Beginning of Dravidian Temple style and Indo Aryan Temple

O Have a
O Dravidian style of architecture is mainly found in separate
Temple architecture of south India namely in states of entry gate
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka.Kerala, andAndhra Pradesh.
called

Classified underearly Guptas and chaulakyas and Gopuram,

also by the kings of the Pallava dynasty, the Cholas, highly
decorated
the Pandyas, the Vijay anagara Kings and by the
and carved
Nayaks of Madura.

Architectural Historian sub divide the period of

Dravidian Architectural growth into:

1.Pallava Period, 600-900AD

2.Chola Period, 700-1150 AD
3.Pandava Period, 1100-1350AD
4.Vijayanagara Period and 1350-1565AD capstone In elevation=
5.Nayakkar Period. 1565-1600 AD Plinth
vimana
Shikhara
axismundimandapas Vimana
The temple shape may be rectangular, sarbagriha
square, star-shaped, or octagonal.
image
plirh Mandapa
Examples like, Brihadhaeshwara Temple,
Shore temples, Mahabalipuram, kanchepuram southen-style temple
Indo-Aryan style of Architecture are mainly
found in Temple Architecture of Northern
India namely in Orissa, Rajasthan and
Gujarat
er to
Examples like Sun Temple in Konark.
Muktesvara Temple in Orisa.

It can be classified only under early Guptas

and chaulakyas.
O Usually had square planning
Indo-Aryan temples
number of columns.
Comparatively have less axismundi
amalaka
mandapas
shikhara
Here God or Goddess are mostly made in garbhagriha
white marble. image plint

northern-style temple

In elevation:
Plinth
Shikhara
Mandapa
TYPES OF HINDU TEMPLES

Northern Hindu style orIndo- Aryan

style (A.D 600 to the present day)

South Hindu style or Dravidian style

(A.D 625-1750to the present day)

Ar. Hena Tiwari/GCAD,S onipat

(3-) HINDU (OR BRAHMAN) ARCHITECTURE,
(a.) NORTHERN HINDU (A.D. 600 to the present time).
.The normaltype of plan consists of the vimana or cell crowned
with
curved pyramidal roof, and the porch without columns
crowned with steppedroof in stories. Each façade has rectangular
projections inthe centre,which increased in depth as the style
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE.
623
developed, until they formed the points of a square on plan. In
addition to these two chambers, others were added in more important
examples. The large inclosures and gateways of the Dravidian
style are wanting. Orissa, on the east coast, contains a remark-
able series of monuments dating from A.D. 500-1200. The ancient
city of Bhuvaneswar contains some hundreds of examples The
best known is the Great Temple (A.D. 617-657), quoted as the
finestin India. It is a four-chambered example; every stoneon
its façades 1s carved, the courses being deeply rusticated. The
principal vimana is crowned with the usual northern high curved
Pyramidal roof with melon ornament and finial.
Other examples are at Kanaruc(No. 266 E) (the Black
Pagoda, ninth century), and Puri (the four-chambered temple
of Juganåt, A.D: I174), the latter being placed in a large double
inclosure surrounded by a wall 20 teet high.
In Dharwar, on the western coast, are examples in which
pillars are employed, as the Temple of Papanetha, A.D. 500,
influenced by Dravidian architecture.
Important groups exist at Chandravati, in Rajputana (A.D.
6o0), Baroli (a.D. 750), and Udaipor (A.D. 1060). At Khajurâho
(A.D. 954-1000) is a group of thirty important temples, of which
that dedicated to Kandarya Mahadeo is the most important. It
is a two-chambered example, placed on a well-proportioned stylo-
bate, with three rows of sculptured figures, half life-size, nearly one
thousand in number. The sikra is enriched by the addition of
sculptured representations of itself-a favourite Indian method.
Modern monuments exist at Chittore, Gwalior, Kantonugger
(A.D. 1704), and Amritzar (A.D. 1704), the sacred metropolis of
the Sikhs.
Civil Architecture. Palaces, tombs, and gháts (landing
places) abound. The ghâts. lining the great rivers, such as the
Ganges, are typical'Indian features; they are used by the Hlindus
as bathing places, and consist of long ranges of steps, stopped
by kiosks and backed by buildings with ornamental façades, used
as shelters, or temples.
 (c.) DRAVIDIAN ARCHITECTURE (A.D. 1350-1750).
Raths.The rock-cut examples known as Raths'" at
Mahavellipore (near Madras), and Ellora (A.D. 750-950o), are
peculiar (No. 275). They differ from other rock-cut examples,
being monolithic free standing temples, the surrounding rock being
cut away so that external façades are visible.
Temples. 1 normal type, as in the Jaina examples, has a
square vimana
with a
to contain
many-storied
the image of the deity, and
pyramidal roof; in front is a "
is crowned
mantapa " or

porch (No. 276). In addition are the choultries" or halls of 1,o00

columns, placed close to the Temples, and the characteristic
gopuras, or gate pyramids (No. 277), forming entrances to the
inclosures which usually surround the shrines. In conjunction
are planned the shrines, lakes (or tanks of water for religious
purposes), and flights of steps; such are often grouped with little
regard to symmetry, and inclosed by a high wall, as in Egyptian
temples.
Tanjore (fourteenth century), with its thirteen-storied highly-
enriched Pyramidal sikra (No. 276), Mandüra (A.D. 1623-1645),
with its celebrated Gopura (No. 277), and Choultrie, 333 feet by
IO5 feet, and columns with life-sized sculptured figures attached;
Seringham (seventeenth century), with its fifteen great gopuras,
Tinnevelly, with its double temple and hall of 1,000 columns,
Conjeveram, Vellore (A.D. 1350), Tarputry (No. 278), and
Chillambaram (seventeenth and eighteenth century), are the
best known monuments.