Q` Kiv hvq bv|
G¸‡jvi aŸsm ev jq nq bv| G¸‡jv msL¨vq AmsL¨ Ges cÖwZwU cigvYyiB wbR wbR
mËv Av‡Q| G¸‡jv G‡K A‡b¨i †_‡K cwigvY, AvK…wZ I MwZi w`K †_‡K c„_K|
cigvYy¸‡jvi wewfbœ AvK…wZ, cwigvY I MwZi Rb¨B RM‡Z wfbœ wfbœ ai‡bi e¯Íz †`Lv
hvq| †W‡gvwµUv‡mi GB gZev`‡K cwigvYMZ cigvYyev` ejv n‡q _v‡K|

†cø‡Uv (Plato, L„. c~. 427-347)

†cø‡Uv R‡oi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z wM‡q wMÖK `k©‡b GK Awfbe gZev‡`i m„wó K‡ib| †cø‡Uvi
g‡Z, RM‡Zi hveZxq e¯Ízi Avmj mËv n‡jv fve ev aviYv (Ideas) | RM‡Zi mg¯Í e¯Íz
aviYv bvgK mËvi Abywjwc ev cÖwZK…wZ (copy)| Zuvi g‡Z, GKRb we‡kl gvbyl Ôgvbyl'
bvgK aviYvi, GKwU cv_i Ôcv_i' bvgK aviYvi cÖwZK…wZ Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| RM‡Zi
cÖwZwU e¯ÍzB aviYvi †`kMZ cÖKvk Ges GB aviYv‡K cÖKvk Kivi Rb¨ †h Dcv`v‡bi
cÖ‡qvRb nq, †mB Dcv`vb‡KB e¯Ízi Ro ev Dcv`vb ejv n‡q _v‡K| e¯Ízi Ro n‡”Q
Ggb GKUv ÔwKQy' hvi †Kvb ¸YI †bB, AvKviI †bB| ZvB Ro e¯Ízi cÖK…wZ ev ¯^fve
eY©bv Kiv m¤¢e n‡jI R‡oi mwVK msÁv †`qv m¤¢e bq| e¯Ízi iƒc, im, MÜ BZ¨vw` ¸Y
Zvi Ro †_‡K m„ó n‡q _vK‡jI wKšÍz wKfv‡e Zv m¤¢e, Zvi m`yËi †cø‡Uvi `k©‡b †bB|

A¨vwi÷Uj (Aristotle, L„. c~. 384-322)

A¨vwi÷U‡ji e¯Íz m¤úK©xq mgm¨vi Av‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© GKwU cwi®‹vi aviYv wb‡Z n‡j
Zvi Dcv`vb (Matter) I AvKvi (Form) m¤ú‡K© wKQy Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb| A¨vwi÷Uj Zuvi
Dcv`vb I AvKvi gZev‡` e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖ‡Z¨KwU RvMwZK e¯Ízi g‡a¨ cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq Ges G cwieZ©b GKwU Af¨šÍixY kw³i gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv
hvq, Avg exR Zvi cwieZ©‡bi gva¨‡gB Avg Mv‡Q cwiYZ nq| G Avg exR †_‡K Avg
MvQB m„wó nq, eU MvQ ev Rvg MvQ m„wó nq bv| Gi KviY n‡jv Avg ex‡Ri g‡a¨ Avg
Mv‡QiB m¤¢ve¨Zv jywK‡q i‡q‡Q| A¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯Ízi `ywU w`K Av‡Q| G
`ywU n‡jv e¯Ízi Dcv`vb (Ro) I AvKvi (iƒc)| GLv‡b Avg exR n‡”Q Avg Mv‡Qi
Dcv`vb ev Ro Ges Avg ex‡Ri g‡a¨ jy°vwqZ kw³ n‡”Q Avg Mv‡Qi AvKvi, hv Avg
MvQ‡K wbw`©ó c‡_ PvwjZ K‡i Avg Mv‡QB cwiYZ K‡i‡Q| †cwUªK e‡jb, ÒA¨vwi÷Uj
g‡b K‡ib, wek¦ †Kvb wKQyi Øviv MwVZ wKQy bq, eis GKwU weivU cÖwµqvi bvg, Ggb
cÖwµqv hv cwieZ©b ev Dbœqb mvab K‡i _v‡K' (Aristotle thought of the world not as
something made out of something, but as a great Process a process of change or
development)|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 133

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Gwi÷U‡ji g‡Z Ro ev Dcv`vb Kx? Zuvi gZvbymv‡i Dcv`vb I AvKv‡ii g‡a¨
cv_©K¨ wbY©q Kiæb|
2| cÖvPxb cigvYyev`x Kviv ? Zuv‡`i gZvbymv‡i cigvYyi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| RM‡Zi Avw` mËv m¤úK©xq AvBIbxq ev gvB‡jkxq gZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi Avw` mËv m¤úK©xq aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3| Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi Avw` mËv m¤úK©xq gZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| Gbvw·wgwb‡mi g‡Z Ro n‡jv
(A) mxgvnxb (Av) Av¸b
(B) cvwb (C) evqy

2| Gw¤úWwK¬‡mi g‡Z Ro n‡jv

(A) GKwU (Av) `ywU e¯Ízi mgwói bvg
(B) wZbwU e¯Ízi mgwói bvg (C) PviwU e¯Ízi mgwói bvg

3| wMÖK cigvYyev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb

(A) wjewbR (Av) †W‡gvwµUvm
(B) Gbv·v‡Mvivm (C) jK

4| RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb cvwbÑ G gZ

(A) †_wj‡mi (Av) Gbvw·wgwb‡mi
(B) Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii (C) Gbv·v‡Mviv‡mi|

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| cÖvPxb Kv‡ji `k©‡b R‡oi †Kvb Av‡jvPbv †bB|
2| `vk©wbK Gbvw·g¨vÛv‡ii g‡Z Ro n‡jv evqy|

mwVK DËi
1| (C) 2| (C) 3| (Av) 4| (A)

1| wg 2| wg

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 134

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 2

R‡oi ¯^iƒc : AvaywbK `vk©wbK gZ

Nature of Matter: Modern Philosophical Views

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡`i gZ Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 `vk©wbK‡`i gZvg‡Zi cv_©K¨ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Avgiv GZÿY Ro ev †gŠj Dcv`vb m¤ú‡K© cÖvPxb hy‡Mi `vk©wbK‡`i gZ ev gZev`
m¤^‡Ü AeMZ njvg| cÖvPxb hy‡Mi cieZ©x Ges †WKv‡U©i c~‡e©i hyM‡K cvðvZ¨ `k©‡b ga¨
hyM ejv nq| G ga¨ hy‡M G wel‡qi Av‡jvPbvq †Zgb DbœwZ nqwb| †cø‡Uv, A¨vwi÷Uj
I †m›U AMvw÷‡bi `k©bB ga¨ hy‡M cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i iv‡L| ga¨ hyM m¤ú‡K© Avcwb
`k©‡bi BwZnvm co‡j Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| ga¨ hy‡Mi cieZ©x hyM‡K AvaywbK hyM ejv nq|
AvaywbK hy‡M weÁv‡bi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ `vk©wbK wPšÍvaviviI DbœwZ mvwaZ nq| GLb
Avgiv Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK `vk©wbK‡`i gZvgZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cieZ©x cv‡V
Avgiv Ro msµvšÍ ˆeÁvwbK gZev` wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

AvaywbK gZev`mg~n (Modern Theories)

†WKvU© (1596-1650)-Gi gZev`
R‡oi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK `„wófw½i mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L †hme AvaywbK
`vk©wbK Ro m¤ú‡K© gZev` w`‡q‡Qb, Zuv‡`i g‡a¨ cÖ_‡gB bvg Ki‡Z nq AvaywbK
`k©‡bi RbK divwm `vk©wbK †WKvU©-Gi| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z, Ro I we¯Í„wZ n‡jv mgv_©K
kã| Zuvi g‡Z, G wek¦ RM‡Zi g~‡j gvÎ `ywU mËv Av‡Q| G `ywU mËv n‡jv Ro I gb|
Ro g‡bi wecixZ| R‡oi cÖavb ag© we¯Í„wZ Ges g‡bi cÖavb ag© †PZbv| Ro hvwš¿K
wbqg Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq Ges gb D‡Ï‡k¨i Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq| Ro n‡”Q wbw®Œq I gb n‡”Q
mwµq| GB Ro I gb `ywU ci¯úi wbi‡cÿ c„_K mËv| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z, k~b¨ †`‡ki
†Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ †bB| Zuvi G gZev` ˆØZev‡` cwiYZ nq| †Kbbv wZwb `ywU mËv‡KB mgvb
¸iæZ¡ w`‡q MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| cieZ©xKv‡j G ˆØZev‡`i m~Î a‡i `k©‡bi BwZnv‡m GK
weivU Av‡jvo‡bi m„wó nq|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 135

Gm Gm GBP Gj

wjewbR (1646-1716)-Gi gZev`

wjewbR, hv‡K c¨vwUªK GKRb ÔBb‡U‡jKPy¨qvj RvBq¨v›U' ev A¯^vfvweK eyw×gvb e‡j
AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb, Ro m¤ú‡K© GKwU wecøex gZev` cÖ`vb K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb, wek¦
KZ¸‡jv KYvi Øviv m„ó, hvi bvg w`‡q‡Qb wZwb wPr cigvYy (Monads)| †gvbvW ev wPr
cigvYy †Kvb Ro e¯Íz bq, eis G¸‡jv n‡jv MwZ I kw³i †K›`ªwe›`y| G¸‡jv RovZ¥K
bq, G¸‡jv gvbwmK| Ro e¯Ízi wPr cigvYy¸‡jv NygšÍ I AbybœZ, Avi g‡bi wPr
cigvYy¸‡jv DbœZ I c~Y© ‡PZbvhy³|

jK (1632-1704)-Gi gZev`
j‡Ki g‡Z, Ro ev e¯Íz KZ¸‡jv ¸‡Yi Avavi (Substratum)| Zuvi g‡Z, Avgiv e¯Íz‡K
cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvwi bv, eis e¯Ízi ¸Yvejx‡KB ïay cÖZ¨ÿ Ki‡Z cvwi| j‡Ki e¯Íz
m¤úK©xq aviYv‡K Rvb‡Z n‡j e¯Ízi ¸Y m¤ú‡K© Avgv‡`i wKQy Rvbv `iKvi| j‡Ki g‡Z,
e¯Ízi g‡a¨ `y'cÖKv‡ii ¸Y Av‡Q gyL¨ I †MŠY| gyL¨ ¸Y n‡jv e¯Íywbf©i| †MŠY ¸Y n‡jv
iƒc, im, MÜ, kã BZ¨vw` Ges G¸‡jv gbwbf©i| e¯Ízi G ¸Y¸‡jv k~‡b¨ fvmgvb Ae¯’vq
_v‡K bv| ¸Y¸‡jvi Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Rb¨ GKwU Avav‡ii cÖ‡qvRb| GB AvaviB Ro ev e¯Íz|
†hgb Avcbvi nv‡Z GKwU Møvm Av‡Q| MøvmwU DuP,y †MvjvKvi, k³, ¯^”Q BZ¨vw`| G
¸Y¸‡jv‡K †h a‡i †i‡L‡Q ZvB n‡jv MøvmwUi RoZ¡| G ¸Y¸‡jv bv _vK‡j Møvm e‡j
†Kvb wKQyB _vK‡e bv| ZvB GB Avavi hw`I AÁvZ, Z_vwc G‡K A¯^xKvi Kiv hvq bv|

evK©wj (1685-1753) Gi gZev`

evK©wj j‡Ki gZev‡`i mgv‡jvPbv K‡i e‡jb †h, Ro ev e¯Íz hw` AÁvZ nq Zvn‡j Zvi
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K wek¦vm Kiv hvq bv| evK©wji g‡Z, cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¯Íz hv Avgiv †`wL wewfbœ ¸‡Yi
mgwó Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| Zuvi g‡Z, e¯Ízi me ¸YB g‡bi Dci wbf©ikxj Ges G
wn‡m‡e j‡Ki †`qv †MŠY ¸‡Yi gZ gyL¨ ¸YI gbwbf©i| Kv‡RB me e¯Ízi me ¸YB GKB
ai‡bi Ges G ¸Y g‡bi aviYv Qvov Avi wKQy&B bq| Gw`K †_‡K hv‡K Avgiv Ro e‡j
mPivPi g‡b Kwi, Zv Avm‡j g‡bi KZ¸‡jv aviYvi mgwó e¨wZZ Avi wKQyB bq| evK©wj
Gfv‡eB R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K LÛb K‡ib Ges me e¯Íz‡KB cÖZ¨ÿYwbf©i e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
Zuvi g‡Z, e¯Íz ev Ro e¨w³ I Ck¦‡ii g‡bi aviYvgvÎ|

wgj I wnDg (Mill and Hume)-Gi gZ

wgj I wnDg `yRbB AwfÁZvev`x `vk©wbK, Zuviv R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡KB ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv,
KviY R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv| AwfÁZvq †h e¯Íz‡K cvIqv hvq ïay ZviB
Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv hvq| Avi hv cvIqv hvq bv Zvi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi Kiv A‡hŠw³K|
ZvB Ro e‡j †Kvb c„_K `ª‡e¨i Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| eis hv cvIqv hvq Zv
n‡jv ms‡e`‡bi mgwógvÎ|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 136

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB †h, Ro‡K cÖK…wZ †_‡K wbwðý K‡iwQ‡jb evK©wj| Avi wgj I wnDg
Zuvi K_v‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c MÖnY K‡ib| g‡bi iv‡R¨I Zuviv R‡oi †Kvb Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi bv
K‡i †Kej ms‡e`b I gy`ª‡Yi Aw¯ÍZ¡‡K ¯^xKvi K‡ib|

†nvqvBU‡n‡Wi gZ
AZ¨vaywbKKv‡j R‡oi cÖK…wZi me‡P‡q my›`i e¨vL¨v †`b cÖ‡dmi †nvqvBU‡nW| Zuvi
g‡Z, Ro n‡jv hv‡K Avgiv Avgv‡`i Bw›`ª‡qi Øviv cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi| Ro‡K Avgv‡`i
AwfÁZvi A`„k¨ KviY ej‡j Avgiv †mB cyi‡bv cÖZ¨vL¨vZ cÖK…wZ wØLÛK ZË¡‡KB †g‡b
†bB| wZwb e‡jb, c`v_©we`¨v n‡jv cÖvK…wZK weÁvbmg~‡ni g‡a¨ †kªô| G we`¨v R‡oi
e¨vL¨v bv Ki‡jI Avgv‡`i Bw›`ªqjä cÖK…wZi e¨vL¨v Aek¨B Ki‡e| weÁv‡bi DbœwZ gv‡b
DbœZZi I AwaKZi MÖnY‡hvM¨ e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g Avgv‡`i AwfÁZvi DbœwZ| Avgiv
RMZ‡K cÖ_gZ Rvwb ms‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g, Zvici e¨vL¨vi µ‡gvbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgiv
†m RMZ‡KB cÖZ¨ÿY‡hvM¨ e¯Ízi gva¨‡g fvjfv‡e Rvwb| cÖZ¨ÿMZ e¯Ízi gv‡SI †Kej
ms‡e`‡bi e¨vL¨vi DbœwZB †`wL, ms‡e`‡bi DbœwZ bq| e¯Íz¸‡jv‡K cÖZ¨ÿ Kiv hvq bv|
weÁvb G¸‡jv‡K Abygvb K‡i †bq| myZivs weÁv‡bi DbœwZ A_© e¨vL¨vi DbœwZ Ges
A‡_©i m½wZ|
AZGe, Avgiv Ro‡K c`v_©we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welqiƒ‡c Aek¨B wPšÍv Ki‡ev bv| Ro
kãwUi cwie‡Z© cÖK…wZ k‡ãi e¨envi Kiv DwPZ n‡e| cÖK…wZ k‡ãi A_© n‡jv hv Avgiv
Bw›`ª‡qi gva¨‡g cÖZ¨ÿ Kwi|

wR. B. g~¨‡ii gZ
AwZ mv¤úªwZK Kv‡ji Ab¨Zg `vk©wbK wR. B. g~¨‡ii e³e¨ w`‡q Avgiv G cv‡Vi BwZ
Uvb‡Z PvB| g~¨i e‡jb, Avwg e¯Íz‡K wZbwU ¸‡Yi gva¨‡g msÁvwqZ Ki‡Z PvB : GKwU
m`_©K (positive) Ges `ywU bT_©K (negative)| m`_©K ¸YwU n‡jv (1) Roe¯Íz Ggb
wKQ~ hv Aek¨B †`k `Lj K‡i _v‡K; bT_©K ¸Y¸‡jv n‡jv: (2) Roe¯Íz †Kvb cÖKv‡ii
Bw›`ªq DcvË bq (sense-data) Ges (3) †Kvb gb bq ev †Kvb †PZbvi wµqvI bq| wZwb
e‡jb, Avgiv KLbI Ro e¯Ízi ¯^MZtiƒc (thing-in-itself) Kx? Zv Rvb‡Z cvwi bv, Z‡e
Gi wK wK ¸Y Av‡Q, wKsev GUv wKfv‡e Ab¨vb¨ wRwb‡mi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ ZvB †Kej
Rvb‡Z cvwi|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 137

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| †WKv‡U©i g‡Z Ro Kx? Ro I g‡bi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| jK, evK©wj I wnD‡gi Ro m¤úK©xq gZev` Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| ‡nvqvBU‡n‡Wi Ro m¤úK©xq gZ e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| g~¨‡ii e¯Íz ev Ro m¤úK©xq aviYv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| cÖ‡dmi †nvqvBU‡n‡Wi g‡Z Ro n‡jv
(A) ms‡e`b (Av) AwfÁZvi mgwó
(B) cÖK…wZ (C) Bw›`ªq Abyf‚wZ

2| j‡Ki g‡Z RoÑ

(A) wPrcigvYy (Av) ¸‡Yi Avavi
(B) cvwb (C) evqy

3| Ro‡K cÖK…wZ †_‡K wbwðý K‡ibÑ

(A) jK (Av) evK©wj
(B) †WKvU© (C) wjewbR

4| GKwU m`_©K I `ywU bT_©K ¸‡Yi gva¨‡g Ro‡K msÁvwqZ K‡ibÑ

(A) wgj (Av) wnDg
(B) evK©wj (C) g~¨i

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', Ges wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| `vk©wbK wjewb‡Ri g‡Z, R‡oi bvg wPr cigvYy|
2| `vk©wbK j‡Ki g‡Z, R‡oi gyL¨ ¸Y gbwbf©i|
3| `vk©wbK evK©wj R‡oi Aw¯ÍZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv|

mwVK DËi
1| (B) 2| (Av) 3| (Av) 4| (C)

1| m 2| wg 3| m

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 138

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 3
cvV 3

R‡oi cÖK…wZ : ˆeÁvwbK gZev`

Nature of Matter: Scientific Views

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK weÁvbx‡`i gZ D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ro m¤ú‡K© AvaywbK weÁvbx‡`i g‡Zi mv‡_ `vk©wbK‡`i g‡Zi cv_©K¨ Kx? Zv
Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
 RMr m¤ú‡K© GKwU ˆeÁvwbK aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

f‚wgKv
AvaywbK weÁv‡b R‡oi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© `ywU gZev` cvIqv hvq| Gi cÖ_gwU n‡jv
cigvYyev` ev wbðj Roev` (Static or Atomic Theory of Matter) Avi wØZxqwU n‡jv
mPj Roev` (Dynamic Theory of Matter)| Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K Wvëb cÖ_‡gv³
gZev`wU cÖPvi K‡ib| Gi cÖvq GKkZ eQi ci wek kZ‡Ki cÖ_g w`‡K wØZxq gZwU
cÖPvi Kiv nq| hviv wØZxq gZwU cÖPvi K‡ib Zuv‡`i Ab¨Zg n‡jb weÁvbx fvðwfP,
d¨viv‡W, jW© †Kj&wfb, A÷Iqvì, iv`vi‡dvW©, wbDUb cÖgyL| cÖ_g gZwUi ÎæwU-wePy¨wZi
mgv‡jvPbvi gva¨‡gB m„wó nq †k‡lv³ gZev`wU|

wbðj Roev` (Static Theory of Matter)

Ewbk kZ‡Ki cÖ_g fv‡M cÖL¨vZ imvqbwe` Wvëb (1766-1844) bZzbfv‡e
cigvYyev‡`i cËb K‡ib| Wvëb †W‡gvwµUv‡mi cigvYyev‡`i Dci wfwË K‡iB Zuvi
wbðj Roev` Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb e¯Íz‡K µgvMZ wef³ Ki‡j Zv
KZ¸‡jv m~ÿè KwYKvq cwiYZ nq| GB m~ÿè KwYKv¸‡jv‡K Lvwj †Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv| GB
KwYKv¸‡jv‡KB cigvYy ejv nq| G¸‡jv Avevi A‡f`¨ I MwZnxb| wKšÍz evB‡i †_‡K
hLb kw³ cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq, ZLb G¸‡jv mwµq I mPj n‡q I‡V|
Wvë‡bi g‡Z, Ro I kw³ (matter and energy) n‡jv ci¯úi wbi‡cÿ ¯^Zš¿ mËv Ges
Zv‡`i †Kvb webvk †bB, hw`I Zv‡`i iƒcvšÍi NU‡Z cv‡i| Avi G‡KB ejv nq Ro I
kw³i wbZ¨Zv bxwZ (Laws of Conservatiion of Matter and Energy)|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 139

Gm Gm GBP Gj

AvaywbK weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, RM‡Zi wewfbœ e¯Íz KZ¸‡jv †gŠwjK Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ Ges
GB †gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jv kZvwaK| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq cvwb, MvQ-cvjv, evZvm I
gvwU cÖf…wZ RvMwZK e¯Íz‡K hw` we‡kølY Kiv hvq, Zv n‡j Zvi g‡a¨ Kve©b, Aw·‡Rb,
bvB‡Uªv‡Rb, K¨vjwmqvg, cvi` BZ¨vw` ai‡bi KZ¸‡jv †gŠwjK c`v_© cvIqv hvq|
†gŠwjK c`v_©¸‡jvi wewfbœ Abycv‡Z wgkª‡Yi d‡jB wewfbœ e¯Íz m„wó n‡q _v‡K| †hgb
GK KwYKv Aw·‡R‡bi mv‡_ `yB KwYKv nvB‡Wªv‡Rb wgwjZ n‡j cvwbi m„wó nq| GB
†gŠwjK Dcv`vb¸‡jv KZ¸‡jv m~ÿè KwYKv Øviv MwVZ e‡jB G wgkªY nIqv m¤¢e n‡q
I‡V| †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYyi cwigvYMZ ¯^vZš¿¨ Av‡Q Ges †mRb¨ ¯^Y© cigvYyi mv‡_
†iŠc¨ cigvYyi cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ Av‡Q|

mgv‡jvPbv
Wvë‡bi cigvYyev` ev wbðj Roev‡`i KZ¸‡jv ÎæwU i‡q‡Q :
cÖ_gZ G gZev` Ro I kw³‡K c„_K mËv e‡j Kíbv K‡i ˆØZev‡`i Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q|
wØZxqZ me cigvYyB ÿz`ªZg I †gŠwjK Dcv`vb n‡j GKwU cigvYyi mv‡_ Ab¨ cigvYyi
cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ wKfv‡e m¤¢e? Zvi †Kvb mwVK e¨vL¨v GB gZev‡` †`qv nqwb|
Z…ZxqZt cigvYyi hw` wbR¯^ †Kvb MwZ ev kw³ bv _v‡K, Zv n‡j cÖZ¨ÿ RM‡Z MwZi
D™¢e wKfv‡e n‡Z cv‡i? ZviI †Kvb e¨vL¨v G gZev‡` †bB|

mPj Roev` (Dynamic Theory of Matter)

cigvYyev` ev wbðj Roev‡`i bvbv ÎæwU-wePy¨wZ `~i Kivi gva¨‡gB mPj Roev‡`i
DrcwË nq| weÁvbx d¨viv‡Wi g‡Z, cigvYy wbðj I wbw®Œq bq, eis cÖZ¨KwU cigvYy
kw³i †K›`ª| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi AvKl©Y-weKl©‡Yi ÿgZv Av‡Q| weÁvbx wbDUbI
cigvYyi AvKl©‡Yi kw³‡Z wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| jW© †Kj&wfb-Gi g‡Z, cigvYy n‡”Q me©Î
Zij B_v‡ii AveZ©b Pµ (whirlpool)| GKBfv‡e A÷Iqvì (Ostwald)-Gi g‡Z,
cigvYy n‡”Q kw³i Avavi Ges kw³ mvaviYZ mgvb Ae¯’vq _v‡K| wKšÍz GB Ae¯’vi
cwieZ©b n‡jB kw³i cÖPÛZvi cÖKvk N‡U|
iv`vi‡dvW© (Rutherford), ‡evi (Bohr), †mvgvi‡dì (Somerfeld), wgwjKvb (Milikan)
cÖgyL AvaywbK c`v_© weÁvbxiv c~e©eZ©x gZev‡`i fyj-ÎæwU‡K `~i K‡i cigvYy m¤ú‡K© GK
bZzb wel‡qi mÜvb †`b| c~e©eZ©©x weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, cigvYy wbw®Œq, A‡f`¨, AwefvR¨
(fvM Kiv hvq bv Ggb) Ges mij| wKšÍz Gme weÁvbxiv e‡jb †h, cÖ‡Z¨K cigvYy
AvYweK kw³i Avavi| Avi cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyB fvM‡hvM¨ I †hŠwMK c`v_©| cÖwZwU
cigvYy †h †gŠwjK Dcv`vb Øviv MwVZ, †m me Dcv`v‡bi msL¨v, MwZ I cvi¯úwiK
msMV‡bi Rb¨B GKwU cigvYy Aci cigvYy †_‡K c„_K| cÖwZwU cigvYy e¯ÍzKYv I we`y¨r
kw³i GK GKwU RwUj msMVb, hv Av‡iv ÿz`ª ÿz`ª Dcv`v‡bi Øviv MwVZ n‡q _v‡K|
cÖ‡Z¨KwU cigvYyi †fZ‡i GKwU wbDwK¬qvm (neucleus) ev abvZ¥K we`y¨r kw³ (positive
electricity) Av‡Q Ges GB wbDwK¬qvm‡K †K›`ª K‡i GK ev GKvwaK B‡jKUªb ev FYvZ¥K

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 140

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

we`y¨r kw³ (negative electricity) AbeiZ †Nv‡i| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb Qvov me †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i
cigvYyi wbDwK¬qvm Ô‡cÖvUb' I ÔwbDUªb' Øviv MwVZ| nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wbDwK¬qv‡m ïay GKwU
Ô‡cÖvUb' _v‡K| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb cigvYy n‡jv me‡P‡q nvjKv cigvYy Ges Gi GKwU gvÎ
B‡jKUªb Zvi †cÖvU‡bi Pvicv‡k †Nv‡i| B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUªb G‡`i cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K
g~j KwYKv ejv nq| †Kbbv G‡`i Avi fv½v hvq bv| wbDUª‡bi fi (mass) ‡cÖvU‡bi
f‡ii cÖvq mgvb|
wewfbœ †gŠwjK c`v‡_©i cigvYy¸‡jvi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb, †cÖvUb I wbDUª‡bi msL¨v wfbœ wfbœ
n‡q _v‡K| BD‡iwbqvg n‡jv fvix †gŠwjK c`v_©, hvi wbDwK¬qv‡m 92wU †cÖvUb Ges
146wU wbDUªb _v‡K, Avi Gi wbDwK¬qv‡mi PZzw`©‡K 99wU B‡jKUªb †Nv‡i| †mŠigÛ‡j
wewfbœ MÖn, DcMÖn †hgb m~h©‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Nv‡i, †Zgwb cigvYyi g‡a¨ B‡jKUªb
†cÖvUb‡K †K›`ª K‡i †Nv‡i| †mŠigÛj I cigvYyi Kÿ c‡_i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ GB †h,
†mŠigÛ‡ji †ÿ‡Î GKwUgvÎ MÖn AvewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍz GKwU cigvYyi Kÿ c‡_
GKvwaK B‡jKUªb AvewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| AvaywbK weÁvbx‡`i g‡Z, Ro cigvYy n‡jv GK
GKwU kw³cyÄ Ges Ro e¯Ízi †gŠwjK DcKiY n‡jv kw³, Ro bq| weÁvbx‡`i G
gZev`‡K mPj Roev` ejv n‡q _v‡K|

R‡oi wbR©oxKiY (Dematerialization of Matter)

eZ©gvb hy‡M cøvsK (Plank), AvBb÷vBb (Einstein) cÖgyL weÁvbx mPj Roev‡`i wfwˇK
AviI kw³kvjx K‡i R‡oi wbR©oxKiY K‡i‡Qb| Av‡cwÿKZvev` (Theory of
Relativity) Ges †Kvqv›Uvgev` (Quantum Theory) cÖvPxb gZev‡`i Dci AvNvZ †n‡b
ewjôfv‡e †NvlYv K‡i †h, fi (Mass) I kw³ (Energy) `ywU ¯^Zš¿ mËv bq Ges fi‡K
kw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kivi †Kvb cÖ‡qvRb †bB, eis fi kw³i iƒcvšÍi Qvov Avi wKQy
bq| ZvB kw³B RM‡Zi g~j Dcv`vb Ges Ro kw³iB GK we‡kl iƒcgvÎ|
†Kvqv›Uvgev` cÖPv‡ii c~‡e© wbDUb g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, Av‡jvK KwYKv (Corpuscle) m~h©
†_‡K †mvRvmywR wbM©Z nq Ges Gi c‡i A‡bK weÁvbx g‡b Ki‡Zb †h, m~h©iwk¥ Zi‡½i
AvKv‡i wbM©Z nq| wKšÍz †Kvqv›Uvgev‡`i g‡Z, Av‡jvK KwYKv¸‡jv wbDU‡bi gZev`
Abyhvqx e¯ÍzKwYKv (Material Particle) bq, eis kw³ KwYKv (Energy Particle)| GB
kw³-KwYKv‡KB Ô†ùvUb' ejv n‡q _v‡K| ZvB †Kvqv›Uvgev‡`i g‡Z, kw³ I
Av‡jvKkw³ g~jZ GKB kw³i wfbœ wfbœ iƒcgvÎ| Gw`K †_‡K kw³ cigvYy‡Z Ges
cigvYy kw³‡Z cwiewZ©Z n‡Z cv‡i| myZivs AvaywbK weÁvbx‡`i M‡elYvi d‡j Ro I
kw³i g‡a¨i ˆØZZv `~i n‡q hvq Ges kw³B RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb e‡j cwiMwYZ nq|
AvaywbK c`v_©we`iv Ro m¤ú‡K© AZ¨šÍ m~ÿè M‡elYv Pvwj‡q Ggb gZev` w`‡q‡Qb †h,
Zuv‡`i‡K Avi Roev`x ejv hvq bv| G cÖm‡½ Av‡gwiKvb `vk©wbK wdwjd d«vs‡Ki GKwU
e³e¨ we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| wZwb Zuvi cÖL¨vZ 'Philosophy of Science:
The Link Between Science and Philosophy' MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Ò wKšÍz GLb GKwU cwi”Qbœ
aviYv R‡b¥‡Q †h, [Roev‡`i] GB kw³ai aviv wesk kZ‡Ki c`v_©we`¨vq G‡m †_‡g
†M‡Q, we‡kl K‡i Av‡cwÿKZvev` I †Kvqv›Uvgev‡`i cÖeZ©‡bi ci| A‡bK †jLKB G
e¨vcv‡i wbwðZ †h, Roev`x avivi MwZ _vwg‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q Ges fveev‡`i cÖwZ GKwU

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 141

Gm Gm GBP Gj

m~ÿè †gvo wb‡q‡Q (The impression gained ground that this mighty trend was stopped
by the twentieth century physics, especially by the theory of relativity and
quantum theory. It was obvious to many authors that the trend toward materialism
had been stopped, and a sharp turn towards idealism had been taken)|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| mPj Roev‡`i g~j e³e¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2| cÖvPxb cigvYyev‡`i mv‡_ AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK cvigvYyev‡`i Zzjbv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| wbðj Roev` ms‡ÿ‡c eY©bv Kiæb|
2| R‡oi wbR©oxKiY ej‡Z wK eySvq?

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| wbðj Roev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb
(A) wbDUb (Av) Wvëb
(B) AvBb÷vBb (C) †W‡gvwµUvm
2| mPj Roev`x‡`i g‡Z cigvYy¸‡jv
(A) A‡f`¨ (Av) AwefvR¨
(B) mij (C) †hŠwMK
3| nvB‡Wªv‡R‡bi wbDwK¬qv‡m †cÖvU‡bi msL¨v
(A) 10 wU (Av) 146 wU
(B) 92 wU (C) 1 wU
4| Av‡cwÿKZvev` I †Kvqv›Uvg gZev‡`i g‡Z RM‡Zi g~j Dcv`vb n‡jv
(A) Ro (Av) fi
(B) kw³ (C) Av‡jv

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| e¯Íz‡K µgvMZ fvM Ki‡j KZ¸‡jv m~ÿè KwYKvq cwiYZ nq|
2| Wvë‡bi g‡Z, Ro I kw³ ci¯úi wbf©ikxj|
3| weÁvbx d¨viv‡Wi g‡Z, cigvYy wbðj I wbw®Œq|
4| cÖ‡Z¨K cigvYy AvYweK kw³i Avavi|

mwVK DËi
1| (Av) Wvëb 2| (C) †hŠwMK 3| (C) 1 wU 4| (Av) fi

1| m 2| wg 3| wg 4| m

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 142

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 4

cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : hš¿ I Rxe‡`n

Nature of Life: Machine and Organism
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 Ro I Rxe‡bi cv_©K¨ wbY©q Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Avgiv weMZ cv‡V Ro m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ `vk©wbK I ‰eÁvwbK gZvgZ †R‡bwQ| Avgiv
eZ©gvb cv‡V cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cÖvY ev Rxe‡bi ¯^iƒc eyS‡Z n‡j
Avgv‡`i cÖ_‡gB eyS‡Z n‡e hš¿ ev R‡oi mv‡_ cÖvY ev Rxe‡bi wK wK wgj I Awgj
i‡q‡Q|

cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc (Nature of Life)

cÖvY ev Rxeb m¤ú‡K© Avgiv GKUz wPšÍv Ki‡jB eyS‡Z cvwi †h, cÖvY ev Rxeb n‡jv Ggb
GKwU kw³ hvi Øviv wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨‡½i weKvk mvab nq Ges Gi Øviv HK¨ ¯’vcb,
†`‡ni ÿqÿwZ c~iY, cvwicvwk¦©‡Ki mv‡_ †`‡ni mvgÄm¨ weavb Ges eske„w×KiY N‡U|

cÖv‡Yi ˆewkó¨
cÖvY ev Rxe‡bi cÖK…wZ we‡kølY Ki‡j KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ cwijwÿZ nq| GB ˆewk󨸇jv
wb‡æv³fv‡e eY©bv Kiv hvq :
cÖ_gZ cÖvY ev Rxeb †`n‡K Avkªq K‡iB wb‡R‡K weKwkZ K‡i|
wØZxqZ cÖvY †`‡ni g‡a¨ Ggb GK kw³ Drcbœ K‡i, hvi d‡j †`‡ni wewfbœ A½-
cÖZ¨‡½i g‡a¨ cwieZ©b I µgweKvk mvab Ges mvgÄm¨ weavb nq|
Z…ZxqZ cÖvY ˆRweK cÖwµqvmg~n‡K my›`ifv‡e wbqš¿Y K‡i Rxe †`‡ni Kj¨vY mvab K‡i
Ges cvwicvwk©¦‡Ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ ¯’vcb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
PZz_©Z eske„w×i ÿgZv cÖv‡Yi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨| cÖavbZ cÖRbb ÿgZvi gva¨‡gB
¯^RvZxq Rxe m„wó ev esk iÿv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|

hš¿ I Rxe‡`n (Machine and Organism)

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 143

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cÖvY kw³i ¯^iƒc wba©viY Ki‡Z wM‡q A‡b‡K hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ Zzjbv K‡ib| hš¿
I Rxe‡`n hw`I AvcvZt `„wó‡Z g‡b nq GK, Z_vwc Avm‡j hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GK bq|
wb‡P hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni mv`„k¨ I ˆemv`„k¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv :
hš¿ I Rxe‡`n : mv`„k¨
hš¿ ej‡Z Avgiv mvaviYZ Ggb GKUv e¯Íz‡K eywS, hv KZ¸‡jv Ro As‡ki Øviv MwVZ
Ges evB‡ii †Kvb kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z| Avi Rxe‡`n ej‡Z Avgiv Ggb GKUv e¯Íz‡K
eywS hv †Kvb ˆRweK cÖwµqvi Avavi|
hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ n‡jv, hš¿ I Rxe‡`n DfqB KZ¸‡jv As‡ki mgb¦‡q
MwVZ| hš¿ †hgb KZ¸‡jv Ask wb‡q MwVZ, Rxe‡`nI †Zgwb KZ¸‡jv A½-cÖZ¨½ wb‡q
MwVZ| hš¿ †hgb hš¿vs‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj, Rxe‡`nI †Zgwb wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨‡½i Dci
wbf©ikxj|

hš¿ I Rxe‡`n : ‰emv`„k¨

hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ mv`„k¨ _vK‡jI hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GK bq| G‡`i g‡a¨ mv`„‡k¨i
†P‡q ˆemv`„k¨B †ewk cwijwÿZ nq :
cÖ_gZ hš¿ gvby‡li m„wó| Avi cÖvY cÖvK…wZK ev Hk¦wiK m„wó| hš¿ wewfbœ Ro c`v_©‡K
GKÎ Ki‡jB m„wó Kiv m¤¢e nq, wKšÍz Gfv‡e Rxe‡`n m„wó Kiv m¤¢e bq| hw`I h‡š¿i
g‡Zv Rxe †`‡nI wewfbœ †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK c`v_© Av‡Q, Z_vwc Rxe †`‡ni e„w× Av‡Q,
wKšÍz h‡š¿i †Kvb e„w× †bB|
wØZxqZ hš¿ evB‡ii kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z nq; cÿvšÍ‡i, Rxe‡`n evB‡ii kw³ Øviv wbqwš¿Z
nq bv| Af¨šÍixY kw³B G‡K cwiPvwjZ K‡i|
Z…ZxqZ hš¿ I Rxe‡`n Df‡q hw`I G‡`i As‡ki Dci wbf©ikxj, Z_vwc h‡š¿i †ejvq
As‡ki cÖvavb¨ †ewk Ges Rxe †`‡ni †ejvq mgMÖZvi cÖvavb¨ †ewk| GKwU h‡š¿i †Kvb
GKwU Ask weKj n‡jB hš¿wU A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o| wKšÍz GB AskwUi ¯^Zš¿ Ae¯’vb
mg‡MÖi Dci wbf©i bv K‡iI m¤¢e n‡Z cv‡i, †Kbbv hš¿ KZ¸‡jv wewÿß As‡ki GKwU
K…wÎg msMVbgvÎ| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rxe‡`n KZ¸‡jv As‡ki ¯^vfvweK msMVb| G wn‡m‡e Rxe
†`‡ni †ejvq mgMÖ‡K As‡ki Dci Ges Ask‡K mg‡MÖi Dci wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq|
PZz_©Z hš¿ me mgqB Ac‡ii D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b e¨eüZ nq, ZvB hš¿ hš¿xi B”QvgZB KvR
K‡i| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rx‡ei wbR¯^ D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q, †Kbbv Rxe Zvi Af¨šÍixY kw³ ØvivB
cwiPvwjZ nq|
cÂgZ hš¿ n‡jv civaxb Ges ci Øviv wbqwš¿Z| wKšÍz Rxe‡`n ¯^vaxb I ¯^wbqwš¿Z| G
Rb¨ Rx‡ei wµqvKjvc m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx Kiv m¤¢e bq|
lôZ Rx‡ei AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, AvZ¥msMVb, AvZ¥msiÿY I AvZ¥weKv‡ki ÿgZv Av‡Q| Rxe
Gme ÿgZvi e‡j cÖ‡qvRb gZ †h †Kvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z wb‡R‡K Lvc LvB‡q wb‡Z cv‡i,
bZzb bZzb mgm¨vi mgvavb Ki‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz h‡š¿i g‡a¨ Gme ¸Y †bB e‡j hš¿
cy‡ivcywi civaxb| h‡š¿i GKwU Ask weKj n‡q †M‡j hš¿ Zv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
cÿvšÍ‡i Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb ÿqÿwZ n‡j Rxe Zv wb‡RB c~iY Ki‡Z †Póv K‡i|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 144

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 145

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| hš¿ ej‡Z Kx eySvq? h‡š¿i mv‡_ Rxe‡`‡ni cv_©K¨ eY©bv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| cÖv‡Yi ˆewkó¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|
1| hš¿ I Rxe‡`‡ni ˆemv`„k¨mg~n D‡jøL Kiæb|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| cÖv‡Yi Ab¨Zg ‰ewkó¨ ev ag© n‡jv
(A) PÂjZv ev MwZ (Av) w¯’iZv
(B) cÖRbb (C) †KvbUvB bq

2| cÖvY ev Rxeb wb‡R‡K weKwkZ K‡iÑ

(A) gb‡K Avkªq K‡i (Av) †`n‡K Avkªq K‡i
(B) Abyf‚wZ‡K Avkªq K‡i (C) eywׇK Avkªq K‡i

3| hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GK
(A) AvcvZt `„wó‡Z (Av) cÖK…Zt c‡ÿ
(B) g~jZt (C) †KvbwUB bq

4| hš¿ me mgqB D‡Ïk¨ mvab K‡i

(A) wb‡Ri (Av) eÜyi
(B) Mix‡ei (C) Ac‡ii

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| h‡š¿i eske„w×i ÿgZv Av‡Q|
2| cÖvY †`‡ni wewfbœ As‡ki g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab K‡i _v‡K|

mwVK DËi
1| (B) 2| (Av) 3| (A) 4| (C)

1| wg 2| m

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 146

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 5

cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : hvwš¿K gZev`

Nature of Life: Mechanistic Theory of Life

D‡Ïk¨
G cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 cÖvY m¤úK©xq hvwš¿K gZev` e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 hvwš¿K gZev‡`i hyw³mg~n D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Avgiv weMZ cv‡V hš¿ I Rxe †`‡ni cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv
Rxe‡bi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| hvwš¿K gZev‡`i g‡Z, Rxeb Ro †_‡KB
D™¢~Z Ges R‡oiB RwUj iƒcgvÎ|

cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : hvwš¿K gZev` (Mechanistic Theory of Life)

hvwš¿Kev‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY R‡oiB RwUj iƒcgvÎ Ges Rxe‡`n GKwU RwUj hš¿gvÎ| cÖvY
I R‡oi g‡a¨ †Kvb we‡kl cv_©K¨ †bB eis G‡`i g‡a¨ ïay cwigvYMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
Ro I MwZi †hŠwMK cÖwµqvi d‡j mg¯Í Rx‡ei D™¢e n‡q _v‡K|
Roev`xiv Zuv‡`i gZ‡K cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z wM‡q c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi mvnvh¨ wb‡q
_v‡Kb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, †h †Kvb Rxe‡`n we‡kølY Ki‡jB Kve©b, Aw·‡Rb, nvB‡Wªv‡Rb,
Kv¨vjwmqvg cÖf…wZ ivmvqwbK Dcv`vb †`L‡Z cvIqv hvq| ZvB Rxe‡`n I Ro c`v‡_©i
g‡a¨ Dcv`v‡bi w`K †_‡K †Kvb cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq bv| Rxe‡`n I Ro c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ ïay
cv_©K¨ GB †h, Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ GKUv RwUj MVb e¨e¯’v †`Lv hvq A_©vr h‡š¿i Zzjbvq
Rxe‡`n n‡jv RwUjZi| Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvi d‡jB Rxe
†Kv‡li D™¢e n‡q _v‡K| GB Rxe‡Kvl eû †Kv‡l wef³ n‡q wewfbœ A½-cÖZ¨½ I
Rxe‡`‡ni m„wó K‡i|

ARxeRwbev`
Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb inm¨RbK cÖvY kw³i (vital force) ¯’vb †bB|
cÖvYkw³ Ro kw³i GKwU we‡kl iƒcgvÎ| cÖvY ˆRweK cÖwµqv †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ wKQy bq|
h‡š¿i g‡Zv Rxe †`n‡KI hvwš¿K Kvh©KviY m¤úK© w`‡q e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| hš¿ev` ev
Roev‡`i g~j e³e¨ GB †h, hš¿ I Rxe‡`n GKB Ro kw³i `ywU wfbœ cÖKvkgvÎ|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 147

Gm Gm GBP Gj

†fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK wµqvi mvnv‡h¨ cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v KivB hš¿ev`x‡`i gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨|
cÖv‡Yi g~‡j i‡q‡Q wewfbœ ivmvqwbK cÖwµqv Ges Ro kw³i wµqv| Zuv‡`i g~jK_v GB
†h, Ro †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË| cÖvY m¤ú‡K© Roev`x‡`i GB AwfgZ‡K ARxeRwbev`
ejv nq|

ˆRweK cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v

Roev`x‡`i g‡Z, DÏxc‡Ki ivmvqwbK AvKl©‡Yi d‡jB Rxe †`‡ni g‡a¨ ¯^Ztù‚Z©
cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq| ZvB Rxe‡`n cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb Kv‡j †h D‡ËRbv
†`Lvq, Zvi g~‡j hš¿ev`xiv †Kvb cÖvY kw³i Dcw¯’wZ ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv| Rxe †`‡ni Dci
DÏxc‡Ki cÖwZwµqv‡K hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z e¨vL¨v Kivi e¨vcv‡i hš¿ev`x‡`i g‡a¨ we‡kl
AvMÖn cwijwÿZ nq| cÖvPxb wMÖK cigvYyev`x †_‡K ïiæ K‡i †KvcviwbKvm, M¨vwjwjI
†WKvU©, wbDUb cÖgyL gbxlxiv hš¿ev‡`i wfwË AviI my`„p K‡ib| Gi c‡i nve©vU© †¯úÝvi
I WviDBb eZ©gvb Kv‡ji hš¿ev‡`i A‡bK DbœwZ mvab K‡i GK we¯§‡qi m„wó K‡ib|
nv·wj (Huxley) Zuvi cÖwm× ÔwdwRK¨vj †ewmm Ae jvBd' (Physical Basis of Life)
MÖ‡š’ wMÖK cigvYyev`x‡`i cÖvY m¤úK©xq hvwš¿K gZev`‡K AviI †Rviv‡jvfv‡e mg_©b
K‡ib| †UÛb (Tendon)mn A‡bK AvaywbK weÁvbxI hvwš¿K gZev` mg_©b K‡i‡Qb|
Zuv‡`i g‡Z, Ro I MwZ kw³i †hŠ_ cÖwµqvi d‡jB G RM‡Z bZzb bZzb e¯Ízi Avwef©ve
N‡U _v‡K|

mgv‡jvPbv
hš¿ev`x‡`i gZev` Roev‡`i ¯^vfvweK cwiYwZ Qvov Avi wKQyB bq| Ro I cÖvY GK I
Awfbœ n‡Z cv‡i bv, †Kbbv Ro I cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK I ¸YMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q|
cÖvY mshy³ Rxe‡Kv‡l Ggb KZ¸‡jv ¸Y i‡q‡Q, hvi D™¢e †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK c`v_©
†_‡K n‡Z cv‡i bv| hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v me wel‡q P‡j bv| c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vq
hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v Pj‡Z cv‡i, †Kbbv Gme weÁvb Ro c`v_© wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wKšÍz
cÖv‡Yi Ggb KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bq|
hš¿ev`x‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY Ro †_‡K D™¢~Z Ges ¸‡Yi w`K †_‡K cÖvY I R‡oi g‡a¨ †Kvb
cv_©K¨ †bB, hš¿ev`x‡`i G gZ mwVK bq| Ro cÖv‡Yi Avwef©v‡ei Rb¨ eo ‡Rvi GKwU
cwi‡ek m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, wKšÍz cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e cÖvY m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvQvov, cÖv‡Yi
AvZ¥msiÿY, AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, AvZ¥cybiærcv`b cÖf…wZ ai‡bi Ggb KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q,
†h¸‡jv R‡oi g‡a¨ †bB| hw`I wKQy msL¨K RxeweÁvbx hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z Rxe †`‡ni
e¨vL¨v †`qvi †Póv K‡i‡Qb, Z_vwc A‡bK AvaywbK RxeweÁvbx I kixiZË¡we` G hvwš¿K
c×wZ‡Z cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v †`qvi cÖ‡Póv‡K wbiærmvwnZ K‡i‡Qb| D`vniY¯^iƒc, e„wUk
kixiZË¡we` †R. Gm. n¨vj‡Wb (J.S. Haldane)-Gi bvg D‡jøL Kiv hvq| Zuvi g‡Z, cÖvY
ej‡Z †h e¯Íz‡K Avgiv eywS Zvi †cQ‡b GKwU Avjv`v mËv i‡q‡Q, hv R‡oi g‡a¨ †bB|
Zuvi g‡Z, Ro I cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨ GKwU †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q Ges GRb¨ cÖv‡Yi hvwš¿K

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 148

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bq| †R. Av_©vi _gmb Zuvi Ôw` wmm&‡Ug Ae Gwb‡gU jvBd' (The
System of Animate Life) MÖ‡š’ e‡jb, Òc`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi bxwZ ˆ`bw›`b
Rxe‡bi kvixwiK Kvh©µg A_ev AvPiY, Dbœqb I weeZ©‡bi c~~Y© weeiY w`‡Z Aÿg|Ó
Gme welq Òm¤ú~Y© ¯^Zš¿ ˆRweK cÖ‡kœi DËi w`‡Z h‡_ó bqÓ (The formulae of
physics and chemistry are inadequate for the re-description of the everyday bodily
functions or of behaviour or of development or of evolution". They "do not suffice
for answering the distinctively biological questions.")|

hš¿ev`x‡`i hyw³mg~n
hš¿ev`xiv hš¿ev‡`i mg_©‡b ‡hme hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Zv AviI wek`fv‡e Avgiv GLb
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev :
cÖ_gZ hš¿ev`x‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY I Rxeb †Kvb inm¨gq e¯Íz bq| hw` Rx‡ei Rxeb avi‡Yi
wewfbœ cÖwµqv hvwš¿K c×wZ‡Z e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, Z‡eB Rxeb I cÖv‡Yi h_v_© e¨vL¨v Kiv
m¤¢e| †h‡nZz cÖvY inm¨RbK †Kvb mËv bq, myZivs cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ †Kvb inm¨RbK
ZË¡ ¯^xKvi Kivi †Kvb A_© nq bv|
wØZxqZ Aaybv Rxewe`¨vi AMÖMwZi d‡j GKvwaK ˆRweK cÖwµqvB hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv
m¤¢e n‡”Q| Bw›`ªq ms‡ÿv‡fi mv‡_ ms‡e`‡bi m¤úK©, Rxe †`‡ni A‡½i I gvsm †ckxi
e„w× cÖf…wZ ˆRweK e¨vcvi‡K †gvUvgywU hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e| ZvQvov Avgv‡`i
dzmdz‡mi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ Kvgv‡ii nvc‡ii Ges ¯œvqybvjxi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ †Uwj‡dv‡bi Zv‡ii
†Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB| myZivs hw`I A‡bK ˆRweK cÖwµqv‡K GLbI hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv
m¤¢e nqwb, A`~i fwel¨‡Z †h †m mg¯Í ˆRweK cÖwµqvI hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hv‡e bv
Zv ejv hvq bv|
Z…ZxqZ weÁvb mvaviYZ hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v‡KB hyw³m½Z e¨vL¨v e‡j g‡b K‡i| AvR‡Ki
w`‡bi c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi DbœwZi g~‡j Av‡Q †mme welqe¯Ízi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v|
Rxewe`¨vi mgKvjxb DbœwZi g~‡jI Av‡Q hvwš¿K c×wZi Dci AwaK ¸iæZ¡v‡ivc|
Rxe‡bi MwZ-cÖK…wZi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vB Zvi AMÖMwZi m~Pbv K‡i| myZivs Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v
hvwš¿K nIqvB ¯^vfvweK|
PZz_©Z hš¿ev`x‡`i g‡Z, cÖv‡Yi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vB cÖvY‡K mnR‡eva¨ K‡i †Zv‡j| hvwš¿K
e¨vL¨v bv w`‡Z cvi‡j cÖvY `y‡e©va¨ I inm¨gq †_‡K hv‡e| †fŠwZK cÖwµqv¸‡jv Avgiv
cixÿvMv‡i ch©‡eÿY Ki‡Z cvwi| myZivs cÖvY‡K hw` †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvq
iƒcvšÍi Kiv nq, Zvn‡j cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v mnR‡eva¨ nq| A_©vr Rxe‡bi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vB
n‡jv hyw³hy³ e¨vL¨v|
cÂgZ cÖvYev` kw³i wbZ¨Zv wbq‡gi we‡ivax| hš¿ev`x‡`i g‡Z, Rx‡ei hw` we‡kl
cÖvYkw³ _v‡K Z‡e Zv Rxe‡bi †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK kw³i mv‡_ GKB ch©v‡q _vK‡e|
myZivs ˆ`wnK kw³ µgvMZ cÖvYkw³ Ges cÖvYkw³ ˆ`wnK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ n‡e| d‡j
Rxe‡`‡n µgvMZ ˆ`wnK kw³i DbœwZ I AebwZ NU‡e| wKšÍz kw³i wbZ¨Zv wbqgvbymv‡i

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 149

Gm Gm GBP Gj

†Kvb †`‡n †h cwigvY Ro ev kw³ evB‡i †_‡K Av‡m Zvi n«vm-e„w× m¤¢e bq| myZivs
cÖvYkw³ e‡j †Kvb we‡kl kw³ †bB|
lôZ hš¿ev`xiv Zuv‡`i mc‡ÿ hyw³ w`‡Z wM‡q e‡jb †h, A‡bK ˆRweK `ªe¨ AvRKvj
cixÿvMv‡i m„wó Kiv hvq| †hgb wcË im Ges Av‡iv A‡bK e¯Íz‡K GKUv RxešÍ Rxe
†`‡ni m„wó e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| myZivs G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GK cÖKvi we‡kl cÖvY kw³i cwiPq
cvIqv hvq| AvRKvj G¸‡jv ivmvqwbK cixÿvMv‡i Drcbœ Kiv hvq|
mßgZ hš¿ev`x nve©vU© †¯úÝv‡ii g‡Z, cÖvY n‡jv Òewntkw³i mv‡_ AvšÍi kw³i µgvMZ
mvgÄm¨weavbÓ (Life is a continuous adjustment of internal to external forces.)|
hš¿ev`x‡`i hyw³¸‡jv GZÿY Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv| Gevi Zuv‡`i hyw³¸‡jvi †`vl-ÎæwU
wb‡q Avgiv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev|

hš¿ev`x‡`i hyw³i mgv‡jvPbv

cÖ_gZ hš¿ev`x‡`i cÖ_g hyw³ Abymv‡i GK_v ejv hvq †h, ev¯ÍweKB cÖvY ev Rxeb †Kvb
inm¨RbK e¯Íz bq| wKšÍz GK_v ïaygvÎ hš¿ev`x‡`i e³e¨B mg_©b K‡i bv| cÖvYev`xivI
Rxeb‡K KLbI inm¨RbK g‡b K‡ib bv| Zuviv Rxeb‡K Ro †_‡K ¯^Zš¿ e‡j g‡b
K‡ib e‡jB Rxeb‡K inm¨RbK ejv hvq bv| ZvQvov, hš¿ev`xiv †Kej RoB †h
inm¨RbK bq- G K_vi c‡ÿ †Kvb wbLuyZ hyw³ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
wØZxqZt hš¿ev`x‡`i wØZxq hyw³i g‡a¨ †ek mZ¨Zv Av‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡jI Avm‡j Zv
bq| GK_v mZ¨ †h, m¤úªwZ wKQy msL¨K weÁvbx Rxe †`‡ni hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v w`‡Z †Póv
K‡i‡Qb| Z‡e G‡ÿ‡Î †h Lye GKUv AMÖMwZ n‡q‡Q Zv ejv hvq bv| n¨vj‡Wb, †evm
cÖgyL cÖ_g ‡kªYxi cÖvwYweÁvbx Rxe †`‡ni hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v MÖnY K‡ibwb| ZvQvov, Rxe‡bi
mvgwMÖKfv‡e hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v m¤¢e n‡e GUvI Avgv‡`i GKUv wek¦vmgvÎ| wek¦vm hyw³ bq|
myZivs Rxe‡bi c~Y© hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v †`qvi Rb¨ Avgv‡`i AviI A‡bKw`b nq‡Zv A‡cÿv
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Z…ZxqZ c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ e¯Ízi mv‡_ Rxewe`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ e¯Ízi
†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡jv Ro c`v_©|
myZivs hvwš¿K c×wZ Gme weÁv‡bi Rb¨ LyeB Dchy³ n‡Z cv‡i| wKšÍz Rxewe`¨vi
Av‡jvP¨ welq cÖvY| cÖv‡Yi KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q, cÖv‡Yi mv‡_ R‡oi †gŠwjK cv_©K¨
Av‡Q| d‡j Rxewe`¨v‡KI c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi b¨vq hvwš¿K c×wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z
n‡e GK_v †gv‡UB hyw³hy³ bq|
PZz_©Z hš¿ev`x‡`i PZz_© hyw³wU Av‡`Š m½Z e‡j g‡b nq bv| †Kbbv Rxeb‡K †fŠwZK I
ivmvqwbK kw³‡Z iƒcvšÍi K‡i Zvi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z cvi‡j cÖvY mnR‡eva¨ n‡q DV‡e
hš¿ev`x‡`i GUv GKUv wek¦vmgvÎ| Giv Dchy³ cÖgv‡Yi wfwˇZ Zv `k©v‡Z cv‡ibwb|
Zuviv †Kej †h welqwU‡K cÖgv‡Yi K_v fve‡Qb, Zv‡K c~e© †_‡KB MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Qb|
cÂgZ hš¿ev`x‡`i cÂg hyw³wU‡K `y'w`K †_‡K mvRv‡bv hvq| cÖ_gZ cÖvYx †`‡ni
AšÍwb©wnZ A_ev wµqvkxj †fŠwZK kw³i cwigvY mwVKfv‡e wbY©q Kiv m¤¢e bq, myZivs

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 150

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

e„w× I AebwZ wbY©q Kiv hvq bv| wØZxqZ cÖvYkw³ Ro kw³i ch©v‡q bq| KviY cÖvY
kw³i cÖK…wZ n‡jv Ro kw³i MwZ I wµqv‡K wba©viY I wbqš¿Y Kiv| d‡j Ro kw³i
mvnv‡h¨ cÖvYkw³ Zvi D‡Ïk¨ mvab Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖvYkw³ wb‡RB mwµq, Avi Rokw³
wbw®Œq|
lôZ hš¿ev`x‡`i lô hyw³wU †Kvb mwZ¨Kv‡ii hyw³ bq| cixÿvMv‡i †h Rxe‡Kv‡li m„wó
Kiv nq Zv RxešÍ bq, g„Z| RxešÍ Rxe‡Kv‡li wµqv-Kg© Avjv`v| Zv‡`i wµqv-Kg©‡K
†fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK c×wZi Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
mßgZ nve©vU© †¯úÝv‡ii aviYv hyw³hy³ bq| †Kbbv Rxe‡`‡ni †fZi-evB‡ii mvgÄm¨
ivmvqwbK kw³i Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Rxe‡`n n‡jv ¯^wbqwš¿Z, ¯^mvgÄm¨c~Y,©
¯^iÿK cÖRbb kw³m¤úbœ| GUv †fŠwZK I ivmvqwbK kw³i RwUj AvKvi bq| Rxeb
n‡jv bZzb wKQy| Rxeb n‡jv Ro kw³i †P‡q D”P ¯Í‡ii GK mvsMVwbK kw³|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 151

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Rxeb ev cÖvY wK Avm‡jB R‡oi RwUj iƒc? Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4| hš¿ev`x‡`i hyw³¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb Ges Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Ri gZvgZ w`b|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| ARxeRwbev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| ‰RweK cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v D‡jøL Kiæb|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| cÖvY n‡jv ewntkw³i mv‡_ AvšÍtkw³i µgvMZ mvgÄm¨weavb -Dw³wU K‡ib
(A) n¨vj‡Wb (Av) wbDUb
(B) nve©vU© †¯úÝvi (C) Gwi÷Uj

2| hvwš¿K gZev` Abymv‡i, Rxe‡`n I Ro-c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ n‡jv h‡š¿i Zzjbvq
Rxe‡`n
(A) mnRZi (Av) RwUjZi
(B) mijZi (C) †KvbwUB bq

3| ÔwdwRK¨vj †ewmm Ad jvBd¤^ MÖš’wUi †jLK

(A) nve©vU© †¯úÝvi (Av) WviDBb
(B) nv·jx (C) †UÛb

4| Ôw` wmm&‡Ug Ad Gwb‡gU jvBd¤^ MÖš’wUi †jLKÑ

(A) †R, Av_©vi _gmb (Av) †R.Gm. n¨vj‡Wb
(B) †KvcviwbKvm (C) M¨vwjwjI

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| hš¿ev`xiv Rxe‡`‡n †Kvb cÖvY-kw³i Dcw¯’wZ ¯^xKvi K‡ib bv|

mwVK DËi
1| (B) 2| (Av) 3| (B) 4| (A)

1| m

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 152

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cvV 6

cÖv‡Yi ¯^iƒc : cÖvYev`

Nature of Life: Vitalistic Theory of Life

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 Rxe‡bi cÖvYev`x e¨vL¨v D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖvYev‡`i hyw³mg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖvYev‡`i hyw³mg~‡ni †`vl-ÎæwU wb‡`©k Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Avgiv c~e©eZ©x cv‡V Rxe‡bi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| eZ©gvb cv‡V Avgiv
Rxe‡bi cÖvYev`x e¨vL¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev| cÖvYev‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY ev Rxeb Ro †_‡K
D™¢~Z bq| cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K wfbœZi kw³|

cÖvYev` (Vitalistic Theory of Life)

cÖvYev`x‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K Avjv`v kw³ Ges G `ywU kw³i g‡a¨ †gŠwjK I
¸YMZ cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K D™¢~Z nq bv| cÖvY Ro †`n‡K Avkªq K‡iB
wbR‡K weKwkZ K‡i; ZvB e‡j cÖvY kw³‡K Ro †`‡ni †fŠwZK ev ivmvqwbK wµqv ejv
P‡j bv| Rxe A‰Re c`v_© †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœ| Rx‡ei g‡a¨ Ggb KZ¸‡jv ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q
hv A‰Re c`v‡_© †bB| ÔcÖvYkw³' bv‡g GK bZzb I ¯^Zš¿ Rxebxkw³ w`‡q Rxe‡bi ¯^iƒc
D`&NvUb Kiv hvq| GB gZev‡`i bvg cÖvYev`|
`k©‡bi BwZnvm Av‡jvPbv Ki‡j Avgiv GB cÖvY kw³i cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© `y'iK‡gi gZev`
cvB : cÖvPxb cÖvYev` I be¨ cÖvYev`|

cÖvPxb cÖvYev`
cÖvPxb cÖvYev‡`i cÖ_g cÖKvk N‡U wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷U‡ji †jLvq| Zuvi g‡Z, Dw™¢`,
cÖvYx I gvby‡li g‡a¨ GK GK cÖKvi kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ i‡q‡Q| G cÖvY kw³‡K wZwb
Entelechy ev †`‡ni msMVb kw³ e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| wZwb e‡jb, MvQ-cvjv,
Dw™¢‡`i g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rbbkxj cÖvYkw³| cÖvYxi g‡a¨ Av‡Q Rbbkxj cÖvY I ms‡e`bkxj
cÖvY| Avi gvby‡li g‡a¨ Av‡Q AviI GKwU kw³ hvi bvg †eŠw×K cÖvY| ga¨ hy‡Mi A‡bK

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 153

Gm Gm GBP Gj

`vk©wbK A¨vwi÷U‡ji gZev` mg_©b K‡ib Ges e‡jb †h, Rxe‡bi Avmj iƒc n‡jv
GKwU Ava¨vwZ¥K mËv Ges Zv e¯Íz †_‡K Avjv`v| `vk©wbK †WKvU© G gZev‡`i wKQy
we‡ivwaZv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, MvQ-cvjv I cÖvYxi †`n h‡š¿i gZB Ges gvby‡li †`nI G
wbq‡gi e¨wZµg bq| wKšÍz gvby‡li g‡a¨ GKUv wPšÍvkw³ Av‡Q| †gvUK_v, cÖvPxb
cÖvYev‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY GKwU †gŠwjK kw³ Ges cÖvY †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË m¤¢e, ivmvqwbK
wµqvi d‡j bq|

be¨ cÖvYev`
be¨ cÖvYev‡`i RbK n‡jb Rvg©vb `vk©wbK n¨vÝ wWªK| wZwb cixÿvg~jK ˆeÁvwbK
c×wZi mvnv‡h¨ cÖvYev`‡K bZzb K‡i cÖwZôv K‡ib| Zuvi g‡Z, †Kvb †fŠwZK I
ivmvqwbK cÖwµqvi mvnv‡h¨ ˆRweK cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv| Rxe‡bi MVbcÖYvjx I
h‡š¿i MVbcÖYvjxi g‡a¨ †gŠwjK cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| myZivs Rxe‡`n hš¿we‡kl bq Ges
Rxe‡bi †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vI m¤¢e bq| GKgvÎ cÖvYZË¡ w`‡qB Rxe‡bi e¨vL¨v m¤¢e|
wWªK KLbI KLbI GB cÖvYZË¡‡K gb¯ÍË¡ e‡jI cwiPq †`b| Zuvi g‡Z, GB gb¯ÍË¡B
Rxe †`‡ni we‡kl MVb fw½gvi Rb¨ `vqx| GB gb¯ÍË¡ Ro †_‡K ¯^Zš¿| cÖvY †_‡KB
cÖv‡Yi DrcwË| wKšÍz wcÖ½j †cwUm‡bi g‡Z, wWªK G msMVb kw³‡K wbR©oxq g‡b K‡iI
mvaviY Acwic° Roev‡`i hv`yg‡š¿i †eovRvj †_‡K †ei n‡Z cv‡ibwb|

cÖvYev`x‡`i hyw³mg~n
cÖvYev`xiv cÖvYev‡`i mg_©‡b ‡hme hyw³ Dc¯’vcb K‡ib Zv AviI wek`fv‡e Avgiv
GLb Av‡jvPbv Ki‡ev :
1| Rx‡ei MVb I wµqvi GKUv ¯^Kxq ˆewkó¨ Av‡Q, hv †Kvb h‡š¿ jÿ¨ Kiv hvq bv|
myZivs Rx‡ei †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨vI m¤¢e n‡q I‡V bv| Rx‡ei A½-cÖZ¨‡½i g‡a¨
†Kvb hvwš¿K m¤úK© †bB| G‡`i m¤úK© m¤ú~Y© wbweo I Awe‡”Q`¨| hš¿ n‡jv
KZ¸‡jv evn¨ m¤úK©wewkó K…wÎg As‡ki mgwó| Gw`K †_‡K h‡š¿i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Zvi
As‡ki Dci m¤ú~Y© wbf©ikxj| cÿvšÍ‡i, Rx‡ei A½-cÖZ¨½ n‡jv AvšÍi
m¤úK©wewkó| d‡j A½-cÖZ¨‡½i Aw¯ÍZ¡ Rxe‡`‡ni Aw¯Í‡Z¡i Dci wbf©ikxj|
myZivs †`Lv hv‡”Q †h, h‡š¿i †ejvq mg‡MÖi Zzjbvq As‡ki Ges Rxe †`‡ni
†ÿ‡Î A½-cÖZ¨‡½i Zzjbvq mg‡MÖi cÖvavb¨ †ewk| Rxe‡`n iÿv‡_© mg‡MÖi G
cÖvavb¨ cÖvYkw³i wewkóZvB cÖgvY K‡i| ZvQvov Rx‡ei AvZ¥wbqš¿Y, AvZ¥msiÿY
I AvZ¥weKv‡ki ÿgZv Av‡Q| Rx‡ei cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨, eske„w×,
D‡Ïk¨g~jK KvR BZ¨vw` Zvi ˆewk‡ó¨iB cÖgvY| h‡š¿ Gme ˆewkó¨ †bB| Rxe‡`n
hš¿ bq| Kv‡RB Rxe †`‡ni hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq|
2| Rx‡ei Kvh© m¤ú‡K© fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq bv| KviY Rx‡ei Kv‡h©i ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q|
cÿvšÍ‡i, R‡oi cwieZ©b ev Kv‡h©i fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq| KviY R‡oi †Kvb
¯^vaxbZv †bB| Ro e¯Íz‡K Avgiv hLb †hgb Kwi †Zgb nq| cÖvYxi ¯’vb
cwieZ©‡bi ÿgZv Av‡Q| Qv` †_‡K GKLvbv cv_i Quy‡o w`‡j †Kv_vq wM‡q co‡e

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 154

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

Zv A‡bKUv AuvP Kiv hvq, wKšÍz †Kvb cvwL‡K a‡i G‡b †Q‡o w`‡j †m †Kv_vq
wM‡q em‡e Zv ejv hvq bv| Kv‡RB cÖvYxi KvR‡K hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
3| AvaywbK ˆeÁvwbK M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZ n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb †Kvb cÖwµqvi †Kvb hvwš¿K
e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, k¦vm-cÖk¦v‡mi Kvh©, cywó, eske„w×
BZ¨vw`‡K hvwš¿K Kvh©KviY Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv m¤¢e bq| Aek¨ G¸‡jv‡K
D‡Ïk¨g~jK Kvh©KviY m¤ú‡K©i Øviv e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq| myZivs Rxe‡bi me cÖwµqvB
hvwš¿Kfv‡e e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq, Ggb K_v GLb Avi ejv hvq bv|
4| cÖvYkw³ I Rokw³ ¯^iƒcZ Avjv`v| PÂjZv ev MwZ n‡jv cÖvY kw³i cÖavb ag©|
Ro n‡jv wbðj| PÂjZv I wbðjZv m¤ú~Y© wecixZag©x| myZivs R‡oi hvwš¿K
e¨vL¨v cÖv‡Yi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡Z cv‡i bv|
5| cÖvYev`x `vk©wbK‡`i g‡Z, Rxe weÁv‡bi mv‡_ c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi
†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ Av‡Q| KviY c`v_©we`¨v I imvqb we`¨vi welqe¯Íz n‡jv Ro|
Kv‡RB hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v c×wZB G weÁvb¸‡jvi GKgvÎ c×wZ| Acic‡ÿ,
cÖvwYweÁvb n‡”Q cÖvYkw³ m¤úK©xq weÁvb| Kv‡RB cÖvK…wZK weÁv‡bi hvwš¿K
c×wZ GLv‡b Lv‡U bv| ˆRweK KvR‡K †Kej cÖvY kw³i mvnv‡h¨ e¨vL¨v Kiv
m¤¢e, hš¿ kw³i mvnv‡h¨ bq| Rx‡ei RwUj cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v KLbI m¤¢e
n‡e wKbv? Zv wbwðZ K‡i ejv hvq bv|

cÖvYev`x‡`i hyw³i mgv‡jvPbv

cÖvYev`x‡`i cÖ_g gZwU †h †ek †Rviv‡jv Zv‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB| mwZ¨B Rx‡ei MVb I
wµqvi ˆewkó¨ hš¿ †_‡K c„_K| myZivs Rxe‡bi †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v †`qv m¤¢e bq|
Rx‡ei ¯^vaxbZv Av‡Q| wKšÍz R‡oi ¯^vaxbZv †bB| R‡oi Kv‡Ri fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq,
wKšÍz Rx‡ei Kv‡Ri fwel¨ØvYx Kiv hvq bv| Ro I Rxe m¤ú~Y© wecixZ ¯^fv‡ei| Kv‡RB
R‡oi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v KLbI Rxe‡bi ev cÖv‡Yi e¨vL¨v n‡Z cv‡i GK_v ejv P‡j bv|
cÖvYxev`x‡`i Z…Zxq hyw³wU hš¿ev‡`i weiæ‡× GK Pig AvNvZ †n‡b‡Q| GK_v mZ¨ †h,
k¦vm-cÖk¦vm Ges cywói gZ KZ¸‡jv ˆRweK cÖwµqvi hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq bv|
cÖvYev`x‡`i PZz_© hyw³wUI AZ¨šÍ m½Z e‡j g‡b nq| mPj Rx‡ei mv‡_ wbðj R‡oi
†Kvb †gŠwjK HK¨B m¤¢e bq| myZivs Rx‡ei †Kvb hvwš¿K e¨vL¨v m¤¢e bq| Z‡e
cÖvYev`x‡`i cÂg hyw³wU Lye †Rviv‡jv e‡j g‡b nq bv| KviY ˆRweK cÖwµqvi e¨vL¨v
c×wZ m¤ú‡K© mKj RxeweÁvbxI GKgZ bb|
cwi‡k‡l GK_v ejv hvq †h, cÖvYev‡`i c‡ÿ h‡_ó †Rviv‡jv hyw³ _vK‡jI Zv G‡Kev‡i
ÎæwUgy³ bq| cÖvYev`x‡`i †MvUv gZev`wU Ômvab-MÖnY †`vl' (Fallacy of Petitio
Principii) G `yó| A_©vr cÖvYev`xiv hv cÖgvY ev mvab Ki‡Z Pvb Zv Zuviv Av‡MB a‡i ev
MÖnY K‡i wb‡q‡Qb| Zuviv cÖgvY Ki‡Z Pvb †h, cÖvY Ro †_‡K Avjv`v| wKšÍz GK_v a‡i
wb‡qB Zuviv Zv cÖgv‡Y AMÖmi n‡q‡Qb| Z`ycwi, Rxe‡`n I h‡š¿i g‡a¨ hw` †gŠwjK
cv_©K¨ †_‡K _v‡K Z‡e Ro‡`‡n cÖvY kw³i Aw¯ÍZ¡ wKfv‡e wba©viY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i?

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 155

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cÖvYev` Zvi †Kvbiƒc e¨vL¨v †`qwb| cÖvYkw³ I hš¿kw³ wfbœ n‡j Avgv‡`i Ro‡`‡n
cÖvY kw³i Avmb wK K‡i wVK Kiv hvq Zv ejv Am¤¢eB g‡b nq|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 156

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| Rxe‡bi cÖvYev`x e¨vL¨v eY©bv Kiæb|
4| cÖvYev`x‡`i hyw³¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb Ges Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡Ri gZvgZ w`b|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| cÖvPxb I be¨ cÖvYev` e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2| cÖvYev‡`i c‡ÿi hyw³¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiæb|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| cÖvPxb cÖvYev‡`i cÖwZôvZv n‡jb
(A) †cø‡Uv (Av) †cÖvUv‡Mvivm
(B) Gbv·v‡Mvivm (C) A¨vwi÷Uj

2| AvaywbK cÖvYev‡`i cÖe³v n‡jb

(A) nve©vU© †¯úÝvi (Av) nv·wj
(B) n¨vÝ wWªK (C) †WKvU©

3| cÖvY n‡jv ewntkw³i mv‡_ AvšÍi kw³i µgvMZ mvgÄm¨weavb -Dw³wU K‡ib
(A) n¨vj‡Wb (Av) wbDUb
(B) nve©vU †¯úÝvi (C) A¨vwi÷Uj

4| cÖvY kw³i cÖavb ag© n‡jv

(A) PÂjZv ev MwZ (Av) w¯’iZv
(B) evYx (C) †KvbwU bq

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| A¨vwi÷U‡ji g‡Z, Dw™¢`, cÖvYx I gvby‡li cÖv‡Yi g‡a¨ †Kvb cv_©K¨ †bB|
2| cÖvYev‡`i g‡Z, Rx‡ei A½-cÖZ¨½ n‡jv AvšÍi m¤úK©wewkó|

mwVK DËi
1| (C) A¨vwi÷Uj 2| (B) n¨vÝ wWªK 3| (B) nve©vU †¯úÝvi 4|(A) PÂjZv ev MwZ

1| wg 2| m

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 157

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cvV 7

cÖv‡Yi mgb¦qKvix gZev` : D‡b¥lev`

The Synthetic View of Life: Emergence Theory

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV‡k‡l Avcwb
 weMZ cv‡Vi ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev‡`i g‡a¨ mgb¦qKvix gZev` wn‡m‡e
D‡b¥lev` m¤ú‡K© Ávbjvf Ki‡eb|
 G gZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †KvbwU †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨ Zv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
 cÖv‡Yi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© Avcwb GKwU bZyb aviYv jvf Ki‡eb|

f‚wgKv
Roev`, mPj Roev` I cÖvYev` m¤ú‡K© Avgiv weMZ cvVmg~‡n Av‡jvPbv K‡iwQ| Gme
ci¯úi we‡ivax gZev` cÖv‡Yi DrcwË I ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© †hme gZev` ‡ck K‡i Zv †h
ÎæwUgy³ bq ZvI Avgiv †R‡bwQ| Gme †`‡LB wKQy `vk©wbK G `y' gZev‡`i g‡a¨ mgb¦q
K‡i †h gZev` w`‡q‡Qb Zvi bvg D‡b¥lev` ev ¯Íiev`|

D‡b¥lev` (Emergence Theory)

cÖvY Rokw³ †_‡K D‡b¥wlZ GKwU ¸Y
D‡b¥lev` Abymv‡i, Ro n‡jv Avw`g Dcv`vb| cÖvY GB Rokw³ †_‡KB GKwU D‡b¥wlZ
¸Y| wKšÍz cÖvYkw³ Rokw³ †_‡K D‡b¥wlZ n‡jI cÖvY Ro bq| GwU GKwU mËvwe‡kl|
D‡b¥wlZ ¸Y¸‡jvi g‡a¨ cÖvY GKwU DbœZZi ¸Y| D‡b¥lev`x `vk©wbK‡`i g‡Z, Ro
†_‡K cÖv‡Yi DrcwË NU‡jI cÖvY R‡oi RwUj iƒcgvÎ bq| cÖvY n‡jv bZzb ¸Y
kw³m¤úbœ Ggb GK mËv hv Gi DrcwËi Av‡M R‡oi g‡a¨ wbwnZ wQj bv| D‡b¥wlZ ¸Y
wn‡m‡e cÖv‡Yi ˆewkó¨ Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q Rb nm&cvm© Zuvi 'Introduction of
Philosophical Analysis' MÖ‡š’ GKwU ev¯Íe D`vni‡Yi AeZviYv K‡ib| wZwb e‡jb,
nvB‡Wªv‡Rb I Aw·‡R‡bi wgkª‡Yi d‡j cvwb cvIqv hvq| nvB‡Wªv‡Rb mvaviY gvÎvq
GKwU evóªxq c`v_© hv LyeB `nb Ki‡Z cv‡i| Avi Aw·‡Rb evóªxq n‡qI `nb K‡i bv|
G `ywU M¨vm †_‡K cÖvß cvwb mvaviY ZvcgvÎvq ev®úvKvi bv n‡q nq Zij Ges GB cvwb
`vn K‡i bv Ges `n‡bi kZ© wn‡m‡eI KvR K‡i bv eis D‡ëv cvwb `nb eÜ K‡i| Gi
†_‡K nm&cvm© e‡jb, wgkªdj, cvwbi Dcv`vb `ywU †_‡K m¤ú~Y© bZzb ¸Ywewkó|

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 158

 evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

GKBfv‡e Ro †_‡K DrcwË n‡jI cÖvY GKwU bZzb ¸Y hv Ro †_‡K ¯^fveMZfv‡e

wfbœ|
D‡b¥lev` : †mjvm©, gM©vb, Av‡jKRvÛvi I c¨vwUªK
cÖvY m¤ú‡K© D‡b¥lev`x e¨vL¨v cvIqv hvq †mjv‡m©i 'Evolutionary Naturalism' Ges
Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii 'Emergence Evolution' MÖš’mg~‡n| gM©vb GKwU wcivwg‡Wi mvnv‡h¨
cÖv‡Yi DrcwËi e¨vL¨v †`b| Zuvi g‡Z, wcivwg‡Wi cÖv_wgK Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Q †`nR
cigvYy hv ¯’vb-KvwjKfv‡e mshy³| Gi cieZ©x ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q Ro c`v_© (Matter), Gi
cieZ©x ¯Í‡i i‡q‡Q cÖvY (Life)| D‡b¥wlZ ¸Y wn‡m‡e Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii e¨vL¨v GKUy
wfbœZi| Zuvi g‡Z, †`k-Kvj n‡jv RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb| G Dcv`vb †_‡K Ro`ªe¨
(Material Substance) Gi D‡b¥l N‡U| Avevi G Ro`ªe¨ †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË|
Patrick-Gi g‡Z, mvaviYfv‡e weeZ©‡bi A_© n‡jv GB : ÒweeZ©b cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g bZzb
¸Y, bZzb Kvh©µg Ges ¸YMZfv‡e bZzb e¯Ízi m„wó nq, hLb ˆ`wnK msMVb nq RwUj
n‡Z RwUjZi I mgwb¦ZÓ ("That in the evolutionary process new qualities, new
modes of action, and qyakutatively new entities arise when physical structures
become more complex and integrated.")|

†nvqvBU‡n‡Wi AwfgZ
Aa¨vcK †nvqvBU‡nW Zuvi 'Science and the Modern World' MÖ‡š’ c`v_©we`¨v I
Rxewe`¨vi m¤ú‡K©i K_v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z wM‡q e‡jb, ÒweÁvb Ggb GK bZzb
Av‡jvPbvq wb‡R‡K wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Q hv m¤ú~~Y© ˆ`wnK bq Ges m¤ú~Y© ˆRweKI bq| GwU
[weÁvb] µgk ˆRweK Av‡jvPbvq cwiYZ n‡”Q| Rxewe`¨v n‡jv e„nËi Aeq‡ei
Av‡jvPbv, Avi c`v_©we`¨v n‡jv †QvU Aeq‡ei Av‡jvPbvÓ (Science is taking on a new
aspect which is neither purely physical nor purely biological. It is becoming the
study of organism. Biology is the study of the larger organism, wherease physics
is the stuey of smaller organism.)|

g~j¨vqb
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K GK_v cÖvq ¯úó †h, D‡b¥lev` hš¿ev` I cÖvYev‡`i g‡a¨ GKwU
mgb¦q mva‡bi †Póvwe‡kl| G gZev‡` wKQyUv AwfbeZ¡ jÿ¨ Kiv †M‡jI Gi wKQy †`vl-
ÎæwU i‡q‡Q hv D‡cÿv Kiv hvq bv| cÖv‡Yi D‡b¥l ev DrcwË m¤ú‡K© D‡b¥lev`x
`vk©wbKivI GKgZ bb| gM©v‡bi g‡Z, D‡b¥lev‡`i m~ÎcvZ Ro ev †fŠZ `ªe¨ †_‡K|
Acic‡ÿ Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g‡Z, †`k-Kvj n‡jv g~jmËv| Gi †_‡KB cÖv‡Yi DrcwË
N‡U‡Q| gM©v‡bi g‡Z, mªóvB D‡b¥‡li †cÖiYv; cÿvšÍ‡i Av‡jKRvÛvi mªóv‡K GKwU
D‡b¥vwPZ mËv wn‡m‡e g‡b K‡ib| ZvQvov cÖvY †h R‡oi Zzjbvq GKwU DbœZZi mËv Zv
wb‡qI D‡b¥lev`x‡`i g‡a¨ gZwe‡iva i‡q‡Q| Giv cÖv‡Yi cÖK…wZ m¤ú‡K© hvwš¿K I
D‡Ïk¨g~jK G `y'iKg e¨vL¨vI w`‡q _v‡Kb| G Kvi‡Y A‡bK mgv‡jvPK D‡b¥lev`‡K
Roev‡`i GK bZzb ms¯‹iY wn‡m‡e AwfwnZ K‡i _v‡Kb|

Awawe`¨v c„ôv w 159

Gm Gm GBP Gj

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb
iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1| D‡b¥lev‡`i mv‡_ Roev‡`i Zzjbv Kiæb|
2| D‡b¥lev` wKfv‡e Roev` I cÖvYev‡`i g‡a¨ mgb¦q mvab K‡i? Zv eY©bv Kiæb|

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1| D‡b¥lev` cÖm‡½ gM©vb, Av‡jKRvÛvi I c¨vwUª‡Ki gZ D‡jøL Kiæb|

‰be©¨w³K cÖkœ
mwVK DËi wjLyb|
1| Av‡jKRvÛv‡ii g‡Z, RM‡Zi Avw` Dcv`vb n‡jv
(A) cigvYy (Av) evqy
(B) ¯’vb-Kvj (C) cÖvYkw³

2| Rxewe`¨v n‡jv eo Aeq‡ei Av‡jvPbv -G K_v e‡jb

(A) Av‡jKRvÛvi (Av) gM©vb
(B) †nvqvBU‡nW (C) c¨vwUªK

3| cvwbi D‡b¥wlZ ¸Y n‡jv

(A) Zij nIqv (Av) `vn Kiv
(B) `nb eÜ Kiv (C) ev‡®ú cwiYZ nIqv

4| 'Space, Time and Deity' Mª‡š’i †jLK

(A) †mjvm© (Av) gM©vb
(B) Av‡jKRvÛvi (C) †nvqvBU‡nW

mZ¨ n‡j Ôm', wg_¨v n‡j Ôwg' wjLyb|

1| D‡b¥lev` Abymv‡i, Ro n‡jv Avw`g Dcv`vb|
2| D‡b¥lev‡`i g‡Z, cÖvY I Ro GK bq|
3| gM©v‡bi g‡Z, †`k-Kvj n‡jv Avw` Dcv`vb|
4| ¸YMZfv‡e bZzb e¯Ízi m„wó nq, hLb ˆ`wnK msMVb nq mnR I mij|

mwVK DËi
1| (B) ¯’vb-Kvj 2| (B) †nvqvBU‡nW 3| (B) `nb eÜ Kiv 4| (B) Av‡jKRvÛvi

1| m 2| m 3| wg 4| wg

BDwbU-8 c„ôv w 160