Learning Objectives:

At the end of the session, learners are expected to:

 Distinguish between sex, gender and sexuality;

 Discuss the implication of these differences; and
 Describe their gender lightbulb moment.
Sex, Gender and
Sexuality
Sex and Gender

 Sex and Gender: what’s the difference?

Sex

 Sex refers to the anatomical and physiological characteristics

of maleness or femaleness.

 Sex is determined by a combination of genetics and the

presence or absence of hormones testosterone and estrogen.
Sex

❖ Biological or physical
difference between men
and women/ Biologically
determined

❖ It is the physical structure

of one’s reproductive
organs that is used to
assign sex at birth
Sex

❖ There are also, genetically

speaking, other sexes/
intersexed.
 Burping and  Cars  Red
Farting
 A six pack  Glitter
 Rescuing
 Diet drinks  Librarians
 Dancing
 Scientist  Medical
 Teacher technologist
 Blue
 Cooking
 Cleaning
 Pink
 Lawyer
 Doctor
 Engineer
 Nurse
 Online games
 Why do you think there was so much agreement?
 Where do these ideas come from?
 Is it true that these are just girls or boys things?
Gender

 Gender refers to the culturallyor socially constructed roles,

personality traits, attitudes, behaviors, relative power and influence
asc ribed to males and females.

 can be divided into a number of different components relating

to ideas of masculinity and femininity: gender identity, gender
presentation and gender role.
Gender Identity

 Gender Identity: the sense of ourselves as men, women or

other gendered beings.
Gender Presentation

 Gender Presentation: The behaviors associated with

masculinity and femininity: speech, dress, movement…etc.
Gender Roles

 Gender Roles: the social roles expected of men and women in

a particular society.
Gender: Biology and Culture

 Gender is determined by a large variety of factors, both

biological and cultural.

 Gender socialization: the process of learning and internalizing

the norms of our gender.
 What is gender?
Gender Identity:
How people interpret
and view themselves,
within the context of
wider society and
culture.

Gender Expression:
How people present
Sex: The
themselves.
biological
People might present
characteristics of
as feminine,
a person’s body,
masculine, neutral or
i.e. organs and
a combination, and
DNA. Usually
this may vary.
this is male,
female, or
intersex.
Sexuality

 Sexuality can be broadly defined as how people experience

and express themselves as sexual beings.

 Sexual orientation refers to established patterns of sexual

attraction, to the same, opposite or both sexes.
Sexuality

 Thinking about sexuality in the form of sexual orientation: (i.e.

heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual) is fairly recent concept…

 Karl-Maria Kertbeny is responsible for coining these terms in the

late 19th century.
Sexuality

 Heterosexuality: the attraction to individuals of the opposite

sex;
 Homosexuality: the attraction to individuals of one’s own sex
 Bisexuality: the attraction to individuals of either sex
 Asexuality: no attraction to either sex
Heteronormativity

 Normative is a term used to describe behaviors and actions

considered to fit the “norm.”

 Heteronormativity is the idea that being heterosexual is natural

and normal…and that other sexualities are Abnormal and
Unnatural.
Heteronormativity

 Heteronormativity, then is something found in SOME, but not all

societies.

 For example, for men in Ancient Athenian society, it was

considered normal for men to be attracted to teenaged
males as well as women. This was a society that would not be
described as heteronormative.
Sex, Gender, Sexuality

 Just like the terms “race”, “ethnicity” and “nationality” refer to

different (though related concepts, sex, gender and sexuality
are three different things.

 It’s important to understand that there are many combinations

of these three concepts.
 Questions?
Gender Lightbulb Moment

 A “gender lightbulb moment” is a time you became aware of

being treated differently because of your gender. For
example, a girl not being allowed to play football, or a boy
being told he shouldn’t play with dolls. It could encompass
anything from the toys you were allowed to play with, being
aware of different rules for boys and girls, to feeling
uncomfortable because of your gender in a certain situation.
 Provide your “gender lightbulb moment” and reflect on how
this experience might have affected you.
GENDER AND SOCIETY
ACROSS TIME
Learning Objectives:
At the end of this session, the students will be able to:

• Discuss the historical roots of our understanding of gender and

sexuality; and
• Show appreciation of how this understanding evolved through time,
affected various aspect of human life.
• Historical account shows that across time, human‘s conception of gender and
sexuality has also changed. The concept of the divine feminine (the sacredness of
a woman due to her ability to conceive a child) has prevailed. Thus, women are
treated equal with men which makes the society egalitarian.
• However, human‘s discovery of paternity (fatherhood/role of the father in
conception), presumably during the Agricultural era, when societies began to
establish communities and time rear cattle and stocks, have also changed how
societies have viewed women and men there from.
• For the longest time thereafter, societies have privileged men over other genders,
mainly because of the preferential given to them in the productive sphere (world
of public work). Women who have been revered due to their ability to conceive
have been viewed as solely capable only of reproductive affairs (world of the
home and related tasks such as suckling the young, child rearing, and home
management).
PATRIARCHY
• It is a structure that upholds male supremacy in the law, at home, in the work
place, and in society. It comes from the Greek word patriarkhes which means "the
rule of the father". It is a social system where men primarily hold power in the
political and the private spheres.
• Patriarchy is viewed by most sociologists as a social construct and not as a
biological phenomenon. This is because history proves that in the prehistoric
hunter-gatherer tribes and civilization, they prioritized equality of all members,
male and female.
• Friedrich Engels, a German philosopher and sociologists, argues that patriarchy
came about when people started having private property instead of communal
living. The development in the agriculture and domestication of animals lead to
creating product surplus which allows people to have private property. As a way to
control the excess wealth generated by these advancements, male dominance was
asserted over women so only the male heir can inherit family wealth.
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON
GENDER
GREEK
• Aristotle, Plato and other Greek philosophers viewed women as the
inferior sex and are properties of men whose only job was to obey
their husbands, bear children and the care of the household. They were
forbidden to learn philosophy, politics and science.
EGYPT
• Herodotus, a Greek historian, observed that Egyptian civilization
citing that Egyptian women enjoyed higher social status than Greek
women because they can inherit property and engage in trade and
politics. However, Greek influence quickly spread in Egypt through
the conquests of Alexander the Great across Asia and Africa.
CHINA
• Confucianism has stringent written rules that dictate how women
should conduct themselves. Obedience is a virtue and that they should
obey their fathers, when married, they should obey their husbands and
when widowed, she has to obey his son.
• Women have come a long way since the ancient times through the
feminist movement, however, patriarchy has taken on subtle forms of
oppression that often go unnoticed such as:
• Sexism-prejudice, stereotypes, and discrimination based on sex;
• Gender pay gap-men earn more than women;
• Underrepresentation in politics, military, executive positions, etc;
• Rape on women and the stigma making women ashamed to report the
crime;
• Very conservative expectations on women on how they behave;
• Unrealistic depictions of women in fiction, often very sexualized;
• Women do more housework and childcare;
• Boys were trained to be leaders while women were trained to do house
hold chores.
Contemplate:
• Think about the phrases babae kase, lalake kase, haligi ng tahanan,
ilaw ng tahanan and pakipot.

• How do these words communicate PATRIARCHY?

WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
• During the 19th and early 20th Century, first wave feminism spread across the
Western countries as women demanded for their right to vote or participate in
elections and to be able to legally own a property.
• In France, Simone de Beauvoir wrote a book entitled "The Second Sex" in 1949
which outlined how the patriarchal society disadvantaged women by slowly
raising her into submissions and hindering their productivity and happiness by
relegating to housecleaning. This inspired women to write and speak the truth and
it awakened women about their plight as the "wife-servant" to their husbands in
her famous quote "one is not born, but rather becomes, a woman".
• Le Mouvement de Liberation des Femmes or women‘s liberation movement was
formed in Europe and they sought the right in education, right to work, and right
to vote in the 1940‘s. Later, they also won women‘s right to decide on their own
bodies and sexualities. This liberation movement views the intersectionality of
economic status or class to patriarchy.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
• The second wave of feminism in 1960‘s through the 80‘s, women
drew attention to various social and cultural inequalities such as
domestic violence especially marital rape, reproductive rights, wage
inequality and etc. the 90‘s gave birth to the third wave and 2012
started the fourth wave. These movements only show that there is still
much to be done for women’s right.
• UN Women states that “women perform 66 percent of the world’s
work, produce 50 percent of the food, but earn 10 percent of the
income and 1 percent of the property.” This is because in agricultural
countries, women participate in making the produce, but only the
father or the male head of the family controls the income.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
• Simply put, feminism demands equality. Here are a few salient points that
feminism demands.
• Women suffrage
• Equality in politics and society
• Reproductive rights mean the woman is in control of her body, and she can
decide for herself or what she sees is best for her.
• Domestic violence
• Sexual harassment and sexual violence
• Other rights include the right to divorce their husbands, the right to make
decisions on her pregnancy, equitable wages, and equal employment
opportunity.
Summary
Recognizing patriarchy in the simple things we do is very important for us to
identify these instances so we can change it. Even the simplest acts that are
seemingly harmless can be analyzed and seen as a way to force Women into
submission and compliance. That is the power of putting labels on oppressive acts,
and you can call it out and stop it.
Feminism gained women access to education, right to vote, right to work, take
control of their reproduction, and the right to say no instead of just obeying.
However, there is Still much to be done for gender equality. You can help in making
the world a better place for women by learning to respect and recognizing that
women deserve the same rights as men-that women are not to be treated as the
weaker sex or the submissive sex, but rather as an equal.
Summary
Also, use gender neutral language that is not sexist: humanity instead of
mankind, the unsteady of he, to emphasize inclusion. You can also
counter gendered metaphors by vocally criticizing its Oppressive nature
such as: the aggressive sperm and the passive e.g., babae kase, lalake
kase, etc. You can also advocate for laws and policies that would
empower women.
You do not have to be a woman to understand that everyone must be
treated with the same respect and that everyone is free and equal in
dignity and in rights.
GENDER AND SEXUALITY
AS A SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
Learning Objectives:
At the end of the session, the learners are expected to:

• Define gender studies;

• Discuss its historical origins; and
• Explain its importance in society.
Introduction
• Gender seems so obvious and so simple; many would ask why we
have to study it. Well, gender studies as an area of knowledge, is
about looking into, analyzing, and examining society so that we
notice power relations in the seemingly "simple things". It helps us
see the issues in our everyday lives through a different lens.
• Gender studies emerged from the need to analyze how gender, sex,
and sexuality impact our lives, especially how it creates gender
inequality. It came about in the mid 1970's after the second wave of
feminism as a way to challenge the male-defined and male-centered
knowledge.
• Gender studies is not just for women or all about women, it is
about everyone. It explores how our gender roles have changed
throughout our history and how it created inequalities.
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION
• Gender roles are socially constructed and are not something
that we are born with. Society, through a lifelong process of
normalization, encourages or reprimands behaviors to make a
child adapt to these social expectations. LGBTQ people often do
not fit in the traditional binary gender roles so they are often
subjected to violence and hate just because they do not fit in
what society calls “normal”.
• Gender studies let us analyze the creation and maintenance
of these gender norms so that it does not create inequalities
in our social, political, and economic spheres.
GENDER STUDIES AND RESEARCH
• As a subject of inquiry, gender studies utilizes a systematic
approach in identifying problems, making hypotheses and
assumptions, gathering data, and making conclusions. This
systematic process is referred to as the research process.
APPROACHES IN RESEARCH
• Qualitative approach focuses more on the meanings created and
interpretations made by people about their own personal or
vicarious (observed) experiences.
• Phenomenology- conducting intensive interviews with individuals
who have experienced a particular event and understanding their
“lived experience”;
• Hermeneutics-understanding the meaning of texts (literary works, art
works) and what they convey about human realities; and
• Ethnography and ethnomethodology- immersing in a community
and taking note of their experiences, beliefs, attitudes and practices.
APPROACHES IN RESEARCH

• Quantitative approach on the other hand focuses more on characterizing

a population (total number of individual in a group) or a sample (a sub-
group within the population), and in some cases, making generalizations
about the population based on the behavior of a sample. For instance, if
you want to know how many Filipino adolescents are engaged in a
romantic relationship or how many of them still believe in marriage, then a
quantitative approach is appropriate. Some of the methods used in the
quantitative approach are as follows:
• Survey-collecting information from a sample; and
• Experiment- creating actual set ups to observe behavior of people in an
experimental group (a group receiving treatment such as training or a new
experience) and comparing it to the behavior of people in a control group
(a group without any treatment).
APPROACHES IN RESEARCH
• In most cases, information from both qualitative and
quantitative approaches provide a holistic view about a certain
social reality, such that there are researches who prefer to use
mixed methods (combining qualitative and quantitative
methods to derive data from multiple sources).
ETHICS IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY
RESEARCH
• It is called ethical principles because they make sure the
people involved in the research are protected from harm. The
following are principles to remember:
• Informed consent- Researchers should make sure that the
participants in the study are aware of the purpose and
processes of the study they are participating in.
• Confidentiality and anonymity- Researchers should not reveal
any information provided by the participants, much so, their
identity to anyone who are not concerned with the study. All
data gathered from surveys or interviews should also be placed
in a secure location or filing system.
ETHICS IN GENDER AND SEXUALITY
RESEARCH
• Non-maleficence and beneficence- a study should do no harm
(non-maleficence) to anyone. Especially in researches involving
humans, a study should be beneficial (beneficence) for it to be
worth implementing.
• Distributive justice- Any study should not disadvantage a
particular group, especially the marginalized and oppressed. The
benefits of a study should be for all.
GENDER, SEXUALITY AND HUMAN
ECOLOGY
• Human ecology, as a field, recognizes the interplay among
internal and external environments—physical, socio-economic,
cultural. Hence, to look at realities from an ecological
perspective is to appreciate that human development across
lifespan is influenced by these environments. In the context of
gender and sexuality, a human ecological approach looks at
human sexual lives and experiences at various levels and
spheres of analysis.
Key Terms:
• Gender studies- A field of study concerned about how reproductive
roles are interpreted and negotiated in the society through gender.

• Social Research- The process of investigating social realities.

• Research approach- The orientation in understanding social realities.

This can be qualitative, quantitative or both.

• Ethics in research- These are considerations in conducting research

to make sure that the well-being of the participants are ensured, and
that the outcome of the study is sound without undue harm to
people involved.
Summary
• Gender, being male or female, has socially constructed
meanings, and it is different in every culture and may change
with time. It is important to analyze how society enforce gender
roles on everyone so we can further understand how power
relations in gender roles can limit an individual freedom and
promote inequality. To help us have a holistic view, we need to
use frameworks and methods from different disciplines—
psychology, sociology, medicine, and law—among others.
Activity:
• List down three questions which you want to be answered
related to Gender and Sexuality. Explain why you want to answer
these questions. Identify why you think these questions are
within the scope of gender studies.