Tutorial for DC System

Presented by:
Prof. M.L. Chen
Dept. of Building Services Engineering
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

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Question 1 (basic)
Q. Define the SI units for these
parameters. (R, , a).

A: Unit for R is Ohm

Unit for  is Ohm m (Ωm)
Unit for a is oC-1

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 Question 2 (Thermal effect)
Q. The voltage drop for a 2.5 mm2 PVC insulated
copper conductor as given in Table A6(1) of the
IEE Wiring Regulations is 18 mV/A/m (Conductor
operation temp. is 70°C). Calculate the
resistance and compare with the value given by
the formula (1) & (2).

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 Question 2 (A) (thermal effect)

A. From IEE tables A6(1) (Op. temp. 70 °C )

r = 18 mΩ /m for 2 conductors
So, r per conductor = 9 mΩ/m
From table 17A, the resistance of this conductor is,
R =7.41mΩ/m at 20°C.
OR, R =  l/a
= 1.725*10-8* Ω m*1m/2.5*10-6m2
= 0.0069Ω = 6.9 mΩ.
Difference between r and R are due to temperature.

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 Question 3 (thermal effect)
Q. Table 17A of the IEE Wiring Regulations gives the
resistance of a 2.5 mm2 copper conductor as 7.41
mΩ/m at 20°C. Table 17B gives a multiplier of 1.38
for PVC cables. This is the multiplier on the Table 17A
value to give the resistance at 115°C. The resistance
temperature coefficient used in the Tables is 0.004 per
°C at 20°C. Compare these figures with equations
(1) & (2), and explain why?
A. 1.38 = 1 + 0.004*(115 °C -20 °C)
=1+0.004*95
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 Question 4 (1) (Source network)
Q. It may be possible to obtain the voltage-
current characteristic by test. Fig. 3 gives the
results for a number of 1.5V (nominal) primary
batteries connected in series (a) and in parallel
(b). The resistance may be calculated from the
slope of the lines drawn.
Estimate the internal resistance of each battery
(cell) from the Figure.

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 Question 4 (2) (source network)

Fig.3. (a) Load tests on (b) Load tests on parallel

series connected batteries connected batteries

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 Question 4 (A) (source network)
A. Assuming there is a wire resistance of R
(a) V output in series : V =1.5*n- (n*ri+R)*I
from Fig.3(a), V = 9 - (9/9.6)*I
we have: 1.5n=9, i.e., n=6
6ri+R= 9/9.6 =0.938 ohm (1)
(b) V output in parallel: V = 1.5 - (R+ri/n)*I
from Fig.3(b), V = 1.5 - (1.42/27)*I
so, R+ri/6 = (1.42/27)=0.053 (2)
Combine Eq.(1) and (2), we get
ri = 0.152 ohm
R =0.028 ohm
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 Question 5 (basic theory)
Q. Show that for any power source the
maximum power transfer to a load occurs when
the external impedance equals the internal
impedance, in the case of the dc circuits, (i.e.
R = r), (Refer to Hughes p.83)
A. I =E/(R +r)
Power consumed by R is,
P =I2R =E2R/(R+r)2
when dp /dR =0, i.e., -r2/R2+1=0,
the P has maximum value. (R=r)
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 Question 6 (parallel operation)
Q. Two batteries are equally charged to 12 V. Their
internal resistances are, respectively 0.1 Ω and 0.12
Ω. What is the current supplied by each cell if the
load resistance is 1 Ω ?
Using K’s or Ohm’s Law
I 12- I1*0.1=12-I2*0.12
I1 I2
0.1*I1+(I1+I2)*1=12
V0 Therefore
I1 = 6.207 A
I2 = 5.712 A

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 Question 7 (Ring Circuit)
Q. A two conductor DC ring distribution circuit is
fed at two points A and C at 200 V. Two loads are
connected at B and D. Load B is 50 A and is
located between A and C, 1/3 rd of the conductor
length from A. Load D is 30 A and is located
between A and C, 2/3 rd of the conductor length
from A. The total resistance of one loop of
conductor is 0.6 ohm.Calculate the current
distribution in the conductors and the voltage at
each load.
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Question 7 (A) (Ring Circuit)
KCL: I1=50A+I2
0.2 ohm I2=30A+I3
KVL: 0.2*(I1+I2+I3)=0
Vb I1=43.3A, I2=-6.7A
I1 0.2
I2 I3=-36.7A
oh
V drop at B =2* 0.2*I1
m =17.32V
I3 Vd V at B =200 -17.32
=182.68V
0.2 ohm
V at D =200-2*0.2*I3
= 185.32V

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 DC circuit analysis
Q. A DC Wheat-stone bridge circuit is used to measure the
temperature of an oven. The temperature sensitive resistance
detector 'R' forms one arm of the bridge circuit, and is in
series with a fixed 200 ohm resistor. The parallel arms
comprise a fixed 200 ohm resistor in series with a
potentiometer. At an oven temperature of 40 °C it is
necessary to set the potentiometer at 105 ohm to achieve
balance on the milli-ammeter detector. The supply source is
DC 10 V with an internal resistance of 100 ohm. Calculate
the deflection of the meter if the oven temperature falls to 20
°C and the potentiometer is not adjusted. The temperature
coefficient of resistance of R is 0.0025/C deg. at 20°C.
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 DC circuit analysis (A)
A. AtR40=deg, bridge is in balance:
Rp =105 ohm
200 200
I
40 ohm ohm 100
ri
On the other hand: ohm
A A
R40 = R20 (1+ 0.0025*20) I1 I2
Es 10V
So, R20 = 105/1.05 =100 ohm
R Rp
Branch 1: R1=R20 +200=300 ohm
Branch 2: R2=Rp +200=305 ohm
Total: RT=ri +R1.R2/(R1+R2) sensor potentiometer
=100+151.2=251.2 ohm Equivalent Circuit
I=Es/RT =10/251.2=0.0398 (A) =39.8 (mA)
I1=I.R2/(R1+R2)=20.1mA, I2=I.R1/(R1+R2)=19.7mA
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 Radial circuit
Q. Two loads of 50 A and 30 A respectively, are connected
to a radial distributor at distances 200 m and 300 m
respectively from a 120 V dc supply source. The distributor
cable is 25 mm2 two-core armoured pvc insulated copper to
BS6346 (Table A6(4)). Find the potential difference across
each load, and the energy lost in the cable over a 24 hour
period.
50A
2-core cable
200m
100m S 120V
30A
(image)
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 Radial circuit (A)
C 100m B 200m A
Core 1 +
I2 I1
V
Core 2 I2 I1 -
C1 B1 A1
From 4D4B,voltage drop for 2-core is 1.75mV/A/m
Node C-C1: I2=30A; node B-B1: I1=I2+50 = 80A
Loop ABB1A1A: 120 =I1*200*0.00175 +VBB1
Loop ACC1A1A: 120 =(I1*200+I2*100)*0.00175 +VCC1
So: VBB1= 120-28=92V, VCC1= 120-28-5.25=86.75V
And line loss = 24*(80A*28V+30A*5.25V)=57.54kw.h
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 Ring circuit (1)
Q. A 2-core cable is to be used as a ring circuit
distribution cable to supply loads from a 200 V d.c.
source. The loads are rated as in the tables.

Determine the size of the cable required on the basis

that the voltage drop between the source and any
load is to be within 2.5% of supply voltage. Assume
the cable is run in a cable trench and ‘clipped
direct’. Ambient temperature 30°C

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Ring circuit (2)
Load Rating: Location
A/ phase
A 20 150 m from source
B 50 200 m from A
C 25 250 m from B
D 40 300 m from C
E 30 100 m from D and
200 m from source
(Lengths given are cable lengths)

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 Ring circuit (A1)
A: 20A B: 50A
I2 2- core V drop: r v/A/m
I1 I3
From KCL:
C: 25A I1=20+I2
200V

I2=50+I3
I3+I4=25
I4
I4=I5-40
I6 I5=I6-30
I5
E: 30A D: 40A

From KVL: r*(150I1+200I2+250I3-300I4-100I5-200I6)=0

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 Ring circuit (A2)
Solving the equations, we get: I1=80.4A, I2=60.4A,
I3=10.4A,I4=14.6A, I5=54.6, and I6=84.6A
The biggest voltage drop point is at C:
Vdrop= r*(150*80.4+200*60.4+250*10.4)
=26740*r < 200*2.5%
r < 1.87*10-4 V/A/m = 0.187mV/A/m

From the table 4D4B:

size >= 240 mm2

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Tutorial for DC System

The end

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