“Discrete” “Individually separate and distinct and indipendent” -Oxford Dictionary What is discrete point?
Language can be broken down into its
component parts and those parts can be tested successfully. All those components are the four language skills of listening, speaking, reading and writing. Discrete point tests are made up of test questions each of which is meant to measure one content point. Examples • Examples of Discrete point test are: • 1. Phoneme recognition. • 2. Yes/No, True/ False answers. • 3. Spelling. • 4. Word completion. • 5. Grammar items. • 6. Multiple choice tests. Advantages • It is parallel with KSSR. • They yield data which is easily quantifiable. • The counting of bits - If language performance is to be described by means of numerical scores, discrete-point testing is helpful. • The tasks are unambiguous, the marking introduces no element of capriciousness and a person's final score is clear for all to see. Discrete- point tests can be accurately and objectively marked even by mechanical scanning methods. Down Sides • They take language out of context and usually bear no relationship to the concept or use of whole language. • Discrete point test met with some criticism, particularly in the view of more recent trends toward viewing the units of language and its communicative nature and purpose, and viewing language as the arithmetic sum of all its parts. • That is why John Oller (1976) introduced “INTEGRATIVE TESTING” Communicative Language Testing Introduction • A systematic testing component is an essential part of every language program and is used to measure: • language proficiency • placement • diagnosis • progress • and achievement. • A systematic testing component also provides: • feedback for the program evaluator(s), • washback information for teachers and students, • and motivational implications for all concerned Definition • Communicative language testing is intended to provide the tester with information about the testee’s ability to perform in the target language in certain context-specific tasks. • It has to be recognised that given the constraints of time and practicality, only a small sample of the testee’s language can be collected, and that however realistic the tasks may be intended to be, the testee’s performance will inevitably reflect the fact that s/he was performing under test conditions. Characteristics (Brown, 2005): meaningful communication authentic situation unpredictable language input creative language output integrated language skills Examples
Listening and Speaking
Reading Listening & Speaking • The activities that involve speakers in using language for the purpose of achieving a particular goal or objective in a particular speaking situation. Role Play • Student You missed class yesterday. Go to the teacher's office and apologize for having missed the class. Ask for the handout from the class. Find out what the homework was. • Examiner You are a teacher. A student who missed your class yesterday comes to your office. Accept her/his apology, but emphasize the importance of attending classes. You do not have any extra handouts from the class, so suggest that she/he copy one from a friend. Tell her/him what the homework was. Interviews • The teacher will give a role to the students as Job interviewer who want to get a job in job interview, and a teacher acts as someone who wants to interview them. • For example; • Interview: • • Teacher: Tell me about yourself? • • Students: ………………………………. • • Teacher: what is your strength? • • Student : ………………………………….. • • Teacher: can you work in team? • • Etc. Writing Skills Some tests combine reading and writing in communicative situations. Testees can be given a task in which they are presented with instructions to write a letter, memo, summary, etc., answering certain questions, based on information that they are given. Bussiness Letter • Read the letter from the customer and the statement of the company policy about returns and repairs below and write a formal business letter to the customer. • Situation Your boss has received a letter from a customer complaining about problems with a coffee maker that he bought six months ago. Your boss has instructed you to check the company policy on returns and repairs and reply to the letter. • Communicative Test and Open- Ended Questions Communicative Testing: Common Questions from Teachers • If we focus more on speaking and listening, how can students do a written exam? • How can we test students´ speaking ability? • How can a test be communicative if it is an individual task? Let´s discover the answers! Asking the Correct Questions • First, we must learn how to change the kind of questions we ask our students. • We must focus more on WHY and HOW questions which make students explain things and give their opinions. • Finally, we must believe that many possible answers are correct. Open-ended v. Close-ended Questions • An OPEN question has more than one possible answer Ex: Why did you like the story?
• A CLOSED question has only one correct answer
Ex: What was the name of the man in the story?
Which one is more communicative? Why?
Let´s Compare • Closed (BAD) • Open (GOOD) Question: Question: What was the name Why did you like the of the man in the story? story? Answer: Answer: I liked the story David. because… Result: Result: All students´ All students answers answers are the should be different. same. There is only There are many one correct answer. correct answers. Let´s practice: Make this closed question into an open question 1. The vocabulary term "side effect" of a medication: a) refers to any action of a medication in the body other than the one the doctor wanted it to have. b) is the chain effect of a medication. c) additionally benefits the medication. This is an OPEN question: 1. Briefly describe a time when you or someone you know experienced a “side effect” of a medication.
This question is better than the original
because each students´ answer will be different. Let´s practice: Make this closed question into an open question
2. The singular simple past tense of the verb “to
be” = “was” True or False? This is an OPEN question: 2. Write a sentence using the singular simple past tense of “to be”.
This question is better than the original
because all students will create unique sentences, proving they understand the grammar rule. Let´s practice: Make this closed question into an open question
3. Add correct punctuation to the end of these
sentences or phrases: Congratulations __ I was born in 1980 __ What is your name __ This is an OPEN question: 3. Give an example of an exclamatory, declaratory and interrogatory sentence.
This question is better than the original
because it forces students to think of their own examples, or create language. Open, Communicative Questions These questions produce very different, original answers from each student and make it more difficult for students to copy each other.
The answers will let a teacher see if a
student truly understands the topic and if he or she has learned something. Let´s Make Test Questions! • Now we will practice making OPEN questions for an exam. • We will use the same text for all exam questions. • Our exam includes questions for: – Reading – Writing – Listening – Speaking Reading Tests • Students can read the same text • Students can read different texts • Students can read something ¨real¨ (advertisement, newspaper, magazine, menu, map, bus schedule…) • Students can prepare their reading test at home Open Questions for Reading • Read the text. • In groups, discuss what you want to ask students about the text. • Write ONE open, communicative exam question about the text for students to answer. Sample Reading Question and Answer • How did you feel when you read the story? Why?
• I felt sad because they lost their house. I was
scared because fires are dangerous. Writing Tests • Students can answer text-based questions • Students can answer free-response questions • Students can write a composition, letter, diary, story… • A writing test can be done at home Open Questions for Writing • Read the same text again. • In groups, discuss what you want the students to write about. • Make ONE open, communicative test question for students to answer in writing. Listening Tests • Students can listen to a tape, CD, music, radio, Internet, or a movie • Students can listen to the voice of the teacher • Students can listen to each other Open Questions for Listening • Read the text again. • In groups, decide how you want to present this text (for example, on a CD, teacher reads it, students read it to each other…) • Make ONE open, communicative test question for listening to this text Sample Listening Question and Answer • Listen to your partner read the story aloud. Write 3 things you remember from listening to the story.
• 1. Two families had fires in their houses.
2. There were two children, a boy and a girl. 3. Mr. Eastwood is a taxi driver. Speaking Tests • Students can speak to the teacher • Students can speak to each other • Students can record their voices Open Questions for Speaking • Read the text once more. • In groups, discuss how the students will speak (to the teacher, with each other, record their voices…) • Make ONE open, communicative test question for students to answer orally. Sample Speaking Question and Answer • Please tell the class 1 important thing we can do to prevent a fire in our homes.
• To prevent a fire, we can always remember to
turn off the gas when we finish cooking. Final Comments
• Communicative exams feature
OPEN, not closed questions. • Open questions usually ask WHY or HOW and require original, unique answers from students. • Open answers are more difficult to copy, but they are also more difficult to correct!