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 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

Assessment of Distribution System Reliability and Its Possible

Mitigations: A Review
Seada Hussen1, Frie Ayalew2, and Dr. Kemal Ibrahim3
1, 2, $3
Addis Ababa Science and Technology University
1
seada.hussen@aastu.edu.et
2
frie.ayalew@aastu.edu.et
3
kemal.ibrahim@aastu.edu.et

Abstract
Distribution reliability is the availability and quality of power supply for the customer service entrance. The reliability problem
is measured by the power interruption problems and it is a big concern in our day to day life. So, many researchers developed
different method of power reliability with related to the quality, stability and loss reduction for distribution system. This review
is to provide the clear illustration of detailed comparisons and literature surveys with different improvement methods,
assessment methods and reliability indices for distribution substation reliability. It reviews also different authors work on
optimization techniques and protection devices such as recloser, sectionalizer, disconnector, combinations of them and other
devices. Generally, this paper includes benefits and challenges, key points and observations, conclusions and Recommendations
for future work with in the consideration of all references, and indicating the gap on this field.

Key words
Assessment method, Improvement method, Optimization techniques, Protection devices, Reliability indices

Introduction

Reliable power supply is of great importance in the electrical power system network for residential, commercial, industrial for
purpose of economic growth for a given nation or place. Many researchers have been developed different reliability measures
and improvement techniques, for the last many years. . Geol, L. et al. [1] paper is talking about determination of reliability for
distribution system planning. The reliability in a distribution system can be improved by network reconfiguration, which is
accomplished by closing normally-open switches and opening normally closed switches are presented in [2]. Ye Bin et al [3]
proposed network reconfiguration to increase reliability worth by an improved genetic algorithm. Somporn S. [4] paper was
introducing simulated annealing based network configuration for distribution system reliability worth enhancement.

T. K. VRANA, et al.[5] discussed different aspects of reliability, describe details regarding modeling, provide examples of
reliability assessment techniques, and it was also discuss the concept of reliability worth. K Alekhya, et al. [6] presented about
power system reliability by the qualitative assessment and its application to cost benefit assessment in power system planning
with increasing interest, it was also introduces using the concept of optimal placement of switches for feeder automation of the
system. Bowen H. et al. [7] discussed about demand response consideration for distribution reliability evaluation; modified
RBTS is used for system studies and lead to Time-of-use pricing changes of the demand profile, which results in a better
reliability performance and smoother load curve. A very simple analytical method has been implemented for the system
analysis is presented in [8].

A hybrid methodology for finding optimal DG connection specifications is proposed to operate the power system with minimal
power loss and with high reliable power transmission and distribution based on the combination of neural network and genetic
algorithm approach is discussed in [9]. V.Ashok, et al. [10] shows the reliability of power system can be calculated by different
reliability indices, the performance can be improved by system planning and analysis studies to provide switches, sectionalizers
 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

and other protective devices at appropriate places. Z. Kovač et al. [11] presented the way of modeling a subsystem of the power
system from the power supply interruption consumer‘s point, results of reliability assessment indicate significant differences of
results depending on the modeling and understanding of the input data.

L. Gao et al. [12] paper introduced DG(distribution generation) based reliability analysis of distribution system and uses a new
method based on Bayesian Networks, the method permits not only calculating the reliability indices of a distribution system and
also the effect of each component or some components on the system reliability was discussed. Kiros T. [13] this paper
identifies the causes for power interruptions and customer dissatisfaction and discusses the design, reliability and operation and
maintenance of Addis Ababa distribution system (Addis center), based on load forecast for 25 years. T. Lantharthong et al. [14]
presented reliability evaluation techniques which are applied in distribution system planning studies and operation. Reliability
of distribution systems is an important issue in power engineering for both utilities and customers by using distribution
generations. R. Anthony [15] studied about analytical methods to determine the reliability indices and effect of distribution
substation configuration and network to the reliability indices performance. Solomon D. et al. [16] shows the use of smart
reclosers for improving reliability of a distribution system of one of the major cities of Ethiopia had been presented. Manohar, L
[17] presented about distributed generation based reliability assessment of a power grid, the distributed generation units
considered the Combined Heat and Power (CHP) units operated by individual customers at their site.

N. Dehghani et al. [18] talks about a simple method for placing an optimal number of recloser and the algorithm is solved using
genetic algorithm as the optimization method. R. Kaduru et al. [19] has been presented the reliability improvement with effect
of customer scattering on distribution system with Distributed Generation (DG). A. Bashardoust, et al. [20] shows the network
reconfiguration has been conducted to improve the power quality and reliability of distribution systems in presence of
distributed generations. U. Eminoglu, et al. [21] in this paper the Nigde Region‘s electricity system performance indices
estimation and its reliability indices obtained by analytically and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation method approach. Demsew M.
et al. [22] this paper is about reliability assessment of one of the substation in Ethiopia and it assess the reliability indices which
is SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, EENS, AENS, ASAI, ASUI, and expected interruption costs are being assessed and considered.

Abeba B. et al. [23] has been presented, the improvement of power reliability using DG as a backup for one of the higher
substation in Ethiopia. Due to the quick operation of reclosers, some power quality issues may happen in the system. In this
paper, a Monte Carlo based method has been proposed for setting reclosers this was presents in [24]. Tefera M. et al. [25] this
paper introduces about reliability performance of existing distribution network with and without protection devices has been
evaluated, power distribution system with protection device along the feeder evaluated using ETAP software. This paper
addressed the automation of distribution systems to reconfigure the network in the case of system disturbances and changes in
loads; it was presented in two times which was in Saudi Arabia 2012 and in USA by 2018 presented in [26].

Motivation of the Review

The reliable electricity supply has become an important part of the electric power system concerning with the mutual benefits of
power companies and the customers. Interruption of power supply is the greater risk for electric power distribution systems.
The motivation behind this paper is to establish compressive overview of the field of analytical power system reliability
assessment techniques, numerical technique‘s, optimization techniques and different improvement methods and to serve as an
input for further research and development in the area of applicability.

Overview of Reliability Assessment

This method is used to analyzing the existing system (or) calculating how many interruptions are happen in the system. The
expectation values of reliability indices are calculated by solving an equation system [5]. Monte Carlo simulation method is the
most common numerical method. In this method, the random behavior of the system is analyzed through simulation of physical
 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

relationships. The outcome of a Monte Carlo simulation is not only the average values as in analytical methods, i.e. expectation
value probability distributions of reliability indices. The analytical method offers the probability to apply more sophisticated
component models, e.g. including effects of component aging. However, this leads to increased computation time, why Markov
models are often used. To assess the reliability of a power system, aspects of multiple discipline [29].
Classification of reliability assessment methods
Basically, power system reliability assessment can be categorized into two aspects such as deterministic and probabilistic.
Deterministic method uses the reserve margin and the largest set in the system as the reliability indices in which the stochastic
system behavior is not included. The probabilistic method considers the dynamic system behavior such as faults, component
failures, and so on for the reliability assessment of the power system [27]. It can be subdivided into two methods such as
analytical method and numerical method. In analytical; a method which is typically based on Markov models, the system is
represented by mathematical models. The general classification of reliability assessment methods with related papers are listed
in Figure 1:

Reliability assessment methods

Probabilistic
Deterministic [27]

Numerical method Analytical method

Monte Carlo method [7,

o Markov model(MM) [13,43, 48,
21, 24, 28-31, 59]
49]
o Minimal cut set method [32 - 36]
o Fault tree analysis(FTA) [37 -
41]
o Event tree analysis(ETA)[42, 43]
o Reliability block diagram (RBD)
[44 - 47]

Figure 1: Reliability assessment methods and related work

Benefits and challenges on reliability assessments
Generally as many authors indicating that reliability assessment is very essential for every electrical power. In Monte Carlo
simulation method is used for non-homogenous Poisson process characterization of life time of aging components [14].The
Markov model gives a simple description of a component, which can be handled well with mathematical methods [5]. The
Monte Carlo techniques are normally a very time consuming due to large number of drawing necessary in order to obtain accurate
results. The analytical approach is based upon assumptions concerning statistical distribution of failure rate and repair times [15].

Overview of Reliability Indices

This is a necessary condition for having indices that expresses system failure event on probability and frequency basis. There
are three basic indices: failure rate (λ), outage duration (r) and average annual outage time (U), which permits the measurement
of reliability at each load point to be quantified and allow subsidiary indices such as the customer interruption indices to be
determined [54].

Distribution system reliability indices

The system indices commonly used by electricity supply utilities are divided in to two categories: [4, 14, 15, 19, 20, 21, 54, 57,
60, and 79]
A. Customer Based Indices
 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

 System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI)

 System average interruption duration index (SAIDI)
 Customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI)
 Customer Average Interruption Frequency Index (CAIFI)
 Average service availability index (ASAI)
 Average Service Unavailability Index (ASUI)
B. Load or Energy Based Indices
 Energy Not Supplied Index (ENS)
 Average Energy Not Supplied (AENS)
 Average Customer Curtailment Index (ACCI)
Those indices can be assessed using the basic load point (LP) indices. That is, Average Failure Rate, (A), the Average Outage
Duration, (r) and the Annual Outage Duration, (µ) [54].

Overview of Reliability Improvement Methods

There are different improvement methods listed in different papers, such as network reconfiguration, using distribution
generators, component aging and by using different protection devices and combination of protection devices. For faults on the
line-sectionalizing device (recloser or sectionalizer) and the main feeder line can be used to divide the feeder into smaller line
segments. All taps should have a protective device (fuses for small taps, a recloser or sectionalizer for larger taps) where they
connect to the main feeder. Even a fuse should be used for on very small taps. The shorter line segment minimizes the number
of customers affected and minimizes the time required to patrol the line and locate the fault. A combination of a recloser and
fuses is typically used to provide protection against both transient and permanent faults [10, 16, 18, 24, 25, 52, and 88].

Some authors are doing reliability improvement by distribution generators, DG (Distribution Generation) improves the system
adequacy index while in the peak shaving way, DG enhances the system reliability by serving some of loads and decreasing
energy costs in high demand periods [12, 17, 19, 20, 21, 23, 26]. Many authors are done reconfiguration of the system with
different techniques and protection devices. Network reconfiguration is conducted with differential evolution algorithm to
increase power quality subjects such as harmonics and voltage sags [1, 2, 3, 4, 15, and 20].
Classification of reliability improvement methods
Reliability is improved by different methods with related to protections and optimization methods [89] which are described as
shown Figure 2 and Figure 3.

Relay [58]
Sectionalizer [56]
Protection Devices

Disconnector Combinations [10,

24, 52, 74]

Reclosers [6, 18, 25,

57] Fuses

Figure 2: Reliability improvement using protection devices and related works

 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

Optimization methods used for reliability improvement

Dynamic Bayesian [12, 53, 69, 70-72]

Fuzzy Logic [50, 55, 56, 66, 68]
Artificial Neural Network [3]
Simulated Annealing [4, 73]
Genetic Algorithm [18, 58, 68]
Hybrid [9, 75, 76]

Figure 3: Classification of works related to optimization methods

Benefits and challenges of reliability improvement methods with protection devices
 By considering component aging [51]: The benefit of this system is the result of reliability evaluation is more objective
and realistic. And the evaluating results are more compressive and direct view by classification of reliability. The draw
back was large time consumption, it require high investment cost and improper protection.
 By using distribution generation [12][19][17][20] [21] [23][26][59][63][64][67][80]: It is used to improve voltage
profile, decrease power loss and decrease loading of existing electric equipment, installation time is very low, safe, clean
and reliable production. And the challenges are it require high installation cost, does not consider fault, not looking in
protection, depends on whether condition and less reliable
 By using reclose [16][18][25][77]: has less investment cost, proper protection and it improves reliability. And its
drawback is it makes interruption in Nano second
 Using combination of auto recloser, Sectionalizer and limit fuse [10][52]: used for clearing permanent or temporary
fault before the source side device interrupt, Outage restricted, improve voltage profile and decrease loading existing
electric equipment, less operation cost. And it require replacement cost for fuse, high installation cost
 Using fuse and recloser [24][74]: It Can prevent long term outage by detecting and interrupting temporary fault. It
require replacement cost for fuse
 Reconfiguration [1][2][3][4][15][20][87]: The advantages of this system are increase the feeders capacity to handle load
growth, balancing the load, is extremely fulfill to minimize the losses and improves voltage profile. The challenges may
the requirement of additional investment and it takes time.
Benefits and challenges of reliability improvement with optimization methods
Fuzzy set optimization technique is used to examine the influence of various sub-systems that comprise in distribution network
in term of reliability. Enable the possibility of adding new fuzzy system to existing model. The flexibility of fuzzy model allows
for its application simplify complex concept to easy concept [50]. And artificial neural network is used as radial basic function
neural network classifier to distinguish the high reliability and Low reliability of load point. This method not applicable to ring
distribution network and network classification error may occur due to complexity need further improvements [4]. The dynamic
Bayesian is also used to construct the topological relationship of distribution system on influence of each component on the
system. This method not considers the impact of time factor to variables but reflect the probabilistic dependence between
variable and time varying of variables. It is almost the same as Monte Carlo method. And Able to describe the dynamic
evolution process of distribution system due to disconnect switch and protection device [53].

Key Points and Observations of the Review

Key points and discussion

 This review work has explored reliability assessment methods and its mitigation techniques detail to fulfill today's world
distribution system electricity requirements in reliable manner.
 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

 Authors, in many papers, have explained the need of reliability at both utility side and demand side to ensure high energy
efficiency, continuity in energy flow, security of electrical network with economic manner.
 Many researchers have rightly focused on assessment of the existing networks, and they are showing drawback of the
existing systems.
 Many authors (Figure 3), explained protection methods with electricity cost reduction and consumer welfare
maximization technique. For such multi objective type problems, different evolutionary algorithms like genetic
algorithm, Fuzzy, neural network etc., some novel distribution algorithm have been used to get the optimum solution.
 Many authors raised the issue of requirement of distributed generation for overloading or voltage profile problems of
distribution systems.
 Some papers talking about reliability issues like system security, efficiency improvement, operational cost issues,
environment related issues etc.
 Many researchers doing network reconfigurations with the existing systems, to get the expected results of distribution
systems.
 For the formation of mathematical model of the problems various programming tools Monte Carlo Simulation, Markov
model etc. have been used in many papers, which helped in getting the satisfactory results in time (Figure 1).
 Various protection devices have been used in research papers for reliability assessment and mitigation such as reclosers,
sectionalizers, fuses, Disconnector, co-ordinations of those devices etc. are few protective devices objective and
methods, which have been used (Figure 2).

Table 1: A summary of few papers with their objective and work explanation
Key References Main objective Approach Work explanation
 [55]  To evaluate reliability indices by  Fuzzy logic  The lines and transformers were considered the most critical
using fuzzy membership functions components for reliability analysis of distribution system. And the
and simulation on the IEEE RBTS most influential operational and environmental variables on the
Bus 2 network with MATLAB. failure rate of these components such as the age of component,
weather conditions, and the exposure to the risk.

 [21]  To estimate the reliability  Monte  The system reliability was evaluated for system’s feeders and their
performance indices for the Carlo load points, reliability indices such as the SAIFI and SAIDI are
systems. determined, using two methods analytically and simulation based.

 [18]  To improve the reliability of radial  Genetic  This paper was presented an effective application of the genetic
distribution feeders, reduce the Algorithm algorithm optimization to practical distribution system automation
time consumption. with reclosers.

 [7]  To evaluate distribution system
reliability by considering demand
response.
 [54]  To analyze the reliability indices
and to ascertain the Load Point
Indices, System and Cost worth
Indices of the distribution network.
 Monte Carlo  Reliability indices defined in IEEE Std 1366™-2012 are utilized to
give a quantitative assessment of the reliability benefit brought by
the two DR programs which are time-of-use pricing and
interruptible load.
 Analytical  Reliability assessment and improvement of one town was done by
approach analytical approach with ETAP software, the reliability indices
also done.

 [15]  To determine the reliability indices  Markov  Hierarchical Markov Modeling (HMM) was used to determine the
such as SAIFI and SAIDI using model reliability indices, reliability problems classified in to three
analytical methods according to system topology, integrated protection system
behavior and individual protection devices behavior.

 [12]  Computing the reliability indices
of a distribution system and
presenting the effect of each or
some components on the system
reliability.
 Bayesian  This paper was presented the instructive concrete information for
Networks real engineering decision making which is improving system
reliability, identifying weak components and making check and
repair plan, etc.
 International Conference on Advanced in Management and Technology (ICAMT-2020) November/2020

Observations

 Many researchers work distribution generator improving only voltage profile or over voltage causes they are not
looking for other causes like short circuit, line to ground fault, line to line fault, improper arrangement, component
aging etc…
 Most of them not calculating more system reliability indices such average service availability index(ASAI), average
service unavailability index(ASUI), energy not supply index(ENS), average customer curtailment index(ACCI).
 Some methods used in reference are not considering the impact of time factor to variables but reflect the
probabilistic dependence between variable and time varying of variables.
 Some method not applicable to ring distribution network and network classification error may occur due to
complexity need further improvements such as artificial intelligent method.
 In some references uncertainty may not ignored.
 Some authors intention about the probability of the system to function adequately and properly, the reliability is
dependent on the type of system either parallel or series.
 The most common reliability evaluation techniques are using a set of approximate equation of minimum cut
analysis or failure mode analysis. This method is less time consuming than the simulation or numerical method, but
suffers from problem representing repair times adequately.
Conclusion and Recommendation
Conclusion
In this paper, we have observed that reliability with different assessment and improvement methods growing researches in various
aspects. Many developed countries have already applied better reliable systems in their electricity network, but there are many
other countries used less reliable electricity networks and high interruption times. Large numbers of research papers have been
reviewed to include reliability assessment techniques, reliability improvement methods with various protection methods and
optimization techniques. Each reliability improvement methods of the distribution system has been explored in detail and details
of their optimization and protection methods, benefits with their implementation and challenges in their advancement have been
explained in detail. It is also found that various reliability indices like System Average Interruption Frequency Index (SAIFI),
System average interruption duration index (SAIDI), Customer average interruption duration index (CAIDI) and so on are listed.
Recommendation
This review recommends with the consideration of all references listed in below.
 Most utilities focus more on historical assessment rather than predictive data focus on predictive approach is
advisable.
 When there is long term outage it is recommended to work with recloser.
 It‘s better to convert configuration of the network from radial distribution to loop system to improve reliability
 System reconfiguration is considered in order to reduce the number of customer connected to already over stressed
distribution network. Immediate replacement of aged or faulty system component by quality or new system
components.
 By using combination of protection devices in existing configuration we can achieve great reliability with less
investment cost compared with others.
 Considering all reliability indices are more advisable.

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