Design of C.

C Pavement

AXLE LOAD SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS

Location : Direction of traffic : Up + Down

Vehicle Type : All Category

Sl. No. Axle Load No. of Axle Axle Load No. of Axle Percentage of Single Percentage
Category Weighed Category Weighed Axle load of Tandem
(Tonnes) (Tonnes) Axle load
Single Tandem Total
Axle(rear Axle
axle )
1 2 5 6 7 9 10
1 0.0 - 2.0 11.5 0.0-4.0 1.0 13 11.735 1.020
2 2.0 - 4.0 37 4.0-8.0 4 41.0 37.755 4.082
3 4.0 - 6.0 7 8.0-12.0 1 8.0 7.143 1.020
4 6.0 - 8.0 8 12.0-16.0 6 14.0 8.163 6.122
5 8.0 - 10.0 13 16.0-20.0 4 16.5 12.755 4.082
6 10.0 - 12.0 2 20.0-24.0 2 4.0 2.041 2.041
7 12.0 - 14.0 1 24.0-28.0 1 2.0 1.020 1.020
8 14.0 - 16.0 0 28.0-32.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
9 16.0 - 18.0 0 32.0-36.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
10 18.0 - 20.0 0 36.0-38.0 0 0.0 0.000 0.000
SUM A = 98

Single Axle Loads Tandem Axle Loads

Axle Load
class,Ton Axle Load % of axle
s % of axle load class,Tons load
18-20 0.000 36-38 0.000
16-18 0.000 32-36 0.000
14-16 0.000 28-32 0.000
12-14 1.020 24-28 1.020
10-12 2.041 20-24 2.041
8-10 12.755 16-20 4.082
6-8 8.163 12-16 6.122
4-6 7.143 8-12 1.020
2-4 37.755 4-8 4.082
<2 11.735 <4 1.020

Design of Pavement:-

Present commercial traffic (AADT) in 2014 = 2026 cvpd (from current traffic survey data)
Considering construction period = 2 years

CVPD after construction complete in 2016 (A)= P x(1+r)n P = No. of commercial vehicle as per last count
2341 CVPD n= no. of year between the last count and the year of completion of construction
design life = 30 yrs r = growth rate = 7.5%
Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs (2048)= Ax365 x{(1+r)n-1}/r
88362351 commercial vehicle
say, 88000000 commercial vehicle

where A= No of axles per day after 30 year of construction

Design traffic=25% of the total repetation of commercial vehicles = 22000000 nos

Front axle of the commercial vehicles carry much lower loads and causse small flexural stress in the concrete pavements and they
need not be considered in the pavement design. Only the rear axles both single and tandem, should be considered for the design.
So the total no of rear axle is therefore= 22000000 . Assuming that mid point of the axle load class represent the group, the
total repetitions of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows:
Single Axles Tandem Axles

Load in Expected Load in Expected

tonnes repetitions tonnes repetitions
% Axle load
% Axle load x x Design
Design traffic traffic
19 0 37 0
17 0 34 0
15 0 30 0
13 224490 26 224490
11 448980 22 448980
9 2806122 18 897959
7 1795918 14 1346939
5 1571429 10 224490
 3 8306122 6 897959
<3 2581633 <4 224490

Let Thickness of pavement= 320 mm

for CBR= 5 Modulous of subgrade reaction (k) = 4.2 kg/cm3 from Table 2 of IRC 58-2002
Effective K over 150mm DLC= 20.8 kg/cm3 from Table 4 of IRC 58-2002
Modulous of rupture= 45 kg/cm2 safety factor= 1.2

Axle Load Stress

(AL) kg/cm2 from Expected
tonnes) AL x 1.2 chart stress ratio repetition Fatigue life N Fatigue life consumed
Single Axle
19 22.8 20 0.44 0 infinity 0
17 20.4 18 0.40 0 infinity 0
15 18 16 0.36 0 infinity 0
13 15.6 15 0.33 224490 infinity 0
11 13.2 13 0.29 448980 infinity 0
9 10.8 10 0.22 2806122 infinity 0

Tandem Axle
37 44.4 17 0.38 0 infinity 0
34 40.8 15 0.33 0 infinity 0
30 36 14 0.31 0 infinity 0
26 31.2 13 0.29 224490 infinity 0 Safe with DLC

The cumulative fatigue life consumed <1, the design is safe from fatigue considerations.

2) Check for temperature stress:

Radius of relative stiffness I = (Eh3/12(1-m2)k)1/4 where E = 3.0.E+05 kg/sqcm

= 79.67 cm h= 32 cm
m= 0.15
k= 20.8 kg/cm2
Edge warping stress= Ceat/2 where L= 350 cm
(kg/sqcm) = 15.09 B= 450 cm
I= 79.67 cm
L/I 4.39
C= 0.599
a= 1.0E-05
t= 16.8 0
c for WB region

Total stress= Total temperature warping stress + Heighest Axle load stress= (15.09+15)= 35.09 <45 kg/sqcm ok

3) Check for corner stress

98 percentile axle load= 12 tonnes
corner stress= 3P/h2(1-(a√2/I)1.2) so wheel load (P) = 6 tonnes

= 11.25698143 a = radius of area of cantact of wheel = (0.8521 x P/(q x p)+S/p(P/0.5227 x q)0.5)0.5

< 45 ok
where S= c/c distance between two tyres = 31 cm
tyre pressure= q= 8 kg/sqcm

a= 24.0273369791

Design of Dowel Bars:

Design wheel load (P)= 6 tonnes

% of load transfer= 40 Characteristic compressive strength of conc. (fck)= 400 kg/sqcm
Slab Thickness (h)= 32 cm (for M40 grade)
Joint width (z)= 2 cm b = dia of dowel bar (assumed)= 3.2 cm
Radius of relative thickness (I)= 79.67 cm

Permissible bearing stress in concrete (Fb)= (10.16-b)fck/9.525

= 292.28 kg/sqcm

Assumed spacing between the dowel bars = 25 cm

Ist dowel bar is placed at distance = 15 cm from the pavement edge
Assumed length of the dowel bar = 50 cm

No of dowel bar participating in load transfer when wheel load is just over the dowel bar close to the edge
of the slab = 1+I/spacing
 = 4.18685608745
~ 4 nos dowels

Total load transferred by dowel bar system = 2.06 Pt

Load carried by outer dowel bar (Pt) = (6000x0.4)/2.06 kg

= 1165.82 kg

Check for Bearing Stress

Moment of Inertia of Dowel = pb4/64 cm4

5.146 cm4

Relative stiffness of dowel bar embedded in concrete (b)= (kb/4EI)1/4 where E= 2.00E+06
k= 41500
= 0.2383

Bearing stress in dowel bar = (Pt x k) x (2+bz)/(4b3EI)

= 215.03 < 292.28 ok

Design of Tie Bars

Slab Thickness= 32 cm
lane width (b)= 3.5 m
friction (f) = 1.5
Density of Concrete= 2400 kg/cum
Allowable tensile stress in plain bars (S)= 1250 kg/sqcm
Allowable bond stress in plain bars = 17.5 kg/sqcm
Dia of Tie Bar = 12 mm

1) Spacing and Length of plane tie bar (As) = bfW/S cm2/m

= 3.2256 cm2/m

Sectional area of tie bar (A) = pd2/4 sqcm

1.13076 sqcm

Perimeter of Tie bar (P)= pd cm

3.7692 cm

Spacing of Tie bar = A/As cm c/c

35.0558036 cm c/c
~ 35 cm c/c
Provide at a spacing of 35 cm c/c

Length of tie bar = (2 x S x A)/B x P

42.8571429

Increase length by 10 cm for loss of bond due to painting and another 5 cm for
tolerance in placement. Therefore, the length is
= 57.8571 cm
~ 58.0000 cm
 Design of C.C Pavement

AXLE LOAD SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS

Location : Direction of traffic : Up + Down

Vehicle Type : All Category

Sl. No. Axle Load No. of Axle Axle Load No. of Axle Percentage of Single Percentage
Category Weighed Category Weighed Axle load of Tandem
(Tonnes) (Tonnes) Axle load
Single Tandem Total
Axle(rear Axle
axle )
1 2 5 6 7 9 10
1 0.0 - 2.0 11.5 0.0-4.0 1.0 13 11.735 1.020
2 2.0 - 4.0 37 4.0-8.0 4 41.0 37.755 4.082
3 4.0 - 6.0 7 8.0-12.0 1 8.0 7.143 1.020
4 6.0 - 8.0 8 12.0-16.0 6 14.0 8.163 6.122
5 8.0 - 10.0 13 16.0-20.0 4 16.5 12.755 4.082
6 10.0 - 12.0 2 20.0-24.0 2 4.0 2.041 2.041
7 12.0 - 14.0 1 24.0-28.0 1 2.0 1.020 1.020
8 14.0 - 16.0 0 28.0-32.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
9 16.0 - 18.0 0 32.0-36.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
10 18.0 - 20.0 0 36.0-38.0 0 0.0 0.000 0.000
SUM A = 98

Single Axle Loads Tandem Axle Loads

Axle Load
class,Ton Axle Load % of axle
s % of axle load class,Tons load
18-20 0.000 36-38 0.000
16-18 0.000 32-36 0.000
14-16 0.000 28-32 0.000
12-14 1.020 24-28 1.020
10-12 2.041 20-24 2.041
8-10 12.755 16-20 4.082
6-8 8.163 12-16 6.122
4-6 7.143 8-12 1.020
2-4 37.755 4-8 4.082
<2 11.735 <4 1.020

Design of Pavement:-

Present commercial traffic (AADT) in 2014 = 2026 cvpd (from current traffic survey data)
Considering construction period = 2 years

CVPD after construction complete in 2016 (A)= P x(1+r)n P = No. of commercial vehicle as per last count
2341 CVPD n= no. of year between the last count and the year of completion of construction
design life = 30 yrs r = growth rate = 7.5%
Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs (2048)= Ax365 x{(1+r)n-1}/r
88362351 commercial vehicle
say, 88000000 commercial vehicle

where A= No of axles per day after 30 year of construction

Design traffic=25% of the total repetation of commercial vehicles = 22000000 nos

Front axle of the commercial vehicles carry much lower loads and causse small flexural stress in the concrete pavements and they
need not be considered in the pavement design. Only the rear axles both single and tandem, should be considered for the design.
So the total no of rear axle is therefore= 22000000 . Assuming that mid point of the axle load class represent the group, the
total repetitions of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows:
Single Axles Tandem Axles

Load in Expected Load in Expected

tonnes repetitions tonnes repetitions
% Axle load
% Axle load x x Design
Design traffic traffic
19 0 37 0
17 0 34 0
15 0 30 0
13 224490 26 224490
11 448980 22 448980
9 2806122 18 897959
7 1795918 14 1346939
5 1571429 10 224490
 3 8306122 6 897959
<3 2581633 <4 224490

Let Thickness of pavement= 260 mm

for CBR= 5 Modulous of subgrade reaction (k) = 4.2 kg/cm3 from Table 2 of IRC 58-2002
Modulous of rupture= 45 kg/cm2 safety factor= 1.2

Axle Load Stress

(AL) kg/cm2 from Expected
tonnes) AL x 1.2 chart stress ratio repetition Fatigue life N Fatigue life consumed
Single Axle
19 23 36 0.80 0 -
17 20 31 0.69 0 -
15 18 28 0.62 0 -
13 16 25 0.56 224490 94100 2.386
11 13 23 0.51 448980 485000 0.926
9 11 20 0.44 2806122 infinity 0.0

Tandem Axle -
37 44 28 0.62 0 -
34 41 27 0.60 0 -
30 36 24 0.53 0 0.00
26 31 22 0.49 224490 1287000 0.174
Total = 3.486 Unsafe without DLC
The cumulative fatigue life consumed >1, the design is unsafe from fatigue considerations.

2) Check for temperature stress:

Radius of relative stiffness I = (Eh3/12(1-m2)k )1/4 where E = 3.0.E+05 kg/sqcm

= 101.71 cm h= 26 cm
m= 0.15
k= 4.2 kg/cm2
Edge warping stress= Ceat/2 where L= 350 cm
(kg/sqcm) = 10.29 B= 450 cm
I= 101.71 cm
L/I 3.44
C= 0.408
a= 1.0E-05
t= 16.8 0
c for WB region

Total stress= Total temperature warping stress + Heighest Axle load stress= (10.29+25)= 35.29 <45 kg/sqcm ok

3) Check for corner stress

98 percentile axle load= 12 tonnes
corner stress= 3P/h2(1-(a√2/I)1.2) so wheel load (P) = 6 tonnes

= 19.48449823 a = radius of area of cantact of wheel = (0.8521 x P/(q x p)+S/(p( P/0.5227 x q)0.5)0.5
< 45 ok
where S= c/c distance between two tyres = 31 cm
tyre pressure= q= 8 kg/sqcm

a= 24.0273369791

Design of Dowel Bars:

Design wheel load (P)= 6 tonnes

% of load transfer= 40 Characteristic compressive strength of conc. (fck)= 400 kg/sqcm
Slab Thickness (h)= 26 cm (for M40 grade)
Joint width (z)= 2 cm b = dia of dowel bar (assumed)= 3.2 cm
Radius of relative thickness (I)= 101.71 cm

Permissible bearing stress in concrete (Fb)= (10.16-b)fck/9.525

= 292.28 kg/sqcm

Assumed spacing between the dowel bars = 25 cm

Ist dowel bar is placed at distance = 15 cm from the pavement edge
Assumed length of the dowel bar = 50 cm

No of dowel bar participating in load transfer when wheel load is just over the dowel bar close to the edge
of the slab = 1+I/spacing
= 5.06849222476
~ 5 nos dowels
 Total load transferred by dowel bar system = 2.26 Pt

Load carried by outer dowel bar (Pt) = (6000x0.4)/2.26 kg

= 1060.71 kg

Check for Bearing Stress

Moment of Inertia of Dowel = pb4/64 cm4

5.146 cm4

Relative stiffness of dowel bar embedded in concrete (b)= (kb/4EI)1/4 where E= 2.00E+06
k= 41500
= 0.2383

Bearing stress in dowel bar = (Pt x k) x (2+bz)/(4b3EI)

= 195.64 < 292.28 ok

Design of Tie Bars

Slab Thickness= 26 cm
lane width (b)= 3.5 m
friction (f) = 1.5
Density of Concrete= 2400 kg/cum
Allowable tensile stress in plain bars (S)= 1250 kg/sqcm
Allowable bond stress in plain bars = 17.5 kg/sqcm
Dia of Tie Bar = 12 mm

1) Spacing and Length of plane tie bar (As) = bfW/S cm2/m

= 2.6208 cm2/m

Sectional area of tie bar (A) = pd2/4 sqcm

1.13076 sqcm

Perimeter of Tie bar (P)= pd cm

3.7692 cm

Spacing of Tie bar = A/As cm c/c

43.1456044 cm c/c
~ 43 cm c/c
Provide at a spacing of 43 cm c/c

Length of tie bar = (2 x S x A)/B x P

42.8571429

Increase length by 10 cm for loss of bond due to painting and another 5 cm for
tolerance in placement. Therefore, the length is
= 57.8571 cm
~ 58.0000 cm
 Design of C.C Pavement

AXLE LOAD SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS

Location : Direction of traffic : Up + Down

Vehicle Type : All Category

Sl. No. Axle Load No. of Axle Axle Load No. of Axle Percentage of Single Percentage
Category Weighed Category Weighed Axle load of Tandem
(Tonnes) (Tonnes) Axle load
Single Tandem Total
Axle(rear Axle
axle )
1 2 5 6 7 9 10
1 0.0 - 2.0 11.5 0.0-4.0 1.0 13 11.735 1.020
2 2.0 - 4.0 37 4.0-8.0 4 41.0 37.755 4.082
3 4.0 - 6.0 7 8.0-12.0 1 8.0 7.143 1.020
4 6.0 - 8.0 8 12.0-16.0 6 14.0 8.163 6.122
5 8.0 - 10.0 13 16.0-20.0 4 16.5 12.755 4.082
6 10.0 - 12.0 2 20.0-24.0 2 4.0 2.041 2.041
7 12.0 - 14.0 1 24.0-28.0 1 2.0 1.020 1.020
8 14.0 - 16.0 0 28.0-32.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
9 16.0 - 18.0 0 32.0-36.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
10 18.0 - 20.0 0 36.0-38.0 0 0.0 0.000 0.000
SUM A = 98

Single Axle Loads Tandem Axle Loads

Axle Load
class,Ton Axle Load % of axle
s % of axle load class,Tons load
18-20 0.000 36-38 0.000
16-18 0.000 32-36 0.000
14-16 0.000 28-32 0.000
12-14 1.020 24-28 1.020
10-12 2.041 20-24 2.041
8-10 12.755 16-20 4.082
6-8 8.163 12-16 6.122
4-6 7.143 8-12 1.020
2-4 37.755 4-8 4.082
<2 11.735 <4 1.020

Design of Pavement:-

Present commercial traffic (AADT) in 2014 = 2026 cvpd (from current traffic survey data)
Considering construction period = 2 years

CVPD after construction complete in 2016 (A)= P x(1+r)n P = No. of commercial vehicle as per last count
2341 CVPD n= no. of year between the last count and the year of completion of construction
design life = 30 yrs r = growth rate = 7.5%
Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs (2048)= Ax365 x{(1+r)n-1}/r
88362351 commercial vehicle
say, 88000000 commercial vehicle

where A= No of axles per day after 30 year of construction

Design traffic=25% of the total repetation of commercial vehicles = 22000000 nos

Front axle of the commercial vehicles carry much lower loads and causse small flexural stress in the concrete pavements and they
need not be considered in the pavement design. Only the rear axles both single and tandem, should be considered for the design.
So the total no of rear axle is therefore= 22000000 . Assuming that mid point of the axle load class represent the group, the
total repetitions of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows:
Single Axles Tandem Axles

Load in Expected Load in Expected

tonnes repetitions tonnes repetitions
% Axle load
% Axle load x x Design
Design traffic traffic
19 0 37 0
17 0 34 0
15 0 30 0
13 224490 26 224490
11 448980 22 448980
9 2806122 18 897959
7 1795918 14 1346939
5 1571429 10 224490
3 8306122 6 897959
<3 2581633 <4 224490

Let Thickness of pavement= 270 mm

for CBR= 5 Modulous of subgrade reaction (k) = 4.2 kg/cm3 from Table 2 of IRC 58-2002
Modulous of rupture= 45 kg/cm2 safety factor= 1.2

Axle Load Stress

(AL) kg/cm2 from Expected
tonnes) AL x 1.2 chart stress ratio repetition Fatigue life N Fatigue life consumed
Single Axle
19 23 35 0.78 0 -
17 20 29 0.64 0 -
15 18 27 0.60 0 -
13 16 24 0.53 224490 229000 0.980
11 13 22 0.49 448980 1287000 0.349
9 11 17 0.38 2806122 infinity 0.0

Tandem Axle -
37 44 28 0.62 0 -
34 41 26 0.58 0 -
30 36 23 0.51 0 0.00
26 31 21 0.47 2244905200000 0.043
Total = 1.372 Unsafe without DLC
The cumulative fatigue life consumed >1, the design is unsafe from fatigue considerations.

2) Check for temperature stress:

Radius of relative stiffness I = (Eh3/12(1-m2)k )1/4 where E = 3.0.E+05 kg/sqcm

= 104.63 cm h= 27 cm
m= 0.15
k= 4.2 kg/cm2
Edge warping stress= Ceat/2 where L= 350 cm
(kg/sqcm) = 9.81 B= 450 cm
I= 104.63 cm
L/I 3.35
C= 0.389
a= 1.0E-05
t= 16.8 0
c for WB region

Total stress= Total temperature warping stress + Heighest Axle load stress= (9.81+24)= 33.81 <45 kg/sqcm ok

3) Check for corner stress

98 percentile axle load= 12 tonnes
corner stress= 3P/h2(1-(a√2/I)1.2) so wheel load (P) = 6 tonnes

= 18.28912523 a = radius of area of cantact of wheel = (0.8521 x P/(q x p)+S/(p( P/0.5227 x q)0.5)0.5
< 45 ok
where S= c/c distance between two tyres = 31 cm
tyre pressure= q= 8 kg/sqcm

a= 24.0273369791

Design of Dowel Bars:

Design wheel load (P)= 6 tonnes

% of load transfer= 40 Characteristic compressive strength of conc. (fck)= 400 kg/sqcm
Slab Thickness (h)= 27 cm (for M40 grade)
Joint width (z)= 2 cm b = dia of dowel bar (assumed)= 3.2 cm
Radius of relative thickness (I)= 104.63 cm

Permissible bearing stress in concrete (Fb)= (10.16-b)fck/9.525

= 292.28 kg/sqcm

Assumed spacing between the dowel bars = 25 cm

Ist dowel bar is placed at distance = 15 cm from the pavement edge
Assumed length of the dowel bar = 50 cm

No of dowel bar participating in load transfer when wheel load is just over the dowel bar close to the edge
of the slab = 1+I/spacing
= 5.18529719625
~ 5 nos dowels

Total load transferred by dowel bar system = 2.28 Pt

Load carried by outer dowel bar (Pt) = (6000x0.4)/2.28 kg

= 1051.15 kg

Check for Bearing Stress

 Moment of Inertia of Dowel = pb4/64 cm4
5.146 cm4

Relative stiffness of dowel bar embedded in concrete (b)= (kb/4EI)1/4 where E= 2.00E+06
k= 41500
= 0.2383

Bearing stress in dowel bar = (Pt x k) x (2+bz)/(4b3EI)

= 193.88 < 292.28 ok

Design of Tie Bars

Slab Thickness= 27 cm
lane width (b)= 3.5 m
friction (f) = 1.5
Density of Concrete= 2400 kg/cum
Allowable tensile stress in plain bars (S)= 1250 kg/sqcm
Allowable bond stress in plain bars = 17.5 kg/sqcm
Dia of Tie Bar = 12 mm

1) Spacing and Length of plane tie bar (As) = bfW/S cm2/m

= 2.7216 cm2/m

Sectional area of tie bar (A) = pd2/4 sqcm

1.13076 sqcm

Perimeter of Tie bar (P)= pd cm

3.7692 cm

Spacing of Tie bar = A/As cm c/c

41.547619 cm c/c
~ 42 cm c/c
Provide at a spacing of 42 cm c/c

Length of tie bar = (2 x S x A)/B x P

42.8571429

Increase length by 10 cm for loss of bond due to painting and another 5 cm for
tolerance in placement. Therefore, the length is
= 57.8571 cm
~ 58.0000 cm
 Design of C.C Pavement

AXLE LOAD SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS

Location : Direction of traffic : Up + Down

Vehicle Type : All Category

Sl. No. Axle Load No. of Axle Axle Load No. of Axle Percentage of Single Percentage
Category Weighed Category Weighed Axle load of Tandem
(Tonnes) (Tonnes) Axle load
Single Tandem Total
Axle(rear Axle
axle )
1 2 5 6 7 9 10
1 0.0 - 2.0 11.5 0.0-4.0 1.0 13 11.735 1.020
2 2.0 - 4.0 37 4.0-8.0 4 41.0 37.755 4.082
3 4.0 - 6.0 7 8.0-12.0 1 8.0 7.143 1.020
4 6.0 - 8.0 8 12.0-16.0 6 14.0 8.163 6.122
5 8.0 - 10.0 13 16.0-20.0 4 16.5 12.755 4.082
6 10.0 - 12.0 2 20.0-24.0 2 4.0 2.041 2.041
7 12.0 - 14.0 1 24.0-28.0 1 2.0 1.020 1.020
8 14.0 - 16.0 0 28.0-32.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
9 16.0 - 18.0 0 32.0-36.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
10 18.0 - 20.0 0 36.0-38.0 0 0.0 0.000 0.000
SUM A = 98

Single Axle Loads Tandem Axle Loads

Axle Load
class,Ton Axle Load % of axle
s % of axle load class,Tons load
18-20 0.000 36-38 0.000
16-18 0.000 32-36 0.000
14-16 0.000 28-32 0.000
12-14 1.020 24-28 1.020
10-12 2.041 20-24 2.041
8-10 12.755 16-20 4.082
6-8 8.163 12-16 6.122
4-6 7.143 8-12 1.020
2-4 37.755 4-8 4.082
<2 11.735 <4 1.020

Design of Pavement:-

Present commercial traffic (AADT) in 2014 = 2026 cvpd (from current traffic survey data)
Considering construction period = 2 years

CVPD after construction complete in 2016 (A)= P x(1+r)n P = No. of commercial vehicle as per last count
2341 CVPD n= no. of year between the last count and the year of completion of construction
design life = 30 yrs r = growth rate = 7.5%
Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs (2048)= Ax365 x{(1+r)n-1}/r
88362351 commercial vehicle
say, 88000000 commercial vehicle

where A= No of axles per day after 30 year of construction

Design traffic=25% of the total repetation of commercial vehicles = 22000000 nos

Front axle of the commercial vehicles carry much lower loads and causse small flexural stress in the concrete pavements and they
need not be considered in the pavement design. Only the rear axles both single and tandem, should be considered for the design.
So the total no of rear axle is therefore= 22000000 . Assuming that mid point of the axle load class represent the group, the
total repetitions of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows:
Single Axles Tandem Axles

Load in Expected Load in Expected

tonnes repetitions tonnes repetitions
% Axle load
% Axle load x x Design
Design traffic traffic
19 0 37 0
17 0 34 0
15 0 30 0
13 224490 26 224490
11 448980 22 448980
9 2806122 18 897959
7 1795918 14 1346939
5 1571429 10 224490
 3 8306122 6 897959
<3 2581633 <4 224490

Let Thickness of pavement= 280 mm

for CBR= 5 Modulous of subgrade reaction (k) = 4.2 kg/cm3 from Table 2 of IRC 58-2002
Modulous of rupture= 45 kg/cm2 safety factor= 1.2

Axle Load Stress

(AL) kg/cm2 from Expected
tonnes) AL x 1.2 chart stress ratio repetition Fatigue life N Fatigue life consumed
Single Axle
19 23 32 0.71 0 -
17 20 27.5 0.61 0 -
15 18 25 0.56 0 -
13 16 23 0.51 224490 485000 0.463
11 13 20 0.44 448980 infinity 0.000
9 11 17.5 0.39 2806122 infinity 0.0

Tandem Axle -
37 44 26 0.58 0 -
34 41 25 0.56 0 -
30 36 22 0.49 0 0.00
26 31 20 0.44 224490 infinity 0.000
Total = 0.463 SAFE without DLC
The cumulative fatigue life consumed <1, the design is safe from fatigue considerations.

2) Check for temperature stress:

Radius of relative stiffness I = (Eh3/12(1-m2)k )1/4 where E = 3.0.E+05 kg/sqcm

= 107.53 cm h= 28 cm
m= 0.15
k= 4.2 kg/cm2
Edge warping stress= Ceat/2 where L= 350 cm
(kg/sqcm) = 9.35 B= 450 cm
I= 107.53 cm
L/I 3.26
C= 0.371
a= 1.0E-05
t= 16.8 0
c for WB region

Total stress= Total temperature warping stress + Heighest Axle load stress= (9.35+23)= 32.35 <45 kg/sqcm ok

3) Check for corner stress

98 percentile axle load= 12 tonnes
corner stress= 3P/h2(1-(a√2/I)1.2) so wheel load (P) = 6 tonnes

= 17.19778289 a = radius of area of cantact of wheel = (0.8521 x P/(q x p)+S/(p( P/0.5227 x q)0.5)0.5
< 45 ok
where S= c/c distance between two tyres = 31 cm
tyre pressure= q= 8 kg/sqcm

a= 24.0273369791

Design of Dowel Bars:

Design wheel load (P)= 6 tonnes

% of load transfer= 40 Characteristic compressive strength of conc. (fck)= 400 kg/sqcm
Slab Thickness (h)= 28 cm (for M40 grade)
Joint width (z)= 2 cm b = dia of dowel bar (assumed)= 3.2 cm
Radius of relative thickness (I)= 107.53 cm

Permissible bearing stress in concrete (Fb)= (10.16-b)fck/9.525

= 292.28 kg/sqcm

Assumed spacing between the dowel bars = 25 cm

Ist dowel bar is placed at distance = 15 cm from the pavement edge
Assumed length of the dowel bar = 50 cm

No of dowel bar participating in load transfer when wheel load is just over the dowel bar close to the edge
of the slab = 1+I/spacing
= 5.30102535611
~ 5 nos dowels
 Total load transferred by dowel bar system = 2.30 Pt

Load carried by outer dowel bar (Pt) = (6000x0.4)/2.3 kg

= 1042.35 kg

Check for Bearing Stress

Moment of Inertia of Dowel = pb4/64 cm4

5.146 cm4

Relative stiffness of dowel bar embedded in concrete (b)= (kb/4EI)1/4 where E= 2.00E+06
k= 41500
= 0.2383

Bearing stress in dowel bar = (Pt x k) x (2+bz)/(4b3EI)

= 192.26 < 292.28 ok

Design of Tie Bars

Slab Thickness= 28 cm
lane width (b)= 3.5 m
friction (f) = 1.5
Density of Concrete= 2400 kg/cum
Allowable tensile stress in plain bars (S)= 1250 kg/sqcm
Allowable bond stress in plain bars = 17.5 kg/sqcm
Dia of Tie Bar = 12 mm

1) Spacing and Length of plane tie bar (As) = bfW/S cm2/m

= 2.8224 cm2/m

Sectional area of tie bar (A) = pd2/4 sqcm

1.13076 sqcm

Perimeter of Tie bar (P)= pd cm

3.7692 cm

Spacing of Tie bar = A/As cm c/c

40.0637755 cm c/c
~ 40 cm c/c
Provide at a spacing of 40 cm c/c

Length of tie bar = (2 x S x A)/B x P

42.8571429

Increase length by 10 cm for loss of bond due to painting and another 5 cm for
tolerance in placement. Therefore, the length is
= 57.8571 cm
~ 58.0000 cm
 Design of C.C Pavement

AXLE LOAD SURVEY DATA ANALYSIS

Location : Direction of traffic : Up + Down

Vehicle Type : All Category

Sl. No. Axle Load No. of Axle Axle Load No. of Axle Percentage of Single Percentage
Category Weighed Category Weighed Axle load of Tandem
(Tonnes) (Tonnes) Axle load
Single Tandem Total
Axle(rear Axle
axle )
1 2 5 6 7 9 10
1 0.0 - 2.0 11.5 0.0-4.0 1.0 13 11.735 1.020
2 2.0 - 4.0 37 4.0-8.0 4 41.0 37.755 4.082
3 4.0 - 6.0 7 8.0-12.0 1 8.0 7.143 1.020
4 6.0 - 8.0 8 12.0-16.0 6 14.0 8.163 6.122
5 8.0 - 10.0 13 16.0-20.0 4 16.5 12.755 4.082
6 10.0 - 12.0 2 20.0-24.0 2 4.0 2.041 2.041
7 12.0 - 14.0 1 24.0-28.0 1 2.0 1.020 1.020
8 14.0 - 16.0 0 28.0-32.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
9 16.0 - 18.0 0 32.0-36.0 0.0 0.0 0.000 0.000
10 18.0 - 20.0 0 36.0-38.0 0 0.0 0.000 0.000
SUM A = 98

Single Axle Loads Tandem Axle Loads

Axle Load
class,Ton Axle Load % of axle
s % of axle load class,Tons load
18-20 0.000 36-38 0.000
16-18 0.000 32-36 0.000
14-16 0.000 28-32 0.000
12-14 1.020 24-28 1.020
10-12 2.041 20-24 2.041
8-10 12.755 16-20 4.082
6-8 8.163 12-16 6.122
4-6 7.143 8-12 1.020
2-4 37.755 4-8 4.082
<2 11.735 <4 1.020

Design of Pavement:-

Present commercial traffic (AADT) in 2014 = 2026 cvpd (from current traffic survey data)
Considering construction period = 2 years

CVPD after construction complete in 2016 (A)= P x(1+r)n P = No. of commercial vehicle as per last count
2341 CVPD n= no. of year between the last count and the year of completion of construction
design life = 30 yrs r = growth rate = 7.5%

Cumulative repetition in 30 yrs (2048)= Ax365 x{(1+r)n-1}/r

88362351 commercial vehicle
say, 88000000 commercial vehicle

where A= No of axles per day after 30 year of construction

Design traffic=25% of the total repetation of commercial vehicles = 22000000 nos

Front axle of the commercial vehicles carry much lower loads and causse small flexural stress in the concrete pavements and they
need not be considered in the pavement design. Only the rear axles both single and tandem, should be considered for the design.
So the total no of rear axle is therefore= 22000000 . Assuming that mid point of the axle load class represent the group, the
total repetitions of the single axle and tandem axle loads are as follows:
Single Axles Tandem Axles

Load in Expected Load in Expected

tonnes repetitions tonnes repetitions
% Axle load
% Axle load x x Design
Design traffic traffic
19 0 37 0
17 0 34 0
15 0 30 0
13 224490 26 224490
 11 448980 22 448980
9 2806122 18 897959
7 1795918 14 1346939
5 1571429 10 224490
3 8306122 6 897959
<3 2581633 <4 224490

Let Thickness of pavement= 300 mm

for CBR= 5 Modulous of subgrade reaction (k) = 4.2 kg/cm3 from Table 2 of IRC 58-2002
Modulous of rupture= 45 kg/cm2 safety factor= 1.2

Axle Load Stress

(AL) kg/cm2 from Expected
tonnes) AL x 1.2 chart stress ratio repetition Fatigue life N Fatigue life consumed
Single Axle
19 23 29 0.64 0 -
17 20 25 0.56 0 -
15 18 23 0.51 0 -
13 16 21 0.47 224490 5200000 0.043
11 13 18 0.40 448980 infinity 0.000
9 11 16 0.36 2806122 infinity 0.0

Tandem Axle -
37 44 24 0.53 0 -
34 41 23 0.51 0 -
30 36 20 0.44 0 0.00
26 31 18 0.40 224490 infinity 0.000
Total = 0.043 SAFE without DLC
The cumulative fatigue life consumed <1, the design is safe from fatigue considerations.

2) Check for temperature stress:

Radius of relative stiffness I = (Eh3/12(1-m2)k )1/4 where E = 3.0.E+05 kg/sqcm

= 113.24 cm h= 30 cm
m= 0.15
k= 4.2 kg/cm2
Edge warping stress= Ceat/2 where L= 350 cm
(kg/sqcm) = 8.53 B= 450 cm
I= 113.24 cm
L/I 3.09
C= 0.338
a= 1.0E-05
t= 16.8 0
c for WB region

Total stress= Total temperature warping stress + Heighest Axle load stress= (8.53+21)= 29.53 <45 kg/sqcm ok

3) Check for corner stress

98 percentile axle load= 12 tonnes
corner stress= 3P/h2(1-(a√2/I)1.2) so wheel load (P) = 6 tonnes

= 15.28333818 a = radius of area of cantact of wheel = (0.8521 x P/(q x p)+S/(p( P/0.5227 x q)0.5)0.5
< 45 ok
where S= c/c distance between two tyres = 31 cm
tyre pressure= q= 8 kg/sqcm

a= 24.0273369791

Design of Dowel Bars:

Design wheel load (P)= 6 tonnes

% of load transfer= 40 Characteristic compressive strength of conc. (fck)= 400 kg/sqcm
Slab Thickness (h)= 30 cm (for M40 grade)
Joint width (z)= 2 cm b = dia of dowel bar (assumed)= 3.2 cm
Radius of relative thickness (I)= 113.24 cm

Permissible bearing stress in concrete (Fb)= (10.16-b)fck/9.525

= 292.28 kg/sqcm

Assumed spacing between the dowel bars = 25 cm

Ist dowel bar is placed at distance = 15 cm from the pavement edge
Assumed length of the dowel bar = 50 cm
 No of dowel bar participating in load transfer when wheel load is just over the dowel bar close to the edge
of the slab = 1+I/spacing
= 5.5294390545
~ 6 nos dowels

Total load transferred by dowel bar system = 2.34 Pt

Load carried by outer dowel bar (Pt) = (6000x0.4)/2.34 kg

= 1026.66 kg

Check for Bearing Stress

Moment of Inertia of Dowel = pb4/64 cm4

5.146 cm4

Relative stiffness of dowel bar embedded in concrete (b)= (kb/4EI)1/4 where E= 2.00E+06
k= 41500
= 0.2383

Bearing stress in dowel bar = (Pt x k) x (2+bz)/(4b3EI)

= 189.36 < 292.28 ok

Design of Tie Bars

Slab Thickness= 30 cm
lane width (b)= 3.5 m
friction (f) = 1.5
Density of Concrete= 2400 kg/cum
Allowable tensile stress in plain bars (S)= 1250 kg/sqcm
Allowable bond stress in plain bars = 17.5 kg/sqcm
Dia of Tie Bar = 12 mm

1) Spacing and Length of plane tie bar (As) = bfW/S cm2/m

= 3.024 cm2/m

Sectional area of tie bar (A) = pd2/4 sqcm

1.13076 sqcm

Perimeter of Tie bar (P)= pd cm

3.7692 cm

Spacing of Tie bar = A/As cm c/c

37.3928571 cm c/c
~ 37 cm c/c
Provide at a spacing of 37 cm c/c

Length of tie bar = (2 x S x A)/B x P

42.8571429

Increase length by 10 cm for loss of bond due to painting and another 5 cm for
tolerance in placement. Therefore, the length is
= 57.8571 cm
~ 58.0000 cm
Table-1: Axle load spectrum observed on the road

Front Single Axle (Steering) Rear Single Axle Tandem Axle Tridem Axle
number of number of number of
Axle Load Frequency Axle Load Frequency Axle Load Frequency Axle Load
axles axles axles
Class (kN) (%) Class (kN) (%) Class (kN) (%) Class (kN)
observed observed observed
185-195 0 0.00 185-195 0 0.00 380-400 0 0.00 530-560
175-185 0 0.00 175-185 0 0.00 360-380 0 0.00 500-530
165-175 0 0.00 165-175 0 0.00 340-360 0 0.00 470-500
155-165 0 0.00 155-165 0 0.00 320-340 0 0.00 440-470
145-155 0 0.00 145-155 0 0.00 300-320 0 0.00 410-440
135-145 0 0.00 135-145 0 0.00 280-300 0 0.00 380-410
125-135 0 0.00 125-135 0 0.00 260-280 0 0.00 350-380
115-125 0 0.00 115-125 0 0.00 240-260 0 0.00 320-350
105-115 0 0.00 105-115 0 0.00 220-240 0 0.00 290-320
95-105 0 0.00 95-105 1 0.00 200-220 2 0.00 260-290
85-95 0 0.00 85-95 3 0.00 180-200 3 0.00 230-260
<85 4194290 50.00 <85 3145718 37.50 <180 1048571 12.50 <230
Total 4194290 50.00 Total 3145722 37.50 Total 1048576 12.50 Total
Tridem Axle LCV 2-Axle Bus
Total
number of axles Total (%)
Frequency
axles
(%) observed Front Rear Front Rear Front Rear
observed
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0.00 3 0.00 0 0 0 1 0 0
0 0.00 6 0.00 0 0 0 3 0 0
0 0.00 8388579 100.00 1048572 1048574 1048572 1048570 1048572 1048574
0 0.00 8388588 100.00
 3-Axle

Front Tandom

0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 2
0 3
1048574 1048571