CCNA

Simple and Effective Strategies for

Mastering CCNA (Cisco Certified
Network Associate) Routing And
Switching Certification From A-Z

Walker Schmidt
© Copyright 2020 by Walker Schmidt - All rights reserved.
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Table of Contents
Introduction
Chapter 1: Cisco Certification CCNA for Networking Professionals
The Origin of CISCO Certification
Reasons that Prove CISCO Certification is Important
Understanding Cisco Certification
Add Value in Your Resume
Work Anywhere in the World
Certification for Network Evolution
Effective Solution to Survive in Competitive Field
Do You Need CCNA Certification?
Chapter 2: Changes in CCNA Certification that You Need To Know
Why Are The Changes in the CCNA?
CCNA Certification with Changes
Will it be Hard to Earn the CCNA Certification?
How Changes in CCNA Benefit You
What Can Help You Better Prepare for the New CCNA Exam?
Chapter 3: Is the CCNA R&S Difficult? Which Strategies Work?
First, You Need to Learn ‘How to Learn?’
How to Prepare for Cisco CCNP R&S
How to Build a Strong Knowledge Foundation
Cisco 200-125: Main Points
Go Through the Exam's Objective
Get Help From Video Courses To Identify Problem Areas
Practice with Cisco
Engage in Group Discussions
Exam Dumps
Chapter 4: CCNA vs. CCNP
 What is CCNA Certification?
Scope of CCNA and CCNP
Let Us Study CCNA Vs. CCNP In Brief
What’s New in CCNA CyberOps vs. CCNP Security?
Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate
Cisco CCNP Security
Benefits of Perusing the CCNA/ CCNP Program
Which Certification is Better: CCNA or CCNP?
Chapter 5: Everything about Network Fundamentals in CCNA
What Percentage of the Exam Covers Networking Fundamentals?
Topics Covered in Networking Fundamentals
How to Understand Networking Fundamentals For Exam Preparation
OSI and TCP/IP Models
Application Layer
Presentation Layer
Session Layer
Transport Layer
Network Layer
Data Link Layer
Physical Layer
Infrastructure Components and Cloud Resources
Network Topologies and Architectures
IPv4 Addressing
IPv6 Addressing
Chapter 6: How to Prepare for LAN Switching Technology
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from LAN Switching?
How to Understand Routing Technologies for Exam Preparation
Explain and Demonstrate Concepts of Switching
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Interswitch Connectivity
and VLANs
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Protocols for STP
Configure and Verify Layer 2 Protocols
 Configure, Verify, and Troubleshoot (Layer 2/Layer 3) EtherChannel
Chapter 7: How to Prepare for Routing Technologies
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Routing Technologies In It?
How to Understand Routing Technologies for Exam Preparation
Concepts of Routing and Knowing the Routing Table Components
Contrast and Compare Routing Protocols
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Single Area and Multi-
Area OSPFv2/v3, EIGRP for IPv4/IPv6, and RIPv2 for IPv4
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting the RIPv2 for IPv4,
EIGRP for IPv4/IPv6 and OSPFv2
Troubleshoot Layer 3
Chapter 8: How to Prepare for WAN Technologies
What Percentage of the CCNA Exam Covers Wan Technologies?
Topics Covered in Wan Technologies
Classification and Marking
Shaping and Policing
Congestion Avoidance
Chapter 9: How to Prepare for the Infrastructure Services CCNA
Exam
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from Infrastructure
Services?
Topics Covered in Infrastructure services
Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)
Domain Name Server (DNS) Operation
Network Address Translation (NAT)
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Chapter 10: How to Prepare for the Infrastructure Security CCNA
Exam
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from Infrastructure
Security?
 Topics Covered in Infrastructure Security
Configure, Verify and Troubleshoot Port Security
Configure, Verify, and Troubleshoot Access List of IPv6 and IPv4
Techniques for Access Layer Threat Mitigation
Basic Device Hardening
Device Security Using AAA
Chapter 11: How to Prepare for the Infrastructure Management
CCNA Exam
Overview
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from Infrastructure
Management?
Topics Covered in Infrastructure Management
IP SLA
Monitoring Protocols
Device Management
Device Maintenance
Troubleshooting Tools
Chapter 12: Valuable Tips to Help You Pass the CCNA Exam
First Rule: Know Your Exam
Create a Custom Study Plan
Have Practical Experience
Use Proper Study Materials
Practice Mock Test
Two Essential Things to Note for the CCNA Exam
What Are The Most Important Questions Asked In CCNA Interview?
Most Important Network Administrator Interview Questions
Chapter 13: Comparison Between CCNA 200-125 and 200-301 Exam
Is Cisco 200-125 Still Important?
CCNA 200-125 Covers
 How to Prepare for the Automation and Programmability CCNA Exam
REST-Based APIs
Configuration Management Tools
Chapter 14: JOB OUTLOOK: Areas where CCNA Certification
Supports You
Network Engineer
Network Administrator
Technical Support Engineer
Network Security Associate
Network Data Engineer
Network Field Technician
Network Security Analyst
Why get CCNA Certified?
Conclusion
Introduction
CCNA is a very important exam in the field of networking conducted by the
networking giant Cisco. It is an associate-level certification and you must
pass the test to become CCNA certified. It tests the fundamental skills and
knowledge for installing, operating, and troubleshooting the enterprise
network branches and is valid for 3 years.
You need to be well aware of the security fundamentals, IP services, IP
connectivity, networking access, programming, and automation to master
the CCNA certification. In today’s modern world, where the internet is
everything, organizations are shifting towards cloud-based models.
Therefore, they require high-level networking and thus the needs of
network engineers are increasing day by day. A CCNA certified network
engineer in is demand in the IT sector.
Getting a Cisco certification on its own is an ultimate achievement of life.
After lots of effort and brain work, you receive this globally recognized
credential. CCNA certification can undeniably glam up your future. It
builds a pathway to your professional career. You can use this certification
to either receive a remarkable upsurge in your existing career or break into
the industry and get a high-profile job. However, the salary may vary, based
on the companies and your skills.
By mastering the CCNA certification, you will not only get the stronghold
of network technologies, but you’ll learn the latest skill sets used in the new
generation cloud models. You need to prepare well in advance using the
simple and effective strategies mentioned in this book to master the CCNA
certification.
Chapter 1: Cisco Certification CCNA for

Networking Professionals

The Origin of CISCO Certification

After capturing great success in the computer networking world, John
Chambers (The Former Vice President of CISCO), on September 27th ,
1993, announced CCIE, and here the world got the premier IT certification
that was going to boost people’s career they have dreamed of.
But, if you're heading for CISCO certification, you must know about its
origination. The roots of the origin of CCIE certification are way back to
the Stuart Biggs experience. He was also honored to be the first CCIE
(Cisco Certified Internetwork Expert).
Studied at Stanford University, Mr. Biggs joined CISCO and worked as the
leading manager in software, voice, and video departments. But throughout
the journey, he discovered that the industry lacked practical knowledge; it
was welcoming lots of trouble across the industry.
Mr. Biggs was asked to provide training to individuals in the best possible
manner to understand the product better. This thing gave Mr. Biggs an idea
to eliminate the problems. Biggs decided to provide practical experience,
hands-on exercises, and detailed-oriented training to individuals to learn the
product in the best way.
For this, they also included a written exam to develop an enhanced
methodology among the trainees and get qualified to sit in the CCIE lab
exam.
He spent nights on these ideas, and eventually, Mr. Biggs created a
successful curriculum that was later renowned as the CCIE certification.
Similarly, Mr. Terry Slattery became the first non-Cisco employee holding
CCIE certification.
Cisco certifications evolved from time to time, and meanwhile, in 1998,
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification came into
existence.
Reasons that Prove CISCO Certification is Important
You want to stand out from the crowd and, therefore, you’re looking for the
best way to cover the distance to a successful career. Cisco Certification
training is made for you. It can certainly help you achieve your goals.
However, a few questions may pop-up in your mind if you haven't yet
thought about Cisco certification.
Such as-

1. What’s Cisco certification?

2. Why you need it?

Understanding Cisco Certification

Cisco allows you to build a successful career in the IT industry. Still, apart
from this, there are endless reasons that encourage individuals from vivid
sectors to pursue Cisco Certification, earn more money, and establish a
flexible working environment worldwide.
If you are operational in information technology, then you must know the
Cisco Systems that offer a variety of certifications.
And to earn a certification, one needs to clear a practical exam after a
rigorous Cisco Certification training.
For instance- the following programs are launched by CISCO-

1. Entry-CCENT
2. Associate- CCDA/CCNA
3. Professional- CCDP/CCNP
4. Expert: CCDE/CCIE
5. Architect: CCAR
If you just want to give it a start, you can go with Entry level- CCENT
training. From entry-level, you can then scale up your training to associate
level. In sequence, you'll be grasping the right education that leads to career
advancement.
In CCENT training, associates learn the entire fundamental networking and
routing skills. After getting in-depth knowledge, then you’ll learn other
essential skills such as how to install, manage, maintain, and troubleshoot
networks.
Through CCENT, you’ll get a thorough understanding of network security
that will impress your employers. It will be one of the most valuable assets
in your life if you want to establish a career in Cybersecurity.
After achieving CCENT certification, you can think about going ahead to
learn more advanced programs, such as CCNA/CCDA training. In this next
top-level training program, you learn everything related to routing and
switching, design service providers, security operations, data center
technology, wireless technology, etc.
You can also choose to learn and grow in any of the above-stated fields as
it'll develop professionalism in your interest area. Your employers will also
see you as the most certified person.
Get Certified by the Networking Leader
Cisco has cutting-edge routing and switching technologies. Alongside this,
they also hold the industry's highest market. In today's modern time, a
significant portion of Internet traffic is traveling over network paths
designed with Cisco infrastructure items. If you're qualified and
experienced, the marketability of your skills automatically skyrockets.
Therefore, if you're anticipating career success, only Cisco training can
provide you with an edge in the market as you'll be receiving certified
training from industry professionals.
Add Value in Your Resume
If you've mentioned any of the CISCO certifications in your resume,
companies will shortlist you, and in most instances, hire you without
thinking twice.
Companies seek experienced professionals, especially in the IT, Data
Management, and Cybersecurity fields. It provides them with the assurance
that they are secure from any evolving harm.
Your Cisco certification will unleash your expertise, and that makes
companies feel confident about you. Similarly, this certification does not
just provide you with job assurance, but your Cisco certification always
keeps you one step ahead for further career goals.
While giving the interview, you need to prove to the employer that you're
well-qualified, competent, and ready to manage a networking system. You'll
have to make them believe in you and that you're reliable and can better
protect their data.
Therefore, whenever the organization asks you questions, you'll always be
ready to answer them. And this will be possible because of the experience
that you've nurtured with Cisco training over time, and its certification will
show off your capabilities.
Work Anywhere in the World
The IT industry is a giant one. It has the potential to take you around the
world irrespective of any state or country. Technology is widespread, and
the need for Cybersecurity, routing, switching, engineering, and data
management is realized in each sector.
After all, with the emergence of modern times, industries on one side are
scaling up their business, while on the other side, the hackings and
competition have become a major source of trouble.
Therefore, since you build a strong image in the industry with Cisco
certification, probability automatically increases that worldwide companies
approach you because your Cisco experience will be enriched with the
skills and expertise that companies seek most.
Simultaneously, you’ll be introducing to an international platform. Cisco
Certifications are accepted worldwide. Indeed, Cisco certification in hand
implies that you’re well-prepared to handle your respective organizations’
work and integrate with their systems.
Beyond doubt, you'll always be well-prepared with the required skills and
expertise to jump into the career as the opportunity arises. Success knocks
at your door, and at any time, you can get a job in another country.
Solid Technical Influence
No matter, if it is CCENT, CCNP, CCNA, or CCIE, at each footstep, you
are introduced to the avant-garde technologies through the Cisco
certification program. It also develops the skills that you can use in
networking in the career you want to work, no matter whatever role you're
playing at the organization. It'll strengthen your technical influence.
Switching Careers
Most of the time, assuming that the IT industry is emerging and promises
great career scope, people are determine to jump into it. However, if you
also come from a completely distinct sector and strive to establish strong
feet in this ever-green sector, then Cisco Training makes things easier for
you.
It's the smartest and successful approach that assures you easily build a
career in the IT sector with no barriers. Anyone can pursue this most
advanced and highly sought training that ultimately brings transformation
into your life, as you land at the career that you've always anticipated.
Cisco training showcases you the 'world full of opportunities.’ On the other
hand, Cisco training boosts your confidence, essential in this ever-changing
global marketplace. You develop your mind which makes you easily
survive in the most competitive environment, and high salary packages are
like 'cherry on the top' that Cisco certification provides you.
Certification for Network Evolution
The network infrastructure is undergoing dramatic change as enterprises are
experiencing unexpected transformation. Many companies still use
traditional networks that are operational on manual mechanisms. This
hinders the growth of a company.
But with the advent of Cisco certification, now programmable network
infrastructure can be better dependent on virtualization, optimization, cloud
management, automation, transparency, and extensibility.
In today’s digital era, most companies welcome Cisco certification holders
because they are experienced in it. That's why you, irrespective of your job
role or maximizing your scores in the subject, must focus on something on
which the future will depend most.
Effective Solution to Survive in Competitive Field
After Cisco training, you get high-pay in IT sectors with excellent job
prospects where you'll find satisfactory work. You'll be already equipped
with your expertise; hence, you'll be well-prepared to face any commercial
challenge.
It provides you a competitive edge in the industry. You showcase your
image better compared to others in the queue. You continue to gain new
heights and achieve career goals.
Certification will be an essential tool that at each step will take you to the
way of success. In the areas where others suffer most, you'll be smoothly
gliding through your experience in Cisco.
Stay Up To Date With Latest Technology Changes
Technology is continually evolving and changing. Hence, IT professionals
always work hard to keep themselves up to date with this most impact
thing. Cisco is continually monitoring the evolving IT environment for
technical innovations. Cisco experts are the first to learn what new things
are coming, what's more profitable to the industry, and how to execute them
with perfection. That's the key reason; if you're pursuing Cisco training,
you'll know the advanced technology. Beyond a doubt, you're going to
become one of the favorite team members in the company.
Always Remember: There Is Value in Recertification
As an IT expert, when it comes to your status recertification, you can also
be assured that the Cisco certification pattern will continue to be a strong
identity-defining element of yours. It's one of the most demanded industry-
recognized methods of boosting your expertise. That's why Cisco is actively
reviewing its certifications to make sure that they keep a track-record of the
learners' specifications and, from time to time, provide you with the latest
updates and advanced solutions.
Stimulate Skills
IT industry runs on skills, experience, and expertise. Every day, countless
opportunities come to light in this ever-green sector. Therefore, the only
way to become part of this IT industry is to pursue Cisco certification
training and continue learning state-of-the-art skills that companies working
in information technology search for in their employees.
Since Cisco training focuses more on boosting aspirants' skill power that
meets IT industries, so you can expect ultimate job satisfaction. And you
can better achieve this goal through CCNA certification.
Do You Need CCNA Certification?
It's great if you have earned the first position in your graduation. But, even
though you have over 90 percent marks, you still may suffer to get a job in
the IT sector. You must have some practical experience as it encourages you
to come up with full energy and show your employers that you have some
exceptional IT skills.

But bear one thing in mind that employers never make any decision
on the basis of certain information. In addition to just scores, if
there's no practical experience, then chances are likely that no one
will be interested in hiring you. On the other hand, a single glance
at CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) certification that
you’re holding with you or mentioned in your resume will grab
their attention, 100% for sure.
In the other events, if you're one of the two shortlisted applicants
and recently visited a well-established IT company, the field you've
chosen for your career may be challenging. Similarly, the company
will also seek more from their employee, while another candidate
holds all qualifications and skills and the same level of experience
as you. Here, CCNA certification can make you stand out from the
crowd and employers will likely choose you. This is the power of
the Cisco Certification. Ultimately, there are no negatives to having
Cisco training.
CCNA Certification is growing popular because it's an IT industry-specific
training program. In it, candidates learn the fundamental skills that meet the
modern era's sophisticated networking environment. The rapid development
of technologies has forced the industries to focus more on core networking
skills; otherwise, they'll last in this ever-evolving sector. Companies find all
these skills in their employees holding CCNA certification. That's why you
must have CCNA training if you have a dream to get a well-recognized
position in the IT field.
But if you're already preparing for Cisco certification and, most
importantly, for CCNA, then we have some significant points to share with
you. Recently, a few changes have been made in the CCNA certification.
What are these changes? Does the change create problems for you? All
such things will be discussed in the next chapter.
Chapter 2: Changes in CCNA Certification that

You Need To Know

Why Are The Changes in the CCNA?

CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Association) exam provides learners
access to a comprehensive range of technical-specializations. CCNA
certification is valuable enough that these certifications are offered on a
large scale in each corner of the world. Organizations support these
certifications because it enhances the employee’s technical competency. But
recently, changes have been made for CCNA certification.
According to recent updates, professionals will now have access to some of
the latest technology resources that will take their career to the next level.
The company also believes that through the new portfolio and training for
certification, professionals will cover comprehensive critical skills. It'll
enable them to shine in the diverse IT area.
Cisco has also added some unique features in CCNA and CCNPs training
programs identified as 'Specialist' certification.
These changes are more likely designed for the job roles in IT technologies
operational at associate-level.
Cisco is identifying this change as a "revolution," because the role of
software developers and network professionals will be revolutionized in a
way that will scale-up businesses by driving technology and innovation.
In a big picture- Cisco’s developer program (DevNet) will now unite
certified network professionals and developers in a community with the
anticipation that it’ll boost automation capabilities.
CCNA Certification with Changes
More updates have been made in the context of exams, as now test-takers
will require you to take only one exam. For yet, to earn the CCNA
certification, candidates were taking lots of exams.
In the new exam, all these certifications have been replaced-
 CCNA Wireless
CCNA Routing and Switching
CCNA Service Provider
CCNA Data Center
CCNA Security
CCNA Industrial
CCNA Collaboration
CCNA Cloud
CCDP and CCNP changes
The previous CCDP and CCNP choices at the professional level aren't
going anywhere and will be revised again. CCNP Wireless, CCNP Routing,
and Switching, and even CCDP, will be introduced into the Enterprise
Certification CCNP and the CCNP Cloud and CCNP Data Center
examination both will be consolidated with each other.
Will it be Hard to Earn the CCNA Certification?
It isn't easy to tell, but one thing is clear, pass rates will explain the rest of
the story. It's being assumed that the CCNA is turning a bit harder than the
older one.
In the new CCNA, you'll require a massive and robust knowledge base. In
the previous CCNA, it was, however, easy to get in CCNA routing and
switching, but now, it has become very difficult.
However, as said above, now Cisco has introduced “Specialist”
certifications, which no longer allows a focus area. On the other hand, in
the new CCNA, you'll have to put additional effort into learning more
networking fundamentals.
In the old CCNA, you might have realized the lack of basics at most steps;
now all those problems have been replaced with more fundamental points in
the new CCNA.
But this will result in a tougher exam; tougher than the previous one.
Moreover, the reason is also ‘obvious,’ because the new CCNA mostly
encompasses the latest network fundamentals. Alongside all these changes,
automation and programmability can be challenging for sure. At the same
time, an amalgamation of Automation and DevOps and Networking merges
into a new concept.
On the one hand, if the difficulty level is high, then there's another side that
defines the benefit that a learner will get through the new CCNA
certification.
How Changes in CCNA Benefit You
After a long time, Cisco initiated a big step and shaped CCNA certification
with new changes on a large scale. However, owing to this change, now the
IT professionals' demands have changed. If you're also working at the
associate level, now it has become easier for you.
After the change in the new CCNA, you no longer need to focus on any
individual area. Whenever an employer had to hire CCNA experts, they
were used to anticipating some basic Cisco application understandings from
them.
But in the new CCNA, by keeping all industry problems in mind, some
exclusive knowledge has been added that will also amp up your career.
After being fully prepared, whenever you'll think about taking the next step,
you'll be able to fit yourself better in the respective organization. You'll
meet their organizational need as the new CCNA training will help you
build a more flexible environment and shape your career.
All these changes will guarantee your progression too. So ultimately, both
situations have appeared here.
On one side, the new CCNA is becoming tough. Still, on the other side, it
assures professional progress because it provides you with valuable
information for the IT industry. Although, if you’re working with
dedication and following the right roadmap for better exam preparation,
then things will not appear too difficult.
What Can Help You Better Prepare for the New CCNA Exam?
Keep Studying! Studying! And Studying! It's the only solution to provide
you with rid of the entire problems coming with the new CCNA exam. Of
course, it’s a good idea to keep proceeding if you were already studying for
existing certification.
But working systematically always provides you the result, and rather than
messing up with things, you can follow these steps for better exam
preparation.
Firstly, you must have a clear goal and scheduled timing of learning and
saying "No" to social engagements a few times.
Let's begin with the first step-
Get Practical Experience
The theoretical experience becomes more engaging with practical
experience because studies have shown that a person learns faster, better,
and reminds things for long through practical experience. Since in the new
CCNA exam you'll have to grasp more information and build a huge
knowledge base, it’ll be the most valuable step that you must follow.
Through practical experiences, you can better understand networking issues
and real-world troubleshooting.
However, practical experience isn't only helpful in providing you a great
score, but it also guarantees your progression in the real world. Companies
seek professionals enriched with practical experience. That's why it's
always recommended.
But make sure that you understand the logic behind it, and for this, your
theoretical knowledge will empower you. You can maintain a perfect
amalgamation of practical and theoretical knowledge and no one can hold
you back from capturing success.
Keep Proper Study Material Ready
Gathering the right materials for enhanced and flexible study experience
has always been considered the right step to take during exam preparation.
Therefore, while choosing the best study material, always think about
purchasing new editions.
In them, you'll find all the exclusive information that will ensure easiness.
Don't forget to cover the lab exercise and practice question papers. After all,
you want to test how well you've prepared for the exam.
So you don't miss even a single question; these are the elementary study
materials that you must have in your desk.
Without this, you are likely going to miss the important informational
points because most of the time, we think that we've learned it well. Still, at
the time of examination, things become opposite to your expectations.
Always prepare with proper study material; it'll keep you focused on your
goal.
Schedule the Practice Test
The schedule practice test streamlines the process of learning and
addressing your various shortcomings. For doing this, set a deadline for the
test. After that, figure the time you have taken on learning concepts and
how well you've learned during these intervals.
After following the process, you’ll uncover your weak learning areas, and
here you can think about improvisation on the respective topics.
Although, you can also prepare a list of difficult points that you're finding
hard to learn and later search about it on the internet, books, or take
reference from friends and experience. In this way, you'll be streamlining
the solutions and initiating a better preparation.
Exam Time: Refresh your Knowledge
Before exam time, read books that provide you more valuable information.
It'll refresh your memory and bring back forgotten points in your mind or
give you some more useful facts that you might have missed or skipped to
learn.
However, for much better performance, give more time-solving questions,
rather than learning. To this process, you must start following one week
earlier, and during this process, don't forget to search for questions on the
internet.
Again, keep in mind that CCNA certification will be difficult. So try the
online mock test and search Internet forums.
Relax and Leave Everything Else
Now, in the last few days, relax your mind and leave all study material
aside. Don't lose your concentration and focus power by diverting your
mind to other things. Indeed, you just close your eyes, focus on your breath,
and become stress free.
Never compromise your sleep; go to bed early in the evening and wake up
early in the morning, around 5 am. In the morning, you can better
concentrate on your work.
Preparing for the exam can be stressful, and often you can get too involved
with preparation at the time of the exam, and your problem-solving abilities
start getting weak. So don’t cram for the test. Relax. Rest. And go into the
test having confidence in your skills.
Chapter 3: Is the CCNA R&S Difficult? Which

Strategies Work?
CCNA Routing and Switching (known as R&S) isn’t like all those ordinary
entry-level examinations. After all, the demand for CCNA examinations
can be easily observed globally; thereby, it's also obvious that the CCNA
R&S exam isn't difficult because of the tricky learning concepts. Indeed, the
competition makes it tough to clear this entry-level exam.
No matter whether they belong to the IT industry or networking platform,
people want to experience CCNA R&S exams because they want to earn an
official credential. It raises its marketability and better highlights their
experience.
But, if you’re giving time to studies and focusing on what’s required, then it
doesn't remain particularly too challenging to pass.
However, most of the difficulties stem from additional factors. These are
mainly external factors, such as your stress of competition, learning new job
duties, spending time in waste stuff and not scheduling the timing for exam
preparation, etc.
Although these reasons may appear usual, as they have nothing to do with
the CCNA exam, these reasons can significantly impact your grading and
skills.
Let’s shed light on some of the strategies that will help you if you work
accordingly.
First, You Need to Learn ‘How to Learn?’
Come on! A magic potion isn't going to take you to the way of success.
You'll have to discover it on your own. At the same time, it's obvious that
digesting too much complicated technical material from a big textbook is an
impossible thing to do.
You can spend the night studying OSPF routing protocol, but the next day
when you wake up, all the information that you’ve learned just a few hours
before sleep, has disappeared from your mind. And it's enough to make
your day worse, and you may start losing your confidence.
However, most of the students have the opinion that strategies work fine in
school days and college days, but when it comes to a tough entry-level
examination like CCNA R&S, only hard-work is worth it.
But it isn’t the whole truth; hard-work can assure you promising results, but
don’t put too much stress on yourself or it isn't going to provide the
outcome in your favor. Therefore, you must employ the right exam
preparation strategy.
How to Prepare for Cisco CCNP R&S
Currently, to get the CCNP R&S certification, you need to appear for three
main exams: ROUTE, SWITCH, and at last, TSHOOT. Once you’ve
cleared these exams, you’ll become CCNP R&S certified. Still, there’s a
long distance to cover as there are many things to learn and remember to
achieve passing marks in each exam.
Here we've shared some valuable strategies that will help you get the results
you desire. Next, you’ll learn the best way to pass the CCNP R&S
examination.
How to Build a Strong Knowledge Foundation
You want to raise the value of your resume with a highlighted line, 'CCNA
R&S Certified,' and for this, you're on the way to dive into the rigorous
preparation for CCNA exams. But before initiating any step and starting
with CCNP materials, pay attention to the most important segment,
‘strengthen up the knowledge foundation.'
Although, you must bear one thing in mind that most of the questions that
you see in CCNA exams aren’t difficult. Still, in addition to it they’ll be
presented and asked to you in such a tricky manner that can be only solved
if you are holding a strong, basic knowledge of that particular topic.
For instance, in CCNA, you may have to cover lots of basic information,
and if you're willing for CCNA certification, you'll have to be 100%
comfortable with each point. Whatever you've learned in your CCNA R&S,
there must be a strong understanding behind it.
If unknowingly, you have skipped covering the core points, re-read the
CCNA material, and you’ll probably uncover more information. Until you
get a clear understanding of each topic and how they're interrelated, don't
skip it. Pay attention to every detail when it comes to strengthening your
foundation.
Once you are confident that you’re well-familiar with every concept, you
can think about moving along. CCNA will later feel like a bumpy ride.
While submitting an answer, if you forget or don't know how OSPF and
EIGRP work, your basic knowledge in CCNA will provide you the
solution.
But still, if you aren’t getting instant solutions in your mind or you have
faced some problems while answering the questions. Then, of course, you
must review your books and revise things again and ensure that no
knowledge gaps create trouble next time.
Nothing can be better than considering the strengthening of your knowledge
in the elementary processes.
On the other hand, to earn the credential, you can either choose to one exam
or two. For Instance, Cisco provides you the options to either take two
exams (100-105 ICND1 and 200-105 ICND2) or the only composite exam
(200-125).
Cisco 200-125: Main Points
Once you pass the Cisco 200-125 exam, you'll get the CCNA Routing and
Switching Certificate. The reason why Cisco offers this test is because the
company wants candidates to become more familiar with the new skills so
that their networking skills are better and more assured.
However, through the other exam options (100-105 ICND1 and 200-105
ICND2), credentials can be achieved as they’re very similar. But Cisco 200-
125 costs a bit more and lasts longer.
ICND1 and ICND2 Tests
Furthermore, if you don't want to take the 200-125 exam, don't worry, you
are also free to choose other optional exams (100-105 ICND1 and 200-105
ICND2), each carrying a time limit of 90 minutes, and amid this, a different
number of questions will be asked to you. ICND1 will be 45-55 items. On
the other hand, the second part (ICND2) be 55 – 65 items. Have a look here
for a deep understanding.
100-105 ICND1 Test – To clear this examination, here, you must have an
excellent understanding of infrastructure maintenance techniques, critical
infrastructure services, and some fundamental routing technologies. For the
striving applicant, all these techniques will play a crucial role. Alongside
this exam, after passing the 200-105 test, you can also earn CCENT
certification. Yes, all at once!
200-105 ICND2 Test – To get the passing marks in this exam, a candidate
must know routing techniques, LAN and WAN technologies, and other
fundamental networking technologies.
Similarly, if you’re talking about the individual exam, then you can take the
Cisco 200-125 in two languages, English and Japanese, and in the exam,
you'll have to attempt around 60 to 70 question within 2 hours; the number
of questions may vary upon the difficulty level. The exam is meant to assess
your abilities in administration, configuration, and implementations in the
network.
There may be some multiple choice question in the written exam and in the
practical test, you may be introduced to simple router simulations and tests.
The major exam topics include-

1. Network Access
2. Network Fundamentals
3. Security Fundamentals
4. IP Connectivity
5. IP Services
6. Automation and Programmability

Go Through the Exam's Objective

It's the foremost and one of the essential points that every applicant who's
preparating for the CCNA R&S exam must keep in mind. Understanding
the exam’s objectives provides you a great insight into the examinations.
For instance, you'll obtain major hints that will help you to create a strategy
of learning.
You'll learn at what point you should consider more analysis in preparation
and also figure out if the objective meets your requirements and you can
make sure you understanding of the respective topic or not. Objectives will
provide you with a clear understanding related to each topic that you’ll
cover in the exams.
Get Help From Video Courses To Identify Problem Areas
In the next step, you'll be taking help from Video courses as this is another
great technique that every applicant preparing for the CCNA R&S exam
uses. Similarly, you shouldn't delay bringing this technique into use, and for
this, you must be ready with a list of aspects that you find a bit difficult to
understand.
Accordingly, search for the respective topics’ video courses, you'll find out
the best platform for in-depth CCNA R&S exam preparation. Many
platforms offer you quality training, such as Exam Labs, where you can
maximize your knowledge and boost your proficiency to improve from the
problem areas.
Practice with Cisco
Your practical experiences, and most importantly, the things that you put
into practice stay for a long time in your mind and become part of your
expertise. It's something that promises you better preparation for exams
rather than relying on theoretical knowledge.
Similarly, if right after learning you implement the concepts in real-life,
you'll be building a strong foundation of knowledge and information in
Cisco networking technologies. It'll provide you intellectual profit that will
maximize the easiness level for clearing the CCNA R&S exam.
Engage in Group Discussions
It's good if, rather than individual learning, you engage in a group
discussion because it's one of the most productive ways to grow together.
The group discussions help you create and implement exclusive ideas and
skills to raise your problem-solving capabilities in networking challenges.
You'll feel more confident about your preparation, and in group discussions
with colleagues, you may even remember some forgotten things. You can
glance at their preparation documents and get an idea about how you’re
getting on and what the important things are that you can learn from them.
Exam Dumps
Exam dumps are the most fundamental thing that you must consider
whenever you think that your preparation has been done. Or else you can
divide the learning sections and use the exam dumps to test your
understanding as per topics.
For this, you must dive into the online world, where thousands of practice
questions and assignments are readily available. By trying them, you can
get a glimpse of your preparation, and an understanding of which areas you
need to concentrate on.
In this way, you'll uncover your various shortcomings, and you can initiate
some additional efforts for improvisation.
Chapter 4: CCNA vs. CCNP
Over the last several years, Cisco Certification has become more popular in
high demand across the Networking or IT sectors. It is one of the best-
known certifications that every year thousands of people apply for,
especially those who want to hit the IT sector.
The majority of people in today's modern era choose Cisco to guarantee
them a great job in the IT sector. However, there are lots of certifications
provided by Cisco. Still, here we'll discuss and compare the leading two -
CCNP and CCNA - as they are the ones most companies are likely to
require.
Professionals are increasingly engaging in these most popular certifications,
but for what reason? And what are the points of distinction between CCNA
and CCNP? We'll discuss all that in this chapter.
Firstly, Cisco launched Cisco certifications for beginners and networking
professionals. Over time, Cisco decided to increase the level of
certifications and start providing them for applicants at various stages of
expertise. The credential was meant to provide experience so that it could
enhance the networking and routing fundamentals of the professionals.
But which one to pick is undoubtedly a tricky question. Therefore, here,
we’ll give you all the information you need if you're a bit unsure of
selecting the right CCNA or CCNP certification that suits your profession.
So let's dive into the chapter and find out the explanation behind
these questions.
First, it’s essential to discuss what CCNA and CCNP certifications are.
What is CCNA Certification?
CCNA stands for Cisco Certified Network Associate. It's one of the most
popular certifications by Cisco that's specially made for beginners. If you
also want to understand the entire knowledge related to networking, you
must look to CCNA for preparation. This certification implies that a CCNA
certified-person will utilize better the skills that they have learned
throughout their CCNA experience. The certification raises the person’s
marketability irrespective of the platform or the level he’s working at or
wants to work at. Similarly, those holding two years of experience in
CCNA can consider choosing the next step for advanced certification
preparation.
What is CCNP?
CCNP (Cisco Certified Network Professional) is recognized as the
Intermediate level Certification, and a person holding experience in WAN
and LAN infrastructure can better reap the benefit of this certification.
Under CCNP training, an individual learns how to plan WAN and LAN,
implement them, and troubleshoot related concepts. Various courses, like
Cisco advanced routing, scalable internet works, multilayer switching, and
many more, come under CCNP certification. Different domains, like Data
Center, Wireless, Security, Routing collaboration, Service provider,
Switching, and Cloud, are also covered by this top-grade certification.
Scope of CCNA and CCNP
Cisco certification is regarded as the top-level certification as it's not like
any other ordinary credential. Similarly, in terms of CCNP and CCNA,
varying levels and standards of training are also quite noticeable. Both
certifications are meant for different professionals as they direct a person in
a distinct career direction. The above illustration makes it clear which
certification meets your professional requirements, and the right
certification can help you build a successful roadmap.
Below, we’ve shared the scope for both CCNP and CCNA:
Job Opportunities for CCNP certified
As mentioned earlier, CCNP certification is a top-standard certification
providing an attractive opportunity to the individual to explore networking
dynamics with a deep look and upgrade their experience. As compared to
CCNA, CCNP certification provides you with the ability to learn some
outstanding skills in security options and wireless options. For IT
professionals, CCNP undeniably comes up with the perfect qualification
because it suits their professions and boosts their careers.
The following are the career paths that stem from this certification.
• Network Specialist
• Network Manager
 • Senior Network Engineer
Job Opportunities for CCNA Certified
If you’re choosing CCNA associate-level certification, you’ll maximize
your understanding in diverse areas of routing and switching. It'll boost
your skills and enhance your understanding of networking. You can earn the
CCNP certification if you're holding skills and expertise in WAN and LAN.
On the other hand, in CCNA, you learn everything in-depth about WAN
and LAN, and how they work together. If you’re someone who wants to
gain entry-level certification, then CCNA better suits you and you can
easily build up career opportunities in the following areas-
• Network Analyst
• Network Engineer
• Network Associate
Expected CCNA Salary
Salary is important in any job and, with a CCNA certification, you can
expect a significant hike in your monthly earnings. However, the most
notable point is that, unlike many jobs, women are paid at the same level as
men, with great salary packages that start from $56,000 to $90,000 a year.
Perhaps surprisingly, more women engage in pursuing this certification than
men in a bid to push their careers further.
Expected CCNP Salary
As compared to Networking associates, networking professionals earn
bigger salary packages when it comes to CCNP certification. Moreover,
once an individual completes the program and achieves the CCNP
certificate, he/she can quickly receive job offers with an excellent salary
package of around 41,000 dollars a year. The payout is also expected to go
higher, around 133,000 dollars a year based on your skills and dedication.
On average, most of the professionals are readily earning 117,000 dollars a
year. If nothing else, that’s as good a reason as any to buckle down and get
your certification.
Let Us Study CCNA Vs. CCNP In Brief
As we observed, CCNA and CCNP certifications are well-structured into a
framework at different levels. Now, we'll illustrate some other variations of
CCNA and CCNP certifications.
Lots of people often share different opinions in CCNP and CCNA when it
comes to the difficulty level. But, in general, CCNP certification is slightly
more difficult to achieve compared to CCNA certification. However, it's not
just because of the reason that in CCNP, you cover more knowledge and
have to widen understanding. Indeed, the subjective question sets raise the
difficulty level for the candidate in the CCNP exam.
The time and series of questions also illustrate the difference in complexity.
Cisco also helps you to spend less time on the CCNP test than on the
CCNA test.
In most CCNA certifications, you have to take one test (some need two); on
the other hand, you need to undergo four tests in most CCNP exams!
Although, if you're considering the CCNP certification, then you must be
prepared for rigorous training, as the CCNP exam is potentially more
challenging than the standard CCNA test. Apart from this, the time needed
for CCNP certification is 3-4 times more than the time needed for CCNA
certification.
What’s New in CCNA CyberOps vs. CCNP Security?
Many beginners or professionals prefer CCNA CyberOps Associate as they
believe that it's the best platform for cybersecurity practitioners to begin.
For example, CCNA CyberOps offers sufficient understanding of the basic
concepts for a person at entry-level, concepts like cryptography and the
SOC (Security Operations Center). The best thing about CCNA CyberOps
is that it has no basic requirements, putting it head and shoulders above
many other credentials.
So why consider getting the certification for Cisco CCNP Security? At first
sight, it does not seem to be essential to illustrate the distinction between
both, but there are many differences in their requirements, and it’s best if
you understand both the CCNP and CCNA security features thoroughly.
Let’s take a closer look and unleash some valuable information -
Cisco Certified CyberOps Associate
If you want to break into an ever-green and high-profile career in
cybersecurity, then you must go with the Cisco Certificated CyberOps
Associate program.
Furthermore, in CISCO CyberOps, you'll be covering the core principles of
hardware and software. CISCO is a fantastic way of introducing the threats
and security in the internet world and a great approach to land an SOC
position as a junior analyst.
Through CCNA CyberOps, you can also consider the exam for 210-250
SECFND security fundamentals. In this way, you get introduced to more
security technologies, including host-based systems, surveillance, and other
monitoring systems.
210-255 SECOPS exams shed light on computer forensics and show
individuals how data threats can be addressed and how to identify and
eliminate suspicious activities. It also helps the employee handle situations
by providing them the right skills that prepare them to work effectively on
cybersecurity principles whenever required in the real-world.
According to some recent updates on new exams, networking fundamentals
and objectives have been eliminated from CCNA CyberOps. However, in
other Cisco exams, these will still be available.
Cisco CCNP Security
Recently Cisco has revamped its certification program. Similarly, if you
don't have any prior certification in security, don't worry. You can take the
(300-701 SCOR) CCNP security exam, made available after the restructure
of CCNP security certification.
It will typically take even longer time to get into the CCNP examination
because before proceeding you'll first have to clear a range of CCNA
examination and eligibility stages. Once you have successfully cleared
these requirements, you can think about going further and choosing a
specific credential.
Benefits of Perusing the CCNA/ CCNP Program
Promotion Opportunity
With the emergence of technology and the expansion of the IT industry and
networking industry, the demand for CCNA and CCNP professionals has
also skyrocketed. Industries are desperately searching for people with the
most recognized CCNA/ CCNP certification. As you'll be gaining
experience and building up a more robust structure of knowledge and skills
in the respective field, you have even more chance of climbing the ladder in
your company.
Enhancement of Knowledge
Many younger people are looking for the best possible method to establish
a strong foundation in the IT sector. For this reason, more and more people
are taking the CCNA and CCNP qualifications, giving them a much better
chance at finding the right career path. It’s clear that those with CCNA and
CCNP certifications obtain jobs faster. Why? Because through these Cisco
certifications, individuals obtain both practical and theoretical experience.
The level and scale of knowledge you get from these certifications provides
far better options than other graduation courses that may or may not lead to
a job.
Receiving Recognition
Apart from promotions and enhancement of knowledge, job recognition is
another thing that encourages individuals to head for CCNA and CCNP
certification. No matter whether you're doing CCNA or CCNP, both are
inter-related, so you stand a much better chance of getting a job than
someone without the qualifications. You will have a more comprehensive
knowledge base as you have spent your time in maximizing those skills and
earned the CCNA or CCNP certification that the industry seeks most.
Which Certification is Better: CCNA or CCNP?
If we only count great job and high salary packages, then CCNP is valued
higher than CCNA; however, there's no downside to either certification;
both are equally significant. Without CCNA certification, you can't expect
to get CCNP Certified.
After all, to get into the network domain, starting with CCNA, is
compulsory. And after that, spend a year or two while working in a
company to upgrade your experience before taking the CCNP qualification,
thus enhancing your job prospects. In a generic context, once you get
certified with CCNA certification, you proceed with a fresh career and enter
the networking market, and after that, you can earn CCNP certification.
If you already have experience with CCNA certification, you'll be called a
professional, and now you can go to the CCNP directly devoid of any
limitations. It will play a key role in your success as you'll be gaining
promotions and higher salaries, together with an opportunity to get further
benefits too. This will not be limited to a country’s boundaries; you'll raise
your marketability anywhere in the world.
Chapter 5: Everything about Network

Fundamentals in CCNA
After grasping abundant information regarding CCNA, let's have a deep
look into the major topics you'll cover in the upcoming chapters. Here we'll
talk about the first topic, Network Fundamentals in CCNA.
So you're ready to give it a go; therefore, to assist you, we've lined up some
of the most valuable points that you must keep in mind if you're planning to
proceed with the CCNA journey. First, let's begin with Network
Fundamentals, the first platform of this journey.
What Percentage of the Exam Covers Networking
Fundamentals?
When it comes to CCNA 200-125 exam, then the exact percentage may
vary as it can be changed anytime. However, currently, 15% of the exam
comes from the Networking Fundamentals section. In short, as discussed in
the previous chapters, the exam usually consists of 60-70 questions, so that
means you’ll get ten questions from Networking Fundamentals, and the
number of questions may vary as per the adjustments in exams.
Topics Covered in Networking Fundamentals
In networking Fundamentals, you can find plenty of topics for learning, and
within each topic, you discover lots of unique but quite essential sections.
For instance, the CCNA exam topics are also divided into subsections, from
1.1 to 1.15. So if you’re a beginner, you’ll have to cover all these 15
sections.

1. OSI and TCP/IP Models, which includes TCP/UDP protocols

2. Infrastructure components and cloud Resources
3. Network topologies and architectures, such as cabling
4. IPv6 addressing, including configuration, identification, and
Troubleshooting
5. IPv4 addressing, including configuration, identification, and
Troubleshooting.
How to Understand Networking Fundamentals For Exam
Preparation
Now we’ll glance at the CCNA topics and try to gather more details from
each topic, so you can better understand everything that will be happening
in the Networking Fundamentals. First, we’ll begin with-
OSI and TCP/IP Models
In the first topic of CCNA networking fundamentals, you will learn how to
compare and contrast OSI and TCP/IP models. Similarly, it implies that
you'll grasp a deep understanding of every concept related to OSI and
TCP/IP models.
In both OSI and TCP/IP models, you'll learn lots of details about
networking communications, as this topic more revolves around such
things. However, both OSI and TCP/IP are different models with separate
entities. But their few commonalities support the reason for understanding
the distinction between them.
If you're a newbie to networking, then undeniably, the OSI model is the first
thing you must have deep insight into. For instance, to consider the exams'
better preparation, you must have a deep understanding of the OSI seven
layers model, including other vital protocols and devices. That includes
how these protocols and devices operate, their functions and the varying
layers of the OSI model; all such things are necessary to learn. Have a look
below to understand more about these layers.
Application Layer
Application layers refer to the web browsers or emails that are extensively
used in the software. Application layers establish a protocol for sending
and receiving information between software and providing useful data to
the end-users. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP), Hypertext Transfer
Protocol (HTTP), Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Post Office
Protocol (POP), and Domain Name System (DNS) are some of the
most common examples of Application layers.
Presentation Layer
All the data needed for the Application layers are prepared here at the
presentation layer. It specifies how two devices must encrypt, encode, and
compress data that makes possible the successful transmission to the other
end. Although, in the presentation layers, any of the application layer data
transmission can take place for the further transmission process in the
session layer.
Session Layer
The session layers establish a communication channel between the devices
(known as sessions); this layer is useful and ensures that the opening
sessions remain open. On the other hand, this layer also makes sure that
everything functions well during data transmission. It automatically closes
the sessions once the communication has ended.
Transport Layer
The transport layer breaks the session into "segments" of the transferred
data at the end of the transmission. On the receiving ends, the transport
layer reassembles the segments, transforms it back into data for the Session
layer, and ensures successful data transmission.
Network Layer
Turning segments into network packets and reassembling them on the
receiving end is initiated through the Network layer.
Data Link Layer
Through the Datalink Layer, the packets reach the destination as it builds a
connection between the networks. Apart from this, the data link layer
consists of two parts- Media Access Control (MAC) and Logical Link
Control (LLC), and you can learn everything about it once you proceed
with the preparation.
Physical Layer
Because of the physical layer, the Data Link layer can establish a network
connection. It's also known as a wireless connection. The physical layer
(physical cable or wireless connection) connects the devices and effectively
transmits the raw data.
In the OSI model, both TCP and UDP operate before the network layer (at
the transport layer). Following the model, you'll also learn to compare and
contrast TCP and UDP protocols in the entire topic.
On the other hand, TCP/IP will also be a well-discussed topic because this
four-layer model follows today's modern time networking communication.
For the exams, you must be well-prepared in the following things. It would
primarily help if you were well-familiar with each concept on how TCP/IP
model and other protocols devices work at varying OSI layers.
Infrastructure Components and Cloud Resources
What's a network? It's simple, just a set of connected devices where each
device has its own different functions. For instance, many devices are
meant for communication purposes while other devices have to depend
upon the networks to establish a communication route.
Therefore, if you're at this category of the CCNA exam, you must clearly
understand the devices 'meant for communication.' For example, wireless
access points, firewalls, routers, and switches; all these underlying networks
facilitate better communication.
Apart from this, you must learn about the cloud resources as with the
emergence of the cloud, networks are increasingly relying on it. Similarly, it
would be best if you were well-familiar with the cloud effects that have
brought significant change in today's enterprise network architecture.
For this, also pay attention to various sorts of clouds, such as public,
private, or hybrid clouds, to better differentiate and understand more about
them. Also, don't forget to have a deep insight into DNS and DHCP to
grasp knowledge on numerous virtual services and basic virtual network
infrastructure.
Network Topologies and Architectures
Network designing also involves some major engineering principles such as
modularity, flexibility, hierarchy, and resiliency. And that’s the unique thing
about Cisco's network design - you learn everything related to the network
designing principle in the most comprehensive way. Despite newer models,
Cisco still places this application in most of the networks for exams in the
enterprise network.
The hierarchical design model is, however, the most famous traditional
model for network designing. In this design, the network is split up into
core layers, access, and distribution - also called a three-tier architecture.
For better exam preparation, a deep understanding of all these three layers
of networks is essential. By following up on the right steps for practice, you
can maximize your familiarity with them.
Alongside a great understanding of three-tier architecture, you should also
have a better understanding of collapsed core, because, in the exam, you
may have to answer some related questions.
Apart from this, questions about various network topologies, such as mesh,
hybrid, star, and many more, commonly come into the exam. But the earlier
you prepare yourself for it, the more fruitful results you can expect later.
During the CCNA preparation, you'll be finding lots of learning curves
where you'll be experiencing lots of things happening in real-life. You'll
learn how to use star topology in WAN (Wide Area Network) or Mesh
topology or combine both. For this, you must be well-familiar with each
topology's pros and cons; only then can you quickly answer any of the
intricate questions, as this is what CCNA exams are all about.
IPv4 Addressing
In today's modern world, networks are dominant, and that's why Cisco
provides you the comprehensive knowledge on each network dynamics.
Similarly, IP addressing is the most integral part of today's network, and
there's hardly any network that doesn't rely on IP.
And meanwhile, in CCNA preparation, you'll learn everything related to IP,
such as it has two versions - IPv4 and IPv6. To ace the exam, you must have
a deep insight into these vital things.
Begin with understanding IP addresses, what they are, and how they work
and facilitates network communication. Accordingly, compare and contrast
the diverse sorts of IPv4 addresses, such as Multicast, broadcast, and
unicast.
You'll address some common words in this topic- like verify, configure, and
troubleshoot extensively. Thus, you can expect questions on subjects like
lab and simulation in the exam, as it mostly covers these things.
However, you should have a broad knowledge on everything on this topic,
from IP address configuration and router interface to acknowledging the
communication between two devices and whether they are working or not.
Also, the CCNA exam becomes a bit confusing when it comes to
Subnetting; therefore, you should always be well-prepared to handle such
tricky questions. For example, particular addresses block Subnets, number
of Hosts fit, subnet, broadcast address, etc.
IPv6 Addressing
In the latest CCNA exam, IPv6 is a more focused topic because the modern
world is increasingly accepting IPv6 addressing. Similarly, in the current
exams, you may be asked lots of inter-related questions, and therefore you
must be well-prepared with every key concept.
However, only knowing about the fundamental principles of IPv6 isn't
sufficient. Indeed, like configure, verify and troubleshoot as you learn in
IPv4 addressing, you learn in IPv6, but in this, you'll learn some additional
concepts like IPv6 Stateless Address Auto Configuration too.
Moreover, if you’re already familiar with the IPv4 addressing and are
proceeding with IPv6 addressing, it may appear a bit longer. For instance,
an IPv6 address, the format of writing it differently, and the addresses are
also four times longer.
If you’re a newbie, all these things can appear to be a bit overwhelming, but
some efforts and strategic preparations are enough to achieve favorable
results.
If you seek passing marks in the CCNA examination, then have a thorough
understanding of all the above-stated topics. Most importantly, in the OSI
and TCP/IP model, and alongside this, don't forget to cover the device and
Protocol on each layer at which they operate. Subnetting requires a lot of
practice, but you can make things easier with strategic approaches. Apart
from that, IPv4, IPv6, and network fundamentals gain extensive knowledge
on every core topic to ensure that you're ready with the best exam
preparation.
Chapter 6: How to Prepare for LAN Switching

Technology
Modern businesses are paying more attention to gathering data to survive in
today's extremely competitive business environment. Therefore, technology
plays a valuable role here, as it has introduced some of the
latest communications methods like video, voice, and data transmission via
networks. And owing to the significant contribution of technology, Cisco
provides an excellent opportunity for learners to have thorough experience
on LAN because the industry demands individuals with certified expertise
in LAN switching. After the CCNA exam, you'll have that expertise. In
CCNA, it's the second most important topic about which we'll discuss
below.
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from LAN
Switching?
When it comes to the 200-120 CCNA exam, official documentation says
that 21% of the exam currently comes from the LAN switching section. The
exam usually consists of 60-70 questions, so that means you'll get 14-15
questions from the LAN switching section.
Topics Covered in LAN Switching
Although there are ten topics of discussion in LAN switching, here we'll
shed light on some of the most important topics such as –

1. Explain and demonstrate concepts of switching

2. Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Interswitch
connectivity and VLANs
3. Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting protocols for STP
as well as other features
4. Verifying and Configuring the protocols of layer 2
5. Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting EtherChannel Layer
2 and Layer 3.
How to Understand Routing Technologies for Exam
Preparation
Explain and Demonstrate Concepts of Switching
The initial part of LAN switching is more focused towards the basic as well
as introductory concepts related to switching. For example, how does LAN
work, what’s the need of having a LAN switch, and more. Here, you have
to focus on the Ethernet frame format and its relation to other fields.
You will get questions related to MAC address maintenance and table
switching, various methods for frame delivery, and more. Therefore, you
should be well prepared with these important topics. Moreover, you also
need to have a good understanding of switching flood cases.
One important thing worth noting here is that you can’t rely only upon the
theoretical knowledge for the LAN switching module. You need to be very
good at using the practical commands and know how they work. For
example, how to enter a static address port, display the MAC address table,
etc.
It's also a great thing for the additional knowledge if you're enhancing your
understanding, such as how the final table looks while connecting the port
to another switch. After all, this experience will surely add another-level of
expertise in your mind that will make you more confident to answer the
questions.
Don't forget the subtopics in Troubleshooting. You will undoubtedly face
questions on this during the exam and you should ensure your preparation
includes knowing how to eliminate switch and port issues, and other
troubleshooting issues.
Major issues arise in Duplex settings, MDIX functions, wrongly configured
speed, detached cables, and disabled ports. So, you should be well prepared
on how to find the errors and how to resolve them.
Alongside this information, you must pay heed to the theoretical section of
the exam, such as switch stacking and chassis aggression.
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Interswitch Connectivity

and VLANs
In today’s modern networking, Virtual LANs play an integral role as
companies are accepting it more. Therefore, in the CCNA exam, be
prepared to demonstrate both a theoretical and practical understanding of
these.
Start with learning the initial configurations for VLANS like creation,
deletion, or renaming the VLANs, how to change the display setting, how
to assign ports in VLAN, etc. You will get lots of questions on the
troubleshooting part and should be prepared for default VLAN, voice, data,
and port types.
Understand the Trunks concept thoroughly as it helps you in assessing
VLANS, which exist on diverse switches. In the trunk, recognize the
methods used for the 'frames, enabling and disabling VLANs on the Trunk,
Switches, negotiating the port, etc.
You should also raise your familiarity with DTP modes (Dynamic Trunk
Protocol) and its security issues. Have an in-depth look at each topic native
to the VLAN, don't forget any point.
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Protocols for STP
Organizations need a high network available 24/7, and thus there are
frequent issues observed in switching networks due to high demand. In this
case, STP is one of the best solutions we have and it is been an integral part
of this certification.
Similarly, if you're preparing for CCNA, you must know how and where
you'll need this Protocol because it's an important topic often asked in the
exams. You must raise your knowledge in solving the networking riddle.
Also, try to gather immense knowledge about the default and rapid STP
process. You should be aware of when to select the primary role and the
secondary role to set up the VLAN. You also must be aware of
manipulating STP with required changes.
Apart from STP configuration, you’re also be required to learn the
additional basic features too. Such as the PortFast feature that eliminates
STOP convergence need in some cases and BPDU Guard that transforms a
network into a more secure network.
Configure and Verify Layer 2 Protocols
In most instances, an individual has to identify some closer devices, know
how to identify it, what type of device it is, etc, and Cisco has briefly
illustrated this in their certifications. Similarly, for doing this, Cisco
provides you a brief understanding of CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) to
which you can also consider Layer 2 protocol as it’s accessible on switches.
However, you must pay attention to the interpreting information that CDP
provides, and on the top of that, enabling/disabling for security purposes.
Keep all this necessary information in mind.
In the CCNA exam, you also get LLDP (Link Layer discover Protocol) as
Cisco also addresses the latest technologies into the network devices but it
is similar to CDP so knowledge on one gives you a head start on the other.
Configure, Verify, and Troubleshoot (Layer 2/Layer 3) EtherChannel
For connecting and aggregating physical ports individually, EtherChannel is
another most focused topic. As a learner, you will be required to obtain a
deep understanding of how to use it, the advantages of it, and the conditions
under which it can be applied.
Apart from this, you should enhance your knowledge in pairing various
modes required for EtherChannel. For instance, EtherChannel will fail to
worm when you pair passive-passive or auto-auto modes.
Simultaneously, we can use the ports in the form of routed ports or switch
ports on Multi-layer switches. Subsequently, by following the same case as
in Layer2, we can create a Layer3 EtherChannel. However, the best practice
is to maintain a routine and work accordingly.
A strong foundation on the elementary and the most basic concepts is
always worth having as it can lead you to a successful career. If you're
planning your future in information technology, then put in your hardest
efforts and kick-start your journey.
Chapter 7: How to Prepare for Routing

Technologies
The Routing and Switching certification in CCNA gives you the skills and
experience that make networking more effective, particularly as
technologies continue to change. In the CCNA program, you learn how to
install, troubleshoot, and diagnose network infrastructure.
Similarly, if we talk about routing technologies, it's the most critical
component in today's networking world. In daily life, the network
technician can quickly encounter the routing task, and this is possible in
both small and large networks. That's why, as a professional, you must have
extensive knowledge of the dynamics and statics in routing. You must have
experience in operating the routers and so on.
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Routing Technologies In
It?
From this topic of CCNA- Routing Technologies, expect lots of questions
as this is one of the most important topics that is popular because of its real-
world execution. Similarly, when it comes to clearing and getting passing
marks in the CCNA exam, this topic covers 23% of the exam. For instance,
you may get 16-17 questions to answer in the exam having Routing
Technologies as the topic. In short, almost one-fourth questions in the exam
will come from this chapter as it has a total of 70 questions. Therefore, you
must be well-prepared with this topic if you want to achieve maximum
ranking in this CCNA examination.
Topics Covered in Routing Technologies
So after getting well-acquainted with the exam and marks, it's time to
become familiar with the most important subtopics. There are around 14
subtopics in the Routing Technologies, and most of them are also
subdivided into further discussions. Hence, if we sum up the entire syllabus,
then the most fundamental learning topic is the basic routing theory. You
must have a strong understanding of it, and along with that, the packages,
dynamic routing, and finally troubleshooting devices are some other more
concentrated topics.
If we have to put light on the leading issues of which Routing Technologies
revolved around, then take a quick look of the following significant issues
stated below-

1. Concepts of Routing and knowing the routing table components

2. Contrast and compare of routing protocols.
3. Verifying, Configuring, and troubleshooting the RIPv2 for IPv4,
EIGRP for IPv4/IPv6 and OSPFv2
4. Verifying, Configuring, and troubleshooting the IPv4/IPv6 static
routing and inter-VLAN routing
5. Troubleshooting the Layer 3

How to Understand Routing Technologies for Exam

Preparation
Concepts of Routing and Knowing the Routing Table Components
To become a successful network technician, the preliminary step is 'practice'
and only after that can he/she effectively explore further things. Ensure you
are prepared with the fundamental theoretical approaches in routing, such as
routing packets via the network. For the initial step, you'll be require to note
all the necessary parts related to the IP packet header and Ethernet frame
structure such as destination address, source, or TTL field.
However, this is mainly because in the exam you will be given questions
related to the parameters, such as packet handling and alongside it, the route
to the destination from an initial source.
On the other hand, for general knowledge, you should also be familiar with
the CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding) that is famous across modern routers.
Ensure you have knowledge of CEF as well as older routing technologies.
Simultaneously, a routing table is the router's central and well-focused
database. Similarly, it'll add another layer of perfection in your knowledge
about Routing technologies if you're well-familiar with the components and
usage application of data by Router.
Prefix, Metric, Next Hop, Network Mask, and Gateway of the last resort are
some of the most fundamental concepts you must be aware of.
Although to distinguish the numerous routing sources, Cisco Routers utilize
the administrative distance concepts. Hence, you must memorize all these
concepts and also the value they have in the exam.
In short, you must be well-aware of the dynamic distance protocol so that
you can easily back up the route whenever you are configuring any Floating
Static route. In this way, the process will become more manageable, and it's
the best approach to follow instead of dynamically learning each step.
Contrast and Compare Routing Protocols
There are numerous methods that a router can determine to use to search
destination network paths. In the exam, most of the questions can revolve
around the various pros and cons of using static routing. Therefore, if you're
paying particular concentration on Dynamic Routing, then don't forget
static routing alongside.
However, most of the questions are regarding the routing method's choice
throughout the network process. The questions are often asked in the
context of usage, i.e. where the static is needed in-network or when to
choose dynamic routing.
It's imperative that in the beginning, you figure out the protocols for
dynamic routing. However, you can obtain the rest of the details from BDP
in further CCNA study, and you will also need to know about interior
protocols.
And along with that, you'll be focusing more on the principles, including
their working modules, relation with neighbor routers, how to build routing
tables, and the shared information.
Apart from these essential topics, OSPF, EIGRP, and RIP are additional
major vital points you should concentrate upon with great attention on each
detail. However, RIP has a minor role in today's networks, as it revolves
around the pure distance vector protocol.
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting Single Area and Multi-Area

OSPFv2/v3, EIGRP for IPv4/IPv6, and RIPv2 for IPv4

As compared to Static Route configuring, a dynamic routing protocol is
often considered the most challenging step because it requires a network
technician’s extensive knowledge of each core point.
You can only feel confident in the exam if you're well-prepared with your
understanding in OSPFv3 and EIGRP for IPv6 and OSPFv2, RIPv2 and
EIGRP for IPv4. It's something that demands your knowledge in
configuration, but beyond the basics.
For example, you must be holding extensive knowledge of manipulating
path cost or distributing a default route as these are some of the primarily
required specialties.
But, another relief providing point is that, in the official documentation,
according to some recent updates, some areas of configuration have been
excluded for each of the protocols (namely, filtering, manual
summarization, authentications, and a few others as well). Hence it has
made things easier to some extent.
Verifying, Configuring, and Troubleshooting the RIPv2 for IPv4, EIGRP

for IPv4/IPv6 and OSPFv2

This topic is perfect for those learners who often prefer to practice the
theories by experiencing them in real-time. The primary initial point of
consideration is the 'Static Routing Configuration.'
Accordingly, you must be aware of the methods of usage such as outgoing
interface, the route with the next host, or both. Simultaneously, you must
grasp the complete information regarding setting up the default route, which
can be possible in either IPv6 or IPv4 network.
You may also be asked about the host routes, so be ready with that too. As
discussed before, in the exam, you must be well prepared with routing
knowledge, such as floating routes, the special static route that can be a
backup route used as an alternative option along with the dynamic protocol.
And here comes the most crucial thing, Inter-VLAN routing: It's the most
necessary topic you must know, and you should have an understanding of
the Subinterface method and routing with SVIs.
But always keep one thing in mind that verification is the preliminary step
before configuration. While following up, a network technician must have a
clear understanding of all tools that are best for such efforts (such as
traceroute, ping.). IOS commands equally play a significant role here as
they are used to examining the operation along with routers and for the
configuration of the routes.
With the result of this, you can quickly uncover the significant reason
behind any error if it occurs in the future. You'll be understanding it easier,
and the solution will become much more comfortable to execute.
However, for doing it correctly, one needs lots of practice and great
memorizing powers. Subsequently, your skilled expertise in displaying the
exact information and extensive understanding will play a forefront role
here.
Troubleshoot Layer 3
In most instances, the network technician encounters some significant
errors while operations of a particular network are going on. Similarly, all
these errors or malfunctions become extremely important to fix. For
favorable results on the exam, you need some requisite troubleshooting
skills.
Along with that, you must pay special attention to software because these
tools will help you better identify emerging problems. Similarly, you need
to closely examine the output to understand the 'show' command. In this
way, you'll uncover the reason behind such an error.
However, the Ping and Traceroute Usage is also essential at the end of
devices because it is the fundamental testing start to end connectivity tool.
Along with this, you must bear basic knowledge of some additional
commands like "debug" because it plays a significant role in the further
step.
So, these types of intricate and inter-related questions are usual in the
exams, and to become an instant achiever, you must have a remarkable
ability to find the minor to significant points of information throughout the
operation.
You must cover all related significant points, such as a poorly advertised or
missed network, timer, a non-matching AS number, etc.
Meanwhile, you must have a decent understanding of further aspects, such
as correct knowledge of the configuration and how to fix the errors by
following the particular step.
In most instances, troubleshooting creates lots of disturbance, and often the
challenging questions get asked in the examination, so be ready with what's
essential.
You can't expect a favorable result in the CCNA exam if you aren't well-
prepared with the basic training. Without practicing the troubleshooting and
configuration, the exam will appear impossible. Routing is one of the most
challenging parts of the CCNA exam, and if we sum up the conclusion,
you'll discover that it's the most weighty part and the maximum portion of
the exam.
However, it'll be best if you do labs as much as possible with real and
original devices. You can download lots of files from the internet that will
assist you in further preparation for the exam. You can also try an
experiment to grasp the practical knowledge by doing errors and
configuration and correcting it based on your troubleshooting skills. So
don't delay and do your best as your every effort will take you closer to the
CCNA certification.
Chapter 8: How to Prepare for WAN Technologies
The network is a powerful medium that has connected the world over the
decades. It connects multiple devices or computer systems through the main
communication link. However, networks are also broken down into three
forms. For example- Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), Local Area
Network (LAN), and at last, Wider Area Network (WAN) about which we'll
discuss here. No-one understands the importance of networks better than
Cisco. That's why Cisco emphasizes the brief discussion in the context of
networks in their Certified Network Associate Routing and Switching
exam.
In the CCNA (200-125) exam, your knowledge and skills are examined on
networks. Here we'll discuss the WAN thoroughly and some related
information about it because it's one of the most important topics that come
in the exam.
What Percentage of the CCNA Exam Covers Wan
Technologies?
It may appear surprising to you because only 10% of the exam comes from
WAN technologies. But it doesn't mean that you skip this topic and go for
further preparation. Indeed, that would be a mistake. You will find WAN
concepts everywhere during CCN exam preparation and, most specifically,
in network Fundamentals and routing. So ignoring the low percentage of
this exam, you should only proceed with preparation in WAN, because
when it comes to a highly celebrated certification like CCNA, even a single
percent is valuable.
Topics Covered in Wan Technologies

1. Metro Ethernet and MPLS

2. Point-to-Point WANs
3. eBGP
4. Internet VPNs
5. Quality of Service
Metro Ethernet and MPLS
Can you name any two Popular WAN Technologies in today’s digital
world? Always remember - Metro Ethernet and Multiprotocol Label
Switching (MPLS) are the most popular WAN technologies.
Ethernet was specifically created for Local Area Network Environment; on
the other hand, Metro Ethernet is indeed the Ethernet Usage in the WAN.
Therefore, it's essential that you first become well-acquainted with
Ethernet's role in LAN, because it will raise your familiarity with WAN and
thereby, you'll better understand the concept of Metro Ethernet in WAN.
If we talk about MPLS, then it's meant for ISP's usage to offer an
assortment of Networking services to the Industry. However, the MPLS
coverage in CCNA R&S is limited to Layer 3 Wan services-Multiprotocol
Label Switching VPN.
All these things you learn in CCNA R&S certification along with MPLS
and Metro Ethernet as a service. Through this, you get an in-depth look into
what you receive as a business customer from the service provider.
However, the ideas of discussions aren't too deeply described, and you don't
have any need to go much deeper into the details. For example, while
preparing for this topic, don't stress that you'll have to have deep insight
into the configuration of MPLS and Metro Ethernet.
In the Cisco certification, when you'll be exploring the service provider
track section, you'll only be covering the details of the basic
implementation, and that's it.
Point-to-Point WANs
While exploring the WAN topic in CCNA certification, you'll notice that
any discussion begins with Leased lines. For the discussions of IP routing
and Network Fundamentals at a large scale, CCNA R&S utilizes Leased
Lines. To understand it better, let's explore the two essential protocols for
serial communication and examine their configuration.

1. HDLC
2. PPP
HDLC is an acronym of High-Level Data Link Control and is used for
serial communication. It’s a bit-oriented real-time Data Link Protocol and
requires only a little understanding of fundamental HDLC concepts, and
you can easily sum up exactly what it is.
But at the same time, once you get to know about HDLC concepts, you can
proceed with further steps such as configuration, verification, and
troubleshooting HDLC for Leased Lines. However, it's easy to work with
HDLC on Cisco routers serial interfaces as it is a Default Encapsulation.
PPP is an acronym of Point-to-Point Protocol that you can use as another
Link Protocol. However, as compared to HDLC, in PPP, you can learn more
about its advanced features like authentication.
For the exams, you must have a clear and concise understanding of the PPP
concepts. Along with that, the exams also demand your knowledge in PPP
authentication protocol and frame formats – such as CHAP (Challenge
Handshake Authentication Protocol) and PAP (Password Authentication
Protocol).
Similarly, using local authentication, configuring, and verifying PPP on the
WAN interface, are all things that may come up in the exam. So you must
be well-prepared with your knowledge on such topics.
However, it's recommended for the general advice to take time studying
PPP compared to HDLC because it's a bit more critical. Most of the
relevant exam questions will revolve around it.
eBGP or External BGP
Border Gateway Protocol or BGP has recently built a strong place in the
topics of CCNA syllabus. In single-homed scenarios, IPv4 external BDP is
covered. Although, eBGP or external Border Gateway Protocol is the use of
BGP i between enterprises and ISP.
If we discuss Single-homed scenarios only, you can find that they involve
merely single connections that create a link between enterprises and ISP.
However, for such operations, the Configuration and Verification of eBGP
are also counted here, but you don't need to grasp a deep understanding of
it. Just some basic configurations and a little knowledge about 'show'
commands, and you're all set.
Internet VPNs
Internet VPNs use the internet where the VPN stands for Virtual Private
Network. It’s a cheaper network that’s sometimes considered as a
potentially risky network. People use a VPN because it offers a private
connection to the sites, and whatever the user browses on the internet
through this network, it's kept private. Therefore, in the exams, you can get
asked about the related VPN concepts, and that's why you must be prepared
with these additional things. Such as-
GRE ( Generic Routing Encapsulation)- All VPN discussion for CCNA
R&S starts with GRE, and during CCNA exam preparation, you'll cover
more details about it. Therefore, it's recommended to spend time on GRE
concepts with full attention, so that the intricate exam questions don’t
confuse you. Enhance your understanding of configuration, verification,
and troubleshooting related ideas with GRE tunnels, and be comfortable
with GRE. It's the foundation of VPN technologies. Therefore, pay heed to
this more crucial concept to learn better about Virtual Private Network.
DMVPN - GRE is not the most recommended solution when it comes to
connecting multiple sites. GRE is just a Point-to-point technology, so that's
why it can't be considered as the right way to go with when it comes to
many sites. Therefore, in addition to GRE, people go with DMVPN
(Dynamic Multipoint VPN) to connect multiple sites or build a large VPN
network.
However, another notable point is, DMVPN is a part of Cisco Technology
that incorporates Multipoint NHRP (Next Hop Reachability Protocol ) and
GRE, also known as mGRE. DMVPN is specifically meant to build a
Dynamic Multipoint VPN, and you must cover further information in your
CCNA R&S certification because it's an evergreen topic that will also help
you in real-life. And the best thing about learning VPN through CCNA
certification is that you'll also cover DMVPN concepts of the top level.
PPPoE- In the previous discussions, we've learned about PPP (Point-to-
Point Protocol) and understood how it's used to build WANs. But what is
PPPoE? It is for other kinds of internet access. For example- DSL (Digital
Subscriber Line). PPP is extended using Ethernet, and that's how we denote
it as 'PPP over Ethernet.’ However, its working parameters for PPP are also
notable. Such as, while shifting PPP inside Ethernet via Ethernet Interfaces,
PPPoE holds the entire brilliant features of PPP. It may sound a bit tricky,
but you’ll cover more once you commence the CCNA preparation.
Quality of Service
In short, you can also call it QoS, which refers to some fantastic techniques
that are widely used by network devices. It's meant to manage data packets
to deliver outstanding network services.
In the exams, the questions related to QoS are often asked. That's why you
should also know that the QoS also manage bandwidth, jitter, delay, and
packet loss on both routers and switches through tools.
Just like you learn the basic concepts of all the previous topics, in the same
way, you'll learn QoS fundamental concepts, and you should be able to
describe them well in the CCNA R&S exam.
In addition to all these points, in the CCNA exam, you'll be paying more
attention to the following QoS concepts:
Classification and Marking
A classification describes a packet as per its content material such as cell,
frame, and packet headers. On the other hand, Marking Tools ensure an
easier classification by changing the headers. Most of the tools in QoS
classify traffic, which in turn ensures that each traffic class receives the best
treatment from the additional classes at a different level.
In QoS terminology, these classes of traffic are also known as services
classes. However, marking establishes a way for the QoS tools to support
bits transformation in the packet header because it provides an idea to QoS
tools of services that should be provided to this packet. For instance, it
brings easiness for the classification tool to better recognize data packets
and differentiate a voice packet.
Congestion Management (Queuing)
Now, a network device decides where to forward that packet once it's
received after such processes. Subsequently, it sends the packet to its
destination. The marking helps the network devices to keep the packet in a
queue, as often, the outgoing interfaces become too busy while sending
these packets.
In this way, until the outgoing interface is free, the packet sits safely in the
queue. And to make this process more seamless, congestion-management
techniques have frequently utilized these packets and give a perfect flow to
the process.
Shaping and Policing
When the data flows through an interface, to keep the bit rate parallel or to
a configured value, both Shaping and Policing techniques are utilized. Both
these techniques are a part of QoS and correctly monitor the data bit rate,
but you should remember that both Shaping and Policing restrict the bit rate
using two different techniques. On one side, the Shaping keeps the packet in
the queues, while on the other side, policing exercises the discarding of
packets.
Congestion Avoidance
Another QoS technique is Congestion Avoidance that discards some
packets and trims down the packet loss for some specific purpose.
Although, this technique mostly functions with TCP connections only.
These were some of the most basic knowledge that you must have while
commencing preparation in CCNA. Bear in mind that PPP will require lots
of attention. You'll have to understand first the basic concepts of HDLC and
then take more time on PPP because it's one of the focused topics, and from
bottom to top, you must be well-familiar with each core point.
Such as PPPoC concepts must be well-prepared. You must be comfortable
in the thorough process of configuration, verification, and troubleshooting
of PPPoE as it can significantly impact your scoring in the CCNA exam.
Don’t forget GRE, and take your time on understanding QoS concepts. It’ll
be the building block of your knowledge on the various techniques for
packets, and you should also not forget to take glimpses of the rest of the
series of core concepts.
Once you're done practicing all these topics, you can consider that you're
well-prepared for the CCNA exam to some extent, as these five topics cover
some of the most critical discussions. After this, you can also find most of
the helpful questions by going deep into WAN technologies.
Chapter 9: How to Prepare for the Infrastructure

Services CCNA Exam

You want to master in the CCNA exam; therefore, this chapter should be
the most critical one in your list. In this chapter, we will cover point-to-
point detail about the production networks and how to manage
infrastructure services. You'll also come to know how to stay productive in
the complex network. Apart from this, you'll also get introduced to the
various troubles that come from these networks if you end up doing things
wrong. Each chapter of CCNA unleashes industry-relevant topics because
whatever Cisco provides in their certification is well-tested and observed in
real-time.
Like other chapters, it's an important topic. Through this chapter, we'll
figure out the various essential things to remember during the 'CCNA
routing and switching' exam section- Infrastructure services preparation. So
let's begin-
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from
Infrastructure Services?
As we've discussed in the previous chapters, around 60 to 70 questions fall
into the exam. Similarly, if we talk about what percentage of the CCNA
exam covers Infrastructure services, like the previous chapter "WAN
technologies," the possible percentage of questions from this section is
10%. It clearly means that you can expect 6 to 7 questions right from this
chapter. But remember that each mark is significant. Even though this
chapter will provide you with fewer marks, you should still pay special
attention to it because it introduces you to some of the real-life experiences
that provide you with unique insight. Here you can review the steps for
preparation and decide where to begin.
Topics Covered in Infrastructure services
This section of CCNA certification contains the five most important topics,
including-
 1. Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)
2. Domain Name Server (DNS)
3. Network Address Translation (NAT)
4. Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
5. Network Time Protocol (NTP)

Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP)

The DHCP or Dynamic Host Control Protocol is the most valuable topic
that you should never ignore at any cost. In this topic, you cover some
advanced concepts that may take you additional time, but you'll understand
the value of these concepts in the end.
However, this is because in technology there are lots of knowledgeable
things to have deep insight on. Documentations may appear quite huge, but
the general configuration steps will keep you engaged with this topic.
To understand this topic more effectively, you'll first need to take a glimpse
of DHCP clients and services. You'll have to figure their different
functionalities, such as you'll have to discover everything related to its ports
or protocols.
DHCP Client- The DHCP client supports Cisco's devices to effectively
execute its task on various parameters for Host Requesting Configuration –
for example- DHCP serves to an IP address.
If you talk about DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) client
operation, then you must understand the framework and how the DHCP
client passes the information for configuration through it. The intent behind
following this process is to host that information on a TCP or IP network.
In short, to conclude, the DHCP client is just an Internet Host that's
utilizing Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol so that you can easily obtain
the configuration parameters like the IP address.
However, a DHCP client can also obtain offers from various servers (DHCP
servers). Still, when it comes to selecting a client, often only the first one
from all those offers is accepted, although a client can accept any of the
received offers.
Still, the received DHCP server offer isn't always sure about allocating IP
addresses to the client. Although, the client can also request the IP address
formally in case if the service is reserved.
Later some formal requests are made between IP address and DHCP
servers. You'll discover about all such things once you take an in-depth look
at the chapters. The entire topic becomes more interesting at each step once
you figure out the entire process's actual execution.
DHCP Server- Dynamic Host Configuration Server builds a way for IP
Address to reach the client's devices automatically. It can be done through
any network parameters or default settings that can also reply to queries by
clients on the broadcast.
Through the DHCP server, a seamless network communication flow
becomes possible, and the required network reaches effectively to the
clients.
If you exclude this process, the network administrator will have to put
additional effort, and the entire process must be done manually. And that
isn't a great option in massive networks.
On the expiration of the Client's IP address, DHCP servers frequently
assign a new IP address. Lots of companies are utilizing DHCP for IPv4
and IPv6.
Apart from these discussions, you'll have to immerse yourself in further
details related to DHCP servers and IP addresses. That includes which
things point out the conflict in IP addresses and how to check out the
assigned IP addresses through DHCP, whether there are duplicates or not,
which often happens in IP addresses.
In further steps, you must learn much more about the operations as well as
configuration. It also comes with limits, such as configuring a router, how
much it should be doing as a DHCP server.
Alongside this, pay attention to the additional options to derive further
things, such as addressing the reach-ability in the local subnet's outer
region.
Don't forget to acknowledge some of the mandatory parameters and default
values that DHCP utilizes on various operations; you'll obtain this
information by covering additional elements in the chapter. You'll be
required to follow the obtained information if the parameters aren't
configured in general.
Irrespective of DHCP client and DHCP server, a device can be anything,
such as DHCP relay. Therefore, in such situations, you'll have to address the
configuration related to the devices (like DHCP Relay), significantly; it also
depends on the client's location in a specific network where the device can
be applied.
On the other hand, when an administrator encounters troubleshooting
related issues in DHCP and how to handle it, you must understand such
concepts. This chapter is more about solutions to particular problems.
That includes figuring out how to check failures in address assignment. As
mentioned earlier, you'll be required to check the conflicts if there are any
in the IP addresses.
Understand the various DHCP operations. Along with that, you'll also be
required to understand how to configure a particular device if you want to
make it perform as a Dynamic Host Control Protocol server.
Since it's one of the most important sections, be prepared with extensive
lab-time, and then start exploring everything about DHCP features.
Domain Name Server (DNS) Operation
What is DNS? How are the names resolved using DNS? Pay attention to all
these details and have a brief understanding of each core concept. Explore
the use of UDP (User Datagram Protocol) and TCP (Transmission Control
Protocol), the extensively used internet protocols.
From building a Host Table to the devices' configuration, in this topic,
you'll be introduced to various operations, including the DNS server.
Try to get deeply engaged with each thing, and there you’ll get to know
about the cache utilization to upgrade the performance of name resolution.
In further discussions, you'll come across the various points describing how
to give a series of domain names and how to use the DNS server through
device configuration.
Besides, to obtain this information, you'll be required to have an
understanding of hostnames to identify a default domain for it. You'll have
to become well-acquainted with DNS lookup on a specific interface, such
as how and when to enable.
In the CCNA syllabus, a particular focus has been made on handling
troubleshooting issues. Similarly, in the DNA client, you'll be required to
obtain extensive knowledge of such problems associated with
troubleshooting.
In a nutshell, you'll have to address the point from which a problem mainly
stems from. Along with that, you'll be required to maximize your sensing
abilities, such as you'll have to discover whether the problem is related to
the DNS server or client.
In the DNS server, it's possible that the DNS server is either pointing, not
configured or not reachable. However, it isn't too complex a process, but
you'll have to develop a master vision over addressing issues.
You can take the Lab test's help for test commands and explore
documentation to make the DNS section easier. By going through these
steps, you'll find plenty of valuable points to be used in your exam.
Network Address Translation (NAT)
This topic will take extra time and need additional study because you will
need to memorize and understand multiple NAT names.
Similarly, you will need to understand the dynamic NAT, Static Nat, and
Overloading and figure out the ideal time for their usage. In this way, you’ll
obtain the correct answer for every related question.
You'll also have to ensure that the particular addresses local/global, inside
or outside addresses are remembered. Hence during the exam, you are more
likely to know the answer.
It will work better if you take the help of Lab because there are no
particular strategies and steps that promise to make NAT easier. In
configuring NAT, no matter what type it is, the Lab is the only way to
expect a little assistance.
However, you must bear one thing in mind that overlooking even a little
point will damage the features. In other words, it may create unnecessary
troubleshooting between the interfaces, no matter from inside or outside,
and only a simple switch is enough for doing this.
Although, to find out whether NAT is working ideally or not for
troubleshooting and operations, show and debug types of commands are
used. It provides relevant information related to the problem. At the same
time, in this way, you can also obtain the best possible solution to correct it.
In the lack of a solid foundation, specifically the knowledge regarding
NAT's working process, it'll contribute to the unrelated output of the
command.
Although, if we're talking about the CCNA preparation, then the solid
foundation is necessary for every principle and critical concept. As
compared to other topics, this section may call for extensive attention.
By strengthening the foundation, you'll be upgrading your memorizing
power, and in the exam, this solid foundation will provide you with instant
solutions.
Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
After going through the above topics, now it's time to explore HSRP-Hot
Standby Router Protocol. It's one of the first protocols to find an abundance
of information in its context.
You can even take a quick look at the Cisco Official Documentation, where
everything regarding HSRP is well-documented for further information.
Plenty of scenarios have been discussed in the documentation, such as you
can also know about the protocol deployment.
To proceed properly, you must get detailed knowledge of how the protocol
works and have a deep insight into its availability. In the topics discussed in
previous chapters, you'll learn everything about it.
You should also have good knowledge of the HSRP format and the Virtual
MAC address, not to mention protocol states. Apart from this, you need to
know the minimum required configuration for HSRP and what it concludes
- the outcomes after the application of default configuration.
Along with this, you must know about the specific parameters' default
value. After all, redundancy is the primary focus of protocol.
For instance, you must know how a particular device operates in case of an
active router failure and the steps for recovery to be followed to operate the
device again. However, the new protocol version has been released, so don't
forget to compare and contrast HRP and HSRPv2.
What’s the process of obtaining load balancing by utilizing HSRP? And
how to consider virtual MAC Addresses format; you must acknowledge all
these things if you want to master in the CCNA exam.
You must be familiar with the HSRP outputs, as it'll ensure the perfect
verification. For instance, with the help of HSRP, you can find out the timer
valuable, the activation of the device, and which things demand more
priority.
Most notably, on both routers for troubleshooting, you’ll be required to
identify the virtual IP addresses to ensure they are identical; you must also
ensure the HSRP versions and HSRP groups are identical on a couple of
devices.
However, if we sum up everything, then you'll find that the entire concepts
revolved around the verification and troubleshooting. Therefore, these are
the most valuable things you must bear in mind. Through the minimal
configuration, you can obtain the respective protocol by following the right
course of action.
Again, you can use the help of LAB to figure out how the devices
communicate with each other and keep a track record. At the same time,
you’ll also come to know about the failure detections and how to identify
the failure.
Network Time Protocol (NTP)
Finally, there's the simplest topic, but don't take it lightly, because it's
another essential section of the exam.
But still, you'll always have to pay special attention to the NTP questions
because during the exam, you will get questions from this section of CCNA
and many learners often forget about it.
Primarily, you’re required to become well-acquainted with NTP modes so
you could make sure can the router work with it or not. Simultaneously, to
perform as an NTP server, you must know what the router demands most,
especially when an external clock source is absent.
Cisco Routers and Switches mainly use three major NTP modes, namely:
 1. NTP server mode.
2. NTP client mode.
3. NTP symmetric active mode.
The NTP symmetric active mode is the significant point you should focus
upon. This mode is utilized explicitly between two NTP devices. The intent
behind doing is so that the devices get easily synchronized together. In other
words, it's a mechanism that facilitates backup when one fails to connect
with the NTP server (External).
Although, alongside such operations, you should also pay heed to the
authentication about NTP. Similarly, the steps required for configuration
should also be acknowledged. All such things will play a crucial role in the
augmentation of your understanding of this CCNA topic.
Meanwhile, you should also learn the steps to configure the device, such as
an NTP client or an NTP server. You are likely to get questions on this,
especially in the context of device synchronization and association with the
NTP server and the definition behind the NTP Source clock's distance to the
device.
Compared to other topics, as discussed earlier, you'll be required to put in
slightly less effort because the supporting documentation can quickly make
the preparation relatively more comfortable.
Pay heed to the entire configuration, verification, and troubleshooting
methods, because it'll be the base of these topics. Rather than theoretical,
pay more attention to practical application. Ultimately, you can feel
confident about CCNA infrastructure services.
Chapter 10: How to Prepare for the

Infrastructure Security CCNA Exam

In today's networking operations, security is emerging as the most critical
area to focus upon. Similarly, this chapter specifically sheds light on the
various essential aspects that will also provide you with success in real-life.
You're also familiar with the evolving attacks by attackers. They innovate
new ways of threats and data breaching daily and introduce them with evil
intentions in the networking industry to create disturbance and steal
valuable data. Similarly, to protect the industry from these sorts of growing
issues, Cisco has built solutions that you’ll discover in this chapter.
Along with CCNA exam preparation in infrastructure security, such as what
questions are usually to come, the marks required to pass this topic, etc.,
we'll figure out the possible solution to these sorts of problems. So let's
begin-
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from
Infrastructure Security?
From this topic (CCNA Infrastructure Security), you can quickly expect
around six to eight questions out of 60-70 total questions. According to
Cisco's official documentation, 11% of the exam revolves around this topic.
So you could better prepare yourself for the upcoming CCNA exam. We'll
cover some of the essential topics for Infrastructure security in this chapter.
We will discuss everything about techniques for access layer mitigation,
port security, access control list or ACLs, AAA for device security, and
basic device hardening. So without any delay, let’s begin the chapter.
Topics Covered in Infrastructure Security

1. Configure, Verify and Troubleshoot Port Security

2. Configure, Verify and Troubleshoot Access List of IPv6 and IPv4
3. Techniques for Access Layer Threat Mitigation
4. Basic Device Hardening
5. Device Security Using AAA
Configure, Verify and Troubleshoot Port Security
One of the most crucial matters of discussion, 'Port security' in the CCNA
topic of infrastructure security provides you with extensive knowledge of
how it secures the network. But before getting deep into knowing what
exactly Port security does, you need to know what it is.
The first thing that you should learn in Port Security is the network. And
after the activation of Port Security, know about which methods or
techniques provide host access to the particular network.
Don't forget to compare and contrast matters whenever possible because it
ensures ease in memorizing these aspects. Subsequently, when it comes to
securing MAC (Media Access Control Address), you'll have to learn and
remember manual configuration methods.
Over a particular port, you should have a clear understanding related to the
number of MAC addresses with the exact specification. Alongside this, you
should also be proficient enough to deal with various issues coming in
MAC addresses, such as the reason behind Sticky MAC, and you need to
know about the effect on Switch configuration.
However, after going through these steps of configuration and verification,
you'll have to understand how to deal with issues or unauthorized access
directly affecting the network.
And to get the solution of such troubles, you’ll first have to learn about the
attempts made before unauthorized access. What empowered the violation
actions? It'll create a map for you to shed light on the switch performance
with Port.
By addressing these three violation actions, you'll come across the final
point to uncover the intention behind these actions.
Although, you'll be required to pay special attention to the maximum MAC
addresses and their default values and what type of violation it was when
the configuration of the minimum port security was enabled on Port.
On the other hand, if you’re on the step of Port Security Configuration,
make sure that the Port has an access port; otherwise, there's no means of
enabling port security. For more detailed information, you can also obtain
Port security Status while doing the verification, such as identifying the
level of port security, either at the interface level or switch level.
However, in most instances, port security issues stem from human mistakes.
But these are just common issues as compared to other ones that originate
from unauthorized access.
If we talk about human mistakes, then it can happen mainly because the
MAC addresses exceed the required limit. On the other hand, it can occur in
the case of incorrectly typed MAC addresses.
Therefore, it's always recommended to compare and contrast the
operational output with interface configuration when troubleshooting as
such sorts of issues directly relate to port security.
Similarly, another most necessary element for port security issue is that you
must know about the Interface shutdown violation, such as at which state it
configured the violation on the Port. Similarly, you will have to learn how
to get rid of this state.
Configure, Verify, and Troubleshoot Access List of IPv6 and
IPv4
ACL is a crucial topic of the CCNA infrastructure security section since
each line you learn in this topic is essential. So give some additional time to
it. You can begin your preparation by reviewing the port numbers.
After this, you can continue with the protocols, and that is also for the
general applications, mostly. However, this thing is essential because one
has to block some particular applications when it comes to working with
ACL.
However, the CLI context is also a short method to obtain the port names
and port numbers, but you must remember that this doesn't remain available
for all-time.
On the other hand, you should obtain information about the ACL
specifications. It's essential because you'll be able to identify the types of
ACLs confidently by doing this. There are three types of ACL and you
should know about the differences between all of them.
For instance, one of ACLs type is based on sources, and thus they filter
accordingly. In contrast, if you glance at other ACLs types, you’ll discover
that they commonly filter with additional Granularity.
For the exams, you must be prepared to answer some typical questions,
such as what type of protected resources can be configured closer and what
can’t.
Similarly, in the further concepts, you’ll have to pay special attention to the
ACL number intervals and, along with that, grasp knowledge on the
intervals allocation to the particular kind of ACLs.
Apart from this, for the examination, it's incredibly essential to memorize
the implicit lack of one permit rule because this will lead to a drop in the
traffic. At the same time, ACL also facilitates access to a particular port
when it comes to hosting, and you need to remember that this access is
impossible on another port if following the same host.
On the other hand, you'll also be required to learn and grasp the
fundamental knowledge regarding network and traffic flow of it. It is
specifically based on the methods of building ACL and, most importantly,
how the interfaces’ direction can be corrected.
Between the two devices, if there are any possibilities of blockage in the
network, you must pay attention to it and, at the same time, strive to correct
it by utilizing a tool for trace analysis such as APIC-EM.
Although, most of the reasons behind troubleshooting ACLs problems stem
from poorly applied order rules or the in case if one forgets about the
importance of it. On the other hand, it can also happen when the traffic,
irrespective of matching to the required one, coordinate with a lower series
number.
On the attachment of ACL to the interface, you'll be required here to pay
extra attention to it. A non-existing ACL is easy to attach with just a simple
typo that simultaneously may result in unpredicted behavior.
Techniques for Access Layer Threat Mitigation
This topic shows particular concern on the restriction of the network to the
authorized network devices only. Similarly, to thoroughly understand the
topic of access layer threat mitigation techniques, you'll have to note down
the supplicant role primarily. Understand it properly, and alongside this, in
the chapter, you also need to pay attention to the authentication server and
authenticator.
Moreover, the DHCP snooping is the next level of security, while the dotlx
is considered as the 'first level of security.' You've learned about the DHCP
in the previous chapter. But what’s snooping behind DHCP, and for what
purpose is it? To understand what DHCP messages say, and at what step the
exchange of messages occur between the DHCP server and DHCP client,
also pay heed to the order.
To answer some tricky questions that usually come from this topic, you'll
have to build a strong understanding around the concepts that reveal the
various parameters of distinction between interfaces to unleash the one
that’s trusted, and another which is untrusted.
You'll also have to figure out the devices that are flexible to use on these
interfaces (of both types). Knowing about the DHCP snooping database will
also add further knowledgeable insight into your mind. It's another essential
thing, and you must grasp a strong understanding of it.
However, another primary intent behind paying particular attention to this
topic is that you'll understand the DHCP and dotlx concepts more briefly.
Even though the configuration of both these DHCP and dotlx concepts isn't
a part of the CCNA exam, it'll provide you with some additional knowledge
as most of the infrastructure services sections revolve around or somewhat
relate with these concepts.
Basic Device Hardening
In this section, you'll learn about the hardening device security. It's an
important security topic, and most of the security-related questions come
from this section.
After going through this chapter, you’ll obtain lots of knowledgeable points,
such as from the steps to follow to configure the username, including
password, mainly for local authentication to further related topics. For
example, at the time of configuration – making sure the password is clearly
displayed in text, whether encrypted or otherwise.
The topic will make you proficient at figuring out the significant points of
distinctions between TACACS authentication and Local authentication. In
the related concepts, you’ll discover about their configuration.
However, when it comes to the devices, one should configure authentication
separately for ease in VTY access and console access. Right now, most of
the things are probably becoming challenging to understand, but once you
get into the chapter and scroll through each page, you'll obtain in-depth
knowledge in each concept.
Device Security Using AAA
Finally, if you talk about device security using AAA, you'll need a deep
understanding of the protocols if you want to learn this section with
perfection. Which protocol is utilizing UDP and TCP; you must be able to
recognize the matter of distinction between both of them.
Such as, one encrypts the whole message while the other encrypts the only
single password; that's why you'll detect this major Cisco-proprietary; this
section of Infrastructure security revolves around all these little things.
Similarly, when it comes to authorization, authentication, and accounting,
which one- from both UDP and TCP more effectively sustain a separation
between all these three elements, you’ll have to learn by going through this
topic.
However, if the differences are relatively minimal regarding configuration,
you don't need to be afraid of it. Radius keyword adjustment with TACACS
is among the specific things that you are required to remember.
Simultaneously, in the further process, one can quickly end up applying this
same logic on another protocol, after understanding it entirely.
After understanding everything written thoroughly in this chapter, you
shouldn't delay anymore to practice and learn. These points will surely
increase the possibility of capturing each percentage associated with this
topic in the CCNA exam. So go for it!
Chapter 11: How to Prepare for the

Infrastructure Management CCNA Exam

Of course, the CCNA exam is not so easy to crack; you'll require additional
effort, additional study resources, and some uniquely described guidance.
All these things will assuredly provide you with the desired results if you're
dedicated to achieving the Cisco CCNA certification. In previous chapters,
you've been introduced to various parameters of topics associated with
CCNA exams. From network fundamentals to the protocol, routing, and
switching and varied technologies, you have explored lots of insightful
ideas, and now we'll talk about another essential topic 'Infrastructure
management service.’
Overview
Infrastructure Management- these two words particularly point towards the
Network Infrastructure, which refers to the amalgamation links used for
binding devices ( such as LAN and WAN), routers, and switches. The
concept of Infrastructure management highlights explicitly the tools and
protocols used for troubleshooting and 'maintenance of network' on a 'daily
basis.'
Similarly, while preparing for CCNA R&S, you'll observe in Infrastructure
management that you’re introducing with lots of technologies under the
single banner, altogether.
However, you'll discover that technologies are different to some extent but
still share common themes. Devoid of any tension related to following the
study in sequence, you’ll understand this topic of CCNA more effectively;
also, if you're studying independently, this topic will appear more accessible
than the other ones.
What Percentage of CCNA Exam has Questions from
Infrastructure Management?
You’ll be initiating preparation in Infrastructure management to earn 10%
of this particular exam. Out of 60 to 70 questions, you'll have to answer 6 to
7 questions, particularly from this topic. Like the other ones, this topic also
has its own specifications, and therefore it's imperative to shed light on each
subject and maximize the understanding.
In this chapter, you'll get insight into Infrastructure Management- no
wonder it's one of the most important topics because it includes more
practical knowledge. Whatever you’ll study in this chapter will directly help
you understand the production network and handle it more productively.
This topic reveals some too brilliant tools and concepts to the learners.
Topics Covered in Infrastructure Management
The essential tool list that this topic of CCNA is all about is stated below-

1. IP SLA
2. Monitoring Protocols
3. Device Management
4. Troubleshooting Tools
5. Device Maintenance
6. Network Programmability

IP SLA
IP Service Level Agreement, in short, IP SLA is a tool you can find at
Cisco routers. It lets the user quickly set up operations for a network that
brings automation in the working procedure to transfer synthetic probe
traffic in that network 'very easily.' However, routers can also report and
measure the availability of the network and the performance of the network,
if required. CCNA covers echo-based (ICMP) operations of IP SLA.
Monitoring Protocols
CCNA mainly covers these two monitoring protocols stated below:

1. Syslog
2. SNMP
Syslog
"Logging" and "Syslog" are mainly denoted as message logging standards,
and both are the same thing. By going through the device management
section, you’ll learn more about this CCNA topic section.
SNMP
Simple Network Management Protocol, particularly SNMP, is one of the
most fundamental sections in this topic of CCNA- the Infrastructure
management. In this section, you're required to pay attention to each SNMP
concept. So you could easily configure both versions, namely SNMPv2, as
well as SNMPv3. Although both these versions carry some significant
points of distinction that are more about security features, when it comes to
differences, you should never skip even a little matter.
Device Management
In the Device management Section, you'll explore the below-stated list of
topics, such as-

1. Configuration Files
2. Licensing
3. CCDP and LLDP
4. Loopback
5. Logging
Configuration Files - In Cisco R&S, you'll discover mainly two
configuration files: the first one is startup-config, and the second one is
running-config. However, you'll initially have to introduce the specific
functionalities 'for each file'- such as what it does? Apart from this, it’ll be
better if you obtain knowledge routers for how to copy the configuration
files from it and, subsequently, how to store that configuration files in the
device file system. Alongside gaining knowledge of all these functions, you
should have a clear understanding of the IOS feature. It will ensure the
seamless restoring and archiving device configuration. So pay heed to all
these required details and be well-familiar on every information related to
configuration files.
Licensing - Overtime, Cisco realizes the need for something that efficiently
manages the router and switches licenses. For this, Cisco has introduced
multiple methods, as well. Similarly, in this CCNA topic, you learn about
licensing. However, in CCNA, Cisco has focused mainly on PAK licensing
method, where PAK stands for Product Authorization Key. Here, you'll
have to maximize your memorizing power and ability to install/uninstall
new licenses easily, verify current licenses, backup licensees, and activating
license code.
CCDP and LLDP
Cisco Discovery Protocol and Link Layer Discovery Protocol are both
considered the same. With the help of these 'protocols,' one can quickly
obtain the necessary information from the nearer routers and switches.
However, this is also devoid of any need to know username and passwords,
often required while getting data from devices. However, LLDP isn't just
supported by Cisco but also by other vendors. On the other hand, if we talk
about CCDP, only Cisco devices can use this protocol.
Loopback
On the Cisco IOS devices, virtual interfaces are also considered as loopback
Interfaces. Similarly, you can create loopback interfaces by using 'the
command (number command) of interface loopback in global configuration
mode.' Alongside all these things, you'll be required to pay heed on the
entire dynamic features, including the loopback interface usage.
Logging
Cisco instantly alerts the administrator through its devices by generated log
messages on the occurrence of any issues. Therefore, you should carry the
knowledge of such 'devices by Cisco,' how they handle such problems and
generate messages. From the configuration of devices to the sending of the
message and how the message sending is possible to different regions,
you'll have to grasp knowledge on all such things.
You must be accurate when it comes to log messages- for instance, it carries
timestamps in which there's no means of error. It needs to be useful and
correct. However, in the previous chapters, we've discussed the clock set
command. Similarly, you can use its combination with NTP. In this way,
you'll be able to mention the correct time. Through the clock time zone
command, you can easily set the time zone without any additional effort.
Device Maintenance
There are lots of products that come into the selling list of Cisco that run
diverse operating systems. However, from all those systems, 'IOS Software'
is regarded as the famous one that mainly functions on Catalyst LAN
switches and routers. Apart from this, in CCNA R&S, you'll also discover
several IOS features that work on both Routers and Switches, but
identically.
Password Recovery - It'll be better if you take the help of 'Cisco
documentation' to understand the password recovery quite better. Therefore,
you'll obtain a brief discussion in its context. In the password recovery,
you'll learn how to recover a lost routers password and lost switch
password. Remember, it's an essential skill for every person willing to
become a network professional. So don't skip this point.
IOS Image Management - The IOS software by Cisco includes monolithic
files. These files are stored systems, mainly made for device file storage.
Similarly, when it comes to CCNA R&S, then you must be proficient in
either recovering or upgrading the IOS image files, and here you'll have to
take the help of some alternate methods.
Troubleshooting Tools
Throughout your preparation in CCNA, troubleshooting will be a
significant point of consideration. And you should be well-familiar with
what troubleshooting is, and how it helps detect a networking problem. It
supports a person to eliminate network issues by implementing a functional
resolution, but it requires a plan of action and the right troubleshooting
tools.
Therefore, you should know about the multiple tools for analysis or provide
an integrated solution. Only after this, a network administrator can reach
effectively to the main origin of the network issue. Therefore, CCNA
covers a few basic IOS tools to solve troubleshooting issues. Named-

1. Ping and Traceroute

2. Terminal monitor
3. Log events
4. Local SPAN
Network Programmability
You need first to build a strong foundation in Network programmability and
learn all the key topics with a couple of practical learning tips. In this topic,
you'll be required to learn fundamental necessary programming skills, such
as operations, variables, loops, and conditionals. For today's network
engineers, learning network programmability comes as an essential topic.
Similarly, in network programmability, you'll also learn to understand the
protocols that most devices use. Don't forget obtain knowledge on
commands required to configure those protocol device by device and what’s
required to add configuration commands.
You will see everything regarding managing the network on this topic.
Apart from this, your journey in network programmability will begin with
the below-stated sections.

1. Function for a controller

2. Separation for Control Plane and Data Plane
3. Northbound and Southbound APIs
After going through these entire topics, you'll be reserving 10% of the
CCNA exam marks in your favor. Similarly, you’ll be becoming an expert
in understanding each concept of Infrastructure Management, and the
CCNA exam will be easy to crack for you.
From binding devices to the protocols used for troubleshooting, you'll
observe infrastructure management thoroughly. IP SLA Service Level
Agreement, monitoring protocols, echo-based operations, Syslog, and
SNMP are some of the fundamentals concepts that will strengthen your
foundation in infrastructure management.
In the device management section, you'll learn everything related to
configuring the files and about various functionalities of each file system.
Also, remember the IOS feature, licensing method such as PAK (Product
Authorization Key), etc. Obtain all the information mentioned in CCDP and
LLDP and along with that, learn loopback and logging that will maximize
your understanding in device management.
The rest of the sections belong to device maintenance, troubleshooting
tools, and network programmability that support a network administrator to
sort out various networking issues and establish a way to execute the
required task. In this way, you’ll be completing one of the most
fundamental topics, the Infrastructure Management, that will also guide you
thoroughly on handling the real-life situations in networking.
This topic will introduce you with insightful ideas and uniquely described
discussions. No wonder, alongside clearing the CCNA exam and earning
certification, you’ll be learning lots of things to implement in real-world
networking operations.
Chapter 12: Valuable Tips to Help You Pass the

CCNA Exam
You've been through this book and didn't miss a single section. Great! But
don't feel overconfident that the library of your mind is equipped with
everything that's required to earn this world's most valuable certification.
Indeed, the final exam can be difficult beyond your expectation.
Lots of tricky questions from anywhere in the syllabus can appear in the
exam, and you'll be unable to answer them if you haven't built a strategic
plan to get through the exam. Your exam will become the worst nightmare
you've ever experienced in your life.
Similarly, it is a good thing if you're confident about your preparation. But
you should always bear one thing in mind; that the CCNA exam is unlike
other competitive exams. Therefore, we've compiled this chapter to
introduce you to some useful tips that will support your effort to get through
the CCNA exam with the best score. So what are the initial things you'll
execute? Check them out by going through this chapter.
First Rule: Know Your Exam
It isn't just about the CCNA exam, but for every certification exam, it’s the
fundamental step you must take action on because it'll provide you with the
idea regarding the difficulty in the exam that you'll face. However, it's a
common step, and there's nothing too interesting about this tip.
Yes, of course, it's a necessary thing that everyone knows, but no one takes
it seriously. It's not about exploring your question paper at the time of the
exam. Indeed, it's about having insight into what's in the upcoming exam
and what questions may be in the exam. And for this, you’ll be taking the
help from official trainers, practice tests, study material, and the updated
exam topics that are readily available at the Cisco’s official website.
Take the certification exam overview, time, types of questions asked, and
don't forget the passing criteria; it'll boost your preparation. Also, get a
detailed overview of the percentage over each topic's question. However, if
you’ve learned about the examination percentage, then you’re already
aware of the idea on which issue is going to provide you with a maximum
and minimum percentage.
Create a Custom Study Plan
"Planning makes you perfect", and this phrase genuinely means it;
otherwise, your passing marks will drop. Without creating a proper study
plan and sitting in an exam is like you’re only digging your own grave and
that’s it. Think smart! You have worked hard, and suddenly you get an
update that this year's CCNA exam is difficult. No wonder this is one of the
most fearful things, but to overcome it, a strategic plan always works. A
simple to-do list can promise you successful results. Things will appear
more organized if you're ready with a custom study plan. Take the
following things into consideration.

1. Know how long it is until your examination

2. Know how much time you have to allocate to study and what
efforts will work.
3. Know how much you can afford to spend on study material (e.g.,
practice test)
4. What will be the suitable method to understand those new
things?
5. Most importantly, how much you are aware of the exam and your
preparation.
Once you obtain the answer to these questions, you should proceed to the
next step.
Have Practical Experience
Practical experience is sometimes worth more than theoretical knowledge.
Similarly, Cisco training lab or other online devices are the best sources to
gain practical experience, read concepts, understand their real-life
execution, or the logic behind to answer "why?" All these things will help
you to stay one step ahead. If you want success in the exam, it'll be the right
way to make this possible.
Router/Switch, PC, RJ-45 cords, ISP, troubleshooting, configuration, and
networking fundamentals, are some of the critical areas where your
practical knowledge will be useful.
Although, your well-build practical understanding of network fundamentals
only will provide you with the desired results. Remember, it's the most
crucial topic to earn the best score in the CCNA exam.
Use Proper Study Materials
If you search for the effective study material to pass the CCNA exam, then
you can't miss using a press book by Cisco. You do not need to go
anywhere else if you're holding ICND1 and ICND 2 (3rd edition). The level
of understanding you obtain on the CCNA exam through these books is
priceless. These books work as a quick reference guide to reap extensive
knowledge on IOS commands and various other fundamental concepts.
Another best method that most of the CCNA high score gainers follow is to
join Cisco Certification Forum and become a member of it. Don’t forget.
Lots of information, explanation, answers along with the best tips can be
found here.
Apart from this, you can also think about purchasing books and other study
material readily available online, and the demand for which is relatively
high. But always make sure that the complete information provided in your
study material is authentic and containing everything about Cisco
preparation with the latest information. You can also take the help of free
information online as the internet world is a hub of knowledge.
Glossary in Books
Glossaries in books are the little things that most of the learners often
overlook. These short definitions tend to become the backbone of your core
knowledge. A glossary in books will add weight in your answer to the
particular question. You'll be able to understand problems effectively and to
answer them accordingly.
Spot Your Weaknesses
Don't feel sad; these aren't a weakness; indeed, these are questions and
topics in which you'll become an expert. When a person can learn from his
mistakes, they stay forever in the mind, and it's challenging to do with just
simply learning and memorizing without executing. It's a good sign if you
have made a mistake because it's a part of your preparation that at the time
of the exam will deliver golden results.
Practice Mock Test
Do not think about sitting in an exam without trying a practice test online.
It's free, so the more you practice mock tests, the much better result you can
expect. Practice test for CCNA is readily available online as lots of websites
offer it either free or at some cost to the learners. Take a glimpse of what
the Cisco exam looks like. Know whether completing the CCNA
examination will be easier for you or not. You'll see the benefits of
following this method as this will be revealing some of the most insightful
information to you, possibly you were utterly unaware of.
Join Online Communities
Joining online communities always add value to your CCNA exam
preparation. Similarly, alongside Cisco's forum, you must work on your
skills required to clear the CCNA exam with online communities, especially
with those you're already holding an extensive experience. Hence, no
wonder you'll be moving on the right path. Also, take a glimpse of online
success stories; it'll keep you motivated. Meanwhile, in your preparation, if
negative thoughts are demotivating you then you should indeed follow this
step also where you can ask for reference and share your examination
strategy.
Examination Time - Means it's Time to Refresh your Memory
Read the Cisco press book and read those books from where you can obtain
the most valuable and insightful information. As much as possible, re-read
everything that will make you 'the beast' in the exam. Recall your mind-
power, rewind everything you've learned because after a few hours you'll be
sitting for the exam and giving your best.
Re-reading will ensure that you again remember the missed concepts. From
the first go, you should be able to understand every question in your
examination. However, it’s better if you concentrate on your revision one
week before. It’ll be the most critical time when you should go deep into
the study, only remembering what you’ve learned.
Answer Every Question
It's the best thing about the CCNA exam, as you feel free from negative
marketing on attempting the wrong answer. Still, your best practice should
be not to attempt any wrong answer and try not to leave answering any
question. However, make sure that you do not need to fear being penalized
for not answering or wrong answering. So if a few questions are appearing
difficult or you have some confusion, leave it for a while and go for the next
one. Once you've completed your rest of the exam, now you can focus on
this one. Otherwise, it'll consume your ample time, and answering it right or
wrong will become a matter of concern for you.
Two Essential Things to Note for the CCNA Exam
Now, you’re aware of the strategy that you’ll be following before and
during the CCNA exam. But before that, again note down these two
important things to enhance the familiarity with the CCNA exam.
Comprehensive in Nature
To win the CCNA certification, you'll first be required to cover everything
mentioned in the syllabus, because questions aren't easy, they are
comprehensive, and you need to understand that these topics will require
detailed understanding for the better execution.
Quick
CCNA exam consists of 60 to 70 questions which you'll have to attempt
within 90 minutes. undoubtedly, it'll be difficult; therefore, you'll stay active
and will have to show speedy actions, but with a calm mind.
Pay attention to the questions that are easy to answer and take less time.
Just focus, forget everything, and be smart because these few minutes of life
will decide your future.
What Are The Most Important Questions Asked In CCNA
Interview?
So, you’re now well-prepared in the CCNA exam. But wait! It isn’t the end.
The real difficulty level begins from here. Suppose you're planning to be a
part of the Network Administration field. In that case, you must be familiar
with the responsibility associated with this field and must be able to handle
every difficulty level effectively.
For instance, from Troubleshooting techniques, issues related to
compatibility, operating systems, and many more, you’re required to cover
each topic with detailed understanding.
Similarly, suppose we talk about the interview. In that case, you must be
able to answer each question because this step will the final test of your
abilities and learning skills that you’ve nurtured throughout your CCNA
preparation while gliding through each topic and section.
But bear one thing in mind - you should always be well-prepared because it
doesn't matter whether you're facing level 1 or level 5 interviews. Even
though you’ve cleared the level 1 interview, whatever questions have been
asked in the previous level are likely to be asked again, so make sure your
knowledge is there at each step.
So let’s begin with a series of questions that will help you out to clear the
interview easily.
Most Important Network Administrator Interview Questions
The network is a dynamic thing that has transformed the world, and because
of it, Today's modern world is seeing a new dawn of technology. Without it,
the devices that people and leading industries today are using productively
could be completely useless. It has connected the world. Now the devices
can effectively interact with each other and have made life easier.
Over time it has brought people across the world close to each other. In
every corner, the network is dominant. And how all these things work and
the possible problems are usual to come into the tasks. Everything
regarding these questions you've learned in your CCNA syllabus, and now
it's time to remind all those knowledgeable concepts and test your mind
whether you're prepared with an answer or not.
What is HTTP? What Port does HTTP Use?
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol) ensures the user experience and
explores content on the web without any problem. It is also known as the
chief protocol used by most of the WebPages as it ensures easy transmission
of website contents. Through it, the navigation of links or ‘hypertext’
becomes seamless as they display in the same way as required. However,
TCP port 80 is the fundamental port, and the protocol supports this process.
But it is also not essential because HTTP brings a variety of career
protocols in use.
What is HTTPS? What Port HTTPS Use?
It’s a secure HTTP that uses SSL certification specially designed to verify
the identity of the server you’re connecting. So a user feels assurance that
he/she will not land on the wrong page. If we talk about the port of HTTPS,
it uses TCP port 443.
What is FTP? What Ports FTP Use?
FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is designed for ease-in-transfer of large files.
It's a significant legacy protocol with the ability to resume downloads,
because in most instances while downloading a file, an interruption can
cause a disturbance. Therefore, FTP resolves this problem. Standard Login
and Anonymous access are two methods to get access to the FTP server.
Standard login requires active user login, but anonymous access doesn't.
However, you must know that anybody on the fire can easily sniff the
credentials and that's a big problem because they are transmitted in cleartext
which is also a shortcoming of FTP. Therefore, FTPS (FTP with SSL) and
SFTP (FTP over SSH) implementations sort out this problem. Besides, FTP
uses two TCP ports, port 20 and port 21.
What is SSH? What Port does SSH Use?
SSH (Secure Shell) is popular among Linux users because it plays a
significant role in establishing a safe tunnel among the devices. The device
can be of any type, either system, thermostats, switches, toasters, etc. It's
somewhat similar to the VPN concept and holds the capability in creating a
passageway for the program to pass through it smoothly. However, this
method is effective in using ‘insecure programs’ in a secure manner. Even
though the program is running on a connection that isn't secure, the method
is helpful if used correctly. SSH uses TCP port 22 for successful operations.
Difference Between a Hub and a Switch
Both Hub and Switch become challenging to understand when it comes to
summarizing the distinction between both of them. In most instances, they
both look the same because there are many potential reasons that connect
them with 'each other', and to build a network, both Hub and Switch are
used for the similar necessary purposes. Although their outsider role is
perhaps the same, their insider role (procedure of handling connection) is
different. If we talk about Hub, it functions as a broadcaster for data
transmission to every port.
However, it may also lead to a serious security issue, and the concern
related to reliability always stays on the top, and Network collisions
occurrence is also possible. In today's wireless access points or traditional
hubs, the use of this technique is quite apparent.
On the other side, if we talk about the Switch, you'll find that it establishes
connections dynamically. It makes the requesting port only to obtain the
required information.
What is the TCP?
TCP/IP may sound a protocol, but it isn’t. But most of you are likely aware
of TCP/IP, and you recognize it well. Still, as much as you remember its
important questions, the better it is. It's a part of the IP protocol suite, also
identified - Transmission Control Protocol. When it comes to describing
Today's most used Protocols, TCP comes at the top as it's used at the giant
scale. However, the reason is evident, because if you take any protocol,
whether it's FTP, SSH, or HTTP, you'll find the glare of TCP in it. Before
the data transmission, TCP creates a link between both ends for ease of
action, and that's a significant benefit. Apart from this, TCP is also helpful
in saturating the data if it exceeds the limit. For instance, it establishes a
seamless flow of packets, so everything move-on in an order. It clears out
everything where the packet should go and where not. The receiving
systems also figure out the puzzle of packets, despite the massive list of
ports.
What is UDP?
TCP or UDP, both are similar to some point. UDP stands for User Datagram
Protocol. On the other hand, TCP strives to keep the user stay on the same
page through its many features. However, UDP is a ‘connectionless
protocol’ as it broadcast blindly without caring for what's going on the other
end. Compared to TCP, UDP ensures speedy transmission, because TCP
requires heavy lifting to maintain or create its connection, which UDP
doesn't. Although to better understand the difference between these two
protocols, let's shed light by using this example. So to support these
answers, you can consider that TCP act as a CB radio, and UDP act as a
broadcast signal on a standard television. However, UDP is meant for
sharing small information bursts, for instance- a DNS request as speed is
counted as the essential element.
What is ICMP?
ICMP is the acronym of the Internet Control Message Protocol and is
mostly recognized with tools- ping and traceroute. ICMP is a part of IP
suite- same like TCP and UDP- that also uses IP port 1. However, ICMP
different functions use particular ports on both TCP and UDP.
What is DHCP?
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol implementations vary from one
operating system to another. In simple words, it's a default way that
connects networks. When a request for IP addresses sends from protocol to
the new member system, the server of that network accepts it. Similarly, the
DHCP server then describes the varying time it takes to connect the
network. Moreover, if another network connects with the system, a server
of that network issues a new address. On the other hand, in most instances,
the server re-connects with the designated network, but now it'll have the
same address as it had earlier.
What are the IP Classes?
For IPv4, there are four Octets of number with varying values that go up to
255. You might be familiar with this in case of a commercial or home
network while troubleshooting a DHCP server or a router. Especially in the
instance when they are sending addresses in a range of 192.x or 10.x. IP
classes are mainly distinguished by the range of possible hosts operated on
an individual network. In short, the 'additional networks' supported by a
specified IP class, the fewer addresses will be required for each network.
What is DNS?
At the time of the interview, if you're asked to give an example of what
exactly DNS is, you can point to it as the phone book of the internet. The
DNS importance is quite evident; after all, no one can remember only an IP
address, for example, "158.266.35". Therefore, a Domain Name System
makes it easier by giving that IP address a name such as "example.com"
because for a user it’s easy to remember a name rather than an IP address.
However, IP addresses can also change from time to time. That's how DNS
makes an IP address human-friendly because, no matter what changes have
been made on the webpage, the DNS name will always remind the user that
he/she is at the right destination. On the other hand, if you take a real-life
example, so you'll see the problems you've most often faced while
searching for a 'phone number' that had no name, and to make things easier,
later you give a name to that number.
Similarly, for the next time whenever you'll have to call the owner of that
number, you will not be searching for their number, indeed their name will
ensure 'quick action.' So this is how the DNS is helpful for a user. However,
it may take a little bit more time to figure out the new address, but in the
end, queries will be responded to instantly. The entire process begins from
your computer, and you submit a query on it, and before you get back the
answer, your query connects with the 13 DNS Root server, from local DNS,
ISP’s DNS server to the end of the chain.
What is IPX?
If you've experienced a 90s multiplayer PC game ever in your life, you
must know what IPX protocol is. IPX is an acronym of Internetwork Packet
Exchange and was considered one of the most lightweight protocols.
However, over time its usage proportionately fell with the introduction of
TCP/IP because it functioned well with small networks, but in the internet
world, it didn’t scale well. Similarly, in most of the protocol, it isn't required
as much today as it used to be.
What is Bonjour?
You may be already aware of the Bonjour (a program also noted as DNS or
IPX) if you've ever seen its effects with Apple devices. Bonjour programs
can be found in every Apple Software (Specifically in iTunes) that’s famous
for managing automatic discovery features. Through using mDNS (stands
for multicast DNS) on the network, this program helps to figure out the
broadcasting objects, and in doing this no or minimal configuration is
needed.
What is Appletalk?
Appletalk is a protocol built by Apple to manage networking without any
configuration or minimal configuration when working with Apple.
However, the usage of this protocol peaked at the end of the 80s, and the
beginning of the 90s. Still, some users have it. Over time, most of the
Appletalk technologies have been integrated with Bonjour, alongside much
other software and hardware.
What is a Firewall?
Across various possible configurations, you can find 'Firewall' as it plays an
integral role in managing the networks. In short, it's a network security
device that tracks network traffic, whether outgoing or incoming. It also
tends to block the network based on a few conditions. It can be of any type,
software, or hardware or both.
What is a Proxy Server?
The proxy server establishes a pathway between the device and the internet
that provides extensive security, functionalities, and privacy to the user. It's
alike of the DNS server to some extent. But proxy servers also sustain
records of 'whitelisted and blacklisted websites,' so users unintentionally
don't get land on a bad website. However, it plays a vital role in web
monitoring, such as ensuring that sensitive information stays in the
boundary proxy server. You can call it a Web Proxy server.
What is the Subnet mask?
Through the Subnet mask, a user gets an idea about the available IP
addresses in the specific region of the 'network.' If the IP addresses are
inside the subnet mask, it'll be considered a section of the local network. If
the IP address is outside the Subnet mask, it'll not be considered a local
network section. Thus, in both scenarios, the way to handle networks will
vary. For networking design, a user must know about the proper calculation
and utilization of a subnet mask.
Difference Between a Domain and a Workgroup
• A domain holds a centralized database, while workgroup
collection holds its own local database. The domain is used for
ease-in-sharing of essential data.
• On the other hand, minimal sharing is done in the workgroup
due to less security.
• For large scale business networks, the domain is best. For small
networks, such as buildings, schools, the workgroup is best.
• For extensive devices, the domain can work well while the
workgroup may not, but it may work better for fewer
computers.
 • However, data recovery is possible in the domain, but it's
almost impossible in the workgroup because of local storage.
How Tracert Works? What Protocol does Tracert Use?
Tracert, also called traceroute, depends upon the operating system. It helps
the user to monitor the routers alongside the connection chain to the
destination. Similarly, if the user cannot reach the designated spot, with the
help of tracert, the connection chain is monitored, and where the blockage
is figured out, the problem is detected. Tracert uses the ICMP protocol.
What is IDS?
IDS, known as an Intrusion Detection System, is also split into two
variations: the first is the network intrusion detection system. The second
one is the host intrusion detection system. However, both systems also have
two variations- the one is anomaly-based, and the second is signature-
based. Apart from this, there are many things that you can read on the
internet or Cisco forums in this context.
The Layers of the OSI Model
OSI, known as the Open Systems Interconnection model, has mainly seven
different layers- Application layer, session layer, presentation layer,
network layer, transport layer, physical layer, and data link layer.
Difference between ipconfig and ifconfig
One of the critical network connections for Windows Operation System is
ipconfig, also known as a troubleshooting and information tool that helps
users look at the current information. On the other hand, ifconfig is a
Unix/Linux system; the utility allows quick network connection access and
grabs information. But if config allows for DHCP functions, whereas the
ipconfig doesn't.
Powershell, Command Prompt and Bash: Differences
It depends on how much a user knows about the varying interfaces because
as you raise your level in CCNA training, you start finding lots of points of
distinction here. These utilities are also defined with CLI's name, an
acronym of Command Line Interface. It implies direct access to some
significant utilities in their individual operating systems. If we take a deep
insight into what all these utilities are, Command Prompt is mainly a
window utility, but it has been updated over time. On the other hand, Bash
is an acronym of the Bourne-again shell that manages operating systems-
Unix/Linux. DOS, cmd, and Unix are inter-related as they all are inspired
by each other at varying operations. Similarly, if we talk about a newer
window utility- the Powershell, it can simply identify a hybrid of both cmd
and Bash, but some additional Bash functions.
What are Sticky Ports?
Sticky ports can be a big headache, but they are mostly considered helpful
to network admin; thus, it helps the user manage a network so only one
computer could connect with each port. And MAC addresses lock power in
this process. However, the port can shut down if any other computer also
plugs into the same port.
The LLC Sublayer Role
LLC is an acronym of Logical Link Control; similarly, the LLC sublayer
implies an optional server provided to an Application developer. LLC
sublayer can use stop or start code to ensure network flow control, and it
can also present error-correction.
What’s BootP?
For diskless workstations- connected to the network, this protocol works as
a boot system. However, through BootP, diskless workstations can
effectively discover the IP address of the pc or its own IP.
Benefits of LAN Switching
• Media Rate Adaption
• Migration becomes easy and efficient
• Effective Data transmission and reception
What is DCLI?
Data Link Connection Identifiers or DLCI monitor the network and identify
virtual circuits.
Difference Between RDP and KVM
Both RDP and KVM may sound similar when it comes to Principle; there
are various significant points revealing the critical differences between
them. On the machine, the RDP controls graphical representations, whereas,
with KVM, the entire machine will be under the control of the User's PC.
RDP is just an 'actual desktop' illustration, and there are possibilities that a
user may experience a delay in command. On the other hand, for KVM
access, the user doesn't face this lag. For instance- without the help of
'middleman,' KVM will be sending a command from a PC directly to the
server.
Chapter 13: Comparison Between CCNA 200-125

and 200-301 Exam

Holding a certification that's recognized as the most demanded credential at
a global scale on its own is an honor. Similarly, you've gained lots of
insightful information through these chapters that focus on the various
important topics and sections that can help you clear CCNA. Alongside
strategies, you’ve also been guided on the various study materials and
resources to use for better exam preparation.
But still, there is lots of confusion regarding the old CCNA 200-125 and the
New CCNA 200-301 Exam. Cisco has introduced changes in the CCNA
exam, and the changes were intended to give a new path to people to earn
CCNA certification.
In the new CCNA exam (200-301), Cisco has combined the previous
associate-level domains, and therefore, now you've only needed to give a
single test. For instance.- everything from Routing and Switching, security,
Wireless, Data Center, Cloud, and various other areas, has been merged into
a single test.
Therefore, no matter in which topic you were preparing yourself earlier, if
you understand the topics and every section that you've covered in the
previous CCNA chapters, it'll add value in your preparation. But still, if the
confusion in CCNA 200-125 and CCNA 200-301 has become a matter of
trouble, then don't worry; this chapter will provide you a clear insight into
how to understand them both.
Is Cisco 200-125 Still Important?
Even though the new CCNA exam is a game-changer, you should know
that the old Cisco 200-215 exam will stay alive in your learning. And this is
because of the reason that the new CCNA 200-301 contains similar topics
that you learn in the CCNA 200-125, and all the previous chapters will be
the backbone of your preparation in the new CCNA exam.
From WAN technologies, IPv4 and IPv6 routing technologies,
infrastructure management, network fundamentals, security, and services,
everything that you learn in CCNA routing and switching will contribute a
significant value in the new CCNA 200-301 exam. But there's a diffeweight
ageween both exams that you should know.
CCNA 200-125 Covers
• Network Fundamental - 15%
• Routing Technologies - 23%
• LAN switching Technologies - 21%
• WAN Technologies – 10%
• Infrastructure Securities – 11%
• Infrastructure Services – 10%
• Infrastructure Management – 10%
On the other hand, CCNA 200-301 covers
• Network Access – 20%
• Network Fundamentals – 20%
• IP service – 10%
• IP connectivity – 25%
• Security Fundamentals – 15%
• The new Automation and programmability 10 %
So, this will be the new pattern of your CCNA 200-301 exam. Apart from
this, the exam pattern has also been changed. In the previous Cisco 200-125
exam, you had 90 minutes to answer the 60 to 70 questions. But, after the
adjustment, you'll be giving an exam containing 102 questions, to which
you'll have to answer within 120 minutes.
The question may vary from multiple-choice, drag and drop, Simlets,
testlets, fill-in-the-blank to simulation. Therefore, all those 'topics'
described in the previous chapter must be in your foundational practices.
These topics will boost your training as they cover in-depth detail regarding
every section.
However, if you have completed ICND1, then CCNA 200-301 will not be
difficult for you. Surprisingly, almost 80 percent of the New CCNA covers
the old syllabus; therefore, you should avoid unnecessary stress, because it
isn't as difficult as you're assuming right now.
You can also visit the Cisco official website for more knowledge regarding
the adjustment. You can also take the help of the CCNA practice paper to
have a clear understanding and confidence in your preparation.
These things conclude that both CCNA 200-301 and CCNA 200-125 have
similar topics, but the last topic you should know about is Automation and
programmability, a new one. You've also never learned about it in the
previous 200-125 exam.
Therefore, we'll discuss it thoroughly in the next chapter, such as the
important things you'll learn in 'Automation and programmability,' how
you'll prepare yourself in this 'topic' etc.
How to Prepare for the Automation and Programmability
CCNA Exam
However, in the new CCNA exam, the section- Automation and
Programmability isn’t just new, but it’s also the smallest section that can
provide you 10% marks in the CCNA exam. Remember, we aren't talking
about only 'programmability' you've learned in the previous chapters. Still,
we're talking about the 'Automation and Programmability,' and in the
CCNA version, it'll become a part of your knowledge for the first time.
Topics Covered in Automation and Programmability
In this section, you're introduced to the intricate controllers' concepts and
have to pay attention to the differences, mainly controller-based networks
and traditional networks. Apart from this, you'll have to obtain
understanding in overlay, fabric, and underlay, because these things are
employed in software-defined networks usage. Similarly, you'll be ending
up by knowing several configuration management tools and REST APIs to
decide your success.
Automation and Programmability: Overview of The Topic
Before proceeding with the topic, first, you're required to become familiar
with programmability. You also need to know about the three planes that
make the description of programmability a bit easier to understand.
Through these planes, you can better know how the programmability
functions:
The three-plane includes:
• Control plane
 • Data Plane
• Management Plane
A quick look at the points included in this section
• A user can easily automate the task by using controllers created data.
• Easiness in devices’ configuration and operation with the
introduction of new operational models that ensure fewer possibilities
of errors.
• Advanced analytics processing with the help of data collected
controller reveals the accurate network behavior.
• The new project implementation has become faster.
Traditional Vs. Controller-Based Networking
These concepts play a crucial role when the controller utilization is brought
into action.
The first is the southbound interface , known as the interface that helps the
controller to get in touch with network devices.
The second is Northbound Interface : Through this interface, the controller
is accessed, and that supports other logging/ reporting/ analytics tools so
that data could be easily processed.
Apart from these interfaces, you’ll also have to pay attention to these
fundamental Cisco models, named-
• Software-defined Wan (SDWAN)
• Software-Defined Access (SDA)
• Application-Centric Infrastructure (ACI)
Don’t forget the major benefits of a controller-based network
• The leading benefit of the controller-based network is it brings
easiness in network configuration, which is better than a per-device
configuration.
• Through northbound APIs, the Automation becomes possible.
• The controller-based network also enables seamless device operations
and configuration with the help of southbound APIs.
Also, consider these valuable terms
 1. Underlay: Devices’ network (Physical infrastructure underneath
the overlay network) accompanied by the fabric nodes enables
seamless IP connectivity.
2. Overlay: Built on the top of Underlay, this mechanism facilitates
VXLAN tunnels’ creation that brings seamless traffic transmission
between the endpoints.
3. Fabric: It’s the combination of both Overlay and Underlay.
Traditional Vs. Cisco DNA Device Management
In this section, you'll learn about the Cisco SDA architecture alongside its
varying components. If we talk about the device related to the underlay
network, then they are meant for the below-stated purposes-

1. Fabric control node : For the underlay network, the Fabric control
node act upon control plane functions.
2. Fabric border node: When there's a need to connect the fabric to
the outside world, a fabric border node is used.
3. Fabric edge node : It is just a device linked with the endpoints
After going through these concepts, you'll then be discovering about
overlay network, and for this, you must have familiarity in the following
concepts that includes-

Data Plane in which you should know about

VXLAN encapsulation
VXLAN tunneling
Control plane
Lisp
Similarly, your understanding of the DNA center role will also be a
valuable concept that you should know. The main role includes-

1. Management platform for network devices (traditionally based)

2. Controllers in a network that makes use of Cisco SDA
Although without considering differences, you'll fail to understand most of
the concepts, similarly, you should know about the difference of these both
concepts. For this, you'll be covering the following points:

Path Trace
 EasyQos
Encrypted traffic analysis
Client 360 and Device 360
and Network time travel

REST-Based APIs
In this section, you learn all about the API, JSON, and REST. Similarly, you
must pay heed to the major REST APIs attribute, and the following
attributes are some of the most valuable points that you must consider-

Stateless operation
Client-server architecture
Cache ability
However, in REST, you can face difficulties at some steps, so it’s much
preferred to raise your familiarity in the numerous variables, such as the
dictionary, list, and simple.
In the CCNA exam, HTTP contributes a significant role around the REST-
based APIs. But this section will not be consuming your extensive time, as
the HTTP principles are somewhat similar to the Attributes of the
aforementioned REST.
Moreover, some REST names might create trouble for you, and that's why
you should mainly focus on understanding them by going deep into what
they are. These include-

1. GET : Work for Variable value reading

2. PUT : Builds exclusive Variable and Data structures
3. POST : Work to either replace or update the variables’ value
4. DELET E: Delete variables
After getting detailed insight on each verb name, you’ll come across the
components of Uniform Resource Identifier (in short also called URI) that
are essential to learning, namely: Query, Hostname, Path, and Protocol.
Although JSON is the only concept among the entire data serialization
languages that will come in the CCNA exam, you must be well-prepared in
it. On the other hand, your understanding of YAML and XML will be a plus
point. Similarly, if you're focusing more on JSON, then don’t forget to read
between the lines about objects, value pairs, and arrays, the way that they
follow for interaction with each other, etc. You must know everything.
Configuration Management Tools
In this section, we'll mainly discuss the Chef, Ansible, and Puppet and
remember, this section includes everything about the management
configuration tools that are most popularly used. Although, all these are
Software Packages, and you should know about the specific terms of each,
such as-

Push or Pull Model

The file that lists Actions
Agent or Agentless Model
The Protocol that helps to reach the network device
ANSIBLE
You should know that the ANSIBLE works upon an agentless architecture,
which implies that a user doesn't have any need to install any system on the
managed device, especially. ANSIBLE utilizes a push model, and the mode
of interaction between the devices and ANSIBLE takes place over
netconf/ssh. Let’s take a look at the major files used by Ansible.

Inventory
Templates
Playbooks
Variables
PUPPET
Puppet acts upon the pull model, and you should remember that it supports
both agentless architecture and agent-based architecture. If we talk about
the major files that Puppet uses along with numerous other components,
then these are mainly-

Template
Manifest
Resource, class, and Module
However, you should also know about the point of distinction between
declarative language and imperative language, as one uses Puppet. In
contrast, the other uses of Ansible, and these things can easily confuse you.
CHEF
The understanding of differences is a must in almost every section of
CCNA topics, where required. Also, you’ll be required to compare and
contrast between several deployment modes. Mainly about Chef Zero and
Client-server.
Have a look at the files utilized by Puppet alongside lots of other
components.

Recipe
Cookbooks
Resource
Run list
Note: Chef uses a pull model and an agent architecture, which is also a
notable point in Puppet.
So, now you're ready to include this new topic in your list of preparation.
Automation and programmability are a new concept that may appear
difficult because most of the things are linked with the latest technologies.
But still, if you have noticed, so you'll discover that the concepts are
somewhat related to the traditional CCNA R&S basics. Therefore, not that
much detailed understanding of this topic is essential. Still, the JSON,
REST, and configuration management include some interesting points that
you must cover. Knowledge of the DNA center, Components, data planes,
and control are some of the crucial parameters you must pay attention to.
The section is quite simple and doesn't demand your extensive efforts to put
into learning concepts. For network engineers, it's a remarkable concept that
they must know. Day by day, networks are becoming huge, and that means
complexity is also escalating.
Therefore, you should be knowledgeable in the ‘automation and
programmability’ because it’s part of today’s network’s need, and is part of
the network engineer’s job.
Chapter 14: JOB OUTLOOK: Areas where

CCNA Certification Supports You

The demand for CCNA certification, especially in the IT sector is quite
notable. Over time, the Certification has set an iconic industry-standard on a
global scale. It's not just about CCNA, but Cisco's certification is valuable
as it also adds value to an achiever's life. Professionals searching for jobs
and willing to work and grow in the Networking field should undoubtedly
earn this certification. Through certification, a learner establishes a strong
foundation of technical knowledge in their life that supports them lifelong
throughout their journey in the networking industry.
In your competitive profession, certification keeps you one step ahead as it
helps you meet the industry's varied demands. For instance- if you glance at
the IT sector, you'll surely conclude it as the most challenging and highly
demanding field. Lots of people work hard to become successful in this
field. But the IT industry demands professionals, and the CCNA
certification builds you for this. As a networking professional, it enhances
your knowledge and turns you into a skilled person to know how to deal
with tasks. It helps you build a rewarding career, and it's something for
which people spend their entire life to achieve.
Similarly, if you are holding these credentials, then an abundance of job
opportunities are waiting for you, and companies will be standing in the
queue to hire you. No wonder you should glance at the following job
opportunities that CCNA certification promises you.
Network Engineer
As a network engineer, you’ll be responsible for setting up and maintaining
the network in an organization. However, when it comes to tasks, then
there's plenty of roles that, as a network engineer, you'll be carrying out.
You’ll be responsible for handling the organization's networks, and your
techniques and skills will be supporting your job role to keep everything
running smoothly. Although, in terms of salary, then being one of the
highest-value jobs, on an average, Network Engineers earn around US
$148,000. This is just an average of CCNA certified person, as the salary of
a skilled Network Engineers can also go high, based on the company.
Network Administrator
Most of the people mistakenly address Network Administrator as a system
administrator. But you should know that they both have different job roles.
If one solely talks about Network Administrator, then you'll have to be
accountable for the entire installation of intranet systems, LAN/WAN, etc.
You'll have to be more responsible in such job roles, and when required,
you'll be providing support. Apart from this, as a Network Administrator,
you'll also be handling hardware and software related issues. It can be any
task required in networking management, and CCNA certification prepares
you in it. Companies will never delay hiring you, and you can easily get an
average salary package between the US $33,000 to $100,000.
Technical Support Engineer
A technical support engineer handles technical issues in an organization. To
perform the role of a technical support engineer successfully, CCNA
certification provides you an extensive understanding of problem
troubleshooting. Similarly, you gain mastery in providing the best technical
support, and this is what organizations want in their professionals. If you're
also holding a CCNA credential, then no wonder, you'll easily get an
attractive salary offer, which may go high from the US $30,000 to
$102,000. Since, during your CCNA preparation, you obtain great insight
into remote access, that's considered one of the great methods to resolve
modern world technical issues, so companies will be willing to pay you
high.
Systems Engineer
To achieve this position, you must master the CCNA's most essential topic-
Routing and Switching. In the IT industry, the 'role of System Engineer' is
quite noteworthy because experienced and skilled system engineers hold
entire professional networking skills that easily encourage them to carry out
the intricate task. For instance, from the maintenance of systems to the
'installation of systems,' they handle every task beautifully because
credentials like CCNA give their skills a new life. If you want to become a
system engineer, you'll be working with developers, looking after security
and backups, and handling various issues. To bear all these responsibilities
effectively, you'll have to learn lots of things in the network management,
and Cisco networking provides you a way to it. On average, if we talk about
salary, then as a System Engineer, you can easily earn US $105,326.
Network Security Associate
Being a Network security associate is a high-profile job that has great
demand in the industry. A network security associate bears the
responsibility on various important tasks, and your CCNA preparation in
Routing and switching helps you to decide whether you’re suitable for this
job role or not. However, you'll be a part of network security, which is the
thriving need of today's industry because of increasing networking threats.
Therefore, Cisco certification provides you an in-depth understanding of
how to pay heed on various 'security dynamics' in a company.
You'll be identified with various security risks, and along with that, you'll be
considering the migration and evaluation of all these risks. If we talk about
the skills needed to become a successful network security associate, then
CCNA should pay special attention to the firewall configuration, various
latest technologies, Routing, switching, etc. Gaining extensive knowledge
on IPS/IDS basics will be a plus point as it will assist you in your network
security career. Moreover, when it comes to salary, on an annual basis;
network security associates easily earn the US $63,450 for a particular job.
Network Data Engineer
There are lots of advantages of earning the industry-leading credential-
CCNA because there's no limit on jobs. Similarly, if you look at network
data engineers, industries are willing to pay you a high amount because it's
an important and one of the most demanded jobs. Being a Network Data
Engineer, you'll deliver real-time reports, handling troubleshooting, routers,
and switches problems. However, you'll be handling lots of tasks as a
Network Data Engineer, which is why this profile job often stays high on
demand across the IT industry.
Since CCNA certification provides you great insight into handling networks
and ensuring proper maintenance, it automatically adds value in your
resume, and you get the desired job. CCNA certification implies you will be
grasping knowledge on WAN/LAN technologies, ATM switch systems, and
Servers, and all these are the valuable things that are needed to play the
Network Data Engineer job role effectively. A skilled Network Data
Engineer can easily get US$127,600 per year, which grabs learners'
attention to just go into this career.
Network Field Technician
You can also become a network field technician to carry out the technical
tasks; you may have to travel from one place to another. For instance, there
are various job roles you'll be performing as a network field technician,
including maintenance, installation, and troubleshooting of technologies
such as LAN/WAN. But to become a master in this field, you must have
decent problem-solving skills. In most instances, your interpersonal skills
are also required to handle and get into this job role properly. During duty,
you may have to interact with customers or clients directly. Similarly, if you
have all these skills and basic networking knowledge and Certification, you
can easily expect an annual salary around US $50,000 as a Network Field
Technician.
Network Security Analyst
In an organization, as a Network Security Analyst, your primary
responsibility will be to figure out the Security issues and the likelihood of
breaches. From planning to implementing security measures, you'll be
dealing with all these important tasks being a network security analyst. In
short, you'll be focusing on IT networks and taking care of them. Like the
other jobs, being a Network Security Analyst is like you’re a part of a great
career where you get an attractive opportunity to grow. Similarly, if you're
holding a CCNA certification, then no wonder you can easily expect a
salary around US $ 91,000 per year.
Why get CCNA Certified?
Modern industry witnesses that the future belongs to technology;
everywhere, the network is day by day, spreading its roots and building lots
of career opportunities for professionals to grow. In all these chapters,
you’ve gained extensive knowledge over various core concepts, sections,
and topics, describing the dynamics of networking and innumerable faces of
technologies.
How it looks like and how you should prepare yourself to earn globally
recognized CCNA certification; you obtained unique ideas by gliding
through each line that takes you closer to the victory. There’s no credential
better than CCNA when it comes to brightening up yourself in the IT sector.
However, the best thing about CCNA certification is that, alongside skills
for executing various networking tasks, you also learn more about threats,
breaches, and various problems thriving in the internet world.
Technology is day by day emerging at a fast pace, but that doesn't mean that
the world is only reaping the benefits of this immense gift by technical
experts. On one side, indeed, industries are increasingly enjoying
networking advantages, but there's another face too, where they are facing
lots of evolving technical issues.
Cisco training helps you to learn how to overcome it. Hence, this is the
remarkable point that makes Cisco credential one of the best things to earn
if you want genuinely want to become a successful person in life. Since
CCNA certification consists of everything that encourages industry growth
with a dynamic solution and promises a great career to the person looking
for a job or aspires for immense growth in life, so no wonder you should
also think about CCNA preparation. You must begin your journey from
right now! Purchase the study material, do everything that provides you a
better result in passing the CCNA exam.
Conclusion
With the help of the simple and effective strategies mentioned in this book,
you can easily master the CCNA certification. One thing worth noting is
that CCNA is not difficult to master if you follow the correct approach and
give ample time for the preparation. Try to get the practical experience and
schedule the practice tests regularly once a week.
After reading this book, your real journey begins. From network
fundamentals, LAN/WAN technologies, Routing technologies,
Infrastructure security, Infrastructure services, infrastructure management,
Automation, and programmability, the 'main intent' of all these chapters was
to provide you a deep insight into CCNA preparation.
Always use the best study material that is up to date and focuses on the
CCNA latest topics. Keep your mind relaxed and don’t take too much
stress. Try to go through the important questions asked in previous CCNA
exams and master them to answer them quickly. Use the exam dumps to
enhance your learning day by day. Watch the video courses available on the
internet to identify the key areas of the CCNA exam. Focus on the
networking fundamentals with a detailed focus on various layers of the OSI
model. Network topologies and cloud resources are easy to learn, so make
sure you go through them and understand the key points.
You should be well aware of the verification, configuration, and
troubleshooting of various techniques used in networking. They are related
to the protocols, VLANs, Routing Tables, IPv4, IPv6, and WAN
technology. DHCP and DNS operations are important modules for the
CCNA certification. You must know the pattern of the exam very clearly
and focus on the main topics that will help you to score high in the CCNA
certification.
Finally, create a study plan and follow it till the last day of your certification
so that you have covered everything before taking the CCNA certification.
We hope you will clear the CCNA certification with flying colors.