Micro Machine Shop Mods Etc

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Micro Machine Shop, Mods, etc...
Micro Machine Shop, Mods, etc....

9x20 Lathe Mods...
Compound Mounting Bracket
Quick Change Tool Post
Tool Bits
Knurlers
Tool Bit Height Gage
Carriage
Feed Gears
MT-3 Collets & Accessories
4 & 3-Jaw Chucks
Boring Bars
Centers
Tramming the 9x20 Tailstock
Tailstock Lock
Tailstock Chucks
Travel Dial
Threading
Ball Turner
Woodworking
Machine Mounts
Taig Micro-Lathe Mods...

Lathe & Exploded View
Spindle Motor & its Mount
Split-Nut
Milled Carriage
Split-Nut Mounted on Carriage
Bearings & Lead Screw
Lead Screw & Split-Nut Assemblies
Lathe X-Axis Motor & Clutch
Tramming the Taig Tailstock
X-axis & Y-axis Dial Readouts
Steel-Jawed Scroll Chuck
Rocker Tool Post
Boring Bar Holders
Lathe & Mill Accessories
Taig Mill mods...

Motor Upgrade
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/ (1 de 3)24/03/2005 12:53:26

Mill X-Axis Motor & Clutch

Z-Axis DRO
Tramming the Mill & Vise
Precision Screwless Vises & Sine Bars
Miniature Screwless Vise
Rotary Table
Dividing Head & Gears
Rong Fu RF-25 Mill...

Specifications & Views
Mill DRO & X Y Z Axes Scales
Mill Accessories
Fixtures
Other...
Band saw
Bench Grinders
Measurement Tools
Drill Press Chucks
Pens, etc.
Related Links
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DISCLAIMER
Opinions expressed are those of the author or the quoted source. The author is not an employee of or agent for any of the
vendors referenced in the text and does not sell or represent any of the products discussed. The author is not a professional
machinist or engineer. No information provided herein should be construed to represent professional advice or best practice.
All information is provided to help hobbyists and other non-professionals gain a better understanding of the tools and
techniques described. Care has been exercised to provide accurate information. However, the author cannot be held
responsible for information which is incorrect or out of date. Power tools and shop practices can be dangerous. Read,
understand & follow all directions & precautions provided by the equipment manufacturer. Always take all proper safety
precautions such as wearing protective eyewear and appropriate clothing. Contact the manufacturer if you have any questions.
All practices described herein are to be used at the discretion and risk of the reader.
Thanks for stopping by ! alan
Wednesday, March 23, 2005 05:50:01 AM

9x20_lathe
Home
9x20 Lathe
Original 8x17 (195mm x 450mm) Emco-Maier Compact 8 from Austria, father of the current breed of 9x20 machines.
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9x20_lathe
Jet 9x20 belt drive metal lathe Model BD-920N

9x20_lathe
Other similar lathes have additional gears that seem to be interchangeable with the Jet 920.
These are Jet BD-920N charts. Some employed gear ratios differ among the machines (e.g., Jet vs. Grizzly)
Jet change gears: 28t, 30t, 36t, 42t, 45t, 60t & 80t.
SPECIFICATIONS:
Spindle is supported by precision tapered roller bearings
Hardened and ground bed ways
Power longitudinal feed allows threading
Standard 1 ½ " x 8 T.P.I. spindle nose allows for many after-market accessories
A reversing switch is included for added versatility
Backlash adjustments are provided throughout the carriage
The tailstock can be adjusted for taper cuts
Quick-change gear box provides a wide range of inch and metric threads
Swing Over Bed (in): 9

Swing Over Cross Slide (in): 5 5/16
Distance Between Centers (in): 20
Hole Through Spindle (in): 25/32 (.78125)
Spindle Mount (in): 1 ½ x 8 T.P.I.
Spindle Taper With Sleeve: MT-3
Number of Spindle Speeds: 6
Range of Spindle Speeds (RPM): 130 - 2,000
Number of Longitudinal Feeds: 27

9x20_lathe
Range of Longitudinal Feeds (in/rev): 0.005 - 0.011

Number of Inch Threads: 27
Range of Inch Threads: 8 - 56 T.P.I.
Number of Metric Threads: 11
Range of Metric Threads (mm): 0.05 - 3
Max Tool Size (in): ½ x ½
Max Compound Slide Travel (in): 1 7/8
Max Cross Slide Travel (in): 5
Max Carriage Travel (in): 16
Tailstock Spindle Travel (in): 1 9/16
Taper in Tailstock Spindle: MT-2
Steady Rest Capacity: ¼ x 1 7/8
Follow Rest Capacity: ¼ x 1 1/8
Width of Bed: 4 ½
Overall Dimensions with Stand: 37 ½ L x 20 W x 45 H
Main Motor: ¾ HP, 1 Ph 115V only
Net Weight (approx. lbs.): 235
Stock Number: 321373
STANDARD EQUIPMENT:
7" 4-jaw & 4" 3-jaw chuck with threaded back plate
Faceplate
4-way tool post
Single tool post
Steady and follow rest
Metric change gears
MT-2 & MT-3 dead centers
Threading dial
Tool box and tools
OPTIONAL ACCESSORIES:
Cabinet stand (321374)
Live center (465302)

tool_post_bracket
Home
9x20 Compound Bracket
A piece of annealed, free-machining, 303 stainless steel was selected for plate material. The surface was covered
with red layout dye to make the marks & cuts easier to see. The locations of the four, 6mm mounting bolt holes &
the center were laid out using a surface plate & height gage. Mount piece onto the faceplate that has been
accurately faced using carbide tool bit. Lock the carriage when facing. There is a scrap plate under the part to avoid
cutting the faceplate. Use the tailstock to quickly find the center the piece before tightening the bolts. Also made a
bracket using a 6 inch, 4-jaw chuck.
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tool_post_bracket
Drill out a large hole, 1" in this example.

tool_post_bracket
Boring operation shown using a right-hand, ¼" carbide tool bit.
Bottom of the bracket shown. Before removing the part from the faceplate, chamfer the inner edge so the protractor
corner fits well. The corners are rounded to allow the compound clearance when pivoting. The protractor is too
inaccurate to use so I chose to not expose it & thereby not weaken the plate.

tool_post_bracket
Part mounted onto a rotary table using a miniature hold-down clamp set.
Machined the round corners & bolt/nut recess using a 5/16" carbide endmill.

tool_post_bracket

tool_post_bracket
Compound bracket bolted into place. I used 10mm length hex bolts (6mm thread) to keep all the wrenches metric.
The mounting bolts screw into steel nuts that I made; they are about 0.2" x 0.4" x 1" with a 5mm hole tapped to
6mm threads.

tool_post_bracket
New, thicker plate with no bolt recesses; minimal flex.

A lathe must have a pivoting compound for such operations as threading, chamfering & short tapers.

quick_change_tool_post
Home
Quick-Change Tool Post (QCTP)
Adapted a Phase2+ wedge-type QCTP. Wedge-types tool posts are purportedly more accurate than the piston
type. Remove turret, detent & spring from the base. Machined the new 14mm post to fit original tool post hole. The
bottom of the post is not quite flush with the counter bore. Milled two flats on opposite sides of the post's bottom
end. Drilled & tapped the post's bottom for a ¼-20 (use 50% threads for steel). A ¼-20 SS button-head bolt (blue
Loctite) with a washer the size of the counter bore hole holds the bolt post in the hole. The retaining bolt head was
very slightly milled to allow compound slide clearance. Drilled & tapped holes in the compound base for front & back
10-24 set screws. The metal is cast iron, so I suggest not using a finer thread. ½" long SS set screws (blue Loctite)
bear against the two milled flats which keep the post from rotating. Retaining the original hole allows use of the
original 4-way tool post. Also, I replaced all the gib 4x10mm set screws with higher quality parts from the hardware
store. They accept an Allen wrench much better. The lock nuts are now stainless steel. Replaced the compound
bearing plate screws with the stronger cap-head type.
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I have since used a rotary table to mill the four corners of the compound's raised, square tool post platform. I
removed metal almost down to the next surface. Rounding the corners allows the dovetail tool holder to be adjusted
lower than the surface of the platform, thereby allowing easy placement of large tools (scissors knurling, cut-off tool,
½" bits) at or below centerline of the work piece. The tool post can be rotated to any position relative to the
compound's position without any interference.



A 22mm box wrench loosens/tightens tool post for positioning.

Quick-change tool post allows fast tool changes & exact tool bit height adjustment.

Maximum tool bit size, ½"

¼" bits work quite well.


Tool post mounted & the bottom is shown with a tool holder in place.
QCTP accessories left to right: a conventional knurling tool (also holds a bit), an MT-2 holder, ¾" & 5/8" (with
a split insert) boring bar holder, a cut-off blade holder & 3, tool bit holders. Two of the tool-bit holders have a V-
groove to hold a round shank like those found on a 3/8" boring bar. The cut-off tool holder was ground along
the inner top corner to relieve the wider top of the cutting blade, The blade's side now sits flush against the
holder. The blade is perfectly vertical relative to the part & chatter eliminated.

Carbide insert tool bits in ¼" & ½" shanks. More tool bits

tool_bits
Home
Tool Bits
Lathe tool standard shapes
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tool_bits
Single point lathe tool angles

tool_bits
Left-hand (HSS & carbide), straight (carbide), threading (carbide), right-hand (carbide & HSS), blank (HSS).
The straight tool bit works well with the fly cutter on the mill as do the round nose & left-hand bits.

tool_bits
Small cut-off, 45º chamfer, round-nose & two views of an small boring bar.
The chamfer tool can chatter. Better to use the compound.
More tool bits

tool_bits
Left-hand, thread & right-hand ¼" tool bits with carbide inserts.
Inserts (top & bottom), 2.2mm retention screw & metric star wrench

tool_bits
Cutting speeds

tool_bits
Converting cutting speeds to RPM

tool_bits

knurlers
Home
Knurlers
Scissors-type knurler. This type works very well. All the pressure is in-between the cutters & it floats on the pivot.
Side & bottom views shown; mounted in a tool holder (also see tool post).
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knurlers

knurlers
Standard knurler with interchangeable cutters. Also holds a tool bit for facing cuts.

tool_bit_height_gage
Home
Tool Bit Height Gage
Aluminum height gage used to quickly set tool bit height using a QCTP. Left side for standard setting & right side for
upside-down bits. Facing cuts were made on a collet-held piece until no center nub remained. That height then
operationally defined the tool bit height for the gage.
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Tool bit should be at or slightly below center for turning &

at or slightly above center for boring. The gage rests on the cross slide.

cross_slide_handwheel
Home
Carriage
Make a ring for the outside of the cross slide hand wheel. Moves the handle out for more leverage. Used three, M5 x 0.8 set screws (same thread as
the handle bolt). I milled the screw ends flat to remove the sharp ridges so they would not gouge the original knob. Don't make it too big or it will
interfere with your hand on the carriage & compound handles.
I machined different sized washers from virgin Teflon rod (Enco). I placed these washers at all the friction points; behind each knob, at the thrust-
bearing area of the lead screw & the pivoting handle. Now I can remove almost all of the backlash & still have smooth rotation.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/cross_slide_handwheel.htm (1 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:59

Replaced the socket head bolt with a higher quality part. I ground down a metric Allen wrench & now just let it sit in the socket head bolt for quick
locking & unlocking of the carriage. It is not in the way & it keeps the swarf out, too.

Made new, front & back carriage apron tension bars out of thick brass (the original was thin steel, peened to fit). The cross slide must be removed to
access the middle mounting bolt. The front bar is metric tapped for the retaining bolts and the rear bar is held on by 6x1x17 mm bolts to the carriage
underside. The rear holes, tapped into the carriage, required cleaning out with a metric tap. Milled a 0.002" step along the bolting surface to take-up the
carriage play at the bearing surface. Required step size, using trial & error, probably varies among machines. Used a 45° end mill to heavily chamfer
the edges. Lubricated it with white lithium grease. Greatly reduced carriage play.

Feed_gears
Home
Feed Gears
At position A of the gear train, use the 28t gear

At position C of the gear train, stack the 30t gear on the outside and the 127t gear on the inside
At position B use the 120t gear lined up with the 30t gear of the banjo
Note: Shown below is a Jet BD-920N on its stand which raises the lathe high enough for the big gear to clear mounting surfaces.
A lathe mounted directly onto a flat surface would require spacers.
Inches Feed/Chuck
QC #
Rev
1 0.00100
2 0.00089
3 0.00084
4 0.00080
5 0.00073
6 0.00070
7 0.00067
8 0.00062
9 0.00057
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Feed_gears

Feed_gears
These gear combinations allow very slow feed rates.

The nine quick-change gears provide a useful range of different speeds.
Reduce belt idler tension & belt breakage by installing an S-link.

Feed_gears
Notch cut to allow the big gear to clear when the cover is closed.

Feed_gears
Gear protruding through the notch. Making a safety cover.

9x20_collets
Home
MT-3 Collet Systems
A collet is safer to use than a chuck & typically has a lower TIR. The ER-40 double-angle collet is an industry standard affording high precision & ready availability.
An MT-3 collet holder is available (R-8 taper shown in photo). Each ER-40 collet has a wide (0.04") clamping range so a 23 collet set provides continuous size
coverage from 0.12" (1/8") through 1.02" (1") or 3.05mm ~ 25.9mm. The 15 sizes that come in the set (fitted case included) are shown in the table in bold numbers;
the other eight collets (all n/32nds sizes) were purchased separately. Specifications: wide holding range, accuracy 0.0001", self-releasing design, high precision
collet chuck with different tapers available (MT-3, 4, 5, R-8) & spanner wrench. The MT-3 collet chuck I received had a ½" x 12 TPI tapped hole for the drawbar (not
a common thread). I made a drawbar from steel rod threaded ½" x 12 TPI on one end & ½" x 13 TPI on the other end. There are milled flats for a wrench.
ER-40 collet set (above) shown with a R-8 shank.
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9x20_collets
Collet table showing continuous size coverage. The sizes that came in a set are in bold.
Decimal Working
Collet Size
Equivalent Range
1/8” 0.12500 0.12 - 0.16"
3/16” 0.18750 0.16 - 0.20"
7/32” 0.21875 0.20 - 0.236"

1/4” 0.25000 0.236 - 0.275"
5/16” 0.31250 0.275 - 0.316"
11/32” 0.34375 0.316 - 0.354"

3/8” 0.37500 0.354 - 0.393"
13/32” 0.40625 0.393 - 0.433"

7/16” 0.43750 0.433 - 0.472"
1/2” 0.50000 0.472 - 0.511"

9x20_collets
17/32” 0.53125 0.511 - 0.551"

9/16” 0.56250 0.551 - 0.590"
5/8” 0.62500 0.590 - 0.629"
21/32” 0.65625 0.629 - 0.669"

11/16” 0.68750 0.669 - 0.708"
3/4” 0.75000 0.708 - 0.748"
25/32” 0.78125 0.748 - 0.787"

13/16” 0.81250 0.787 - 0.826"
27/32” 0.84375 0.826 - 0.866"

7/8” 0.87500 0.866 - 0.905"
15/16” 0.93750 0.905 - 0.944"
31/32” 0.96875 0.944 - 0.984"

1" 1.00000 0.984 - 1.020"
MT-3 collet set from Phase2+. Drawbar made from •-16 threaded stock. Steel end plug machined to fit the spindle hole. Flare nut with a washer used. Collet sizes
range from •" to ¾" by 1/16ths (no continuous size coverage). To remove a part, make the nut flush to the end, hold the part & collet while gently knocking out the
bar using a large, hard plastic-faced mallet or brass hammer.

9x20_collets
MT-3 collet set with •"-16 drawbar.

9x20_collets
These MT-3 end mill holders from Phase2+ have set screws that engage the end mill flats.

9x20_collets
MT-3 holders for both •" & ½" shank end mills, shown. For use with the Jet-920N lathe.
MT-3 to ¾-16 TPI taper (from Littlemachineshop), allows using Taig or Sherline chucks & many other accessories on the Jet 920N or other MT-3 machines. Allows accurate fabrication
of large-shank end mill holders for use on the Taig mill & lathe. I've made end mill holders by both reaming & boring. Boring is very accurate (0.0005" TIR) but a slower process. It is

9x20_collets
better to indicate (mount) the blank arbor by its threads before boring than to grip it on the outside surface.
A finished end mill holder for the Taig mill. Blank arbors (steel) #1132, from Taig. •" shank end mill shown (Enco).
Caution: large end mills easily exceed a Taig's capacity thus requiring small cuts.

9x20_collets
Taig collet on Jet 9x20. Also see small chucks mounted on the Jet using the MT-3 to ¾-16 TPI taper.

9x20_collets

4_jaw_chuck
Home
4 & 3-Jaw Chucks
4 & 6 inch, 4-jaw chucks on standard 1½ x 8 Jet mount.
Center the work piece using a dial indicator gage.
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4_jaw_chuck
A 6 inch, 4-jaw chuck from Enco with a 1½ x 8 threaded adapter plate. Screws right onto spindle of the Jet BD-920N. Weighs about 26.4 lbs. (12 kgs).
Clamps part more tightly than a 3-jaw & allows perfect centering. It can easily hold a 4 in x 4 in part. Far more accurate, easier to use, modern design
when compared to the supplied 7 inch, 4-jaw chuck. (Sears sells the same old design chuck in a 6 inch size for wood-working lathes.) Note, even the
empty chuck is quite heavy. Its momentum makes for extra nice cuts. Make sure to slip the belt idler, especially when starting fast &/or heavy loads.
Reduce belt idler tension by installing an s-link. This chuck is at the upper limit of the machine in terms of both weight & size. Center the work piece
using a dial indicator gage and the same technique as you would to tram a tailstock or mill vise. Verify everything clears before starting a cut. As an
aside, this photo shows an earlier version of a compound slide bracket. It flexed too much under clamping to suit me, so I made another.

4_jaw_chuck
Making a thicker compound slide mounting bracket.

Faceplate can also be used to mount material.
Bison 5", 3-jaw chuck from Poland; smooth & accurate (Enco). The jaws are reversible. The counter bore of the threaded back plate was
undersized & had to be bored to fit spindle shoulder. The chuck weighs about 10 lbs. Faced the adaper plate to achieve best total indicated
runout (TIR). Verify your lathe is in alignment before facing a chuck adapter plate or a faceplate.

4_jaw_chuck
To measure TIR, clamp a dowel pin in the chuck or collet & put a dial gage on it. Slowly rotate the spindle to measure TIR. This style magnetic
base (Noga from Enco) is very easy & quick to use. Loosening the large knob makes all the joints movable. Just position indicator & tighten; the
whole arm's position then is fixed. It can hold instruments with either a 3/8" stem or a dovetail. It has a fine adjustment feature, too.
Mounted: Sherline 3-jaw & a Taig 3 inch, 4-jaw chucks using MT3 to ¾x16 TPI adapter.

4_jaw_chuck

boring_bars
Home
Boring Bars
Carbide boring tool bits with ¾" shanks.
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boring_bars
A boring operation; tip at or above center.
Boring bar set: •", ½", •", ¾" & 1" sizes.
•" holds 3/16" round tool bits; others hold various sized square bits.
Each bar holds bits either perpendicular or at a 45° angle.
Good for inside boring & inside threading. More boring bars.

boring_bars

centers
Home
Centers
Top Left: live center with interchangeable tips. Top Right: bull-nose live center for pipe.
Lower Row: Standard live & two dead centers.
The larger MT-3 dead center is for the spindle & the rest are MT-2 tapers for the tailstock.
Also see taper calculations.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/9x20_centers.htm (1 de 2)24/03/2005 12:55:54

centers
Accessories in a red oak holder. Wood keeps moisture away from the metal.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/9x20_centers.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 12:55:54

9x20_tailstock_tramming
Home
Tramming the Tailstock
The best method to center the tailstock is to mount a dial run-out gauge in the spindle & an MT-2 dead center in the
tailstock. I use a ¼" diameter, ½" long adapter that attaches to the dove-tail of the dial indicator gauge. It is
mounted in a collet for highest accuracy. Rotate the spindle front & back while adjusting the tailstock off-set, making
half-the-difference changes between them until there are no differences. Use the basic principles of this technique
to tram: a micro lathe, a mill, a mill vice or a rotary table.
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9x20_tailstock_tramming
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/9x20_tailstock_tramming.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 12:56:08

tailstock_lock
Home
Tailstock Lock
Milled the nut seating area on the base flat & the locking nut height was reduced because this style wrench has a lip that does not allow the nut to
pass all the way through. The 12mm ratcheting box wrench rests on the nut. Ratcheting direction is quickly changed by flipping the small lever on the
wrench. Below another method is shown. This type of wrench allows the nut to pass all the way through so the nut's height does not need to be
reduced. The second method works better. When the nut is loose it will not work the ratchet. I installed a short strong spring, with washers on both
sides, in between the bottom of the tailstock base and the locking plate. The ratchet now works when it is loose. The wrench was bought as a
separate tool at Sears. Fast & strong method to lock tailstock securely.
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tailstock_lock
I replaced the 5mm set screw. Under heavy drilling, using a 1 inch bit, the original set screw threads would cut the inside of the groove it sat in. Used
an 8mm set screw with the end turned to 5mm. Remove all the burs on the groove edges. I used aluminum anti-seize on the lock & pin. A second set
screw keeps the tailstock from rotating if it is over extended.

tailstock_lock
Taper calculations

tailstock_lock

9x20 tailstock_chucks
Home
Tailstock Chucks
Obtained high gripping power by using a Jacob's ball bearing Super Chuck (0 ~ ½" or 0 ~ 13mm shown).
A keyless chuck is acceptable for small drills in non-critical applications.
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A small 0 ~ ¼" (0 ~ 6.5mm) Jacobs industrial chuck on a threaded MT-2 arbor is good for small drills.
The tang has to be ground off the arbor in order to obtain the entire tailstock travel range.

A •-24 threaded arbor can also be used to adapt the Taig die holder to the 9x20 tailstock.

MT-3 arbors can also be used to mount drill chucks in the spindle.
Enco is a good, low-cost, source for Phase2+ arbors.
Also see taper calculations.

A tailstock turret can speed production, though in these machines, it may add some instability.


travel_dial
Home
Travel Dial
I sometimes use a dial indicator with 2" travel range mounted to the back rail by a Mighty Mag magnet.
Use joe blocks (e.g., 1-2-3) to get longer distances. DRO is best solution.
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travel_dial
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Threading
Home
Threading
Basic thread shapes
Parts of a thread
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Threading
Reading thread designations

Threading
Three-wire method of measuring threads based on pitch diameters
When cutting U.S. Standard Threads, set the compound at exactly 29º, adjust the chasing tool on center and to conform to position with
the 60º center gage. Move the tool in to just touch the work. Re-check setup. Feed the tool in by moving only the compound. By using
the compound, there is less stress on the tool bit and the cut is cleaner.
Threads/inch Depth @ 29º Threads/inch Depth @ 29º

2 .3713 18 .0412

Threading
4 .1856 20 .0371
5 .1485 24 .0310
6 .1237 27 .0275
7 .1060 28 .0265
8 .0928 30 .0247
9 .0825 32 .0232
10 .0742 36 .0206
11 .0675 40 .0186
12 .0620 48 .0155
13 .0570 50 .0148
14 .0530 64 .0116
16 .0464 72 .0103

ball_turner_adapetd
Home
Ball Turner
For more info go to Steve Bedair's site.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/ball_turner_adapetd.htm (1 de 4)24/03/2005 12:57:25

ball_turner_adapetd
Aluminum base, SS cylinder, steel tool bit holder. Pivots on a bolt with a shoulder (Teflon washer), held in place with a set
screw entering from the top (inside the ½" x ½" groove). High viscous grease increases control during turning.

ball_turner_adapetd
Ball turner with HSS tool bit holder for aluminum & brass.

ball_turner_adapetd
Taig ball turner adapted for use on the 9x20 lathe.

woodworking
Home
Woodworking
A wood driving spur in the headstock & a live-center cup in the tailstock.
Tool rest & mounting bracket. Bracket cutback to allow maximum diameter work piece.
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woodworking
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machine_mounts
Home
Lathe Machine Mounts
The OEM lathe stands are low to accommodate the installation of machine mounts which can easily
add 1½ to 2 inches to the lathe's overall height. Each mount has a steel cup with a rubber vibration
absorber & an adjustment screw. The six holes in the stand are threaded (• x 16 for a Jet) but I drilled
them out to 9.5 mm for a tight fit to the Enco machine mount M10-1.5 adjustment screws. There are
four mounts under the spindle & motor since that is where most of the weight is located; six mounts
total. They allow easy leveling of the machine. Check the front-to-back leveling on both the left & right
sides of the bed to insure that it is not twisted. Addition of the feet increased lathe height, afforded
adjustment, reduced noise, reduced vibration & eliminated walking. I used similar pads on the mill/drill
& the band saw.
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Taig Tools - Desktop Milling Machines and Lathes.
TAIG Tools We provide personal attention to

Home of the Micro
your questions. Please contact us at:
Made in the U.S A. Lathe, Micro Mill, and
CNC Mill plus a Fax - 480.895.9648
Manufacturing desktop milling complete line of parts sales@TaigTools.com
machines and lathes for over 30 and accessories. PHONE - 480.895.6978
years.
MICRO LATHE II
The MicroLathe II is a machine you don't have to baby. It is a rugged and precision machine. The
MicroLathe II has a machined, ground and stabilized steel bed. It has two sealed ball bearings in its
spindle, coupled with a six speed positive vee belt drive. The spindle speeds are set in a geometric
progression from 525 to 5200 RPM. A precision machine with the capabilities to 'HOG' 1/8 inch cuts in
mild steel yet 'Dust' a few tenths, make the MicroLathe II a very versatile machine.
Some big lathe features include large 0.001 inch graduations on the cross slide dial, adjustable tool post
and carriage depth stop. With adjustable brass gibs providing full compensation for carriage and cross
slide wear, it all adds up to the BEST VALUE in small lathes!
MicroLathe II basic unit shown with optional 3-Jaw Chuck (1050), Boring bar (1097E), Tailstock (1150),
Drill Chuck (1091), 1/4 HP 1725 RPM Motor (1021w), Motor Mount Bracket (1022), Mounting Board
(1023), and Pulleys (1162 with 3M 500 belt). Price as shown $399.90
SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL
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● Overall working accuracy 0.0005 in. ● Maximum bearing runout 0.0004 in.
● Max. headstock normality to bed 0.0004 in. ● Max.cross slide normality to bed 0.0004 in.
● Max. taper bed dovetails over pins 0.0001 in. ● Cross slide dial graduation 0.001 in.
● Cross slide screw 1/4 - 20 ● Carriage travel 0.600 in. per 1 rev. of
● Max. spindle speed recommended 7000 RPM handwheel.
● Length of headstock on ways 2.625 in. ● Pulley type std. 5/8 in. bore multi-stop vee
● Width of cross slide on carriage 2.000 in. belt.
● Length of carriage on ways 3.000 in.
● Bed dovetails 45 deg.
CAPACITY
● Max. turning dia. 4.5 in. (extendable to 6.5 in.) ● Drill chuck capacity 1/4 in.
● Swing over cross slide 2.375 in. ● Distance between centers 9.75 in. (with
● Overall length of bed 15.5 in. tailstock).
● Overall length of lathe 16.5 in. ● Carriage travel 9.0 in.
● Tool bit size standard 1/4 in. ● Cross slide travel 1.75 in.
SPINDLE
● Sealed precision ball bearing ● Spindle ID taper 15 deg (30 deg included)
● Bearing OD 1.5748 in., ID 0.6692 in. ● Max. collect diameter 9/32 in.
● Spindle nose 3/4 in. - 16 (3/4 in. SAE) ● Pulley size 5/8 inch bore.
● Spindle hole 0.343 in.
LATHE PRICES
L1017 Micro Lathe II basic unit, factory assembled with tool post and carriage depth stop $173.20
(Pulleys and tailstock not included) 15" bed.
Unassembled Micro Lathe II kit, headstock pre-assembled, no machining necessary $144.50
K1019
(Pulleys and tailstock not included) 15" bed.
WW complete headstock with WW spindle, pulley and drawbar (uses WW $91.70
W1020
Jewelers collets)
LATHE OPTIONS
W1020A WW Type Spindle cartridge and drawbar in lieu of standard (use only W.W. $65.90
Jewelers collets)
Check Out Our Complete Line of

Accessories !
Micro Lathe Parts Diagram
Micro Lathe Parts Pricelist
Part # SRP Description Part # SRP Description
100-00 60.25 Complete Headstock 100-16 .70 Dial Brass Handle

100-01 23.50 Headstock Housing 100-17 5.25 Crosslide Screw
100-02 62.25 Ground Lathe Bed 100-18 .10 10-32 Hex Nut
100-03A 36.95 Spindle Assembly 100-19 .10 10-32 Set Screw
100-03 15.50 Spindle 100-20 .2.65 Dial Bearing Block
100-04 6.50 Bearing (2 required) 100-20a .20 Bearing Block Spacer

100-05 8.75 Bearing Spacer 100-22 3.65 Crosslide Dial

100-06 .25 Tru Arc Clip 100-23 .70 6-32 Acorn Nut
100-07 .25 Thumb Screw 100-24 .70 Carriage Brass Handle
100-08 .50 Carriage Stop 100-25 2.50 Crosslide Screw Nut
100-09 6.00 Carriage Rack 100-26 18.25 Crosslide
100-10 .10 Rack 4-40 Screw 100-27 2.75 Crosslide Gib
100-11 29.25 Carriage 100-27A .10 Crosslide Gib 4-40 Screw
100-12 2.75 Carriage Gib 100-29 .20 10-32 x 1 3/4 Screw
100-12A .10 Carriage Gib 4-40 Screw 100-30 3.90 Tool Post Block
100-13A 3.75 Pinion Gear 100-32 .10 10-32 Square Nut
100-13B 1.35 Eccentric for Pinion Gear 100-33 ..10 10-32 Screw
100-14 .20 Retainer Clip 100-34 .20 Thumb Screw
100-15 2.65 Carriage Hand Wheel
[Home] [Micro Mill] [Micro Lathe] [CNC Mill] [Accessories]
[Dealers] [Applications] [Starter Suggestions] [Metal Working Links]
TAIG Tools, 12419 E. Nightingale Lane, Chandler AZ 85249.

email - sales@TaigTools.com or Phone - 480.895.6978
Copyright ©1999 TAIG Tools. All rights reserved.

No part of this web site, including text, photos or illustrations may be reproduced
or transmitted for commercial use without written permission from TAIG Tools.

motor_mount
Spindle Motor & its Mount
Caution: only use a motor that is either non-thermally protected or has a thermal overload circuit that
requires a manual reset. If the motor automatically shuts down due to excessive heat, it then has the
potential (upon cooling) to unexpectedly start-up again while you are touching/changing sharp end mills, saw
blades or other rotating parts.
Sealed, GE H120, ¼ hp, continuous duty, 1725 RPM, split-phase, ball bearing motor, mounted onto a plate,
in-turn held by a large, galvanized door hinge. Generally, these hinges are loose so it was drilled out and a
close-fitting bolt with nut was installed.
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motor_mount
The motor is externally cooled by a fan. It is shown, pivoted forward for pulley selection, exposing the height-
adjustable rubber stop. This stop allows belt tension to be set for optimal performance i.e., good traction,
minimized vibration & compensation for any minor belt stretching. It uses a ¼ -20 bolt passing through the
work surface & then screws into a flush nut on a small block of pressure-treated wood. The hard rubber stop
has washers on both sides to increase rigidity & a star lock washer is used under the nut. I enlarged the
clearance hole & installed shims on the wooden block. The adjustment screw is set at an angle perpendicular
to the motor mounting plate bottom. The entire rubber stop face is in contact with the motor mounting plate.
Note the spacer plate under the hinge. The power cord is protected from abrasion that could occur from
repeatedly pivoting the motor over time.

motor_mount

motor_mount
Note the motor mount reinforcement plate.
The sealed motor is impervious to metal debris. ¼ hp is considered by Taig to be the maximum. As
examples, a ¼ hp motor is 50% stronger than a 1/6 hp motor & 250% stronger than a 1/10 hp motor. Mounted
to the left (CCW rotation) provides additional work space.

motor_mount
The relatively high motor weight (~13 lbs.) & low belt angle give good tension for turning small parts. The
motor is solid mounted, not in a rubber bushing which causes too much wobble under high torque. This set
up also works well when using the spindle riser block. The ON/OFF switch is a standard, 20A, wall switch
mounted in an outdoor metal switchbox with a stainless steel cover plate. I have the switchbox mounted high
on the bench leg making it difficult to bump it ON (switch down) but if I do accidentally bump it with my knee,
it turns the motor OFF (switch up). Make sure to properly ground the circuit.

motor_mount
Power switch arrangement. Note the (blue) lathe mount reinforcement plate.

motor_mount
For low belt tension, the motor plate rests on its stop. Higher belt tension places the plate about one or two
mm's above the stop. Due to excessive motor pulley run-out, vibration against the stop can occur. When I
upgraded the mill motor, I noted the high V-belt traction due to its locking mounting plate arrangement. This
suggested the addition of the hold down action clamp. In order to eliminate vibration & increase belt tension,
install a vertical hold down action clamp from Enco. Mount it at the same angle as the motor mounting plate.
It quickly opens & closes using the lever. When closed, the motor mounting plate is then captured between
the upper & lower adjustable rubber-ended stops. Belt tension can now be increased when turning larger
pieces. Runs very smoothly & with high V-belt traction.
Caution: do not over tension the belt. May cause belt distortion & premature belt wear.

motor_mount
Lathe motor reversing switch (view available using Internet Explorer, only) for GE H120 motor, only.
Other motor circuits may differ, requiring analogous wiring.
Switch is down for normal, CCW rotation & up for reverse, CW rotation.
Caution: spindle accessories must be wrench tightened

before using in foward or reverse operations to prevent them from spinning off.

split_nut_subassembly
Home
Split-Nut
The aluminum base plate is 1.55" long x 1.15" wide x 0.1375" thick,
the brass pieces are 1.50" long x 0.3150" wide x 0.3115" thick &
the steel rods are 0.1915" diameter.
The original rack & pinion carriage feed is nice & fast but often you need the finer, smoother feed of a lead screw. It
is desirable to retain both features. Using a split-nut mechanism is one method. An exploded view of my split-nut
subassembly is shown. It is modeled after a full-sized lathe where the split-nut opened & closed (by complex
means) onto the lead screw simultaneously from both sides.
The two brass split-nut jaws are opened & closed using a single, 10-32 brass screw. The left half of the screw has a
right-hand thread while the right half has a left-hand thread. Thus, when the screw is turned 3.5 times CW, the jaws
close & vice versa. The brass jaws were clamped, drilled & threaded for the lead screw using a left-handed ¼ -20
tap (Small Parts, Y-HSLT-1420). Be careful when drilling brass, it is very soft. Sharp, standard drills can grab the
piece & pull it upward. Clamp the drill vise or use drills with re-ground (flatter) angles.
The split-nut halves slide on two steel rods that are held by the end brackets. The end brackets have clearance
holes for the split-nut adjustment screw & are held to the plate by 4, 4-40 screws, which also capture the rod ends.
This arrangement allows the split-nut to float perpendicularly relative to the force of the lead screw (toward & away
from the lathe bed) to eliminate any potential binding due to minor misalignment or thread rod bends. The split-nut
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split_nut_subassembly
jaws must be able to slide freely against the plate. The two left corners were milled to allow the subassembly to be
located very close to the lathe bed. The notch towards the back allows clearance for the rack chip shield. When the
nut screw is tightened halfway (CW), the weak spring puts mild tension onto the lead screw (just the nut's left jaw)
which allows the threads to engage without cross-threading when either the lead screw or pinion are slightly rotated.
Then further tightening fully engages the lead screw & tension can be adjusted to the desired level. The two
countersink holes are for mounting to the carriage & the large, 9/32" hole is for the lead screw.
The split-nut subassembly opened & closed.
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milled_carriage
Home
Milled Carriage
The sides of the carriage are slightly slanted so during production, the piece can be popped out of the mold. The left
side of the carriage required milling so the mounted split-nut would be perpendicular to the lead screw. There is a
small ledge that the split-nut subassembly mounting plate's top edge rests against. All milling & drilling was
performed using the lathe to assure alignment, especially of the two, lead screw holes (make sure to clear the
eccentric for the pinion gear). To perform the milling operation, I used a solid carbide, two-flute (for soft materials,
use a 4-flute for hard materials) 5/16" finishing endmill. De-burr the dovetail edge where it was milled. Check the
entire carriage dovetail for burrs leftover from manufacturing. A dab of kerosene allows a smooth cut on aluminum.
Removed all calibrated dials, glass bead blasted them (sandblasting too aggressive/coarse), then using the lowest
lathe rpm, smoothed the scale with 220, 320 then finally 400 grit sandpaper. Do not be too aggressive or you can
remove the markings. This method only works for dials that have deep marks to begin with. Indicia will be finer & the
knob looks nice when the rough machine marks are removed. Careful, the dials are factory loctited on & screw off
(not pull). I put two small flat sides on the non-threaded area of the lead screws for a very small, open-ended wrench
to facilitate disassembly/assembly. Grease (not white lithium) makes these knobs work very smoothly. The two ends
of the movable dial scale zero (the ¾ circumference spring clip in the dial bearing block grove) may be rough;
remove & grind the ends flat. Go to OEM vise for a close-up photo
Replaced all of the OEM dial brass spinner pegs with a pivoting-type (Wm. Berg; CN8-1) as per MIL-STD-1472. This
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milled_carriage
one change alone greatly enhances the smoothness of operation & is the least expensive modification for the largest
increase in machine performance. Remember, that when tapping the steel knob, the tap hole is (larger) for 50%
threads not 75% like for softer materials. Always drill the exact recommended tap hole for maximum thread strength.
Grease on the stainless steel pivot screw makes it smooth. A small nylon washer, just the size of the pivot screw
body, 3/16", (not the thread itself) removes the last of the in-out play of the aluminum spinner knob. I also filed two
small flats on the eccentric for the pinion gear, just behind the knob, to accept a miniature 5/16" open-end wrench.
This greatly facilitates rack & pinion engagement adjustment.
Lead-screw hole, right side.

milled_carriage
Small notches in the pinion help retain the clip.
To elliminate lead-screw flexing, a bronze oil-lite bearing was press fitted & then reamed to 0.25". One corner of the
set screw nut was milled so it would not interfere with the lead-screw. The rack & pinion eccentric bearing set screw
area was milled to allow the locking nut to evenly seat. The set screw end was faced smooth to elliminate the locking
ridge which gouged the eccentric housing. Also, note the milled flat area to the right on the y-axis dial readout
mounting block. This is the area where the x-axis dial readout plunger makes contact.

split_nut_mounted
Home
Split-Nut Mounted on Carriage
Split-nut subassembly mounted onto carriage. Nut open.
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split_nut_mounted
Nut closed.

split_nut_mounted
Detail of subassembly attachment. Used 2, 4-40 flat-head screws. All screws had loctite applied.

bearings
Home
Bearings & Lead Screw
Right bearing block subassembly. Lead screw was cut from 24" of 303 stainless steel ¼ -20, left-hand threaded
stock (Small Parts; Y-TRLX-1420). Right-hand threads work but right-handed operators (may) find that there is a
natural tendency to turn the handle CW, making the carriage move to the right instead of the left. Motion from a left-
handed thread seems natural & easiest to coordinate when your left hand is working the cross slide (also a left-hand
thread). The ends were turned down to 3/16" while being held by a collet. Need a close fit but allow easy, non-press
fit, assembly/disassembly with the ball bearings. Each end has a milled flat for set screws. From Wm. Berg; the two
thrust bearings that have red nylon ball retainers (B5-2-SS), with supplied matching washers, bear the lateral forces.
Two, 0.3125" (nominal) OD ball bearings (B1-40-S-Q3) hold the shaft. Set screw collars (CS-29) keep things
together. The four-screw type holds best. The hand crank (CN12-4) came with the pivoting-type spinner (CN8-1).
The right bracket is held down by two, 10-32 cap-head screws. The entire right bearing block with the lead screw can
be quickly removed to allow the carriage to slide off for removal. These use the most common-sized hex wrench
(5/32") on my machine. I changed the toolbit holding screws to this size, too. Don't over tighten them. The brackets
are milled (all surfaces) from ¼" aluminum plate. The base is 1¼" wide & 1" deep. The top piece is 1¾" long (2" total
bracket height). The corners were cut to 45º to reduce bump hazards. They were assembled on a surface plate
using a machinist's square (2, 6-32 screws; Loctite). They were glass bead blasted for the satin finish.
Before reaming the bearing holes, the brackets were set at right-angles to the lathe bed & then bolted to the working
surface. The working surface (•" aluminum plate on ¾" plywood) was tapped for the hold-down bolts. Then, with a
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bearings
transfer punch placed in the 9/32" lead screw holes, the carriage was moved to the far right & the bracket marked.
The punch was reversed & the carriage was then moved to the far left & the bracket marked. This assured perfect
alignment of the lead screw (bearings) relative to the carriage. A hole, slightly smaller than the 0.3115" reamer was
first drilled. The reamer is then lubricated with cutting fluid & at a low speed, slowly fed into the hole until its cutters
pass all the way through the plate. Then stop & remove the reamer, do not pull it back through the hole while it is
rotating. The de-burred holes were then lubricated with mutton tallow & then the bearings press-fit into the brackets
using an arbor press . They are flush to the outsides but that should not make any difference. The thrust bearings &
the ball bearings were lubricated with molybdenum disulfide. Since the pinion remains engaged to the rack during
leadscrew operation, the pinion must be able to turn smoothly & without binding. The pinion must be properly
engaged to the rack & it must not be pushed in too far so as to rub the lathe bed bracket. I lubricated the pinion in
the eccentric bearing with molybdenum disulfide. The carriage gib should be snug. I replaced the two adjustment
screws with 5/8" long 10-32 cap heads, retaining the locking nuts. This allows delicate finger adjustments of the gib.
Left bearing block has only one ball bearing so the lead screw subassembly
can be easily pulled out towards the right. This bracket remains in place.

bearings
The carriage stop lock screw was moved to the top by drilling through from the bottom & tapping (10-32). The three-
winged knob is from a hardware store. It was held by a collet & the wings were turned down a small amount for a
little more clearance.
Top-view

bearings
Oblique view.

lead_screw
Home
Lead Screw & Split-Nut Assemblies
Entire lead screw.
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lead_screw
Split-nut engaged.

lead_screw
Detail of split-nut, engaged. The spilt-nut assembly is low enough so as to not interfere with
the carriage stop bar function & also clear the spindle housing allowing full carriage travel.
Detail of split-nut, disengaged.

lead_screw
Split-nut under spindle housing. New split-nut knob.
Reamed ¼" ID bronze bushing to eliminate lead-screw flexing.

lathe x axis motor
Home
Lathe X-Axis Motor & Clutch
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lathe x axis motor
The same design used to couple & drive the x-axis of the mill.
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traming_the_tailstock
Home
Tramming the Tailstock
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The best method to center the tailstock is to mount a dial run-out gauge in the spindle & a dowel pin in the tailstock-
mounted drill chuck. After the above picture, I have obtained a ¼" diameter, ½" long adapter that attaches to the
dove-tail of the dial run-out gauge. Shown below, it is now mounted in a collet resulting in increased accuracy.
Rotate the spindle front & back while adjusting the tailstock off-set, making half-the-difference changes between
them until there are no differences. Use the basic principles of this technique to tram the mill, vise & rotary table,
too.

Also see tramming the 9x20 lathe.

x-axis & y-axis dial readouts
Home
X-axis & Y-axis Dial Distance Readouts
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Two inch range dial indicators are used to provide distance measurement. Provides direct readouts & no need to
compensate for lead screw backlash. The x-axis dial is mounted onto the base plate of a Lee Valley wood working
tool rest. This allows quick & easy range adjustments. The top of the y-axis bracket has to be low enough to allow
the cross slide to clear when making taper cuts.

When using the tailstock, mount the dial readout on a carriage stop rod.
Moved the original carriage screw lock & stop to the back of the spindle housing.

3_jaw_chuck
Home
Steel-Jawed Scroll Chuck
Taig's standard scroll chuck with aluminum jaws has many advantages (quick to use, self-centering, good
concentricity after turning the inside of the jaws, low material damage, customizing) but sometimes, a scroll chuck
with hardened steel jaws is preferred. Sherline makes an excellent scroll chuck having three, heat-treated jaws, dual
Tommy bars & ¾ -16 thread mount. However, the threaded hole is not as deep as the Taig standard chuck & it does
not have a recess for the spindle shoulder causing it to seat crookedly. Thus, a spacer is required that goes onto the
spindle first. I made this one from a blank arbor. It has the required recess & a few ¾ -16 threads to screw it onto the
spindle. If possible, precision grind the adapter to assure ultra-parallel ends. Mill two flats for a •" wrench.
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3_jaw_chuck
Chuck with threaded spacer.

3_jaw_chuck

Rocker Toolpost
Home
Rocker Tool Post
Exploded view of a rocker-style tool post made from a standard tool post.
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Rocker Toolpost
Rocker allows adjustment of the tool bit height. Uses a machined, steel rocker.
It has a 1½" diameter. Three rockers were cut from one turning.
Milled curve using a rotary table. Adjust tool height to 1¼" or just below.
Tool bit with carbide insert, shown.
Make a brass tool bit height gauge to help set the tip at or just below 1¼".
Can be used for setting boring bar height, too.
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Boring Bar Holder
Home
•" Boring Bar Holders
A simple •" boring bar holder for the lathe.
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Boring Bar Holder
A set of •" boring bars & holder.
This type of boring bar holder uses a •" reamed, split, brass eccentric that allows adjustment of both the boring bar
height & angle. The set screw on top fits into a groove to retain the eccentric. When performing a slitting operation,
use a low 550 RPM & cutting fluid. More boring bars.
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accessories
Home
Lathe & Mill Accessories
Arbors, radius turner, dead & live centers, chuck adapter, depth stop, faceplate, chucks,
collets, compound slide, die holder, drill chucks, milling attachment,
riser blocks, soft jaws, steady rest, extended tailstock handle,
tool bits, tool posts, tool rest, wood-turning accessories,
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accessories
boring bars & holder, screwless vise with variable V-block, parallels, x-axis & y-axis 2" distance readouts,
rotary table,
screwless vise, grinding wheel set with arbor, steel post cut-off tool, custom T-nut set
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/accessories.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:00:26

TAIG TOOLS Home of the Micro We provide personal attention to your

questions. Please contact us at:
Lathe, Micro Mill, and
Made in the U.S A. CNC Mill plus a Fax - 480.895.9648
complete line of parts sales@TaigTools.com
Manufacturing desktop milling
and accessories. PHONE - 480.895.6978
machines and lathes for over 30 years.
Home MICRO MILL

Micro Mill X-Axis Table with tapered Gib and Y-axis with square Steel ways
Micro Lathe Z-Axis Slide with tapered Gib and Steel Box Ways
Ball bearings in lead screw bearing block assembly

CNC Mill
The Micro Mill is a very rigid and precise machine that uses some of the most advanced techniques
Accessories
compared to its competitors. The Y-axis and Z-axis are supported on 2 1/2 inch square steel tubing
to provide a very solid feel. The leadscrews are all 1/2-20 unlike a lot of machines of similar size
that use 1/4 inch leadscrews. TAIG prefers to provide added mechanical features to allow the mill
to be more useful without raising the price. Being an aerospace manufacturer for over 18 years our
Dealers machinists know the importance of table back-lash compensation and full gib adjustments for wear
as employed in the manufacture of the Micro Mill. Basically, the Micro Mill was designed by
Applications machinists and built by machinists. Overall working accuracy should exceed .0005 in. All
machines are sold with a 14 day refund and a full 2 year factory warranty on all Mill components
Starter and accessories.
Suggestions
The Micro Mill has effortless, chatterless, table and millhead movement due to the unique design
of oversized gibs, ground steel ways, and a massive carriage assembly.The steel bed/vertical mill
Metal head support provides a very rigid Z-axis and makes the Micro Mill ready for CNC upgrade if you
Working desire. Our small Mill is really a scaled down version of a big Mill with manual operation.
Links
This is the machine you don't have to baby. The Micro Mill is a rugged precision instrument that
has plenty of rigidity. Its machined, ground and stabilized steel bed has a life-time ball bearing
spindle, coupled with a six speed positive vee belt drive. Spindle speeds in geometric progression
from 525-5200 RPM provide the power to "HOG" 1/8 inch cuts in mild steel or the speed and
precision to "dust" a few tenths (compare that to other mills of similar size on the market, you
can't!).
Other big Mill features include large .001 inch graduations on friction adjustable micrometer dials
for the X,Y,& Z axis. Adjustable gibs provide full compensation for X,Y & Z axis wear. The
spindle head column can rotate from 0 to 180 degrees to provide for special machining tasks. All
this adds up to a BEST VALUE in small Mills.
Should there be any questions regarding specific uses of the Micro Mill please feel free to call,
write, email, or visit our facility.
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Micro Mill shown with optional Vise (way- Micro Mill shown with optional Vise
covers included but not shown) (way-covers included but not shown)
SPECIFICATIONS
GENERAL
● Height 21-3/8 in (manual) 26-3/8 in (CNC)

● Width 17 in (manual) 22 in (CNC)
● Depth 16-3/4 in (manual) 21 in (CNC)
● Weight 65 lbs (manual) 85 lbs (CNC)
● Maximum bearing runout 0.0004 in.
● X axis dovetails 45 deg.
● Y axis dovetails 90 deg.
● Z axis steel box ways
● 1/2"-20 leadscrews on X,Y,& Z
● All lead screw drives have friction adjustable micrometer dials in .001 inch increments
● Pulley type std. 5/8 in. bore multi-step vee belt.
● Construction - Steel, hard anodized aluminum on all moving components, adjustable brass
gibs, and precision ground steel ways hand lapped for long life and accuracy.
CAPACITY

● Travel in X axis 9.5 in (#2018)

● Travel in X axis 12.0 in (#2019)
● Travel in Y axis 5.5 in
● Travel in Z axis 6.0 in
● Table dimensions 3 1/2 x 15 1/2 inches (#2018)
● Table dimensions 3 1/2 x 18 1/2 inches (#2019)
● Maximum Z-distance to table 9.0 in
● Z-Axis swivel 90 degrees
● 6 spindle speeds 525-5200 RPM
● Spindle Motor 1/5 hp
● Z axis column rotation up to 180 degrees
● Spindle head rotation 90 degrees
SPINDLE
● Sealed precision ball bearing ● Spindle ID taper 15 deg (30 deg included)
● Bearing OD 1.5748 in., ID 0.6692 in. ● Max. collet diameter 9/32 in.
● Spindle nose 3/4 in. - 16 (3/4 in. SAE) ● Pulley size 5/8 in. bore.
● Spindle hole 0.343 in.
MILL PRICES ( Does not include shipping, see below)
2018 Micro Mill factory assembled (Wired up and ready to go, way covers not $659.00
shown).
2018S 2018 with Vise,2 collets (3/16,1/4) and collet closer) $684.00
2018UPG 2018 with upgraded 1/4hp Continuous Duty spindle motor (speeds 1000 $714.00
to 10000rpm).
2019 Micro Mill factory assembled (3 1/2 x 18 1/2 inch table and 12 inches of $760.00
travel in 'X')
2019S 2019 with Vise, 2 collets (3/16,1/4) and collet closer $785.00
2019UPG 2019 with upgraded 1/4hp Continuous Duty spindle motor (speeds 1000 $815.00
to 10000rpm).
Manual Mill Upgrades
2018CR 2018 converted to CNC ready with 1/4hp Continuous Duty spindle $869.00
motor (speeds 1000 to 10000rpm), adjustable bronze leadscrew nuts in
X & Y and Nema 23 motor mounts. Does not include stepper motors or
control system. (Vise and 2 collets (3/16,1/4) $25.00 more)
2018CRHC 2018CR with hand cranks installed $890.00

2019CR 2019 converted to CNC ready with 1/4hp Continuous Duty spindle $970.00
motor (speeds 1000 to 10000rpm), adjustable bronze leadscrew nuts in
X & Y and Nema 23 motor mounts. Does not include stepper motors or
control system. (Vise and 2 collets (3/16,1/4) $25.00 more)
2019CRHC 2019CR with hand cranks installed $991.00
Shipping and Insurance costs
East Coast -------- $65.00

Midwest ----------- $45.00
Northwest --------- $40.00
West Coast -------- $35.00
Check Out Our Complete Line of

Accessories !
Micro Mill Parts Diagram

Micro Mill Parts Pricelist
Part # Price Description Part # Price Description
200-10 40.00 Square Tubing Base 200-35 70.00 X-Axis Table (2018)
200-15 50.00 Y-Axis Extrusion 200-35L 135.00 X-Axis Table (2019)
200-16 10.00 Square Steel Ways (2req) 200-36 3.00 X,Y End Plate (2 req)
200-20 130.00 Y-Axis Saddle Casting 200-40 65.00 Z-Axis Steel Tubing Column
200-22 10.00 Y-Axis Leadscrew Nut (LH) 200-41 14.00 Z-Axis End Plate
Y-Axis CNC Leadscrew Nut
200-22A 17.50 200-42 14.00 Z-Axis 3" Steel Box Way
(LH)
200-23 10.00 X-Axis Leadscrew Nut (RH) 200-43 15.00 Z-Axis 1 1/4" Steel Box Way
X-Axis CNC Leadscrew Nut
200-23A 17.50 200-44 80.00 Z-Axis Main Body
(RH)
200-25 23.00 Y-Axis Leadscrew (LH) 200-48 6.00 Headstock Mounting Plate
200-25A 24.00 Z-Axis Leadscrew (LH) 200-50 12.00 Spindle Motor Mounting Plate
X-Axis Leadscrew (RH) for
200-26 26.00 200-51 7.00 Spindle Motor Mounting Post
2018
X-Axis Leadscrew (RH) for Spindle Motor (1/5 hp, 1750
200-26A 26.00 200-55 25.00
2019 rpm)
Spindle Motor (Franklin 1/4
200-27 4.50 Dial (3 req) 200-55cr 110.00
hp,3400 rpm,Cont.Duty Motor)
200-28 2.00 Dial Sleeve 200-57 7.00 Threaded Rod Draw Bar
200-30 6.00 Dial Handcrank 200-60 60.25 Spindle Headstock
200-31 .75 Dial Handle 200-61 22.25 Pulley Set (3/8 , 5/8 & belt)
200-32 .25 Dial Keyway 200-76 11.00 Bearing Block with bearings

[Home] [Micro Mill] [Micro Lathe] [CNC Mill] [Accessories]
[Dealers] [Applications] [Starter Suggestions] [Metal Working Links]
TAIG Tools, 12419 E. Nightingale Lane, Chandler AZ 85249.

email - sales@TaigTools.com or Phone - 480.895.6978
Copyright ©1999 TAIG Tools. All rights reserved.

No part of this web site, including text, photos or illustrations may be reproduced
or transmitted for commercial use without written permission from TAIG Tools.

Mill Motor Upgrade
Home
Mill Motor Upgrade
Original mill motor photo
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/mill_motor_upgrade.htm (1 de 5)24/03/2005 13:00:46

Mill Motor Upgrade

Mill Motor Upgrade

Mill Motor Upgrade
Mill motor upgraded to 1/3 hp. ¾" TiN coated end mill shown lower right.
Used an MT-3 to ¾-16 taper on the Jet lathe 920N to make 3/8" & ¾" shank endmill holders from blank
arbors.
Caution: only use a motor that is either non-thermally protected or has a thermal overload circuit
that requires a manual reset. If the motor automatically shuts down due to excessive heat, it then has the
potential to unexpectedly start-up again while you are touching/changing sharp end mills, saw blades or
other rotating parts.
The motor that the mill came with was only 1/5 hp, it was used surplus, had dual-shafts, capacitor start &
had automatic thermal protection. The new motor is a GE H164: 1/3 hp, split-phase, continuous duty, ball
bearing, 1725 RPM, non-thermally protected & has an open case with extended clamp bolts. It has a service
factor of 1.35 which means that it can deliver a 35% reserve hp capacity without damage from overheating.

Mill Motor Upgrade
The new motor has 167% (225% in reserve capacity) more horsepower than the original.
A new, larger motor mounting plate was made based on the original design. The motor's 1.75" diameter
lower bearing housing passes through & is flush with a very close-tolerance hole in the mounting plate. This
keeps metal debris from being pulled into the cooling intake vents. The plate corners were cut at 45º for
safety. The two imported 10-32 cap head screws that held the motor plate were replaced with high-grade
US manufactured screws. The motor weight increased by only two pounds & the moment-arm increased
less than two inches. The cradle mount was removed since the motor is mounted to the plate using its four
extended clamp bolts. The mounting holes were counter-bored for the nuts. The original 3/8" motor pulley
hole was bored to a 0.5001" diameter for the new motor shaft. Use the original belt or a new, longer Gates
belt can be installed; 3M 355 (13.98"). Gates belts can be purchased in a wide range of flat-belt lengths (or
outside circumference) from any of their local distributors. The first number (3M) is the belt's (ribbed) back
width, 3 mm. The last number (355) is the flat-belt length, also in mm's. To measure the needed belt length,
set the motor/pulley assembly to the desired location & lock it. Then place a single, insulated wire from lamp
cord (split it in half) around the center pulleys, pull it taught, cut & measure. The cord fills the groves enough
to give an accurate indication of the required flat-belt length. The original wiring connection was duplicated
using a computer power cord extension. A nylon wire tie was used as the power cord strain relief under the
connection box cover. This wiring setup allows the entire motor to be removed without having to open the
switch box.
On the top right side of the z-axis slide is a 10-32 hex head that protrudes & contacts the lead screw bearing
block. Counter bore where it contacts the bearing block. This recess for the hex head then allows an
additional 0.2" vertical travel.
The more powerful motor does not bog down thereby making more uniform cuts, especially fly cutting, & is
inherently safer since it does not have automatic thermal protection. The ball bearing motor, coupled with a
low run-out pulley, runs very smoothly.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Home
Mill X-Axis Motor Drive & Clutch
Clutch - exploded view
This is a 12 Volt DC surplus motor (95 RPM max) with a geared transmission (on the motor's right side) which reduces RPM & increases torque but then can not be freely rotated. A clutch
is needed to allow quick engagement to & disengagement from the mill's lead screw. The depicted arrangement allows for both manual & automatic feeds. Most full-sized mills have this
arrangement. The motor speed is varied by a simple DC motor controller that utilizes pulse-width modulation. The controller allows high torque at low RPMs. (Employing an in-series
variable resistor to reduce speed causes too much torque loss resulting in stalls, especially when making relatively heavy cuts.) The direction of shaft rotation is changed by simply
reversing the motor power ± polarity via a double-pole, double-throw switch. One of the splines from the rubber-coupled universal joint is attached (via its only set screw) to the motor
output shaft but is located only halfway onto the shaft leaving a hole in the spline. The left end of the brass drive shaft fits into this motor spline hole & is thus allowed to rotate freely while
maintaining axial alignment. The other spline goes onto the brass shaft. Its (blue Loctite) set screw rides against the shown milled flat but it is not completely tightened. This 'play' allows the
spline to be manually slid left or right while remaining engaged to the shaft during rotation. If positioned very closely, the right spline can be completely locked to the brass shaft & only the
rubber coupler slides to the middle to engage both splines. However, sliding then requires more force & the splines are not fully engaged (therefore a somewhat weaker connection). A
small ring on the left spline can be installed to act as a coupler stop, so you can just slide it over until it touches. The right end of the brass shaft is attached to a small, zero-backlash
universal joint which, in turn, attaches to the mill's x-axis lead screw. Set screws engage milled flats to prevent slippage.
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Mill_x_axis_motor
Motor & clutch bracket
Motor mount (exploded view). Left plate holds motor; center plate is a bracket; right plate attaches to the (left) end of the mill Y-translation table, opposite the hand crank. The channel
milled in the right plate allows Allen wrench (bottom) access to the zero-backlash coupler set screws.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Disengaged clutch
This is the assembled unit with the rubber coupler & spline slid over to the right. The motor & lead screw are disengaged. They are allowed to move freely & independently while the motor
& brass shafts remain axially aligned. The mill's hand crank can be manually turned. The two larger cap-head screws to the right hang the entire assembly on the mill's x-axis bed. The
bed's end had to be drilled & tapped (10-32) & the lead screw's end was turned down to accept the zero-backlash coupler. A small coupler (from Berg), about the diameter of the ½" lead
screw, was required to clear the confines of the bed ways.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Engaged clutch
Side view showing bracket construction
Coupler & spline slide to the left to engage the motor splines for transfer of power. The rubber coupler is the only means by which power can be transferred across the two shafts. To allow
easier engagement/disengagement, the squared spline corners were first cut on a lathe to a 45º bevel. The spline was then mounted onto a rotary table set at a 45º angle & then each rib
end was milled on each side. The resulting 'chiseled' spline ends allow faster, smoother engagements into the rubber coupler. If you look closely, the points can be seen. The same design
was used to couple & drive the x-axis of the micro-lathe.
Mill_x_axis_motor
Universal joint - exploded view (left to right) milled spline, original spline & rubber coupler

Mill_x_axis_motor

Mill_x_axis_motor
DC motor controller

Mill_x_axis_motor
Note the white universal joint at shaft/controller union.

Brass speed control knob shaft turns in a ball bearing.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Dedicated controls; speed (left) & x-axis direction (right).

Center is OFF & left/right positions moves bed left/right.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Black plastic motor housing. Strain relieved, plastic clad power cable.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Rotary table used to cut chisel points on spline ends.

Mill_x_axis_motor
Fly cutting using motor feed.

Mill_x_axis_motor

taig z-axis DRO
Home
Low-Cost Z-Axis DRO for Taig Mill
Simple, low-cost DRO, from Shars, for depth control having 0.0005" resolution.
Display format: ±NN.NNNn where n is either zero or 0.0005"
The unit has SPC output, if needed. Now using it for the RF-25 Y-axis scale.
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taig z-axis DRO
This mill now has the scale orientated to the way I lean around to the left take a reading.
I did not like its receptacle for use on the RF-25 Y-axis DRO scale.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/Taig%20z-axis%20DRO.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:01:33

traming_the_mill
Home
Tramming the Mill
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tramming_the_mill.htm (1 de 3)24/03/2005 13:01:39

traming_the_mill
Tramming the mill bed is similar to tramming the tailstock. Mount a run out gauge in the mill spindle. If
needed, you can use the drill chuck draw bar. Its end is 3/8"; same as most run out gauge attachment
accessories. Or, use a ¼" diameter (½" long) adapter that attaches to the dove-tail of the dial run-out gauge.
It can then be mounted in a collet resulting in higher accuracy. Iterate between rotating 180° & adjusting
(changing by half the difference) the angle of the mill's upright support until there are no left-to-right
differences. Then tram the solid jaw of the mill vise using the same basic method. A rubber wedge keeps the
spindle from rotating. Run the the jaw face (x-axis) left & right, making half the distance adjustments of the
vise, until there are no differences. This vise is ± 0.0002" & the runout gauge scale is in 0.0005" gradations.

traming_the_mill

screwless_vise
Home
Precision Screwless Vises & Sine Bars
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/screwless_vise.htm (1 de 7)24/03/2005 13:02:04

screwless_vise
The original milling vise is not good enough for precision work. A good vise to use on the mill is the precision screwless type.
This type of vise has very flat (± 0.0002") & parallel critical surfaces. It is also hardened. The movable jaw pulls down as
clamping pressure increases so the part does not rise. The precision surfaces eliminate/minimize part marring. Typically, a drill
press vise does not have the precision or features required for milling. Photos show milling flats for a 7/8" wrench onto ¾-16
threaded arbors. A variable angle V-block used to make 45º beveled edges. Can be used in conjunction with a miniature
screwless vise. Tram the vise before using.
A set of precision ground parallels is essential.

This is a set of ten pairs, ranging from ½" to 1 5/8" in 1/8" steps.

screwless_vise
A set of 3 inch wide, precision ground parallels.
Making T-nuts for the mill table slots.
Wavy parallel set. Spring steel can compress in the vise for very thin pieces.
The sine vise shown below allows quick & very accurate angle setting using spacer blocks. The distance between the roll centers is very accurate as are the

screwless_vise
other dimensions.
REQUIRED SPACER SIZE = SINE (DESIRED ANGLE) x DISTANCE BETWEEN ROLLERS
RESULTANT ANGLE = ARCSINE (SPACER SIZE / DISTANCE BETWEEN ROLLERS)
For example, if you want to set a 30º angle & the distance between the rolls is 5.000", calculate the sine of 30º & multiply by 5.0". The size of the spacer is
exactly 2.500" (note the calculator must be in degrees). Sine bars are used in the same manner. For a given length sine bar & spacer block size you can also
calculate the resultant angle.
Sine vise

screwless_vise
Gage block set accuracy ± 50 millionths of an inch.
Spacer gage set & 3 inch sine bar.

Sine bar at 7.662º or 7º 39' 44"

screwless_vise
Sine bars

screwless_vise
Sine plate

Miniature_Screwless_Vise
Home
Miniature Screwless Vise
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/miniature_screwless_vise.htm (1 de 2)24/03/2005 13:02:10

Miniature_Screwless_Vise
Very small pieces can be held in the miniature vise, then held in other vises or set-ups. The small vise can
be transferred from machine to machine while still retaining a part's orientation. Parallels (steps) are built
into its jaws. The movable jaw is not as wide as the solid jaw allowing it to be adjusted while still clamped in
a larger vise. Tolerances are ± 0.0002"
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/miniature_screwless_vise.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:02:10

rotary_table
Home
Rotary Table
Combining a mill and a rotary table provides an order of magnitude increase in machining capability. Shown here is
a Sherline 4" rotary table which is perfectly sized for a micro-mill. The rotary table can also be combined with a
tilting angle table to further increase its flexibility. Tram the mill first, then the rotary table. With a dial indicator
mounted in the mill spindle, indicate the inside surface of the rotary table's center hole. Mounting a chuck or vise
on the rotary table allows holding many differently sized pieces. The 4-jawed chuck is especially versatile since it
moves the part in two directions. Exchanging the same sized parts is easy accomplished by loosening & tightening
only two jaws at a time. A miniature, hold-down clamp (see the rotary table photo) set is good when milling irregular
pieces. Parts held in a chuck can be moved back & forth between the lathe and mill without loosing center. The
Sherline mill has two slots that are 1½" on center while the Taig mill has three slots that are 1" on center. Add two
more #9 holes (for 10-32) to allow proper mounting. A milling operation to make a rocker tool post is shown. The
rotary table can also be mounted onto a tilting angle table for even more versatility. A Phase II+ 6" rotary table is a
good size for mill/drills.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/rotary_table.htm (1 de 5)24/03/2005 13:02:21

rotary_table
Tramming the rotary table. A metal plug can be

machined that is held by a (¼") collet & which also
fits closely into the table's center hole, allowing
quick initial alignment. Miniature vise shown held by
a mounting plate.

rotary_table
Use a precision point to locate pivot point of the circular cut.

Off-set end mill in one axis. Procedures & formulas described in Sherline

rotary_table
instructions.
¼" solid carbide finishing end mill cutting 1½" diameter curve.

rotary_table
Milling steps into the Taig aluminum jaws.

dividing_head
Home
Dividing Head & Gears
See Sherline on gear-cutting techniques & spur gear geometry.
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dividing_head
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Rong Fu Industrial Co., Ltd.
http://www.rongfu.com/En_default.asp24/03/2005 13:02:44
Rong Fu RF-25
Home
Rong Fu RF-25 Mill Drill Tap Specs & Views
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/RF25.htm (1 de 17)24/03/2005 13:03:11

Rong Fu RF-25
Original configuration. See DRO & X Y Z axes scales.

Rong Fu RF-25
Drilling Capacity 1" (25.4mm)

Face Mill Capacity 2½" (63mm)
End Mill Capacity ½" (13mm)
Swing 15.875" (404mm)
Spindle Nose to Table Max. Distance 15" (380mm)
Spindle Taper R-8
Spindle Stroke - z 4" (100mm)
Spindle Sleeve Diameter 2.44" (62mm)
Head Swivel 360º
Column Diameter 3.625" (92mm)
Overall Height (w/o Stand) 35½" (900mm)
Machine Stand Height 30" (760mm)
Length 36½" (930mm)
Width 37½" (950mm)
Motor, 110v single phase 1 HP
Spindle Speeds @ 60 Hz 110~ 2580 rpm
Spindle Speeds @ 50 Hz 90 ~ 2150 rpm
Forward & Reverse Switch Standard
2½" Cutter; ½" Chuck
Standard Accessories
2½" Angle Vise; R-8/J33 Arbor; 7/16"-20tpi Drawbar
Forward / Backward Table Travel - y 6" (152mm)
Left / Right Table Travel - x 14½" (370mm)
Working Area of Table 23"x7½" (585x190mm)
Measurement 18.3 cubic ft
Noise 80 dB Max
Rong Fu RF-25
Gross Weight 440 lbs. (200 kgs)

Net Weight 374 lbs. (170 kgs)
Specifications of machines may vary among sellers. Values are approximates.
24 mm = 0.945"
14 mm = 0.551"
10 mm = 0.394"

Rong Fu RF-25
Runs very smoothly & quietly. Drawbar nut is 17mm.

Rong Fu RF-25
Depth stop & column lock.

Rong Fu RF-25
Forward (up), Stop & Reversing (down) switch.

Rong Fu RF-25
12 speeds. Easy to change; note & set two numbered positions.

Rong Fu RF-25
To add some backlash adjustment to the fine down feed, I removed the housing,
opened the two 9mm holes up to 9.5mm & turned the cap head screws down a few thousandths.
There was also some paint over spray on the worm gear that needed to be removed.
Re-greased the worm gear. These mods allowed me to remove a lot of backlash.
All three axes scales (1 division = 0.001") were verified as accurate.

Rong Fu RF-25
1 hp, 110 VAC, 60 Hz, single-phase, enclosed, externally cooled, motor.

Note motor locking leaf bolt & the two, 19mm column locking nuts.

Rong Fu RF-25
Kurt-style 4" milling vise (37 lbs) fits perfectly.

Now using hardened bolts & washers with standard T-nuts.

Rong Fu RF-25
Mill vise swivel base. Removed to increase Z distance & overall rigidity. Used only as needed.

Rong Fu RF-25
Power feed works very well; clamps onto table end.

Rong Fu RF-25
Left/Right direction lever, variable-speed dial & momentary high-speed (yellow) button.
Gear attached where original handle would go (black plastic gear cover removed).
WARNING: Do not change directions suddenly, especially at high speeds. Wait until motor stops.

Rong Fu RF-25
Table travel-limit switch. This has been modified for the DRO x-axis scale mount.

Rong Fu RF-25
Vibration-absorbing machine feet (from Enco) supporting (optional) Rong Fu cabinet.

Similar pads used on the lathe & band saw.

Rong Fu RF-25

DRO_Mill
Home
Mill DRO
X Y Z Axes Scales
ShumaTech DRO
ShumaTech discussion group
Shars scales
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/DRO_Mill.htm (1 de 5)24/03/2005 13:03:21

DRO_Mill

DRO_Mill
RF-25 with completed DRO.
Setup shown for milling the lathe DRO case; zeroing at the left, front corner.

DRO_Mill
The DRO bracket is placed closer to the keys where pressure is applied.
I protected all cables with spiral wrap. The 80/20 arm is mounted off a
triangular, ¼" plate that is held under two of the motor-mounting bolts.
The ¼-20 T-knobs are from Woodcraft. I like to tuck the DRO into the central quill lever area.
X Y Z Axes Scales

DRO_Mill

DRO mill x-axis
Home
Mill X-Axis Scale
Mill DRO & Y Z Axes Scales

Shars scales
18" scale, hardened SS. This style scale has a good SPC plug receptacle. This scale is larger in all dimensions.
Trimmed scale scrap with plastic cover removed. Cut with a band saw & finished with a carbide end mill.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/DRO_mill_x-axis.htm (1 de 10)24/03/2005 13:03:38

DRO mill x-axis
2" x 2" aluminum L-channel cover mounted using front dove-tail slot.
Five, ¼-20, flat-head screws hold the L-channel for a very rigid configuration. Oilier hole access retained.

DRO mill x-axis
Original over-travel switch & bracket configuration.

DRO mill x-axis
Scale transducer mounted on back of power-feed over-travel switch bracket.

I used transfer screws (M3-.5 threads) for accurate alignment.

DRO mill x-axis
New spacer bracket replaces original. Right/back area has since been relieved for the SPC cable connection.

DRO mill x-axis
This mount protects scale's front (which is not needed) & places the SPC output on the bottom, back, right.
Only hardened SS scale surfaces are exposed.

DRO mill x-axis
Power feed end-of-travel mechanical stops mounted on top/inside bracket surface.

These are the original stops with the stepped end (fly) cut flat.
The ¼-20 mounting bolt is flush with the top of the L-channel bracket.
The electrical stop turns the power feed motor off about four full crank turns (for this machine)
before reaching the lead screw mechanical end-of-travel; just enough distance to allow a
safe stop from full speed. This is a machine-dependent distance that needs to be empirically determined.

DRO mill x-axis
This area was relieved (both sides) to allow the scale's lower bracket edge to clear the table locks.
A lock nut will be used in the final installation.

DRO mill x-axis
I drilled & tapped the front right carriage corner to mount a cable strain relief.
It is the cradle/nylon tie type of fastener.

DRO mill x-axis
I mounted a cable strain relief on the front left corner of the

y-axis bracket to hold the over-travel switch cable.
Mill DRO & Y Z Axes Scales

DRO mill y-axis
Home
Mill Y-Axis Scale
Mill DRO & X Z Axes Scales

Shars scales
¼-20 tapped mounting holes at end of table.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/DRO_mill_y-axis.htm (1 de 7)24/03/2005 13:03:54

DRO mill y-axis
¼" thick upper bracket must clear lead-screw bearing bracket housing.
Semi-circular relief stronger than a rectangular alternative.

DRO mill y-axis
L-channel bracket with scale mounting bolts. L-channel bracket must clear power-feed motor.

DRO mill y-axis
Six inch vertical-style scale mounted. All sharp corners have since been rounded.
This is the first scale I ordered for the Y-axis. The catalog picture & description did not match what I received.
This 6" horizontal-style was smaller & does not have as good of a receptacle (for me) as the vertical style.
If you have space limitations and/or are tacking-on wires, you may want this style.
Instead, I put this style on the Taig Z-axis DRO. The better receptacle (for my needs) is shown on the Z-axis scale page.

DRO mill y-axis
Lower bracket mounted using ¼-20 bolts. The mill base side is 5º.
Tapped holes are perpendicular to the mill base surface.
Lower bracket detail. Bolt clearance holes perpendicular to both front & back 5º surfaces.
The rear holes are horizontally centered on the bracket.

DRO mill y-axis
¼" thick connecting bracket uses M3-.5 upper bolts & 8-32 lower bolts.
This mount protects scale's front (which is not needed) & places the SPC output on the bottom, back, left.
Only hardened SS scale surfaces are exposed. This style scale has a good SPC plug receptacle.
Cable is protected with spiral wrap & has nylon ties for strain relief.
X-axis & Y-axis cables are (directly) routed under the mill inside the stand

DRO mill y-axis
allowing me to use the standard 6 ft. SPC cables from LMS.
Mill DRO & X Z Axes Scales

DRO mill z-axis
Home
Mill Z-Axis Scale
Mill DRO & X Y Axes Scales

Shars scales
Six inch hardened SS scale with SPC output. M3-.5 threads.

I had to trim some scale off the top using a band saw
followed by a carbide end mill & then diamond wheel grinding.
Radius the two top corners as they are close to the on/off switch.
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DRO mill z-axis
This vertical-style scale has a good SPC plug receptacle. I used this type for the Y-axis scale, too.
Not as easy to tack-on wires, though, if that is the route you are taking.

DRO mill z-axis
Z-axis, •" thick, scale-mounting plate. The four mounting hole locations were accurately
determined using ¼-20 transfer screws. This bracket configuration allowed me to retain
use of the speed-settings plate. An earlier version used a 1/16" plate, but was too thin.

DRO mill z-axis
The depth-stop function is retained.

DRO mill z-axis
Detail - lower brackets.

DRO mill z-axis

DRO mill z-axis
Radius the top scale corners by grinding with a diamond wheel.

The scale top end is free floating. Also, the zero of the printed in/mm scale is even
with the bottom edge of the transducer when the quill is fully retracted.

DRO mill z-axis
Cable runs up into the belt housing. Button-head bolts look nice.

DRO mill z-axis
The cable is tied down every 3" along inside right side corner of the belt housing, then exits behind the arm's mount.
The flat side of each cable tie-down is set against the housing inside corner so it does not turn under extended vibration.
The arm's mount is a triangular bracket that is mounted using two motor hold down bolts. The arm is made out of 1010 (1" x
1")
80/20 extruded aluminum. I ran the Z-axis cable inside the arm's back-side channel & then snapped in black plastic inserts.
1515 (1½" x 1½") extrusions would have been a little stiffer. I like to use a Unibit to make nice clean holes in thin materials.
Mill DRO & X Y Axes Scales

DRO mill z-axis

RF_mill_accessories
Home
RF Mill/Drill Accessories
24 mm = 0.945"
14 mm = 0.551"
10 mm = 0.394"
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/RF_mill_accessories.htm (1 de 18)24/03/2005 13:04:45

RF_mill_accessories
The RF-25 slots require ½" T-Nuts using •" studs.

RF_mill_accessories
Hold-down clamp set.

RF_mill_accessories
R-8 & other tooling are readily available. This is an extra 5C collet holder modified to hold R-8 shank tooling.

RF_mill_accessories
One inch arbor on R-8 shank with various spacers & left-hand nut.

RF_mill_accessories
Two inch boring head with interchangeable MT-2, R-8, & ½" straight type shanks. Uses ½" boring bars.

RF_mill_accessories
Boring-bar adapter ½" to •" (steel). Use a reamer for the •" hole.
2½" boring head with integral R-8 shank uses ½" boring bars. Direct-read dial.

RF_mill_accessories
2½" carbide fly cutter (supplied).

RF_mill_accessories
Fly cutter (Sierra American Brand, US made) with ¾" straight shank & •" US Carboloy grade, left-hand tool bit.
This combination has superior cutting performance when compared to some imports.
Plus, the set screws are hardened & don't strip.

RF_mill_accessories
Lyndex (Japan) collet set; very accurate, high gripping power.

RF_mill_accessories
R-8 end mill holders. Sizes: 3/16", •", ½", •" & ¾". Indexed end mills will not slip.

RF_mill_accessories
Left to right: 2-flute end mills for aluminum, ball-nose end mills, 45° & 60° dove-tail & bevel
cutters, 4-flute end mills for steel.

RF_mill_accessories

RF_mill_accessories
Radius cutter set

RF_mill_accessories
Jacobs ball bearing Super Chuck, •" ~ •" (3mm ~ 16mm) capacity with R-8 to JT-3 ETM Precision arbor.
Keyless ½" capacity drill chuck on R-8 shank.

RF_mill_accessories
Six inch Phase II+ rotary table. Perfect size for the RF-25 table (40 lbs).
Worm gear can cam out of mesh to allow free/rapid rotation of the table.
Before use, remove table scale index retention knob
(front & above table locking lever) to to fill oil reservoir through hole.

RF_mill_accessories
Analog readout (ARO) for the mill/drill. Two inch travel range. Use with the
extended quill by loosening black thumb screw, sliding down & relocking.
A very low-cost option that gives excellent depth control to 0.0005"
See DRO & X Y Z Axes Scales

RF_mill_accessories

spin_index
Home
Fixtures
5C collet
Phase2+ spin index that uses 5C collets. Hardened & precision ground spindle.
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spin_index
Spindle accuracy 0.0004" TIR. Cylindrical center base (per inch) .0012" concentricity.
Spindle centerline parallelism to base 0.0008". Precision ground 36 position index plate.
Direct indexing in ten steps, graduated in 5 degree increments.
Excellent price to performance ratio.
Milled base for flatness & clearance for mounting bolt nuts with coupled washers.

spin_index
Spin index mounted onto Taig mill which has 1 inch on-center T-slots.
Bolts are 2 inches (slots) apart. Fit the RF-25, much better.

spin_index
Six and four-side 5C collet fixtures with clamping nuts.
Quick release 5C collet fixure.

spin_index
Adjustable depth stop for a 5C collet.
5C collet set

bandsaw
Home
Band Saw
A band saw allows you to remove large amounts of metal before mill or lathe work. I chose this Jet model (HVBS-463) because of its low cost, the large ½ hp UL motor, the
quality of the design (heat-treated steel worm & bronze drive gears; ball bearings on the shafts & guides) plus the availability of any replacement parts that may be needed in
the future. The unit performs very well. Bi-metal blades, though more costly, last much longer than carbon steel types. Apply a general purpose, dry lubricant (e.g., DoAll
Toolsaver) to the ½" x 0.025" x 64½" (5' 4½") blade.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/bandsaw.htm (1 de 14)24/03/2005 13:05:25

bandsaw

bandsaw
Though Jet does not make a miter-type guide for this unit, one from Sears fits the saws' table groove, perfectly.
Replaced the OEM stamped band saw table with a 12" x 12" x ½" aluminum table held to the saw through counter-bored holes, using 2, ¼-20, cap-head screws. Used an F
drill & 3/8" end mill to achieve close-tolerance, counter-bored holes.

bandsaw
The 1/8" slot was milled to accept a ¾" wide by ¼" thick cover plate. It is held in the T-slot by 2, 10-32 thumb screws with thick brass washers. The cover's nose was marked
with a 3/8" radius gage & then ground by hand until it fit. The cover was then clamped into the plate & milled flush when the entire edge was squared. The corners have since
been rounded for safety.

bandsaw
The slot cover plate was pushed into the running blade to create a zero-clearance mask.

bandsaw
The miter grove was moved much closer to the blade than the original design.

bandsaw
The miter is painted cast aluminum. I milled the raised lettering making it much easier to read. Also milled the face making it smoother, flatter & perfectly perpendicular to the
table's surface. The miter originally pivoted on an aluminum peg that broke. Replaced it with a ¼-20, flat-head screw & large brass spacers. Used a lock nut to maintain proper
tension.

bandsaw
Milled miter surfaces, shown.

bandsaw
The fence uses a toe-clamp on each end to hold it to the table. A roll pin (in the body) keeps the clamp (with a clearance hole) from turning. 10-32 knobs with brass washers
are used. The new table changes the entire character of the saw.

bandsaw
The handle that is used to move the unit around, passed through thin metal. The metal around the handle distorted. Additionally, even when the unit was lifted relatively high,
the metal feet still rubbed against the floor because the original wheel bracket flexed too much & was too far from the floor. To improve the handle mount, both sides of the
area were reinforced with 1/8" thick aluminum, trapezoid-shaped plates.

bandsaw
The original wheels were poorly designed; had to lift too high & too much flex. The latest model has updated the stand to now sit on two hard-plastic wheels (pneumatic tires
would flex too much) & two adjustable machine pads. I copied that design using a few parts (steel axle & axle guides) from an old hand truck. The hard rubber tires are from
bandsaw
Harbor Freight. It now has a very sturdy handle & a small lift allows safe, easy movement of the 125# unit.

bandsaw
Also shown below is an earlier wheel mod where the original wheels were replaced with heavy-duty, non-swiveling, 2" wheels. The wheels needed to be as close to the floor
bandsaw
as possible so a small lift would allow it to start rolling. To accomplish this, one side of the mounting bracket was cut-off even with the wheel & another mounting hole drilled.
Three, ¼-20 bolts attached each wheel. Either mod works better than the original though the larger, wheel/axle/pad mod is best since it rolls over debris easier.

bench_grinder
Home
Bench Grinder
WARNING - Grinders are Dangerous.

Grinding wheels can break apart while turning at high speeds.
Always use appropriate eye, breathing & clothing protection.
Read, understand & follow all of the manufacturer's instructions.
Dust from grinding tool bits is dangerous if inhaled.
Stock bench grinders can be modified to make them more useful for tool bit grinding & general shop use. Often, a
grinding wheel has a 1" hole but is used on a ½" shaft and is usually adapted using concentric plastic spacer rings.
These are adequate but they can place the wheel off-center, necessitating redressing of the wheel every time it is
removed/replaced. Also, the wheel can wobble a little due to the spacers & the uneven clamping pressure of the large,
stamped clamping washers. I took a 1.000" aluminum dowel, centered it in the Jet 4-jaw, faced it, centered drilled, then
drilled a 31/64" hole. Chamfer the opening & then use a well-lubricated 0.500" reamer. I use ¾" wide wheels so I cut-off
the spacer length slightly bigger but not interfering with clamping action of the washers & left-hand nut. I found some
nicely machined clamping washers from another arbor I had in my grinding accessories. I had to run the grinder & lightly
touch-up the shaft with 400 grit emery to remove some burs. The spacer is a tight fit to both the wheel & the grinder
shaft. The wheel is now held very precisely in the grinder. Instead of using a star dresser, use a carborundum dressing
stick which makes the surface smooth & flat. Found one at Woodcraft.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/bench_grinder.htm (1 de 6)24/03/2005 13:05:41

bench_grinder
Aluminum shaft spacer for grinding wheel (1.000" OD, 0.500" ID & about 0.75" long)

bench_grinder
Veritas tool rest & a jig. Note the ½" x ½" channel to guide jigs.
The rest's center hole is for pivoting jigs.
The locking handles can be pulled & rotated to any detent position.
I found this picture on the web. They removed the grinding wheel protective shroud &
show the backside of the motor to make a nice picture. Included is a plastic, multi-angle gage.

bench_grinder
DO NOT remove the shroud that covers a wheel.
The next mod was to the tool rest. Most grinders have inadequate rests & mine was no different. I replaced it with the
Veritas tool rest (Woodcraft has them). It is a great improvement over the OEM rest. It has a wide range of adjustment.
Its best feature is the ½" x ½" channel on the tool rest platform that is used to guide jigs. There are several jigs available
but custom jigs may be fabricated to suit any need. Shown is a jig that allows me to precisely grind tool bits at 60º for
threading. The rest mounts onto the bench. They recommend using ¼" x 20 carriage bolts but I tapped holes into the
grinder mounting plate & used ¼" x 20 socket head cap screws & nylon washers.
Top & bottom view of a jig used to grind tool bits for threading. It is rotated 180º to grind both angles.
The guide bar is ½" x ½" x 2"

bench_grinder
Measuring total indicated run out (TIR) of the chuck using a 3/8" dowel.
One of the most useful mods I have ever made was to mount a drill chuck onto the (right side) shaft of the grinder. The
arbor adapters are available at motor supply/repair shops in a variety of shaft/chuck thread sizes & I have recently seen
them in Woodcraft. A taper-mounted chuck is not recommended since sideways force could make it come loose. The
arbors usually have only two ¼" x 28 set screws. I drilled & tapped three more set screws (as referenced from the
center, pre-existing set screw); one every 90º. I use US made set screws. This set screw arrangement allows adjusting
the run out in the same manner as a 4-jaw chuck. Any chuck can be used. Pictured is a Jacob's medium-duty 5/64" ~
½" chuck. This example is mounted onto a ½" x 20 threaded arbor. One could use a keyless chuck (not recommended)
but keyed chucks grip so much tighter. I hack sawed the shaft threads off to place more motor shaft into the arbor. Use
the drill chuck on the right side of the grinder since most accessories (arbors, sanding drums, etc.) are made for that
turning direction. I use a full-face visor for eye protection.
½ hp, 3400 RPM, 100 lb. grinder for carbide with 220 grit Norton diamond wheel (right side).
Motor can rotate in either CCW or CW direction. An adjustable miter is included.
Quickly & accurately grinds carbide tool bits.

bench_grinder

Measurement Instruments
Home
Measurement Tools
A carbide-tipped (Mitutoyo) height gauge on a granite surface plate (± 0.0001")

make a good combination for laying out precisely scribed lines.
Use red layout die to make the scribe marks easier to see.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/measurement_instruments.htm (1 de 4)24/03/2005 13:05:53

Micrometer depth gage

Inside micrometer gages
Using 1st Word (Sparro) to tram mill/drill. Very rigid holder.


Drill press chuck
Home
Drill Press Chucks
The chucks supplied with most tradesman drill presses can have a relatively high total indicated readout
(TIR) & marginal gripping power. Replace it with a Made in the USA, Jacobs chuck. The first photo shows a
Jacobs taper (JT-33), heavy duty, 0" ~ ½" (0mm ~ 13mm), keyed chuck on a bench drill press. The extra
large jaws & key, coupled with high quality, totally eliminates any drill bit slippage. Shown with a ½" stub-
length drill bit.
Also shown is the replacement chuck for a floor-standing, 16 speed, 16.5" swing, Jet drill
press. The low, 200 RPM speed is good for drilling large holes. Its uses an MT-2 (Morse
taper) to JT-3 chuck arbor. This type of arbor arrangement allows the mounting of a Jacobs
ball bearing Super Chuck, •" ~ •" (3mm ~ 16mm). The low-cost chuck arbors come in a large
number of size combinations allowing one to adapt almost any chuck to a given spindle. For
example, I obtained an MT-2 to JT-33 arbor (shown below, from Enco) to allow mounting the
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/drill_press_chuck.htm (1 de 7)24/03/2005 13:06:06

Drill press chuck
smaller Jacobs chuck since it can hold smaller drill bits in the range of 0" ~ •" (0mm ~ 3mm).
Use the proper cutting fluid.
MT-2 to JT-33 drill chuck arbor.
Caution: always clamp the piece to the table before drilling. Do not hold by hand.

Drill press chuck

Drill press chuck
The Jacobs Super Chuck is of superior quality having low a TIR & the ball bearing design allows very high
gripping power.

Drill press chuck

Drill press chuck
The left picture shows a Visegrip drill press hold down clamp. The right picture shows a
Royal micro-sensitive feed attachment with a Jacobs JT0 keyed chuck (0" ~ 5/32") for
small hole drilling (from Enco). Its straight shank is ½" in diameter; overall drill travel is
¾". Use the highest RPM. Hold the aluminum ring between your fingers (it is mounted in
a ball bearing to decouple it from the rotating shaft) & apply downward pressure. Far
less drilling pressure than the drill press rack & pinion. It has an internal spring that
retracts the chuck.

Drill press chuck

Pens
Home
Pens
Caution: always use a breathing filter (especially when cutting & sanding Cocobolo).
Wood dust can be highly irritating and/or cause an adverse reaction.
Cocobolo pen bodies being turned using round-nose tool bit & power feed.
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/pens.htm (1 de 7)24/03/2005 13:06:21

Pens
Pen bodies after final sanding (600 grit).

Pens
½-ton arbor press used to assemble pens & other things.

Pens
Aluminum, Corian & Cocobolo pens made using Woodcraft American Classic ballpoint pen kits. These kits are made for use with wood accents but other materials can be substituted. The aluminum type looks art
deco. The Corian type matches my kitchen tops. When I make the wooden pens, I forego using my traditional wood lathe tools (Lee Valley has all the wood working tools for the Taig) & use metal techniques. If a
handheld tool catches the wood, it can rip it apart which is called a blowout. Metal tool bits can cut woods & plastics very precisely. My favorite woods are Cocobolo & Osage Orange. Cocobolo is waxy & turns
beautifully. Before sanding, place a cloth over the lathe bed to protect it from the abrasive residue. When sanding, start with a coarse grit, 150, then use increasingly finer grits, 240, 320 & 400 (or higher). Careful, the
dark sandpaper grit can get into the pores of the lighter woods. Use the yellow/red colored sandpaper, instead. A light touch of 0000 steel wool helps. After final sanding, grab a handful of the wood chips & burnish the
wood as it turns in the lathe at low speed. You can use a pen wax (applied while turning, slowly) but I find the finish is temporary. I have since found that the gold is too thin & wears off so I have changed to the
European model that has satin nickel, better clip (does not gouge the wood) & a nice shape, too.

Pens

Pens
Wine bottle stoppers

Pens

tool_links
Home
Related Links
9x20Lathe Group
80/20 ~ industrial erector set
Archaeology of Hand Tools
Bench Mill/Drills Group
Cal Aero Supply Co ~ tools, DROs
eFunda Engineering Fundamentals ~ engineering reference
eMachineshop
Enco ~ tools & supplies (excellent)
Graham Industries
Grizzly (cheaply made products; lousy return policies, restocking fee)
H&H Industrial Products ~ tools (excellent)
Jameco ~ electronics
Jet Equipment ~ machines
Lee Valley ~ wood working tools (excellent)
LittleMachineShop.com ~ mini lathe & mill (excellent)
Live Steam
Metal Working Web Sites
Mitutoyo ~ measurement
MSC Industrial ~ tools (excellent)
Nick Carter's Taig pages (excellent)
Phase2+ ~ tools (excellent)
Penn Tool ~ tools (excellent)
PM Research (excellent)
Reid Tool ~ parts
Shars ~ tools (very good; restocking fee)
ShumaTech ~ DRO kits (excellent)
Sparro Machine Products ~ setup tools (excellent)
Steppercontrol
Steve Bedair ~ 9x20 mods
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tool_links
http://www.finelinehair.com/home/related_links.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:06:22

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publication schedule. maps you can print at home, in the classroom, or
at the office. We've recently added printable maps
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Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive
| Index | Search | Today's Picture |
2005 March 24: Simeis 147: Supernova Remnant

2005 March 23: A Dust Devil Swirling on Mars
2005 March 22: To Fly Free in Space
2005 March 21: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
2005 March 20: The Equal Night
2005 March 19: NGC 2266: Old Cluster in the New General Catalog
2005 March 18: Moon, Mercury, Monaco
2005 March 17: Enceladus Close Up
2005 March 16: Markarian's Chain of Galaxies
2005 March 15: Steep Cliffs on Mars
2005 March 14: The Fox Fur Nebula
2005 March 13: A Message From Earth
2005 March 12: Accretion Disk Simulation
2005 March 11: Infrared Ring Nebula
2005 March 10: NGC 1499: California Nebula
2005 March 09: A Sun Halo Over Tennessee
2005 March 08: Crater on Mimas
2005 March 07: Mercury Over Leeds
2005 March 06: The View from Everest
2005 March 05: Tycho and Copernicus: Lunar Ray Craters
2005 March 04: NGC 1427A: Galaxy in Motion
2005 March 03: Still Life with NGC 2170
2005 March 02: The Powerful Sumatra Andaman Islands Earthquake
2005 March 01: NGC 1531/2: Interacting Galaxies
2005 February 28: Unusual Plates on Mars
2005 February 27: The Solar Spectrum
2005 February 26: Frizion Illume
2005 February 25: Saturn's Dragon Storm
2005 February 24: Ski Enceladus
2005 February 23: Voyage of an Antarctic Iceberg
2005 February 22: Persistent Saturnian Auroras
2005 February 21: Galactic Magnetar Throws Giant Flare
2005 February 20: Oklo: Ancient African Nuclear Reactors
2005 February 19: Saturnian Aurora
2005 February 18: Big Dipper Castle
http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/archivepix.html (1 de 88)24/03/2005 13:12:19

2005 February 17: Melas, Candor, and Ophir: Valleys of Mariner

2005 February 16: Sunspot Metamorphosis: From Bottom to Top
2005 February 15: Saturn's Moon Rhea from Cassini
2005 February 14: The Rosette Nebula
2005 February 13: In the Center of the Virgo Cluster
2005 February 12: NEAR at Eros: Before Touchdown
2005 February 11: Blue Saturn
2005 February 10: Red Saturn
2005 February 09: Heat Shield Impact Crater on Mars
2005 February 08: A Mysterious Streak Above Hawaii
2005 February 07: A Telescope Laser Creates an Artificial Star
2005 February 06: NGC 3132: The Eight Burst Nebula
2005 February 05: The Radio Sky: Tuned to 408MHz
2005 February 04: V838 Mon: Light Echo Update
2005 February 03: SMART-1: Pythagoras Crater
2005 February 02: A Twisted Meteor Train
2005 February 01: Saturn's Iapetus: Moon with a Strange Surface
2005 January 31: NGC 2467: From Gas to Stars
2005 January 30: The Holographic Principle
2005 January 29: Southern Cross in Mauna Loa Skies
2005 January 28: The Swarm
2005 January 27: Shadow Set
2005 January 26: First Launch of the Delta IV Heavy
2005 January 25: NGC 6946: The Fireworks Galaxy
2005 January 24: Riverbeds and Lakebeds Discovered on Saturn's Titan
2005 January 23: NGC 2440: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
2005 January 22: The Mysterious Voynich Manuscript
2005 January 21: Metal on the Plains of Mars
2005 January 20: A Waterspout off the Florida Keys
2005 January 19: Eight Kilometers Above Titan
2005 January 18: NGC 346 in the Small Magellanic Cloud
2005 January 17: Titan Landscape
2005 January 16: Nebula Nova Cygni Turns On
2005 January 15: Huygens Images Titan's Surface
2005 January 14: Descent to Titan
2005 January 13: Infrared Trifid
2005 January 12: Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300
2005 January 11: Machholz Meets the Pleiades
2005 January 10: Dust Sculptures in the Rosette Nebula
2005 January 09: Jupiter's Rings Revealed
2005 January 08: X-Ray Mystery in RCW 38

2005 January 07: S is for Venus

2005 January 06: UKIRT: Aloha Orion
2005 January 05: Comet Machholz in View
2005 January 04: Milky Way Illustrated
2005 January 03: The Pleiades Star Cluster
2005 January 02: Welcome to Planet Earth
2005 January 01: Manicouagan Impact Crater
2004 December 31: A Year of Mars Roving
2004 December 30: M81 and M82: GALEX Full Field
2004 December 29: The Helix Nebula from Blanco and Hubble
2004 December 28: Tentacles of the Tarantula Nebula
2004 December 27: Andromeda's Core
2004 December 26: GRO J165540: Evidence for a Spinning Black Hole
2004 December 25: Big Beautiful Saturn
2004 December 24: Swift RocketCam
2004 December 23: 3C58: Pulsar Power
2004 December 22: Comet, Meteor, Nebula, Star
2004 December 21: Titan Disguised
2004 December 20: Titan Surmised
2004 December 19: Molecular Cloud Barnard 68
2004 December 18: Europa: Ice Line
2004 December 17: Prometheus and the Rings of Saturn
2004 December 16: The Arms of NGC 7424
2004 December 15: Looking Back Over Mars
2004 December 14: Nearby Spiral M33
2004 December 13: Announcing Comet Machholz
2004 December 12: Atlantis to Orbit
2004 December 11: M87's Energetic Jet
2004 December 10: Debris Disks Surround Distant Suns
2004 December 09: Jupiter and the Moon's Shadowed Horizon
2004 December 08: In the Center of the Heart Nebula
2004 December 07: A Strange Streak Imaged in Australia
2004 December 06: Filaments Across the Sun
2004 December 05: Kembles Cascade
2004 December 04: Reflecting Merope
2004 December 03: I Zwicky 18: Young Galaxy
2004 December 02: Mimas, Rings, and Shadows
2004 December 01: Saturn's Moon Dione from Cassini
2004 November 30: Lake Effect Snow on Earth
2004 November 29: Saturn's Moon Tethys from Cassini
2004 November 28: Doomed Star Eta Carinae

2004 November 27: NGC 2683: Spiral Edge On

2004 November 26: Magnetars In The Sky
2004 November 25: What the Hubble Saw
2004 November 24: A Radar View of Titan
2004 November 23: Leonid Meteors Streak
2004 November 22: Swift Launches
2004 November 21: Spiral Galaxies in Collision
2004 November 20: Stereo Phobos
2004 November 19: Phobos: Doomed Moon of Mars
2004 November 18: A Sharper View of a Tilted Planet
2004 November 17: Aurora Over Wisconsin
2004 November 16: Sagittarius Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
2004 November 15: Burns Cliff on Mars
2004 November 14: Leonids Above Torre de la Guaita
2004 November 13: Moon Over Shiraz
2004 November 12: Missouri's Green Ribbon Sky
2004 November 11: Pastel Planet, Triple Eclipse
2004 November 10: Leo A: Nearby Dwarf Irregular Galaxy
2004 November 09: A Full Sky Multi Colored Auroral Corona
2004 November 08: Jupiter and Venus at Sunrise
2004 November 07: The Galactic Center in Infrared
2004 November 06: X-Rays from the Galactic Core
2004 November 05: Supernova Remnant Imaged in Gamma Rays
2004 November 04: NGC 7023: The Iris Nebula
2004 November 03: A Time Lapse Lunar Eclipse
2004 November 02: Storm Alley on Saturn
2004 November 01: Spooky Star Forming Region DR 6
2004 October 31: Halloween and the Ghost Head Nebula
2004 October 30: Pumpkin Moon
2004 October 29: Red Moon Triple
2004 October 28: Tantalizing Titan
2004 October 27: Total Lunar Eclipse Tonight
2004 October 26: Titan Through the Haze
2004 October 25: The Perseus Cluster of Galaxies
2004 October 24: Inside the Eagle Nebula
2004 October 23: Surveyor Slides
2004 October 22: SOFIA's Mirror
2004 October 21: Apogee Moon, Perigee Moon
2004 October 20: NGC 281: Cluster, Clouds, and Globules
2004 October 19: Old Planetary Dust Disks Found by SST
2004 October 18: Southern Saturn from Cassini

2004 October 17: IC 418: The Spirograph Nebula

2004 October 16: The Bubbling Cauldron of NGC 3079
2004 October 15: Night MAGIC
2004 October 14: Glimpse of a Globular Star Cluster
2004 October 13: Contrail Clutter over Georgia
2004 October 12: M3: Inconstant Star Cluster
2004 October 11: Mosaic of Endurance Crater on Mars
2004 October 10: Sunspot Loops in Ultraviolet
2004 October 09: The Averted Side Of The Moon
2004 October 08: Kepler's SNR from Chandra, Hubble, Spitzer
2004 October 07: Moon Lightning
2004 October 06: N11: A Giant Ring of Emission Nebulas
2004 October 05: SpaceShipOne Wins the X Prize
2004 October 04: NGC 6823: Cloud Sculpting Star Cluster
2004 October 03: Comet Hale Bopp and the North America Nebula
2004 October 02: Toutatis Nears Planet Earth
2004 October 01: Earth Nears Asteroid Toutatis
2004 September 30: Crater Wall on Solis Planum
2004 September 29: HUDF: Dawn of the Galaxies
2004 September 28: Aurora Over a Communications Tower
2004 September 27: The Great Nebula in Orion
2004 September 26: Looking Back on an Eclipsed Earth
2004 September 25: The Iron Sun
2004 September 24: Fornax Cluster in Motion
2004 September 23: La Silla's Starry Night
2004 September 22: Spirit Rover at Engineering Flats on Mars
2004 September 21: M24: A Sagittarius Starscape
2004 September 20: Seeing Through Saturn's C Ring
2004 September 19: Earth's North Magnetic Pole
2004 September 18: M55: Globular Star Cluster
2004 September 17: IC 1805: Light from the Heart
2004 September 16: Microquasar in Motion
2004 September 15: Above the Eye of Hurricane Ivan
2004 September 14: Genesis Missions Hard Impact
2004 September 13: Identify this Phenomenon
2004 September 12: Mercury: A Cratered Inferno
2004 September 11: The Star Trails of Kilimanjaro
2004 September 10: Cat's Eye
2004 September 09: Sagittarius Triplet
2004 September 08: Molecular Torus Surrounds Black Hole
2004 September 07: A Supernova in Nearby Galaxy NGC 2403

2004 September 06: C153 Takes the Plunge

2004 September 05: M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy in Dust and Stars
2004 September 04: Neutron Mars
2004 September 03: Hurricane Frances Approaches Florida
2004 September 02: The Large Cloud of Magellan
2004 September 01: An Inner Neptune for 55 Cancri
2004 August 31: The Dotted Dunes of Mars
2004 August 30: Announcing Comet C 2003 K4 LINEAR
2004 August 29: Lunation
2004 August 28: M17: A Hubble Close-Up
2004 August 27: The Sedna Scenario
2004 August 26: Cassiopeia A in a Million
2004 August 25: Zodiacal Light and the False Dawn
2004 August 24: Supply Ship Approaches the Space Station
2004 August 23: Looking Out Over Mars
2004 August 22: Earth at Night
2004 August 21: Solar Sail
2004 August 20: Raining Perseids
2004 August 19: Windblown N44F
2004 August 18: Lightning on Earth
2004 August 17: The Unusual Blueberries at Bylot Rock
2004 August 16: Close Up of the Lagoon Nebula
2004 August 15: Hoags Object: A Strange Ring Galaxy
2004 August 14: Messenger Launch
2004 August 13: Perseid Fireball Over Japan
2004 August 12: The Spectrum of A Meteor
2004 August 11: A Perseid Meteor
2004 August 10: The Double Haze above Titan
2004 August 09: The Dark River to Antares
2004 August 08: Contemplating the Sky
2004 August 07: Giant Cluster Bends, Breaks Images
2004 August 06: The Giant and the Glory
2004 August 05: Emission Nebula IC 1396
2004 August 04: Solar Arcs and Halos
2004 August 03: Shadow of a Martian Robot
2004 August 02: Spicules: Jets on the Sun
2004 August 01: A Force from Empty Space: The Casimir Effect
2004 July 31: Tonight: A Blue Moon
2004 July 30: Northern Lights
2004 July 29: Melas Chasma
2004 July 28: A Cygnus Star Field

2004 July 27: Razorbacks in Endurance Crater

2004 July 26: A Large Active Region Crosses the Sun
2004 July 25: A Solar Filament Lifts Off
2004 July 24: A String Of Pearls
2004 July 23: Saturns Rings in Natural Color
2004 July 22: Aura Launch
2004 July 21: A Shadow on the Rings of Saturn
2004 July 20: Space Station, Venus, Sun
2004 July 19: Attacking Mars
2004 July 18: M31: The Andromeda Galaxy
2004 July 17: Transit of Venus Stereogram
2004 July 16: The Bubble
2004 July 15: Stars and Dust in Corona Australis
2004 July 14: Polar Polygons on Mars
2004 July 13: Orion Nebula in Oxygen, Hydrogen, and Sulfur
2004 July 12: Cassini Images Saturns A Ring
2004 July 11: WMAP Resolves the Universe
2004 July 10: Phoebe Craters in Stereo
2004 July 09: Ringed Nebulae
2004 July 08: Southern Cross Star Colors
2004 July 07: N11B: Star Cloud of the LMC
2004 July 06: Titan from Cassini in Infrared
2004 July 05: Cassini Images Density Waves in Saturns Rings
2004 July 04: M57: The Ring Nebula
2004 July 03: Cassini to Venus
2004 July 02: The Encke Gap: A Moon Goes Here
2004 July 01: NGC 7331: A Galaxy So Inclined
2004 June 30: Phoebe: Comet Moon of Saturn
2004 June 29: In the Center of NGC 6559
2004 June 28: Spirit Rover Reaches the Columbia Hills on Mars
2004 June 27: Galaxy Cluster Abell 1689 Warps Space
2004 June 26: Neptune: Still Springtime After All These Years
2004 June 25: Planet Earth from SpaceShipOne
2004 June 24: The Galaxy Within Centaurus A
2004 June 23: A Picturesque Venus Transit
2004 June 22: Unusual Spires Found on Comet Wild 2
2004 June 21: Analemma Over Ancient Nemea
2004 June 20: Solstice Celebration
2004 June 19: Ida and Dactyl: Asteroid and Moon
2004 June 18: The Trifid Nebula from Hubble
2004 June 17: Comet NEAT and the Beehive Cluster

2004 June 16: Elliptical Galaxy M87

2004 June 15: A Rare Annular Venusian Solar Eclipse
2004 June 14: Unusual Layers on Saturn's Moon Phoebe
2004 June 13: Volcano and Aurora in Iceland
2004 June 12: NGC 4676: When Mice Collide
2004 June 11: Venus and the Chromosphere
2004 June 10: Venus at the Edge
2004 June 09: Venus Transit at Sunrise
2004 June 08: A Planet Transits the Sun
2004 June 07: Mammatus Clouds Over Mexico
2004 June 06: Mercury Spotting
2004 June 05: Apollo 17's Lunar Rover
2004 June 04: Sedna at Noon
2004 June 03: Cosmic Construction Zone RCW 49
2004 June 02: The Colorful Clouds of Rho Ophiuchi
2004 June 01: The Supergalactic Wind from Starburst Galaxy M82
2004 May 31: 24 Million Kilometers to Saturn
2004 May 30: Astronaut at Work
2004 May 29: Cone Nebula Close Up
2004 May 28: A Manhattan Sunset
2004 May 27: Two Comets in Southern Skies
2004 May 26: At the Summit of Olympus Mons
2004 May 25: Moon Between the Stones
2004 May 24: Planets Over Easter Island
2004 May 23: Working in Space
2004 May 22: X-Rays From Tycho's Supernova Remnant
2004 May 21: Phases of Venus
2004 May 20: Sharpless 140
2004 May 19: Brain Crater on Mars
2004 May 18: Comet NEAT (Q4) Over Indian Cove
2004 May 17: NGC 3372: The Great Nebula in Carina
2004 May 16: Venus: Earth's Cloudy Twin
2004 May 15: Arp 188 and the Tadpole's Tidal Tail
2004 May 14: Zubenelgenubi and Friends
2004 May 13: Rungs of the Red Rectangle
2004 May 12: The Tails of Comet NEAT Q4
2004 May 11: M13: The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules
2004 May 10: Endurance Crater on Mars
2004 May 09: Antares and Rho Ophiuchi
2004 May 08: Good Morning Sydney
2004 May 07: Look West for a NEAT Comet

2004 May 06: A Lunar Eclipse Mosaic

2004 May 05: NGC 6302: Big Bright Bug Nebula
2004 May 04: Missoula Crater on Mars
2004 May 03: Comets Bradfield and LINEAR Rising
2004 May 02: Io in True Color
2004 May 01: A Western Sky at Twilight
2004 April 30: Eyeful of Saturn
2004 April 29: Titan's X-Ray
2004 April 28: The Smooth Spheres of Gravity Probe B
2004 April 27: Comet Bradfield Rising
2004 April 26: Ring Galaxy AM 0644 741 from Hubble
2004 April 25: D rad Bacteria: Candidate Astronauts
2004 April 24: M27: Not A Comet
2004 April 23: Comet C/2001 Q4 (NEAT)
2004 April 22: Comet C/2002 T7 (LINEAR)
2004 April 21: Nebulas Surrounding Wolf Rayet Binary
2004 April 20: Comet Hale Bopp Over Indian Cove
2004 April 19: Comet Bradfield Passes the Sun
2004 April 18: Stellar Spectral Types: OBAFGKM
2004 April 17: Lunar Dust and Duct Tape
2004 April 16: The Stars of NGC 300
2004 April 15: Venus and the Pleiades
2004 April 14: Massive Star Forming Region DR21 in Infrared
2004 April 13: An Iridescent Cloud Over France
2004 April 12: Apollo 17 Panorama: Astronaut Running
2004 April 11: Journey to the Center of the Galaxy
2004 April 10: Facing NGC 6946
2004 April 09: NGC 4565: Galaxy on the Edge
2004 April 08: Elusive Jellyfish Nebula
2004 April 07: Unusual Spiral Galaxy M66
2004 April 06: Unusually Strong Cyclone Off the Brazilian Coast
2004 April 05: A Berry Bowl of Martian Spherules
2004 April 04: The Lost World of Lake Vida
2004 April 03: A Mystery in Gamma Rays
2004 April 02: Mercury and Venus in the West
2004 April 01: April Fools Day More Intense On Mars
2004 March 31: M39: Open Cluster in Cygnus
2004 March 30: A Prominent Solar Prominence from SOHO
2004 March 29: NASA's X 43A Scramjet Sets Air Speed Record
2004 March 28: Stars and the Bubble Nebula
2004 March 27: Mir Dreams

2004 March 26: Moon and Planets Sky

2004 March 25: An Orion of a Different Color
2004 March 24: Intriguing Dimples Near Eagle Crater on Mars
2004 March 23: Lava Flows on Venus
2004 March 22: Asteroid 2004 FH Whizzes By
2004 March 21: A Green Flash from the Sun
2004 March 20: Equinox + 1
2004 March 19: Going Wild
2004 March 18: Spirit Pan from Bonneville Crater's Edge
2004 March 17: Redshift 10: Evidence for a New Farthest Galaxy
2004 March 16: Sedna of the Outer Solar System
2004 March 15: The Orion Nebula from CFHT
2004 March 14: Comet Hale Bopp Over Val Parola Pass
2004 March 13: A Cerro Tololo Sky
2004 March 12: X-Ray Saturn
2004 March 11: Henize 206: Cosmic Generations
2004 March 10: Humphrey Rock Indicates Ancient Martian Water
2004 March 09: The Hubble Ultra Deep Field
2004 March 08: Moon and Venus over Corona Del Mar Beach
2004 March 07: An Anomalous SETI Signal
2004 March 06: N49's Cosmic Blast
2004 March 05: V838 Mon: Echoes from the Edge
2004 March 04: Cold Mountain Sky
2004 March 03: Opportunity Rover Indicates Ancient Mars Was Wet
2004 March 02: NGC 6960: The Witch's Broom Nebula
2004 March 01: Cassini Closes in on Saturn
2004 February 29: Julius Caesar and Leap Days
2004 February 28: POX 186: Not So Long Ago
2004 February 27: Rumors of a Strange Universe
2004 February 26: Galaxy Cluster in the Early Universe
2004 February 25: White Boat Rock on Mars
2004 February 24: X-Rays Indicate Star Ripped Up by Black Hole
2004 February 23: Heaven on Earth
2004 February 22: The M7 Open Star Cluster in Scorpius
2004 February 21: The Spiral Arms of NGC 4622
2004 February 20: SN1987A's Cosmic Pearls
2004 February 19: McNeil's Nebula
2004 February 18: Anvil Cloud Over Sicily
2004 February 17: Galaxy Cluster Lenses Farthest Known Galaxy
2004 February 16: A Patch of Spherules on Mars
2004 February 15: A Spherule from the Earth's Moon

2004 February 14: Solar System Portrait

2004 February 13: NGC 613: Spiral of Dust and Stars
2004 February 12: Supernova Survivor
2004 February 11: M64: The Sleeping Beauty Galaxy
2004 February 10: Unusual Spherules on Mars
2004 February 09: Announcing Comet C 2002 T7 LINEAR
2004 February 08: In the Center of the Omega Nebula
2004 February 07: NGC 6369: The Little Ghost Nebula
2004 February 06: Magnified Mars
2004 February 05: NGC 1569: Starburst in a Small Galaxy
2004 February 04: Opportunity's Horizon
2004 February 03: X-Rays From Antennae Galaxies
2004 February 02: The Tarantula Nebula from Spitzer
2004 February 01: M2-9: Wings of a Butterfly Nebula
2004 January 31: A Galaxy is not a Comet
2004 January 30: X-Ray Rings Expand from a Gamma Ray Burst
2004 January 29: Valles Marineris Perspective from Mars Express
2004 January 28: The Crab Nebula from CFHT
2004 January 27: Opportunity on Mars
2004 January 26: A Landing at Meridiani Planum
2004 January 25: Spiral Galaxy NGC 1232
2004 January 24: Valles Marineris from Mars Express
2004 January 23: NGC 4631: The Whale Galaxy
2004 January 22: Columbia Memorial Station
2004 January 21: Adirondack Rock on Mars
2004 January 20: Unexpected Galaxy String in the Early Universe
2004 January 19: STARDUST Flyby of Comet Wild 2
2004 January 18: A Close-Up of Martian Soil
2004 January 17: Saturn: Lord of the Rings
2004 January 16: Martian Surface in Perspective
2004 January 15: An Orion Deep Field
2004 January 14: A Mars Panorama from the Spirit Rover
2004 January 13: An Apollo 15 Panorama
2004 January 12: A Hole Punch Cloud Over Alabama
2004 January 11: NGC 2440: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
2004 January 10: Two Worlds, One Sun
2004 January 09: Sol 5 Postcard from Mars
2004 January 08: The Hills of Mars
2004 January 07: Red Mars from Spirit
2004 January 06: Spirit's 3D View Toward Sleepy Hollow
2004 January 05: Spirit Pan from Gusev Crater

2004 January 04: Spirit Rover Bounces Down on Mars

2004 January 03: Comet Wild 2's Nucleus from Stardust
2004 January 01: Structure in N63A
2003 December 31: A Year of Resolving Cosmology
2003 December 30: A Dust Devil Crater on Mars
2003 December 29: The Witch Head Nebula
2003 December 28: Trifid Pillars and Jets
2003 December 27: The Pleiades Star Cluster
2003 December 26: Young Star, Dark Cloud
2003 December 25: Venus and the 37 Hour Moon
2003 December 24: Layered Hills on Mars
2003 December 23: Comet Encke Returns
2003 December 22: The Andromeda Galaxy from GALEX
2003 December 21: N159 and the Papillon Nebula
2003 December 20: The Flight of Helios
2003 December 19: Inside The Elephant's Trunk
2003 December 18: Express to Mars
2003 December 17: A Proton Aurora
2003 December 16: Retrograde Mars
2003 December 15: Open Star Clusters M35 and NGC 2158
2003 December 14: Close up of the Face on Mars
2003 December 13: A Flock of Stars
2003 December 12: Full Moondark
2003 December 11: Arp 81: 100 Million Years Later
2003 December 10: Cassini Approaches Saturn
2003 December 09: NGC 604: Giant Stellar Nursery
2003 December 08: An Antarctic Total Solar Eclipse
2003 December 07: The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble
2003 December 06: Jaipur Observatory Sundial
2003 December 05: Startling Star V838 Mon
2003 December 04: New Horizons at Jupiter
2003 December 03: Moonrise Through Mauna Kea's Shadow
2003 December 02: NGC 869 and NGC 884: A Double Open Cluster
2003 December 01: A Lenticular Cloud Over Hawaii
2003 November 30: A Venus Landing
2003 November 29: Phobos Over Mars
2003 November 28: The Most Distant X Ray Jet
2003 November 27: The Long Shadow of the Moon
2003 November 26: The Turbulent Neighborhood of Eta Carina
2003 November 25: A Late Leonid from a Sparse Shower

2003 November 24: IC 405: The Flaming Star Nebula

2003 November 23: A Superwind from the Cigar Galaxy
2003 November 22: Moon AND Sun
2003 November 21: Sunset Moonlight
2003 November 20: Voyager at 90 AU
2003 November 19: Light Can Twist as Well as Spin
2003 November 18: Leonids Over Indian Cove
2003 November 17: Canis Major Dwarf: A New Closest Galaxy
2003 November 16: Leonids from Leo
2003 November 15: LL Orionis: When Cosmic Winds Collide
2003 November 14: Jupiter Portrait
2003 November 13: Aurora Oklahoma
2003 November 12: Mars Then and Now
2003 November 11: Eclipsed Moonlight from Connelly's Springs
2003 November 10: An Intermediate Polar Binary System
2003 November 09: Apollo 17 Lunarscape: A Magnificent Desolation
2003 November 08: Eclipsed Moon in Infrared
2003 November 07: November's Lunar Eclipse
2003 November 06: Flare Well AR 10486
2003 November 05: The Lynx Arc
2003 November 04: Aurora Over Edmonton
2003 November 03: Spiral Galaxy NGC 3982 Before Supernova
2003 November 02: A Giant Starspot on HD 12545
2003 November 01: Halo of the Cat's Eye
2003 October 31: A Dark and Stormy Night
2003 October 30: Aurora in Colorado Skies
2003 October 29: A Powerful Solar Flare
2003 October 28: The SDSS 3D Universe Map
2003 October 27: Large Sunspot Groups 10484 and 10486
2003 October 26: M16: Stars from Eagles EGGs
2003 October 25: Islands in the Photosphere
2003 October 24: Mars Moons
2003 October 23: Cygnus Nebulosities
2003 October 22: The Heart and Soul Nebulas
2003 October 21: The Belt of Venus over the Valley of the Moon
2003 October 20: Neptune and Triton from Palomar
2003 October 19: An Unusual Globule in IC 1396
2003 October 18: The Last Moon Shot
2003 October 17: Astronomy Quilt of the Week
2003 October 16: NGC 6888: X-Rays in the Wind
2003 October 15: Space Rock SQ222 Noticed After Pass

2003 October 14: Iridescent Clouds Over Aiguille de la Tsa

2003 October 13: Pelican Nebula Ionization Front
2003 October 12: The Coma Cluster of Galaxies
2003 October 11: Moonrise Over Seattle
2003 October 10: Peculiar Arp 295
2003 October 09: Radio Jupiter
2003 October 08: The Sombrero Galaxy from HST
2003 October 07: The Colorful Horsehead Nebula
2003 October 06: A Near Record Ozone Hole in 2003
2003 October 05: Apollo 12 Visits Surveyor 3
2003 October 04: X-Ray Moon
2003 October 03: Cold Comet Halley
2003 October 02: Reflections on the 1970s
2003 October 01: An Unusual Event Over South Wales
2003 September 30: The Sagittarius Dwarf Tidal Stream
2003 September 29: Aurora Over the Chugach Mountains
2003 September 28: Our Galaxy in Stars, Gas, and Dust
2003 September 27: Surveyor Slides
2003 September 26: IC1340 in the Eastern Veil
2003 September 25: Logarithmic Spirals Isabel and M51
2003 September 24: M33: Spiral Galaxy in Triangulum
2003 September 23: Egging On the Autumnal Equinox
2003 September 22: Opportunity Rockets Toward Mars
2003 September 21: Inside the Eagle Nebula
2003 September 20: Apollo 11: Catching Some Sun
2003 September 19: Galileo's Europa
2003 September 18: Saturn by Three
2003 September 17: The 2MASS Galaxy Sky
2003 September 16: Hurricane Isabel Approaches
2003 September 15: Globular Cluster M3
2003 September 14: The Crab Nebula from VLT
2003 September 13: NGC 3132: The Eight Burst Nebula
2003 September 12: A Note on the Perseus Cluster
2003 September 11: NGC 3370: A Sharper View
2003 September 10: Aurora Over Clouds
2003 September 09: A Gemini Sky
2003 September 08: Stars and Dust of the Lagoon Nebula
2003 September 07: The Galactic Center in Infrared
2003 September 06: Jupiter Unpeeled
2003 September 05: SIRTF Streak
2003 September 04: Composite Crab

2003 September 03: Galactic Supernova Remnant IC 443

2003 September 02: Contemplating Mars
2003 September 01: A Beautiful Trifid
2003 August 31: The View from Everest
2003 August 30: Recycling Cassiopeia A
2003 August 29: The Mineral Moon
2003 August 28: Mars Rising Behind Elephant Rock
2003 August 27: Big Mars from Hubble
2003 August 26: Earth Webcam Catches Mars Rotation
2003 August 25: The Northern Milky Way
2003 August 24: Valles Marineris: The Grand Canyon of Mars
2003 August 23: The Tarantula Zone
2003 August 22: Shadow Rise
2003 August 21: X-Rays from M17
2003 August 20: The E Nebula in Aquila
2003 August 19: Mars Through a Small Telescope
2003 August 18: Bright Lights, Dark City
2003 August 17: Natural Saturn On The Cassini Cruise
2003 August 16: Thackeray's Globules
2003 August 15: Sedimentary Mars
2003 August 14: Dark Matter Map
2003 August 13: Mars Rising Behind Poodle Rock
2003 August 12: X-rays from Stephan s Quintet
2003 August 11: Elements of the Swan Nebula
2003 August 10: Lunation
2003 August 09: A Perseid Aurora
2003 August 08: Blue Stragglers in NGC 6397
2003 August 07: Palomar at Night
2003 August 06: Dusty Galaxy Centaurus A
2003 August 05: Shuttle Ferry
2003 August 04: In the Center of the Virgo Cluster
2003 August 03: Ice Fishing for Cosmic Neutrinos
2003 August 02: Island Universe, Cosmic Sand
2003 August 01: Moons and Bright Mars
2003 July 31: Galaxy Group HCG 87
2003 July 30: Frosty Mountains on Mars
2003 July 29: Orange Sun Simmering
2003 July 28: Launch of the Spirit Rover Toward Mars
2003 July 27: The Aquarius Dwarf
2003 July 26: Spiral Galaxy NGC 7742
2003 July 25: Dumbbell Nebula Halo

2003 July 24: Mars at the Moon's Edge

2003 July 23: GRACE Maps the Gravity of Earth
2003 July 22: A Tornado on Planet Earth
2003 July 21: IC 4603: Reflection Nebula in Ophiuchius
2003 July 20: An Ion Drive for Deep Space 1
2003 July 19: NGC 3621: Far Beyond the Local Group
2003 July 18: The Planet, the White Dwarf, and the Neutron Star
2003 July 17: The Cat's Paw Nebula
2003 July 16: Mars' Simulated View
2003 July 15: Mars Rising Through Arch Rock
2003 July 14: The Satellites that Surround Earth
2003 July 13: The Horsehead Nebula
2003 July 12: X-Ray Milky Way
2003 July 11: NGC 1068 and the X-Ray Flashlight
2003 July 10: Dust Storm Over Northern Mars
2003 July 09: HD70642: A Star with Similar Planets
2003 July 08: Mt Anatahan Erupts
2003 July 07: At the Edge of the Sun
2003 July 06: Fractal Interstellar Dust Up Close
2003 July 05: X-Rays from an Active Galaxy
2003 July 04: N49's Cosmic Blast
2003 July 03: The Vela Pulsar's Dynamic Jet
2003 July 02: Aurora Over Cape Cod
2003 July 01: Martian Moon Phobos from MGS
2003 June 30: Disappearing Clouds in Carina
2003 June 29: The Solar Spectrum
2003 June 28: Messiers and Mars
2003 June 27: SpaceShipOne
2003 June 26: Martian Analemma
2003 June 25: Galaxies in the GOODS
2003 June 24: The Sun's Surface in 3D
2003 June 23: KamLAND Verifies the Sun
2003 June 22: Massive Stars of 30 Doradus
2003 June 21: A Crescent Earth at Midnight
2003 June 20: Snake in the Dark
2003 June 19: The Moon Maiden
2003 June 18: Clouds and the Moon Move to Block the Sun
2003 June 17: The Bubble Nebula from NOAO
2003 June 16: APOD Turns Eight
2003 June 15: Noctilucent Clouds
2003 June 14: The Planetary Nebula Show

2003 June 13: Neptune: Still Springtime After All These Years
2003 June 12: Cyg X-1: Can Black Holes Form in the Dark?
2003 June 11: Two Million Galaxies
2003 June 10: Zooming in on the First Stars
2003 June 09: The Pencil Nebula Supernova Shockwave
2003 June 08: Rhea: Saturn's Second Largest Moon
2003 June 07: Warped Spiral Galaxy ESO 510-13
2003 June 06: Sun, Moon, Hot Air Balloon
2003 June 05: Ring of Fire from Cape Wrath
2003 June 04: Eclipse in the Mist
2003 June 03: The Milky Way Behind an Eclipsed Moon
2003 June 02: The Fogs of Mars
2003 June 01: GRO J1655 40: Evidence for a Spinning Black Hole
2003 May 31: NGC 1818: Pick A Star
2003 May 30: Ring of Fire Revisited
2003 May 29: Frizion Illume
2003 May 28: SNR 0103-72.6: Oxygen Supply
2003 May 27: A Mercury Transit Sequence
2003 May 26: The Earth and Moon from Mars
2003 May 25: Spiral Galaxy NGC 253 Almost Sideways
2003 May 24: M74: The Perfect Spiral
2003 May 23: Eclipsed Moon and Stars
2003 May 22: Eclipsed Moon Montage
2003 May 21: Copper Moon, Golden Gate
2003 May 20: A Primordial Quasar
2003 May 19: The Andromeda Deep Field
2003 May 18: The Holographic Principle
2003 May 17: Dark Sky, Bright Sun
2003 May 16: A Tale of Two Nebulae
2003 May 15: Moon Slide Slim
2003 May 14: The North Pole of Venus
2003 May 13: Mercury Transits the Sun
2003 May 12: In the Vicinity of the Cone Nebula
2003 May 11: M83: The Southern Pinwheel Galaxy from VLT
2003 May 10: NGC 7293: The Helix Nebula
2003 May 09: International Space Station in Transit
2003 May 08: Mercury Spotting
2003 May 07: The Southern Sky from the International Space Station
2003 May 06: A Chicago Meteorite Fall
2003 May 05: NGC 1275: A Galactic Collision
2003 May 04: A Sonic Boom

2003 May 03: Denizen of the Tarantula Nebula

2003 May 02: Five to Mars
2003 May 01: The Energetic Jet from Centaurus A
2003 April 30: A Lenticular Cloud Over New Hampshire
2003 April 29: In the Center of the Rosette Nebula
2003 April 28: Rollout of a Soyuz TMA 2 Rocket
2003 April 27: Venus' Once Molten Surface
2003 April 26: Big Blue Marble Earth
2003 April 25: M17: A Hubble Close-Up
2003 April 24: Earth at Twilight
2003 April 23: The Stars of NGC 1705
2003 April 22: Springtime on Mars
2003 April 21: A Halo Around the Moon
2003 April 20: The Gum Nebula Supernova Remnant
2003 April 19: Spiral Galaxy In Centaurus
2003 April 18: Double Eruptive Prominences
2003 April 17: M106 in Canes Venatici
2003 April 16: Magma Bubbles from Mt Etna
2003 April 15: A Crescent Nebula Star Field
2003 April 14: A Gamma Ray Burst Supernova Connection
2003 April 13: NGC 1365: A Nearby Barred Spiral Galaxy
2003 April 12: Mercury on the Horizon
2003 April 11: London at Night
2003 April 10: Energized Nebula in the LMC
2003 April 09: The Egg Nebula in Polarized Light
2003 April 08: Aurora from Space
2003 April 07: NGC 281: Cluster, Clouds, and Globules
2003 April 06: Phobos: Doomed Moon of Mars
2003 April 05: The Seasons of Saturn
2003 April 04: Clusters and Nebulae of the Hexagon
2003 April 03: Jupiter in the Hive
2003 April 02: V838 Light Echo: The Movie
2003 April 01: A New Constellation Takes Hold
2003 March 31: Mt Etna Lava Plumes
2003 March 30: Beijing Ancient Observatory
2003 March 29: The Shadow of Phobos
2003 March 28: 1006 AD: Supernova in the Sky
2003 March 27: Light Echoes from V838 Mon
2003 March 26: A Lenticular Cloud Over Wyoming
2003 March 25: A Slow Explosion
2003 March 24: A Digital Sunset Over Europe and Africa

2003 March 23: Alpha Centauri: The Closest Star System

2003 March 22: M57: The Ring Nebula
2003 March 21: Stars and Planets in the Halo of the Moon
2003 March 20: Sunrise Analemma
2003 March 19: Jupiter's Great Dark Spot
2003 March 18: Coronal Holes on the Sun
2003 March 17: SN 1006: History's Brightest Supernova
2003 March 16: NGC 253: The Sculptor Galaxy
2003 March 15: Apollo 12: Self-Portrait
2003 March 14: DEM L71: When Small Stars Explode
2003 March 13: WIRO at Jupiter
2003 March 12: Lunar Farside from Apollo 11
2003 March 11: Iridescent clouds
2003 March 10: M101: The Pinwheel Galaxy
2003 March 09: Farewell Jupiter
2003 March 08: Solar Sail
2003 March 07: The Star Trails of Kilimanjaro
2003 March 06: Comet NEAT in Southern Skies
2003 March 05: Where People Live on Planet Earth
2003 March 04: In the Center of the Lagoon Nebula
2003 March 03: Will the Universe End in a Big Rip?
2003 March 02: In the Center of the Trapezium
2003 March 01: Stereo Eros
2003 February 28: Fox Fur, the Unicorn, and a Christmas Tree
2003 February 27: When Moons and Shadows Dance
2003 February 26: Anticrepuscular Rays Over Horseshoe Canyon
2003 February 25: M42: Wisps of the Orion Nebula
2003 February 24: Comet NEAT Passes an Erupting Sun
2003 February 23: A Twisted Solar Eruptive Prominence
2003 February 22: Infrared Saturn
2003 February 21: Melting Snow and the Gullies of Mars
2003 February 20: Cold Wind from the Boomerang Nebula
2003 February 19: Pauli Exclusion Principle: Why You Don't Implode
2003 February 18: Candor and Ophir Chasmata
2003 February 17: Universe Age from the Microwave Background
2003 February 16: Southwest Mercury
2003 February 15: Happy Birthday Jules Verne
2003 February 14: The Heart in NGC 346
2003 February 13: The Eagle Nebula from CFHT
2003 February 12: WMAP Resolves the Universe
2003 February 11: Dumbbell Nebula Close Up from Hubble

2003 February 10: Comet NEAT Approaches the Sun

2003 February 09: COBE Dipole: Speeding Through the Universe
2003 February 08: AB Aurigae: How To Make Planets
2003 February 07: Orion on Film
2003 February 06: X-Rays from M83
2003 February 05: Unusual Gullies and Channels on Mars
2003 February 04: Wisps of the Veil Nebula
2003 February 03: Space Shuttle and Crew Lost During Re-Entry
2003 February 02: Molecular Cloud Barnard 68
2003 February 01: The Nebula And The Neutron Star
2003 January 31: Auroral Rocket Launch
2003 January 30: Comet Kudo-Fujikawa: Days in the Sun
2003 January 29: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
2003 January 28: The Lost World of Lake Vida
2003 January 27: BHR 71: Stars, Clouds, and Jets
2003 January 26: The Lyman Alpha Forest
2003 January 25: Palomar 13's Last Stand
2003 January 24: Seyfert's Sextet
2003 January 23: Launch of the Sun Pillar
2003 January 22: M11: The Wild Duck Cluster
2003 January 21: The Reflecting Dust Clouds of Orion
2003 January 20: Io at Sunset
2003 January 19: Fullerenes as Miniature Cosmic Time Capsules
2003 January 18: Filaments in the Cygnus Loop
2003 January 17: Stars and the Bubble Nebula
2003 January 16: NGC 1700: Elliptical Galaxy and Rotating Disk
2003 January 15: Ringed Planet Uranus
2003 January 14: 0313-192: The Wrong Galaxy
2003 January 13: The Dumbbell Nebula in Hydrogen and Oxygen
2003 January 12: A Spherule from Outer Space
2003 January 11: Apollo 17: Boulder in Stereo
2003 January 10: The Crab that Played with the Planet
2003 January 09: Abell 1689 Warps Space
2003 January 08: X-Rays from the Galactic Core
2003 January 07: Open Star Cluster M38
2003 January 06: Shadow Cone of a Total Solar Eclipse
2003 January 05: Atlantis to Orbit
2003 January 04: A Magellanic Starfield
2003 January 03: POX 186: Not So Long Ago
2003 January 02: Mt. Etna Eruption Plume
2003 January 01: NGC 6960: The Witch's Broom Nebula

2002 December 31: A Year of Assessing Astronomical Hazards

2002 December 30: A Sun Pillar
2002 December 29: NGC 1818: A Young Globular Cluster
2002 December 28: Mir Dreams
2002 December 27: X-Ray Mystery in RCW 38
2002 December 26: Searching for Meteorites in Antarctica
2002 December 25: Orion Rising
2002 December 24: Spring Dust Storms at the North Pole of Mars
2002 December 23: Stars and Dust Through Baade's Window
2002 December 22: Summer at the South Pole
2002 December 21: Solstice Celebration
2002 December 20: Colorful Clouds of Orion
2002 December 19: RAPTOR Images GRB 021211
2002 December 18: Io Volcano Culann Patera
2002 December 17: Beefing Up the International Space Station
2002 December 16: Night and Day in Melas Chasma on Mars
2002 December 15: A Network of Microlensing Caustics
2002 December 14: IC 418: The Spirograph Nebula
2002 December 13: The Crown of the Sun
2002 December 12: Apollo 17: Last on the Moon
2002 December 11: Meteors Between Stars and Clouds
2002 December 10: M17: Omega Nebula Star Factory
2002 December 09: Moon Shadow Moves Over Africa
2002 December 08: The International Space Station Expands Yet Again
2002 December 07: Jupiter, Io, and Shadow
2002 December 06: Zimbabwe Solar Eclipse
2002 December 05: NGC 2359: Thor's Helmet
2002 December 04: Moon, Mars, Venus, and Spica
2002 December 03: Eclipse Over Acacia
2002 December 02: Nearby Spiral M33
2002 December 01: The Pleiades Star Cluster
2002 November 30: Surveyor Hops
2002 November 29: Open Star Clusters M35 and NGC 2158
2002 November 28: The Supermassive Black Holes of NGC 6240
2002 November 27: Leonids and Leica
2002 November 26: Name This Martian Robot
2002 November 25: The Earth's Magnetic Field
2002 November 24: Hubble Floats Free
2002 November 23: Mare Orientale
2002 November 22: Full Moon, Lake, and Leonids Indeed
2002 November 21: Starburst Galaxy M94

2002 November 20: Leonids vs The Moon

2002 November 19: Leonid Meteors in 2002
2002 November 18: The Car, the Hole, and the Peekskill Meteorite
2002 November 16: Tempel-Tuttle: The Leonid Comet
2002 November 15: Night Trails of Africa
2002 November 14: The Sharpest View of the Sun
2002 November 13: Asteroid Annefrank
2002 November 12: Terkezi Oasis in the Sahara Desert
2002 November 11: The Outer Shells of Centaurus A
2002 November 10: A Green Flash from the Sun
2002 November 09: A Cerro Tololo Sky
2002 November 08: NGC 6369: The Little Ghost Nebula
2002 November 07: 2001 Leonids: Meteors in Perspective
2002 November 06: The Winter Hexagon
2002 November 05: Leonids Over Joshua Tree National Park
2002 November 04: Cassini Approaches Saturn
2002 November 03: The International Space Station Expands Again
2002 November 02: NGC 604: Giant Stellar Nursery
2002 November 01: Europa's Freckles
2002 October 31: Aurora in the Night
2002 October 30: Leonids Over Uluru
2002 October 29: A Lunar Rille
2002 October 28: Earth's Richat Structure
2002 October 27: Asteroid Gaspra s Best Face
2002 October 26: Dark Matter, X-rays, and NGC 720
2002 October 25: Journey to the Center of the Galaxy
2002 October 24: Gullies on Mars
2002 October 23: Liftoff With the Space Shuttle
2002 October 22: A Small Double Ozone Hole in 2002
2002 October 21: M31: The Andromeda Galaxy
2002 October 20: The Space Shuttle Docked with Mir
2002 October 19: Io's Surface: Under Construction
2002 October 18: At the Center of the Milk Way
2002 October 17: Centaurus A: Young Blue Star Stream
2002 October 16: Oklo: Ancient African Nuclear Reactors
2002 October 15: Aurora's Ring
2002 October 14: IC 5146: The Cocoon Nebula
2002 October 13: CG4: A Ruptured Cometary Globule
2002 October 12: Chandra Deep Field
2002 October 11: Fomalhaut Dust Disk Indicates Planets

2002 October 10: Dusty Environs of Eta Carinae

2002 October 09: Quaoar: Large Asteroid in the Outer Solar System
2002 October 08: The X-Ray Jets of XTE J1550
2002 October 07: The Galaxy and the Quasar
2002 October 06: The Lagoon Nebula in Three Colors
2002 October 05: X-Ray Cygnus A
2002 October 04: Facing NGC 6946
2002 October 03: V838 Mon: Mystery Star
2002 October 02: Star Clouds Toward the Southern Crown
2002 October 01: Rectangular Ridges on Mars
2002 September 30: D rad Bacteria: Candidate Astronauts
2002 September 29: Venus: Just Passing By
2002 September 28: X-Ray Rainbows
2002 September 27: Accretion Disk Simulation
2002 September 26: Rocket Trail at Sunset
2002 September 25: Jupiter, Moons, and Bees
2002 September 24: To Fly Free in Space
2002 September 23: The Milky Way Over the French Alps
2002 September 22: Two Hours Before Neptune
2002 September 21: Moonset, Planet Earth
2002 September 20: The Crab Nebula Pulsar Shrugs
2002 September 19: Asteroid 1998 KY26
2002 September 18: A Sagittarius Starscape
2002 September 17: A Force from Empty Space: The Casimir Effect
2002 September 16: An Atlas V Rocket Prepares to Launch
2002 September 15: Zodiacal Light and the False Dawn
2002 September 14: X-Ray Moon
2002 September 13: Aristarchus Plateau
2002 September 12: X-Rays From Tycho's Supernova Remnant
2002 September 11: Pluto and Charon Eclipse a Triple Star
2002 September 10: Venus Beyond the Storm
2002 September 09: Hoags Object: A Strange Ring Galaxy
2002 September 08: Too Close to a Black Hole
2002 September 07: Stereo Saturn
2002 September 06: HESS Gamma Ray Telescope
2002 September 05: Voyager Views Titan's Haze
2002 September 04: Halo of the Cat's Eye
2002 September 03: A Dust Devil on Mars
2002 September 02: Colorful Light Pillars
2002 September 01: The Hubble Deep Field
2002 August 31: The Voyagers' Message in a Bottle

2002 August 30: Simeis 147: Supernova Remnant

2002 August 29: The Pelican in the Swan
2002 August 28: 3D Mars: Northern Terra Meridiani
2002 August 27: Valles Marineris: The Grand Canyon of Mars
2002 August 26: The Mysterious Voynich Manuscript
2002 August 25: Nebula Nova Cygni Turns On
2002 August 24: Cas A Supernova Remnant in X Rays
2002 August 23: Island Universe, Cosmic Sand
2002 August 22: Shell Game in NGC 300
2002 August 21: Spiral Galaxy NGC 300
2002 August 20: The Universe in Hot Gas
2002 August 19: Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
2002 August 18: Earth's North Magnetic Pole
2002 August 17: Asteroid 2002 NY40
2002 August 16: Rainbow Perseid
2002 August 15: Meteors and Northern Lights
2002 August 14: Giant Emission Nebula NGC 3603 in Infrared
2002 August 13: Contemplating the Sky
2002 August 12: The Colors and Mysteries of Centaurus A
2002 August 10: Earth at Night
2002 August 09: Fireworks and Shooting Stars
2002 August 08: Ancient Volcanos of Mars
2002 August 07: Gomez's Hamburger: A Proto Planetary Nebula
2002 August 06: Muon Wobble Possible Door to Supersymmetric Universe
2002 August 05: Rays from an Unexpected Aurora
2002 August 04: Spiral Galaxy NGC 2997 from VLT
2002 August 03: The Galactic Center A Radio Mystery
2002 August 02: Comet 57P Falls to Pieces
2002 August 01: Sunspots and Solar Active Regions
2002 July 31: Henize 3-401: An Elongated Planetary Nebula
2002 July 30: A Star Cluster in Motion
2002 July 29: A Setting Sun Trail
2002 July 28: An Anomalous SETI Signal
2002 July 27: Apollo 11: Catching Some Sun
2002 July 26: Clearing Skies
2002 July 25: NGC 1569: Heavy Elements from a Small Galaxy
2002 July 24: Our Busy Solar System
2002 July 23: The View from Everest
2002 July 22: Open Cluster NGC 6520 from CFHT
2002 July 21: Nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 4945

2002 July 20: Footprints on Another World

2002 July 19: Counting Stars in the Infrared Sky
2002 July 18: Sunspot Region 30
2002 July 17: Star-Forming Region RCW38 from 2MASS
2002 July 16: Outbound from Mercury
2002 July 15: Proxima Centauri: The Closest Star
2002 July 14: The Crab Nebula from VLT
2002 July 13: Apollo 12: Stereo View Near Surveyor Crater
2002 July 12: Recycling Cassiopeia A
2002 July 11: M51: X-Rays from the Whirlpool
2002 July 10: M51: Cosmic Whirlpool
2002 July 09: Analemma
2002 July 08: Weighing Empty Space
2002 July 07: The Galactic Center Across the Infrared
2002 July 06: Io: Moon Over Jupiter
2002 July 05: Many Moons
2002 July 04: Young Star Clusters in an Old Galaxy
2002 July 03: Interstellar Dust Bunnies of NGC 891
2002 July 02: The Average Color of the Universe
2002 July 01: The Fox Fur Nebula
2002 June 30: Ida and Dactyl: Asteroid and Moon
2002 June 29: A Deep Field In The Southern Sky
2002 June 28: Lunar Module at Taurus-Littrow
2002 June 27: Carving Ma'adim Vallis
2002 June 26: In the Center of the Trifid Nebula
2002 June 25: Venus and Jupiter Over Belfast
2002 June 24: The Sun's Heliosphere and Heliopause
2002 June 23: Asteroids in the Distance
2002 June 22: Io: The Prometheus Plume
2002 June 21: Zimbabwe Sunset
2002 June 20: Bright Galaxy M81
2002 June 19: The Moon and Venus Over Geneva
2002 June 18: IC 4406: A Seemingly Square Nebula
2002 June 17: NGC 4697: X-Rays from an Elliptical Galaxy
2002 June 16: Jupiter's Rings Revealed
2002 June 15: MyCn18: An Hourglass Nebula
2002 June 14: 55 Cancri: Familiar Planet Discovered
2002 June 13: The Tarantula Zone
2002 June 12: A Partial Eclipse Over the Golden Gate Bridge
2002 June 11: Inside the Eagle Nebula
2002 June 10: Annular Eclipse: The Ring of Fire

2002 June 09: A Chamaeleon Sky

2002 June 08: A Fleeting Eclipse
2002 June 07: Portrait of an Infant Solar System
2002 June 06: Cone Nebula Infrared Close-Up
2002 June 05: NGC 3621: Far Beyond the Local Group
2002 June 04: A Martian Metamorphosis
2002 June 03: Galaxy NGC 4388 Expels Huge Gas Cloud
2002 June 02: Cracks and Ridges on Europa
2002 June 01: NGC 2266: Old Cluster in the New General Catalog
2002 May 31: In Chandor Chasma on Mars
2002 May 30: Orion Nebulosities
2002 May 29: Cosmic Ripples Implicate Dark Universe
2002 May 28: The Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes
2002 May 27: Antarctic Ice Shelf Vista
2002 May 26: The Pipe Dark Nebula
2002 May 25: A String Of Pearls
2002 May 24: Love and War by Moonlight
2002 May 23: N132D and the Color of X-Rays
2002 May 22: Moon and Planets by the Eiffel Tower
2002 May 21: The Galactic Center Radio Arc
2002 May 20: East of the Lagoon Nebula
2002 May 19: Saturn's Moon Tethys
2002 May 18: Andromeda Island Universe
2002 May 17: Gamma Ray Burst, Supernova Bump
2002 May 16: Double Trouble Solar Bubbles
2002 May 15: Tail Wags of Comet Ikeya Zhang
2002 May 14: N44C: A Nebular Mystery
2002 May 13: White Rock Fingers on Mars
2002 May 12: At the Edge of the Helix Nebula
2002 May 11: Natural Saturn On The Cassini Cruise
2002 May 10: Trailing Planets
2002 May 09: Planets Over Stonehenge
2002 May 08: Sunspot Loops in Ultraviolet
2002 May 07: Smog Over New York
2002 May 06: NGC 4676: When Mice Collide
2002 May 05: The M7 Open Star Cluster in Scorpius
2002 May 04: The Moons of Earth
2002 May 03: Cone Nebula Close Up
2002 May 02: Arp 188 and the Tadpole's Tidal Tail
2002 May 01: In the Center of the Omega Nebula
2002 April 30: The Holographic Principle

2002 April 29: Dusk of the Planets

2002 April 28: Doomed Star Eta Carinae
2002 April 27: Hawaii
2002 April 26: Comet Ikeya-Zhang Meets The ISS
2002 April 25: Southern Cross in Mauna Loa Skies
2002 April 24: The Trifid Nebula from AAO
2002 April 23: The Newly Expanded International Space Station
2002 April 22: Comet and Aurora Over Alaska
2002 April 21: The Center of Centaurus A
2002 April 20: Orion Nebula: The 2MASS View
2002 April 19: The Old Moon in the New Moon's Arms
2002 April 18: Planets in the West
2002 April 17: The Glory
2002 April 16: Millions of Stars in Omega Centauri
2002 April 15: A New Truss for the International Space Station
2002 April 14: RX J185635-375: Candidate Quark Star
2002 April 13: Pwyll: Icy Crater of Europa
2002 April 12: A Galaxy is not a Comet
2002 April 11: Antennae Galaxies in Near Infrared
2002 April 10: Unusual Rocks in Death Valley
2002 April 09: The Snake Nebula from CFHT
2002 April 08: NGC 2787: A Barred Lenticular Galaxy
2002 April 07: The Eskimo Nebula from Hubble
2002 April 06: Vintage Gamma Rays
2002 April 05: Gamma Ray Burst Afterglow: Supernova Connection
2002 April 04: Ikeya-Zhang: Comet Over Colorado
2002 April 03: NGC 4414: A Flocculent Spiral Galaxy
2002 April 02: Mysterious Black Water in Florida Bay
2002 April 01: Hubble Resolves Expiration Date For Green Cheese Moon
2002 March 31: The Mysterious Rings of Supernova 1987A
2002 March 30: Venus Unveiled
2002 March 29: NGC 4631: The Whale Galaxy
2002 March 28: Centaurus Galaxy Cluster in X-Rays
2002 March 27: Looking Into an Io Volcano
2002 March 26: Comet Ikeya-Zhang over Tenerife
2002 March 25: An Unusual Globule in IC 1396
2002 March 24: The Cat's Eye Nebula
2002 March 23: The Water Vapor Channel
2002 March 22: Odyssey Over Mars
2002 March 21: S is for Sun
2002 March 20: Aurora Over Antarctica

2002 March 19: Breaking Distant Light

2002 March 18: Comet Ikeya-Zhang's Busy Tail
2002 March 17: NGC 2244: A Star Cluster in the Rosette Nebula
2002 March 16: The Colorful Moon
2002 March 15: Neutron Mars
2002 March 14: SM3B: Mission to Hubble
2002 March 13: LL Orionis: When Cosmic Winds Collide
2002 March 12: Atete Corona on Venus
2002 March 11: The 100 Meter Green Bank Radio Telescope
2002 March 10: A Southern Sky View
2002 March 09: A Quasar Portrait Gallery
2002 March 08: Columbia Dawn
2002 March 07: Comet Ikeya-Zhang Brightens
2002 March 06: Simulated Galaxy Cluster View
2002 March 05: Earth in True Color
2002 March 04: The Shuttle Crawler Transporter
2002 March 03: The Regolith of Asteroid Eros
2002 March 02: M27: Not A Comet
2002 March 01: Jupiter's Great X-Ray Spot
2002 February 28: ESO 184-G82: Supernova - Gamma Ray Burst Connection
2002 February 27: A Cloud Shadow Sunrise
2002 February 26: Jets from Radio Galaxy 3C296
2002 February 25: Crescent Europa
2002 February 24: Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System
2002 February 23: Shocked by Supernova 1987A
2002 February 22: Saturn at the Lunar Limb
2002 February 21: Comet Ikeya-Zhang
2002 February 20: Oddities of Star Cluster NGC 6397
2002 February 19: Water Ice Imaged in Martian Polar Cap
2002 February 18: A Radio Vista of Cygnus
2002 February 17: The Local Bubble and the Galactic Neighborhood
2002 February 16: Miranda, Chevron, and Alonso
2002 February 15: Saturn: Lord of the Rings
2002 February 14: Solar System Portrait
2002 February 13: The Great Nebula in Orion
2002 February 12: Methane Earth
2002 February 11: Reflection Nebula M78
2002 February 10: The Local Interstellar Cloud
2002 February 09: Moon Over Mongolia
2002 February 08: PKS 1127-145: Quasar View
2002 February 07: Coronal Hole

2002 February 06: The Cosmic Infrared Background

2002 February 05: Giant Storm Systems Battle on Jupiter
2002 February 04: Comet LINEAR WM1 Shines in the South
2002 February 03: The Coma Cluster of Galaxies
2002 February 02: Centaurus A: The Galaxy Deep Inside
2002 February 01: Balloon TIGER
2002 January 31: EUVE Sky Map
2002 January 30: Moonrise Over Seattle
2002 January 29: The Southern Sky in Warm Hydrogen
2002 January 27: Earth Rise
2002 January 26: Shuttle Engine Blast
2002 January 25: The Spiral Arms of NGC 4622
2002 January 24: Ski Enceladus
2002 January 23: Local Group Galaxy NGC 6822
2002 January 22: Neutron Bounce Quantized in Earth Gravity
2002 January 21: Volcano and Aurora in Iceland
2002 January 20: Callisto Full Face
2002 January 19: Stars Without Galaxies
2002 January 18: Saturn and Vesta in Taurus
2002 January 17: Pick a Galaxy, Any Galaxy
2002 January 16: Abell 2597's Cosmic Cavities
2002 January 15: Red Auroral Corona
2002 January 14: Sun Halo at Winter Solstice
2002 January 13: Hypatia of Alexandria
2002 January 12: The Gamma Ray Sky
2002 January 11: Sunbather
2002 January 10: X-Ray Milky Way
2002 January 09: Blue Flash
2002 January 08: Thackeray's Globules
2002 January 07: The Mysterious Cone Nebula
2002 January 06: M2-9: Wings of a Butterfly Nebula
2002 January 05: Apollo 17's Moonship
2002 January 04: M16: Infrared Star Hunt
2002 January 03: M16: Stars, Pillars and the Eagle's EGGs
2002 January 02: International Space Station Over Earth
2002 January 01: The Secret of the Black Aurora
2001 December 31: A Year of Dark Cosmology
2001 December 30: Trifid Pillars and Jets
2001 December 29: The Annotated Galactic Center
2001 December 28: Starlight Reflections

2001 December 27: The Incredible Expanding Crab

2001 December 26: Himalayan Horizon From Space
2001 December 25: Star Forming Region Hubble V
2001 December 24: Asteroid 1998 WT24 Passes Near Earth
2001 December 23: Saturnian Aurora
2001 December 22: Hot Stars in the Southern Milky Way
2001 December 21: Partial Eclipse, Cloudy Day
2001 December 20: Jupiter and Saturn Pas de Deux
2001 December 19: Finding Dark Matter
2001 December 18: Sharpless 212 in Hydrogen and Sulfur
2001 December 17: Leaving the International Space Station
2001 December 16: The Horsehead Nebula
2001 December 15: Ganymede: Torn Comet Crater Chain
2001 December 14: NGC 7023: The Iris Nebula
2001 December 13: The South Pole of Mars
2001 December 12: Leonids Over Korean Observatory
2001 December 11: Venusian Half Shell
2001 December 10: Globular Cluster M15
2001 December 09: The Belt of Venus
2001 December 08: Moon Struck
2001 December 07: Mediterranean Leonid 2001
2001 December 06: Comet Linear (WM1) Brightens
2001 December 05: A Sky Filled with Leonids
2001 December 04: AE Aurigae: The Flaming Star
2001 December 03: Dueling Auroras
2001 December 02: Rumors of a Strange Universe
2001 December 01: Neptune's Great Dark Spot: Gone But Not Forgotten
2001 November 30: Meteor Storm Sights and Sounds
2001 November 29: Coronal Inflow
2001 November 28: Extra Solar Planetary Atmosphere Detected
2001 November 27: Ancient Layered Rocks on Mars
2001 November 26: Leonids from the Road
2001 November 25: M16: Stars from Eagle's EGGs
2001 November 24: Mariner's Mercury
2001 November 23: Counting Falling Stardust
2001 November 22: Fireball, Smoke Trail, Meteor Storm
2001 November 21: The Galactic Ring of NGC 6782
2001 November 20: A Leonids Star Field
2001 November 19: A 2001 Leonids Meteor Shower Fireball
2001 November 18: A Leonid Meteor Explodes
2001 November 17: Catching Falling Stardust

2001 November 16: Leonid Watching

2001 November 15: Recycling Columbia
2001 November 14: Auroras Over Both Earth Poles
2001 November 13: A Gravity Map of Earth
2001 November 12: Is Mystery Object an Orphan Afterglow?
2001 November 11: An Annotated Leonid
2001 November 10: Lunar Dust and Duct Tape
2001 November 09: SOHO Comet 367: Sungrazer
2001 November 08: Under A Sunspot
2001 November 07: A Sun Pillar in Red and Violet
2001 November 06: In the Center of Spiral Galaxy M83
2001 November 05: Aurora Over Winnipeg
2001 November 03: Bright Stars, Dim Galaxy
2001 November 02: THEMIS of Mars
2001 November 01: M87's Energetic Jet
2001 October 31: Halloween and the Ghost Head Nebula
2001 October 30: Anticrepuscular Rays Over Colorado
2001 October 29: Spinning Black Holes and MCG-6-30-15
2001 October 28: NGC 2346: A Butterfly-Shaped Planetary Nebula
2001 October 27: Sher 25: A Pending Supernova
2001 October 26: Elements in the Aftermath
2001 October 25: Odyssey at Mars
2001 October 24: The Matter of Galaxy Clusters
2001 October 23: Emission and Reflection in NGC 6559
2001 October 22: The First Rocket Launch from Cape Canaveral
2001 October 21: The Sombrero Galaxy from VLT
2001 October 20: The Radio Sky: Tuned to 408MHz
2001 October 19: X-Ray Stars and Winds in the Rosette Nebula
2001 October 18: Pluto: New Horizons
2001 October 17: Mars Engulfed
2001 October 16: A Newly Active Volcano On Jupiters Io
2001 October 15: The Earth and Moon Planetary System
2001 October 14: Galileo Demonstrates the Telescope
2001 October 13: A Portrait of Saturn from Titan
2001 October 12: Space Station and Space Shuttle: Backyard View
2001 October 11: VDB 142 in Cepheus
2001 October 10: The Center of Globular Cluster Omega Centauri
2001 October 09: The Past of Asteroid Eros
2001 October 08: A Yukon Aurora
2001 October 07: Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens

2001 October 06: Hen 1357: New Born Nebula

2001 October 05: A Flock of Stars
2001 October 04: M74: The Perfect Spiral
2001 October 03: The Planetary Nebula Show
2001 October 02: A Flying Astronaut Over Earth
2001 October 01: A Global Dust Storm on Mars
2001 September 30: IC 418: The Spirograph Nebula
2001 September 29: The Iron Sun
2001 September 28: NGC 6992: A Glimpse of the Veil
2001 September 27: Elements of Nearby Spiral M33
2001 September 26: Comet Borrelly's Nucleus
2001 September 25: The Highs and Lows of Earth
2001 September 24: A Solar Prominence Erupts
2001 September 23: Molecular Cloud Barnard 68
2001 September 22: Full Throttle For Deep Space 1
2001 September 21: Where a Black Hole Roams
2001 September 20: X-Ray Stars in M15
2001 September 19: SIRTF: Name This Satellite
2001 September 18: Surrounded by Mars
2001 September 17: Southwest Andromeda
2001 September 16: Venus Once Molten Surface
2001 September 15: Eclipsed Moon in Infrared
2001 September 14: Cold Dust in the Eagle Nebula
2001 September 13: X-Rays and the Circinus Pulsar
2001 September 12: Zodiacal Light and the False Dawn
2001 September 11: Spiral Galaxy NGC 3310 Across the Visible
2001 September 10: Galactic Center Flicker Indicates Black Hole
2001 September 09: NGC 3293: A Bright Young Open Cluster
2001 September 08: Moon Occults Saturn
2001 September 07: Moon AND Sun
2001 September 06: Moon AND Stars
2001 September 05: 3C175: Quasar Cannon
2001 September 04: 2dF Sees Waves of Galaxies
2001 September 03: The Making of the Rotten Egg Nebula
2001 September 02: Deimos: A Small Martian Moon
2001 September 01: Magnetars In The Sky
2001 August 31: The Flight of Helios
2001 August 30: How Big Is 2001 KX76?
2001 August 29: AFGL 2591: A Massive Star Acts Up
2001 August 28: Jagged Hills on Jupiters Callisto
2001 August 27: Artificial Night Sky Brightness

2001 August 26: Uranus: The Tilted Planet

2001 August 25: Pioneer 10: The First 7 Billion Miles
2001 August 24: NEAR at Eros: Before Touchdown
2001 August 23: Distortion from a Distant Cluster
2001 August 22: The Bubbling Cauldron of NGC 3079
2001 August 21: Dark Spots on Neptune
2001 August 20: The Lagoon Nebula in Three Colors
2001 August 19: Mercury: A Cratered Inferno
2001 August 18: Phobos: Doomed Moon of Mars
2001 August 17: The 47 Ursae Majoris System
2001 August 16: Centaurus A: X Rays from an Active Galaxy
2001 August 15: Mars: 3-D Dunes
2001 August 14: X-Rays from the Galactic Plane
2001 August 13: A Piece of Interplanetary Dust
2001 August 12: Eagle EGGs in M16
2001 August 11: A Mystery in Gamma Rays
2001 August 10: Perseids of Summer
2001 August 09: Tycho and Copernicus: Lunar Ray Craters
2001 August 08: Farewell Jupiter
2001 August 07: A July Dawn
2001 August 06: The Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope
2001 August 05: NGC 2440: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
2001 August 04: Neighboring Galaxy: The Large Magellanic Cloud
2001 August 03: Warped Spiral Galaxy ESO 510 13
2001 August 02: Burning Tree Sprite
2001 August 01: Young Martian Terrain
2001 July 31: Oceans Under Jupiter's Callisto
2001 July 30: Star Cluster R136 Bursts Out
2001 July 28: A Daytime Fireball in 1944
2001 July 27: Martian Dust Storm
2001 July 26: Madagascar Totality
2001 July 25: Hot Gas Halo Detected Around Galaxy NGC 4631
2001 July 24: The Red Spider Planetary Nebula
2001 July 23: Atlantis to Orbit
2001 July 22: NGC 1977: Blue Reflection Nebula in Orion
2001 July 21: 25 Years Ago: Vikings on Mars
2001 July 20: The Elephant's Trunk in IC 1396
2001 July 19: Pulsar Wind in the Vela Nebula
2001 July 18: Mars from Earth
2001 July 17: The Carina Nebula in Three Colors

2001 July 16: Water Found Around Nearby Star CW Leonis

2001 July 15: Io in True Color
2001 July 14: Solar System Web Cam
2001 July 13: Welcome to the Moon Hotel
2001 July 12: NGC 1850: Not Found in the Milky Way
2001 July 11: A Total Eclipse Over Africa
2001 July 10: Sudbury Indicates Nonstandard Particle Model
2001 July 09: Air Pollution Earth
2001 July 08: The Galactic Center in Infrared
2001 July 07: A Close Encounter Of The Stellar Kind
2001 July 06: Bakasa Eclipse Sequence
2001 July 05: C/2001 A2 (LINEAR): Comet !
2001 July 04: Moonbow with Sailboats
2001 July 03: Unusual Flashes Toward Globular Cluster M22
2001 July 02: The Seasons of Saturn
2001 July 01: Spiral Galaxy NGC 7742
2001 June 30: Hydrogen, Helium, and the Stars of M10
2001 June 29: Ice Volcanoes on Mars
2001 June 28: The Topography of Mars
2001 June 27: Moonlight, Mars and Milky Way
2001 June 26: All of Mars
2001 June 25: A Brighter Comet LINEAR
2001 June 24: NGC 3132: The Eight Burst Nebula
2001 June 23: The Cygnus Loop
2001 June 22: Eclipse in African Skies
2001 June 21: Diamond Ring in the Sun
2001 June 20: Total Eclipse of the Active Sun
2001 June 19: Crescent Neptune and Triton
2001 June 18: NGC 4755: A Jewel Box of Stars
2001 June 17: Colorful Clouds Of Carina
2001 June 16: APOD is Six Years Old Today
2001 June 15: Messiers and Mars
2001 June 14: Around The Arches Cluster
2001 June 13: M94: Beyond the Blue
2001 June 12: The Cartwheel Galaxy
2001 June 11: Globular Cluster M2
2001 June 10: Giant Cluster Bends, Breaks Images
2001 June 09: Apollo 17's Lunar Rover
2001 June 08: Three Galaxies in Draco
2001 June 07: NGC 253: X-Ray Zoom
2001 June 06: NGC 1512: A Panchromatic View

2001 June 05: Asteroid Eros Reconstructed

2001 June 04: The T Tauri Star Forming System
2001 June 03: A GRB 000301C Symphony
2001 June 02: The Pulsar Powered Crab
2001 June 01: Venus' Evening Loop
2001 May 31: LINEAR's Tail and Two Nuclei
2001 May 30: Stellar Spectral Types: OBAFGKM
2001 May 29: Working in Space
2001 May 28: Close up of the Face on Mars
2001 May 27: Comet Hale-Bopp Over Val Parola Pass
2001 May 26: NGC 6826: The Blinking Eye
2001 May 25: Saturn The Giant
2001 May 24: X-Ray Stars of 47 Tucanae
2001 May 23: Strange Orange Soil on the Moon
2001 May 22: Spiral Galaxy NGC 1232
2001 May 21: Another Comet LINEAR Breaks Up
2001 May 20: Sagittarius Star Cloud
2001 May 19: Damage to Apollo 13
2001 May 18: HD 82943: Planet Swallower
2001 May 17: Solar Neutrino Astronomy
2001 May 16: The Center of the Circinus Galaxy in X-Rays
2001 May 15: A Radar Image of Venus
2001 May 14: A Cerro Tololo Sky
2001 May 13: Crater Copernicus
2001 May 12: Shuttle Moon
2001 May 11: X-Ray Rainbows
2001 May 10: Spirals On Edge
2001 May 09: Space Station Shows Off New Robot Arm
2001 May 08: GRO J1655 40: Evidence for a Spinning Black Hole
2001 May 07: One Hundred Kilometer Terrain on Venus
2001 May 06: The Pleiades Star Cluster
2001 May 05: Shepard Flies Freedom 7
2001 May 04: Protoplanetary Survivors in Orion
2001 May 03: Far Side of the Sun
2001 May 02: Planet Building in HD 100546
2001 May 01: Antarctica Hears Little Normal Matter in the Big Bang
2001 April 30: Approaching the International Space Station
2001 April 29: Ice Fishing for Cosmic Neutrinos
2001 April 28: The Moon and All the Crashes
2001 April 27: Visitors' Galaxy Gallery
2001 April 26: Horsehead Rides Again

2001 April 25: Space Laser Creates Artificial Star

2001 April 24: NGC 2264: Stars, Dust, and Gas
2001 April 23: Space Shuttle Lifts Off for Space Station
2001 April 22: Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
2001 April 21: Apollo 12: Stereo View Near Surveyor Crater
2001 April 20: Io: Moon Over Jupiter
2001 April 19: Sunspot Stack
2001 April 18: A Higher Dimensional Universe
2001 April 17: Colorful Water Clouds Over Mars
2001 April 16: The Hydra Cluster of Galaxies
2001 April 15: Diffraction Spikes: When Stars Look Like Crosses
2001 April 14: Man Enters Space
2001 April 13: GRB010222: Gamma Ray Burst, X Ray Afterglow
2001 April 12: STS-1: First Shuttle Launch
2001 April 11: Large Sunspot Group AR 9393
2001 April 10: M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy in Dust and Stars
2001 April 09: Mars Odyssey Lifts Off for Mars
2001 April 08: The Big Corona
2001 April 07: Stereo Sun
2001 April 06: Aurora Over New Zealand
2001 April 05: On the Origin of Gold
2001 April 04: Distant Supernova, Dark Energy
2001 April 03: New Stars Destroying NGC 1748
2001 April 02: Aurora Over Clouds
2001 April 01: Americans Defeat Russians in First Space Quidditch Match
2001 March 31: Barsoom
2001 March 30: Equinox + 1
2001 March 29: Aurora Alaskan Style
2001 March 28: Chandra Deep Field
2001 March 27: Swiss Cheese Like Landscape on Mars
2001 March 26: Comet Hale Bopp in the Outer Solar System
2001 March 25: The Crab Nebula from VLT
2001 March 24: The UV SMC from UIT
2001 March 23: Mir Flares Farewell
2001 March 22: Jupiter, Saturn and Messier 45
2001 March 21: Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 2903
2001 March 20: Discovery Spring
2001 March 19: Pluto in True Color
2001 March 18: The Nearest Stars
2001 March 17: Astro-2 In Orbit
2001 March 16: Rockets and Robert Goddard

2001 March 15: Islands in the Photosphere

2001 March 14: Comet McNaught-Hartley
2001 March 13: A Sun Pillar
2001 March 12: M82 After the Crash
2001 March 11: NGC 1818: A Young Globular Cluster
2001 March 10: Apollo / Suveyor Stereo View
2001 March 09: X-rays From HCG 62
2001 March 08: Bright Venus
2001 March 07: Saturn At Night
2001 March 06: M27: The Dumbbell Nebula
2001 March 05: Survivor: NEAR Shoemaker On Asteroid Eros
2001 March 04: TT Cygni: Carbon Star
2001 March 03: Apollo 12 Visits Surveyor 3
2001 March 02: LkHa101: The Hole in the Doughnut
2001 March 01: Maximum Sun
2001 February 28: A Space Station Meets its Destiny
2001 February 27: The Witch Head Nebula
2001 February 26: Sand Dunes on Mars
2001 February 25: The Sudbury Neutrino Detector
2001 February 24: Infrared Horsehead
2001 February 23: M55 Color Magnitude Diagram
2001 February 22: 3C294: Distant X-Ray Galaxy Cluster
2001 February 21: A Sonic Boom
2001 February 20: Star Forming Region S106
2001 February 19: Shuttle Plume Shadow Points to Moon
2001 February 18: Lunation
2001 February 17: Happy Birthday Jules Verne
2001 February 16: Star Forming Region Hubble-X
2001 February 15: Jupiter Unpeeled
2001 February 14: The Rosette Nebula
2001 February 13: NEAR Spacecraft Survives Landing on Asteroid Eros
2001 February 12: Approaching Asteroid Eros
2001 February 11: NEAR Shoemaker Views Eros
2001 February 10: Aurora Astern
2001 February 09: Nashville Four Planet Skyline
2001 February 08: Distant Galaxies in Radio Vision
2001 February 07: Distant Open Cluster M103
2001 February 06: Touchdown Site on Asteroid Eros
2001 February 05: Planetary Nebula Mz3: The Ant Nebula
2001 February 04: Welcome to Planet Earth
2001 February 03: M100: A Grand Design

2001 February 02: All-Sky Panorama

2001 February 01: Jupiter's Brain
2001 January 31: Earth's Plasmasphere
2001 January 30: The Orion Nebula from VLT
2001 January 29: An Airplane in Front of the Sun
2001 January 28: CMB Dipole: Speeding Through the Universe
2001 January 27: The Moons Of Earth
2001 January 26: Galaxies Of The Virgo Cluster
2001 January 25: Sail On, Stardust
2001 January 24: NGC 3603: X-Rays From A Starburst Cluster
2001 January 23: Spherical Planetary Nebula Abell 39
2001 January 22: A Two Toned Crater on Asteroid Eros
2001 January 21: Resolving Mira
2001 January 20: Helios Helium
2001 January 19: Black Holes Are Black
2001 January 18: 2001: A Total Lunar Eclipse
2001 January 17: Spiral Galaxy NGC 3310 in Ultraviolet
2001 January 16: Europa Rotating
2001 January 15: Billows of Smog in the Outer Galaxy
2001 January 14: Kepler Discovers How Planets Move
2001 January 13: A Sky Full Of Hydrogen
2001 January 12: NGC 1410/1409: Intergalactic Pipeline
2001 January 11: X-rays From The Cat's Eye
2001 January 10: Watch the Sky Rotate
2001 January 09: A Cosmic Call to Nearby Stars
2001 January 08: Help NASA Classify Martian Craters
2001 January 07: Tycho Brahe Measures the Sky
2001 January 06: Apollo 17's Moonship
2001 January 05: Second Millennium, Last Eclipse
2001 January 04: Third Millennium, First Eclipse
2001 January 03: M8: In the Center of the Lagoon Nebula
2001 January 02: Jupiter, Europa, and Callisto
2001 January 01: The Millennium that Defines Universe
2000 December 31: The Millennium that Defined Earth
2000 December 30: A Year of Resolving Backgrounds
2000 December 29: The Dark Horsehead Nebula
2000 December 28: Moon Mare and Montes
2000 December 27: The Dust and Ion Tails of Comet Hale Bopp
2000 December 26: Jupiter, Io, and Shadow
2000 December 25: The Eclipse Tree
2000 December 24: NGC 1850: Gas Clouds and Star Clusters

2000 December 23: Summer at the South Pole

2000 December 22: Simulated Supergiant Star
2000 December 21: Solstice And Season's Eclipse
2000 December 20: Sgr A: Fast Stars Near the Galactic Center
2000 December 19: A Close Up of Aurora on Jupiter
2000 December 18: Oceans Under Jupiter's Ganymede
2000 December 17: M2 9: Wings of a Butterfly Nebula
2000 December 16: Degas Ray Crater on Mercury
2000 December 15: IC443's Neutron Star
2000 December 14: International Space Station Trail
2000 December 13: Manicouagan Impact Crater on Earth
2000 December 12: Jupiter Eyes Ganymede
2000 December 11: Composing the Omega Nebula
2000 December 10: Too Close to a Black Hole
2000 December 09: Apollo 17 Lunarscape: A Magnificent Desolation
2000 December 08: Abell 1795: A Galaxy Cluster's Cooling Flow
2000 December 07: Earth's San Andreas Fault
2000 December 06: Reflecting Merope
2000 December 05: Layered Mars: An Ancient Water World?
2000 December 04: The Circinus Galaxy
2000 December 03: Earth's North Magnetic Pole
2000 December 02: SN 1006: Pieces of the Cosmic Ray Puzzle
2000 December 01: A Frosty Crater On Mars
2000 November 30: Palomar 13's Last Stand
2000 November 29: Leonids from Orbit
2000 November 28: BZ Cam Bow Shock
2000 November 27: Earth at Night
2000 November 26: Leonids Above Torre de la Guaita
2000 November 25: A High Energy Fleet
2000 November 24: Long Leonid
2000 November 23: Cassini At Jupiter: Red Spot Movie
2000 November 22: The Orion Nebula in Hydrogen
2000 November 21: Fire on Earth
2000 November 20: A 2000 Leonid Through Orion
2000 November 19: Our Dusty Universe
2000 November 18: Jupiter And Family
2000 November 17: Leonid Sunrise
2000 November 16: A Daytime Fireball in 1944
2000 November 15: Coronal Rain, Solar Storm
2000 November 14: The Yardangs Of Mars
2000 November 13: Disorder in Stephan's Quintet

2000 November 12: The Lyman Alpha Forest

2000 November 11: The First Lunar Observatory
2000 November 10: X-Ray Cygnus A
2000 November 09: The Cosmic X-Ray Background
2000 November 08: October Skylights
2000 November 07: The Gum Nebula Supernova Remnant
2000 November 06: Heaven on Earth
2000 November 05: Jupiter Swallows Comet Shoemaker Levy 9
2000 November 04: Apollo 12: Self-Portrait
2000 November 03: New Moons For Saturn
2000 November 02: A Galaxy Collision in NGC 6745
2000 November 01: Double Asteroid 90 Antiope
2000 October 31: The Perseus Cluster's X-Ray Skull
2000 October 30: A Step Toward Gravitational Wave Detection
2000 October 29: Microwave Hotspots: The Oldest Structures Known
2000 October 28: Moonset, Planet Earth
2000 October 27: Close To Eros
2000 October 26: The Map Of Eros
2000 October 25: The Nebula And The Neutron Star
2000 October 24: Io Rotating
2000 October 23: Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy NGC 205 in the Local Group
2000 October 22: Wild Duck Open Cluster M11
2000 October 21: The Averted Side Of The Moon
2000 October 20: North Pole Below
2000 October 19: The Farthest Explosion Yet Measured
2000 October 18: The Space Shuttle Docking Ring
2000 October 17: Gemini North Images Bow Shock Near Galactic Center
2000 October 16: Dust and Gas Surrounding Star R Coronae Australis
2000 October 15: Globular Cluster Omega Centauri
2000 October 14: The Ecliptic Plane
2000 October 13: Eclipse Moon Trail
2000 October 12: HETE-2 Rides Pegasus
2000 October 11: Cassini Spacecraft Approaches Jupiter
2000 October 10: The Einstein Cross Gravitational Lens
2000 October 09: A Polar Martian Dust Storm
2000 October 08: Earth's Richat Structure
2000 October 07: Sputnik: Traveling Companion
2000 October 06: X-Rays From Sirius B
2000 October 05: N81: Star Cradle in the SMC
2000 October 04: Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1300
2000 October 03: Saturn Rotates

2000 October 02: Pangea Ultima: Earth in 250 Million Years

2000 October 01: The Center of Centaurus A
2000 September 30: Titania's Trenches
2000 September 29: September Sky
2000 September 28: Heating Coronal Loops
2000 September 27: Yepun
2000 September 26: Approaching Jupiter
2000 September 25: AR 9169: A Large Sunspot
2000 September 24: M16: Stars from Eagle's Eggs
2000 September 23: The Equal Night
2000 September 22: M55: Globular Star Cluster
2000 September 21: XZ Tauri System Ejects Gas Bubble
2000 September 20: Gangly Spiral Galaxy NGC 3184
2000 September 19: M17: Omega Nebula Star Factory
2000 September 18: Approaching the International Space Station
2000 September 17: Saturnian Aurora
2000 September 16: X-Ray Earth
2000 September 15: Aurora In West Texas Skies
2000 September 14: M82's Middle Mass Black Hole
2000 September 13: Comet LINEAR: Fade To Black
2000 September 12: Slightly Above Mars Pathfinder
2000 September 11: Antarctic Ozone Hole Widens
2000 September 10: White Dwarf Stars Cool
2000 September 09: X-Ray Moon and X-Ray Star
2000 September 08: Andromeda Island Universe
2000 September 07: IC 418: The Spirograph Nebula
2000 September 06: Emerging Planetary Nebula CRL 618
2000 September 05: CFHT Star Trails
2000 September 04: Aurora Persei
2000 September 03: Henrietta Leavitt Calibrates the Stars
2000 September 02: X-Ray Moon
2000 September 01: SOHO Sungrazer
2000 August 31: Full Throttle For Deep Space 1
2000 August 30: The Brown Dwarfs of Orion's Trapezium
2000 August 29: The Regolith of Asteroid Eros
2000 August 28: The Helix Nebula from CFHT
2000 August 27: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
2000 August 26: Mir Dreams
2000 August 25: Folding Europa
2000 August 24: Eros At Sunset
2000 August 23: NGC 6960: The Witch's Broom Nebula

2000 August 22: NGC 2244: A Star Cluster in the Rosette Nebula
2000 August 21: A Perseid Aurora
2000 August 20: The Surface of Titan
2000 August 19: ROSAT Explores The X-Ray Sky
2000 August 18: X-Rays From Antennae Galaxies
2000 August 17: Mount Megantic Magnetic Storm
2000 August 16: Unusual Giant Galaxy NGC 1316
2000 August 15: The Solar Spectrum
2000 August 14: Kemble's Cascade
2000 August 13: Doomed Star Eta Carinae
2000 August 11: Fragments of Comet LINEAR
2000 August 10: Other Worlds and HD 38529
2000 August 09: A Solar Filament Lifts Off
2000 August 08: Comet LINEAR Disperses
2000 August 07: Nearby Star Epsilon Eridani Has a Planet
2000 August 06: The Coma Cluster of Galaxies
2000 August 05: Halley's Nucleus: An Orbiting Iceberg
2000 August 04: M15: Dense Globular Star Cluster
2000 August 03: 22 Miles From Eros
2000 August 02: At the Edge of the Crescent Nebula
2000 August 01: X-Rays from Comet LINEAR
2000 July 31: Comet LINEAR Breaks Up
2000 July 30: NGC 2440: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
2000 July 29: NGC1850: Star Cluster in the LMC
2000 July 28: Moon And Venus Share The Sky
2000 July 27: Tails Of Comet LINEAR
2000 July 26: Lingering Lunar Eclipse
2000 July 25: Why Stars Twinkle
2000 July 24: M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy
2000 July 23: Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System
2000 July 22: GLAST Gamma Ray Sky Simulation
2000 July 21: Eros Craters And Boulders
2000 July 20: AR9077: Solar Magnetic Arcade
2000 July 19: Globular Cluster M19
2000 July 18: A Russian Proton Rocket Launches Zvezda
2000 July 17: Lightning on Earth
2000 July 15: Star Trails in Southern Skies
2000 July 14: Crater On Ice
2000 July 13: LP 944-20: A Failed Star Flares

2000 July 12: A Giant Starspot on HD 12545

2000 July 11: The Crab Nebula in Blue and White
2000 July 10: Comet LINEAR Extends
2000 July 09: The Hubble Deep Field
2000 July 08: The United States At Night
2000 July 07: Sirius, Sun, Moon, and Southern Cross
2000 July 06: A Jet from Galaxy M87
2000 July 05: The Galactic Center Across the Infrared
2000 July 04: Comet LINEAR Approaches
2000 July 03: Pelican Nebula Ionization Front
2000 July 02: Gamma Ray Burst: A Milestone Explosion
2000 July 01: Ultraviolet Earth from the Moon
2000 June 30: Vintage Gamma Rays
2000 June 29: Galactic Centre Starscape
2000 June 28: BATSE GRB Final Sky Map
2000 June 27: M63: The Sunflower Galaxy
2000 June 26: Newton Crater: Evidence for Recent Water on Mars
2000 June 25: Shapley 1: An Annular Planetary Nebula
2000 June 24: Sunlight Through Saturn's Rings
2000 June 23: The Gullies Of Mars
2000 June 22: Blue Stragglers In NGC 6397
2000 June 21: Solstice Celebration
2000 June 20: Ganymede: The Largest Moon in the Solar System
2000 June 19: The Long Jet of Pictor A
2000 June 18: The Milky Way Near the Southern Cross
2000 June 17: The Last Moon Shot
2000 June 16: APOD is Five Years Old Today
2000 June 15: X-Rays From The Perseus Cluster Core
2000 June 14: A Slice of the Universe with 2dF
2000 June 13: The Keyhole Nebula in Infrared
2000 June 12: A Bubbling Galaxy Center
2000 June 11: Sirius: The Brightest Star in the Night
2000 June 10: M101: An Ultraviolet View
2000 June 09: Vela Pulsar: Neutron Star-Ring-Jet
2000 June 08: Active Regions, CMEs, and X-Class Flares
2000 June 07: Up Close to Jupiter's Moon Io
2000 June 06: A Continuous Eruption on Jupiter's Moon Io
2000 June 05: In the Heart of the Crab
2000 June 04: MyCn18: An Hourglass Nebula
2000 June 03: Compton Reentry
2000 June 02: The Secret Spiral Of IC3328

2000 June 01: X-Ray Wind From NGC 3783

2000 May 31: Astronaut at Work
2000 May 30: The Very Large Array Turns Twenty
2000 May 29: Olympus Mons Volcano on Mars
2000 May 28: Skylab Over Earth
2000 May 27: M51: The Center Of The Whirlpool
2000 May 26: Solar Sail
2000 May 25: Eros Horizon View
2000 May 24: Pleiades, Planets, And Hot Plasma
2000 May 23: M4: The Closest Known Globular Cluster
2000 May 22: Light Bridges on the Sun
2000 May 21: Antares and Rho Ophiuchi
2000 May 20: Sungrazer
2000 May 19: An Aurora Before the Storm
2000 May 18: The Near Infrared Sky
2000 May 17: The Far Infrared Sky
2000 May 16: QSO H1821 643 Indicates a Universe Filled with Hydrogen
2000 May 15: A Halo Around the Moon
2000 May 14: A Presidential Panorama of Mars
2000 May 13: Surveyor Slides
2000 May 12: X-Ray Ring Around SN1987A
2000 May 11: NGC 3314: When Galaxies Overlap
2000 May 10: Dog-Bone Shaped Asteroid 216 Kleopatra
2000 May 09: The Race to Reveal Our Universe
2000 May 08: Jupiter's Moons Thebe, Amalthea, and Metis
2000 May 07: A Green Flash from the Sun
2000 May 06: The Heart Of Orion
2000 May 05: Planets In The Sun
2000 May 04: Planets Above The Clouds
2000 May 03: BOOMERANG Images The Early Universe
2000 May 02: An Iridium Flash Sunset
2000 May 01: The North America Nebula
2000 April 30: The Small Cloud of Magellan (SMC)
2000 April 29: 3D View Of Jupiter's Clouds
2000 April 28: Leonid Glowworm
2000 April 27: Calderas And Cliffs Near Io's South Pole
2000 April 26: Filaments In The Cygnus Loop
2000 April 25: Layers of the Martian South Polar Cap
2000 April 24: Reflection Nebula M78
2000 April 23: Giant Cluster Bends, Breaks Images
2000 April 22: Journey to the Center of the Galaxy

2000 April 21: M82: Starburst in X-rays

2000 April 20: Blue Marble 2000
2000 April 19: Redshift 5.8: A New Farthest Quasar
2000 April 18: Europa: Ice Line
2000 April 17: Flying Over Asteroid Eros West End
2000 April 16: IC 4406: A Seemingly Square Nebula
2000 April 15: Surveyor Hops
2000 April 14: Supernova Remnant E0102 72 from Radio to X-Ray
2000 April 13: Exploring Comet Tails
2000 April 12: The Local Bubble and the Galactic Neighborhood
2000 April 11: The Local Interstellar Cloud
2000 April 10: Aurora in Red and Yellow
2000 April 09: Mysterious Pluto and Charon
2000 April 08: Compton Observatory In Orbit
2000 April 07: Celebrating Hubble With NGC 6751
2000 April 06: Venus, Moon, and Neighbors
2000 April 05: The M7 Open Star Cluster in Scorpius
2000 April 04: A Superwind from the Cigar Galaxy
2000 April 03: A Twisted Solar Eruptive Prominence
2000 April 02: Eagle EGGs in M16
2000 April 01: Planet Earth From TIROS 1: First TV Image
2000 March 31: Free-Floating Planets In Orion
2000 March 30: Saturn-Sized Worlds Discovered
2000 March 29: Fullerenes as Miniature Cosmic Time Capsules
2000 March 28: M20: The Trifid Nebula
2000 March 27: Flying Over Asteroid Eros
2000 March 26: Venus' Once Molten Surface
2000 March 25: The Earth Also Rises
2000 March 24: A Mystery in Gamma Rays
2000 March 23: Inside Mars
2000 March 22: A Spherule from Outer Space
2000 March 21: HH111's 12 Light-Year Star Jet
2000 March 20: Mercury on the Horizon
2000 March 19: Apollo 16: Exploring Plum Crater
2000 March 18: A Wind From The Sun
2000 March 17: Martian Dust Devil Trails
2000 March 16: NEAR Shoemaker Views Eros
2000 March 15: Weak Lensing Distorts the Universe
2000 March 14: A GRB 000301C Symphony
2000 March 13: A Panorama of Oddities in Orion A
2000 March 12: Supernova 1994D and the Unexpected Universe

2000 March 11: Messier Marathon

2000 March 10: Sky and Planets
2000 March 09: Sun Storm: A Coronal Mass Ejection
2000 March 08: Nearer To Asteroid Eros
2000 March 07: Zal Patera on Jupiter's Moon Io
2000 March 06: Abell 2142: Clash of the Galaxy Clusters
2000 March 05: The Pipe Dark Nebula
2000 March 04: Saturn At Night
2000 March 03: Dust Storm on Planet Earth
2000 March 02: NGC 1999: Reflection Nebula In Orion
2000 March 01: M13: The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules
2000 February 29: Julius Caesar and Leap Days
2000 February 28: The Sombrero Galaxy from VLT
2000 February 27: The Pleiades Star Cluster
2000 February 26: Impact: 65 Million Years Ago
2000 February 25: The Comets Of SOHO
2000 February 24: Stereo Eros
2000 February 23: Sunspot Seething
2000 February 22: Neighboring Galaxy: The Large Magellanic Cloud
2000 February 21: A Giant Gouge on Asteroid Eros
2000 February 20: The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies
2000 February 19: Young Suns
2000 February 18: Neptune through Adaptive Optics
2000 February 17: New Shocks For Supernova 1987A
2000 February 16: Eros From Orbit
2000 February 15: M106: A Spiral Galaxy with a Strange Core
2000 February 14: An Unexpected Asteroid Valentine
2000 February 13: Southwest Mercury
2000 February 12: Stereo Saturn
2000 February 11: XMM-Newton First Light: X-Rays From The LMC
2000 February 10: Eros Encounter Nears
2000 February 09: Galaxy Wars: M81 Versus M82
2000 February 08: Rings Around Beta Pictoris
2000 February 07: The W4 Chimney
2000 February 06: The Mysterious Rings of Supernova 1987A
2000 February 05: NEAR to Asteroid Eros
2000 February 04: X-Ray Stars Of Orion
2000 February 03: Colorful Clouds Of Carina
2000 February 02: Aeolian Mars
2000 February 01: Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
2000 January 31: Snowstorm on Planet Earth

2000 January 30: The Milky Way in Infrared

2000 January 29: Natural Saturn On The Cassini Cruise
2000 January 28: Astronomy From An F-18
2000 January 27: Spiral Galaxy In Centaurus
2000 January 26: A Lunar Eclipse Over Time
2000 January 25: A Lunar Eclipse in Three Exposures
2000 January 24: The Eskimo Nebula from the Newly Fixed Hubble
2000 January 23: A Message From Earth
2000 January 22: Magnetar In The Sky
2000 January 21: X For Andromeda
2000 January 20: X-Rays From The Galactic Center
2000 January 19: A Big Black Hole Floats By
2000 January 18: NGC 7635: The Bubble Nebula
2000 January 17: V4641 Sgr: The Closest Black Hole Candidate
2000 January 16: The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
2000 January 15: The Sun Also Rises
2000 January 14: Chandra Resolves the Hard X-Ray Background
2000 January 13: A Skygazers Full Moon
2000 January 12: NGC 6791: An Old, Large Open Cluster
2000 January 11: The Rosette Nebula in Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Sulfur
2000 January 10: Brown Sun Bubbling
2000 January 09: Galaxy Dwingeloo 1 Emerges
2000 January 08: Albert Einstein Describes Space and Time
2000 January 07: NGC 4214: Star Forming Galaxy
2000 January 06: Mars in the New Year
2000 January 05: Earth, Moon, Hubble
2000 January 04: Galaxies Cluster Toward the Great Attractor
2000 January 03: Cas A Supernova Remnant in X-Rays
2000 January 02: The Largest Rock Known
2000 January 01: The Millennium that Defines Universe
December 31 1999: The Millennium that Defined Earth
December 30 1999: The Century that Defined Galaxy
December 29 1999: The Decade that Defined Star System
December 28 1999: A Year of New Perspectives
December 27 1999: Solar Moss
December 26 1999: West Of The Great Red Spot
December 25 1999: An Earth Ornament
December 24 1999: Hubble Holiday
December 23 1999: Unusual Aurora During Solar Wind Dropout
December 22 1999: Perigee Moon, Apogee Moon
December 21 1999: XMM Launched

December 20 1999: Lava Fountain on Jupiter's Io

December 19 1999: Accretion Disk Binary System
December 18 1999: Irregular Galaxy Sextans A
December 17 1999: Hot Gas In Hydra A
December 16 1999: Supernova Remnant In M82
December 15 1999: A Nova In Aquila
December 14 1999: High Velocity Clouds and the Milky Way
December 13 1999: A Magellanic Starfield
December 12 1999: NGC 4314: A Nuclear Starburst Ring
December 11 1999: A Close Encounter Of The Stellar Kind
December 10 1999: Spot The Planet
December 09 1999: X-ray Hot Supernova Remnant in the SMC
December 08 1999: Moon Struck
December 07 1999: The Cat's Paw Nebula
December 06 1999: M83: The Southern Pinwheel Galaxy from VLT
December 05 1999: Rhea: Saturns Second Largest Moon
December 04 1999: Mars Polar Lander Target Ellipse
December 03 1999: Southern Mars
December 02 1999: 1999 Leonid Fireball
December 01 1999: Landing At The Martian South Pole
November 30 1999: Henize 70: A Superbubble in the LMC
November 29 1999: Arcs and Jets in Herbig Haro 34
November 28 1999: Beneath Venus Clouds
November 27 1999: Runaway Star
November 26 1999: Io Volcano: Pele's Hot Lava
November 25 1999: 3C 295: X-rays From A Giant Galaxy
November 24 1999: A Leonids Meteor Storm in 1999
November 23 1999: Leonids Above Torre de la Guaita
November 22 1999: The Crab Nebula from VLT
November 21 1999: Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4881 in Coma
November 20 1999: Small Star
November 19 1999: Mercury And The Sun
November 18 1999: A Sirius Leonid Meteor
November 17 1999: A Leonid Meteor Explodes
November 16 1999: A RADARSAT Map of Antarctica
November 15 1999: In the Shade of a Historic Planet
November 14 1999: M31: The Andromeda Galaxy
November 13 1999: Tempel Tuttle: The Leonid Comet
November 12 1999: 1998 Leonid Fireball
November 11 1999: Mercury And The Moon
November 10 1999: The Belt of Venus

November 09 1999: Spiral Galaxies in Collision

November 08 1999: Lunation
November 07 1999: The Heart Of NGC 4261
November 06 1999: X-ray Transit of Mercury
November 05 1999: Shadow Of Phobos
November 04 1999: Gamma-Ray Bursting
November 03 1999: M32: Blue Stars in an Elliptical Galaxy
November 02 1999: Aurora Through a Moonlit Sky
November 01 1999: The Rotten Egg Planetary Nebula
October 31 1999: The Cat's Eye Nebula
October 30 1999: Mars Rocks, Sojourner Rolls
October 29 1999: The USNO Millennium Time Ball
October 28 1999: X-Ray Jet From Centaurus A
October 27 1999: In the Heart of the Tarantula Nebula
October 26 1999: 30 Doradus: The Tarantula Nebula
October 25 1999: Neptune in Infrared
October 24 1999: The Magnetic Carpet Of The Sun
October 23 1999: M27: Not A Comet
October 22 1999: Iridium 52: Not A Meteor
October 21 1999: Follow The Spots
October 20 1999: NGC 2261: Hubbles Variable Nebula
October 19 1999: Earth's North Magnetic Pole
October 18 1999: NGC 3603: An Active Star Cluster
October 17 1999: Black Holes in Galactic Centers
October 16 1999: Maria Mitchell Inspires a Generation
October 15 1999: Moon Crashers
October 14 1999: Moon Over Eugenia
October 13 1999: Ozone Hole Reduced
October 12 1999: NGC 2346: A Butterfly Shaped Planetary Nebula
October 11 1999: Eta Carina in X-Rays
October 10 1999: Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon
October 09 1999: The Frothy Milky Way
October 08 1999: NGC 1365: Barred Spiral Galaxy
October 07 1999: The Averted Side Of The Moon
October 06 1999: Polaris: The North Star
October 05 1999: Two Hours Before Neptune
October 04 1999: The 220 Mirrors of CRTF
October 03 1999: Nearby Dwarf Galaxy Leo I
October 02 1999: Phi Persei: Double Star
October 01 1999: New Stars In 30 Doradus
September 30 1999: Massive Stars Of 30 Doradus

September 29 1999: The Crab Nebula in X-Rays

September 28 1999: Mystery Object Explained
September 27 1999: Our Galaxy in Stars, Gas, and Dust
September 26 1999: M83: A Barred Spiral Galaxy
September 25 1999: Twistin' By The Lagoon
September 24 1999: Cometary Globules In Orion
September 23 1999: Equinox and Eruptive Prominence
September 22 1999: Halos Around the Ring Nebula
September 21 1999: The Quintuplet Star Cluster
September 20 1999: Io in True Color
September 19 1999: Interstellar Dust-Bunnies of NGC 891
September 18 1999: Mercury Astronauts and a Redstone
September 17 1999: M3: Half A Million Stars
September 16 1999: The Incredible Expanding Cat's Eye
September 15 1999: The Big Corona
September 14 1999: The Colorful Orion Nebula
September 13 1999: Supernova Remnant N132D in X-Rays
September 12 1999: Stonehenge: Ancient Monument to the Sun
September 11 1999: The Annotated Galactic Center
September 10 1999: Cassini Images The Moon
September 09 1999: Comet Hale Bopp Over the Superstition Mountains
September 08 1999: A Superior Conjunction Of Mercury
September 07 1999: Water Found in Space Rock
September 06 1999: HCG 87: A Small Group of Galaxies
September 05 1999: The Universe Evolves
September 04 1999: The Water Vapor Channel
September 03 1999: Venus Falls Out of the Evening Sky
September 02 1999: Eclipse Over The Mountain
September 01 1999: 1999 JM8: A Rock Too Close
August 31 1999: Symbiotic Star Bubbles
August 30 1999: Looking Back on an Eclipsed Earth
August 29 1999: The Witch Head Nebula
August 28 1999: X-Ray Pleiades
August 27 1999: Chandra's First Light: Cassiopeia A
August 26 1999: Cassini Flyby
August 25 1999: Reflections on NGC 6188
August 24 1999: A Network of Microlensing Caustics
August 23 1999: Sundogs over the VLA
August 22 1999: The Center of Centaurus A
August 21 1999: Galaxies Away
August 20 1999: At The Sun's Edge

August 19 1999: Light From The Dark Sun

August 18 1999: Sun Block
August 17 1999: A Crescent Sunrise
August 16 1999: Mars Weather Watch
August 15 1999: M104: The Sombrero Galaxy
August 14 1999: A String Of Pearls
August 13 1999: Eclipse In The Shade
August 12 1999: Deploying Spartan
August 11 1999: A Meteor Over the Anza Borrego Desert
August 10 1999: A Total Eclipse for Europe
August 09 1999: A Martian Dust Storm Approaches
August 08 1999: Comet Hale-Bopp Over Val Parola Pass
August 07 1999: Ida and Dactyl: Asteroid and Moon
August 06 1999: Hubble Tracks Jupiters Great Red Spot
August 05 1999: Asteroid 9969 Braille
August 04 1999: The Surface of Titan
August 03 1999: The Vela Supernova Remnant Expands
August 02 1999: Regulus Occulted
August 01 1999: Walking in Space
July 31 1999: X-Ray Triple Jet
July 30 1999: The Sea of Tranquillity: 5 Seconds To Impact
July 29 1999: Hydrogen Blob N88A in the Small Magellanic Cloud
July 28 1999: Asia at Night
July 27 1999: Chandra X-Ray Telescope
July 26 1999: Noctilucent Clouds
July 25 1999: The Cygnus Loop
July 24 1999: Infrared Saturn
July 23 1999: A Martian Valley
July 22 1999: Cosmic Collisions in a Galaxy Cluster
July 21 1999: Galactic Supernova Remnant IC 443
July 20 1999: Moon Rocket
July 19 1999: NGC 3372: The Great Nebula in Carina
July 18 1999: Jupiter from Voyager
July 17 1999: Rockets and Robert Goddard
July 16 1999: Solar Surfin'
July 15 1999: Charles P. Conrad Jr. 1930-1999
July 14 1999: Moon, Planets, and Rocket Trails
July 13 1999: The Flame Nebula in Infrared
July 12 1999: A Delta Rocket Launches
July 11 1999: Barringer Crater on Earth
July 10 1999: Southern Neptune

July 09 1999: NGC 7789: Galactic Star Cluster

July 08 1999: Eruptive Prominence
July 07 1999: M80: A Dense Globular Cluster
July 06 1999: A Sun Pillar
July 05 1999: Four Faces of Mars
July 04 1999: A Landing On Mars
July 03 1999: NGC 2440: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
July 02 1999: Shadow Of A Comet
July 01 1999: Apollo 17's Lunar Rover
June 30 1999: NGC 6934 from Gemini North
June 29 1999: Gemini North Telescope Inaugurated
June 28 1999: From Mars with Love
June 27 1999: COBE Dipole: Speeding Through the Universe
June 26 1999: Shells in the Egg Nebula
June 25 1999: The Gegenschein
June 24 1999: NGC 1365: A Nearby Barred Spiral Galaxy
June 23 1999: The Sudbury Neutrino Detector
June 22 1999: PKS285-02: A Young Planetary Nebula
June 21 1999: The Galactic Center in Infrared
June 20 1999: A Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes
June 19 1999: Venus on the Horizon
June 18 1999: Tharsis Volcanos
June 17 1999: NGC 4565: Needle Galaxy
June 16 1999: Sprite Fireworks
June 15 1999: The Sun Oscillates
June 14 1999: N159 and The Papillon Nebula
June 13 1999: Zodiacal Light
June 12 1999: Venus: Just Passing By
June 11 1999: AB Aurigae: How To Make Planets
June 10 1999: Mjølnir: Impact Crater
June 09 1999: NGC 4414: A Telling Spiral
June 08 1999: Trifid Pillars and Jets
June 07 1999: Starbirth in the Trifid Nebula
June 06 1999: Kepler Discovers How Planets Move
June 05 1999: Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse
June 04 1999: NGC 3603: From Beginning To End
June 03 1999: Methane Dwarf
June 02 1999: Thermal Mars
June 01 1999: A Gallery of Gravitational Mirages
May 31 1999: Uranus Moon 18
May 30 1999: Tycho Brahe Measures the Sky

May 29 1999: The Ecliptic Plane

May 28 1999: Topographical Mars
May 27 1999: NGC 4603 and the Expanding Universe
May 26 1999: GRB 990510: Another Unusual Gamma Ray Burst
May 25 1999: NGC 6872: A Stretched Spiral
May 24 1999: Introducing Nova Velorum 1999
May 23 1999: The Keyhole Nebula
May 22 1999: M42: A Mosaic of Orion's Great Nebula
May 21 1999: Star Party Trails
May 20 1999: Cyclone on Mars
May 19 1999: The Horsehead Nebula
May 18 1999: A Laguna Triangle
May 17 1999: How to Search for Aliens
May 16 1999: Europe at Night
May 15 1999: Star Wars in NGC 664
May 14 1999: Landsat 7 Views Planet Earth
May 13 1999: Mars Volcano Apollinaris Patera
May 12 1999: Warped Spiral Galaxy ESO510 13
May 11 1999: Molecular Cloud Barnard 68
May 10 1999: Polar Ring Galaxy NGC 4650A
May 09 1999: Fractal Interstellar Dust Up Close
May 08 1999: Moon Occults Saturn
May 07 1999: Hot Stars in the Southern Milky Way
May 06 1999: Liberty Bell 7
May 05 1999: A Solar System Portrait
May 04 1999: Magnetic Mars
May 03 1999: Loop I in the Northern Sky
May 02 1999: Stars from Eagle's Eggs
May 01 1999: Lunar Dust and Duct Tape
April 30 1999: Solar Shock Wave
April 29 1999: NGC 2266: Old Cluster in the New General Catalog
April 28 1999: A Sundial for Mars
April 27 1999: Introducing Comet Lee
April 26 1999: USNO A2.0 Catalog: A Digital Sky
April 25 1999: Mimas: Small Moon with a Big Crater
April 24 1999: Barsoom
April 23 1999: Io Shadow
April 22 1999: Where is Upsilon Andromedae?
April 21 1999: The Nearest Stars
April 20 1999: Candidates for a Hypernova
April 19 1999: The Full Moon

April 18 1999: Moon Over California

April 17 1999: Gamma Ray Moon
April 16 1999: Upsilon Andromedae: An Extra-Solar System
April 15 1999: Apollo 17's Moonship
April 14 1999: The Backyard Universe
April 13 1999: The Case of the Missing Supernova
April 12 1999: Nearby Spiral Galaxy NGC 4945
April 11 1999: Liftoff of Space Shuttle Columbia
April 10 1999: Canaries Sky
April 09 1999: WR 104: Pinwheel Star
April 08 1999: Apollo 12: Surveyor 3 and Intrepid
April 07 1999: Denizen of the Tarantula Nebula
April 06 1999: NGC 6334: The Bear Claw Nebula
April 05 1999: The Launch of STARDUST
April 04 1999: Hot Gas and Dark Matter
April 03 1999: The Radio Sky: Tuned to 408MHz
April 02 1999: Stars of NGC 206
April 01 1999: Ski Mars!
March 31 1999: PG 1115+080: A Gravitational Cloverleaf
March 30 1999: An Anomalous SETI Signal
March 29 1999: NGC 1850: Gas Clouds and Star Clusters
March 28 1999: The Coma Cluster of Galaxies
March 27 1999: Stars Without Galaxies
March 26 1999: Impact Moon
March 25 1999: March of the Planets
March 24 1999: Brown Dwarf Gliese 229B
March 23 1999: A Chamaeleon Sky
March 22 1999: An Infrared Galaxy Gallery
March 21 1999: M2-9: Wings of a Butterfly Nebula
March 20 1999: Aurora and Orion
March 19 1999: Mapping Mars
March 18 1999: Messier Marathon
March 17 1999: Ice Fishing for Cosmic Neutrinos
March 16 1999: Sigmoids Predict Solar Eruptions
March 15 1999: Happy Face Crater on Mars
March 14 1999: The Comet and the Galaxy
March 13 1999: Phobos Over Mars
March 12 1999: Hydrogen, Helium, and the Stars of M10
March 11 1999: 5 Million Miles From Io
March 10 1999: NGC 2997 from VLT Kueyen
March 09 1999: The VLT Interferometric Array

March 08 1999: A Jupiter-Venus Conjunction

March 07 1999: Tycho's Supernova Remnant in X-ray
March 06 1999: Miranda, Chevron, and Alonso
March 05 1999: M46 And NGC 2438: Young And Old
March 04 1999: Ganymede Mosaic
March 03 1999: Infrared Mars
March 02 1999: The Kleinmann Low Nebula
March 01 1999: Reflection Nebula NGC 1435
February 28 1999: Trapezium: Teardrops in My Skies
February 27 1999: Hamlet of Oberon
February 26 1999: Dark Cloud
February 25 1999: NGC 6712: Galactic Globular Cluster
February 24 1999: A Milky Way Band
February 23 1999: Construction of International Space Station Begins
February 22 1999: NGC 1316: After Galaxies Collide
February 21 1999: In the Center of 30 Doradus
February 20 1999: Astro-1 In Orbit
February 19 1999: On The Trail Of A Fireball
February 18 1999: Aerogel For Stardust
February 17 1999: Hickson Compact Group 40
February 16 1999: The Large and Small of M87
February 15 1999: La Nina Earth
February 14 1999: Dark Sky, Bright Sun
February 13 1999: Pluto: The Frozen Planet
February 12 1999: Lunar Close Up
February 11 1999: A Disk and Jet in Haro 6-5B
February 10 1999: GRB 990123 Host Galaxy Imaged
February 09 1999: A Supernova Starfield
February 08 1999: The Solar Wind Emerges
February 07 1999: Titan: Saturn's Smog Moon
February 06 1999: The First Explorer
February 05 1999: HR 4796A: Not Saturn
February 04 1999: Spiral Sunspot
February 03 1999: A Galactic Mushroom Cloud
February 02 1999: The Orion Nebula from Subaru
February 01 1999: The Subaru Telescope
January 31 1999: Welcome to Planet Earth
January 30 1999: Stereo Saturn
January 29 1999: The Moon In January
January 28 1999: The Galactic Center - A Radio Mystery
January 27 1999: Hypatia of Alexandria

January 26 1999: M17: The Omega Nebula

January 25 1999: Galaxy And Gamma Ray Burst
January 24 1999: A Venus Landing
January 23 1999: Saturnian Aurora
January 22 1999: Pegasus dSph: Little Galaxy of the Local Group
January 21 1999: Spiral Galaxy NGC 253
January 20 1999: Possible Planets And Infrared Dust
January 19 1999: Telescope with Lightning
January 18 1999: Kitt Peak National Observatory
January 17 1999: NGC 1818: A Young Globular Cluster
January 16 1999: Spiral Eddies On Planet Earth
January 15 1999: Reflections Of Orion
January 14 1999: Crosby Ramsey Memorial Observatory Refractor
January 13 1999: Sagittarius Star Cloud
January 12 1999: The Wind on Mars
January 11 1999: Perihelion Sun
January 10 1999: Venus' Once Molten Surface
January 09 1999: Lunokhod: Moon Robot
January 08 1999: Invader From Earth
January 07 1999: The Ring
January 06 1999: M6: The Butterfly Cluster
January 05 1999: A New Jupiter Oval Rotates
January 04 1999: Ring Around the Cluster
January 03 1999: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
January 02 1999: Mercury: A Cratered Inferno
January 01 1999: G23: Merging Galaxies
December 31 1998: The Year of Distant Supernovae
December 30 1998: Supernova 1994D and the Unexpected Universe
December 29 1998: A Geminid from Gemini
December 28 1998: NEAR to Asteroid Eros
December 27 1998: M2-9: Wings of a Butterfly Nebula
December 26 1998: Gamma Ray Quasar
December 25 1998: Nebulae For Christmas
December 24 1998: Mars Climate Orbiter Launches
December 23 1998: Ring Around the Galaxy
December 22 1998: Dawn of the Leonids
December 21 1998: Solstice Sun In Soft X-rays
December 20 1998: Edge On Spiral Galaxy NGC 891
December 19 1998: Cartwheel Of Fortune
December 18 1998: TT Cygni: Carbon Star
December 17 1998: The Night Shift

December 16 1998: 3-D Mars North Pole

December 15 1998: Plains and Ridges on Europa
December 14 1998: The Hubble Deep Field South
December 13 1998: Blasting Off from the Moon
December 12 1998: Driving To The Sun
December 11 1998: High Redshift Quasars
December 10 1998: Assembling The International Space Station
December 09 1998: NGC 253: The Sculptor Galaxy
December 08 1998: Leonids from Leo
December 07 1998: Star Forming Region RCW38
December 06 1998: CG4: A Ruptured Cometary Globule
December 05 1998: Surveyor Hops
December 04 1998: Centaurus A: The Galaxy Deep Inside
December 03 1998: Deep Space 1
December 02 1998: A Deep Field In The Southern Sky
December 01 1998: Cepheus 1: Nearby Galaxy Hiding
November 30 1998: An Annotated Leonid
November 29 1998: Arecibo: The Largest Telescope
November 28 1998: A Lonely Neutron Star
November 27 1998: Twisting Meteor Train
November 26 1998: Meteor Milky Way
November 25 1998: A Leonid Bolide Over Kansas
November 24 1998: Seven Leonids Over Wise Observatory
November 23 1998: A Leonid Meteor Explodes
November 22 1998: The High Energy Crab Nebula
November 21 1998: Catching Falling Stardust
November 20 1998: Green Fireball
November 19 1998: Bright Leonids
November 18 1998: Close Up of the Bubble Nebula
November 17 1998: NGC 7635: The Bubble Nebula
November 16 1998: Leonids 1998: A Safe Meteor Storm
November 15 1998: Deimos: A Small Martian Moon
November 14 1998: Surveyor Slides
November 13 1998: A Leonid Fireball From 1966
November 12 1998: GLAST Gamma Ray Sky Simulation
November 11 1998: Aurora Above
November 10 1998: NGC 3132: The Eight Burst Nebula
November 09 1998: WR124: Stellar Fireball
November 08 1998: Leonid Meteor Shower Next Week
November 07 1998: Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
November 06 1998: Cutaway Callisto: Ice, Rock, And Ocean

November 05 1998: Natural Saturn On The Cassini Cruise

November 04 1998: Cosmology Solved?
November 03 1998: Sextans A: A Seemingly Square Galaxy
November 02 1998: PG 1115: A Ghost of Lensing Past
November 01 1998: The Cat's Eye Nebula
October 31 1998: Bats And The Barren Moon
October 30 1998: John Glenn: Discovery Launch
October 29 1998: John Glenn: Friendship 7 To Discovery
October 28 1998: NGC 6210: The Turtle in Space Planetary Nebula
October 27 1998: Henrietta Leavitt Calibrates the Stars
October 26 1998: An Ion Drive for Deep Space 1
October 25 1998: The Pleiades Star Cluster
October 24 1998: The Sun Also Rises
October 23 1998: Seyfert Galaxy NGC 7742
October 22 1998: Jupiter: When Storms Collide
October 21 1998: The Case of the Missing Aurora
October 20 1998: Infrared Uranus
October 19 1998: Olympus Mons From Orbit
October 18 1998: Saturns Rings Seen Sideways
October 17 1998: A Giant Globular Cluster in M31
October 16 1998: Io Aurora
October 15 1998: A Great Day For SOHO
October 14 1998: The World's Largest Ozone Hole
October 13 1998: In the Center of the Dumbbell Nebula
October 12 1998: The Hubble Deep Field in Infrared
October 11 1998: Resolving Mira
October 09 1998: M27: Not A Comet
October 08 1998: Far Side of the Moon
October 07 1998: Ocean Planet Pole To Pole
October 06 1998: Comet Williams in 1998
October 05 1998: A Sunspot Up Close
October 04 1998: One Small Step
October 03 1998: Sputnik: Traveling Companion
October 02 1998: Magnetar In The Sky
October 01 1998: Happy 40th Birthday, NASA!
September 30 1998: Spiral Galaxy NGC 1232
September 29 1998: A Peculiar Cluster of Galaxies
September 28 1998: A Hurricane in the Gulf
September 27 1998: Albert Einstein Describes Space and Time
September 26 1998: Space Walz

September 25 1998: Twin Proto-Planetary Disks

September 24 1998: The North Pole Of Mars
September 23 1998: Autumn and the Active Sun
September 22 1998: M61: Virgo Spiral Galaxy
September 21 1998: NGC 281: Cluster, Clouds, and Globules
September 20 1998: Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System
September 19 1998: 18 Miles From Deimos
September 18 1998: Lunar Prospects
September 17 1998: Radio, The Big Ear, And The Wow! Signal
September 16 1998: Jupiters Rings Revealed
September 15 1998: The NTT SUSI Deep Field
September 14 1998: Dust Hip Deep on Phobos
September 13 1998: Galileo Demonstrates the Telescope
September 12 1998: Star Trails in Northern Skies
September 11 1998: Help Map The Moon
September 10 1998: Europa: Ridges and Rafts on a Frozen Moon
September 09 1998: Crater Copernicus
September 08 1998: A Cluster Too Far
September 07 1998: The Sky Towards Sagittarius
September 06 1998: Mariner's Mercury
September 05 1998: The Pulsar Powered Crab
September 04 1998: Nozomi: Earth and Moon
September 03 1998: SGR 1900+14 : Magnetar
September 02 1998: Saturn from Earth
September 01 1998: A Colorful Aurora
August 31 1998: A3827: Cluster Cannibal
August 30 1998: The Sun Erupts
August 29 1998: Orion Star Colours
August 28 1998: Hydrogen Trifid
August 27 1998: Hercules Galaxies
August 26 1998: The Magellanic Stream
August 25 1998: Moon, Venus, Jupiter, Phoenix
August 24 1998: An Annular Eclipse of the Sun
August 23 1998: Vega
August 22 1998: Twistin' by the Lagoon
August 21 1998: A Massive Cluster In A Young Universe
August 20 1998: SOHO Composite: Coronal Mass Ejection
August 19 1998: M13: The Great Globular Cluster in Hercules
August 18 1998: APM 08279+5255: The Brightest Object Yet Known
August 17 1998: Comet Hyakutake and the Milky Way
August 16 1998: Doomed Star Eta Carinae

August 15 1998: The Perseus Cluster of Galaxies

August 14 1998: The Dunes Of Mars
August 13 1998: The Moons Of Earth
August 12 1998: ERAST Pathfinder Plus: Daedalus Defied
August 11 1998: Sun Dance
August 10 1998: Meteors Now and Again
August 09 1998: Shapley 1: An Annular Planetary Nebula
August 08 1998: The Cygnus Loop
August 07 1998: M65 Without Moth
August 06 1998: Infrared Horsehead
August 05 1998: Ganymede: Torn Comet - Crater Chain
August 04 1998: Jupiter Swallows Comet Shoemaker Levy 9
August 03 1998: M44: A Beehive of Stars
August 02 1998: Galaxy Dwingeloo 1 Emerges
August 01 1998: A String Of Pearls
July 31 1998: IRAS Orion
July 30 1998: Volcanos on Mars: Elysium Region
July 29 1998: The High Energy Heart Of The Milky Way
July 28 1998: Impact on Jupiter
July 27 1998: N81: Starbirth in the SMC
July 26 1998: Antares
July 25 1998: Hawaii
July 24 1998: Alan B. Shepard Jr. 1923-1998
July 23 1998: X-Ray Pulsar
July 22 1998: Dark Craters on Ganymede
July 21 1998: Nearby Spiral M33
July 20 1998: La Nina Watch
July 19 1998: Globular Cluster M3
July 18 1998: Rockets and Robert Goddard
July 17 1998: Hyakutake: Stars Through A Comet's Tail
July 16 1998: X-Ray Triple Jet
July 15 1998: Ghost Galaxy NGC 2915
July 14 1998: At Work on Mars
July 13 1998: GRB 980703: A Reassuring Redshift
July 12 1998: Asteroid Gaspra's Best Face
July 11 1998: M64: The Sleeping Beauty Galaxy
July 10 1998: NGC 1531/2: Interacting Galaxies
July 09 1998: Hale-Bopp: The Crowd Pleaser Comet
July 08 1998: Mysterious Pluto and Charon
July 07 1998: M8: The Lagoon Nebula
July 06 1998: Sizzling Io

July 05 1998: Apollo 15's Home on the Moon

July 04 1998: The Firework Nebula
July 03 1998: Mir Above
July 02 1998: X-ray Transit of Mercury
July 01 1998: NGC 1808: A Nearby Starburst Galaxy
June 30 1998: The Universe Evolves
June 29 1998: Solar Magnetic Bananas
June 28 1998: Comet Hale Bopp Over Val Parola Pass
June 27 1998: Southern Neptune
June 26 1998: A Planet For Gliese 876
June 25 1998: NGC 4650A: Strange Galaxy and Dark Matter
June 24 1998: Sparkling Star May Indicate Galactic Composition
June 23 1998: A Slice Through an Artificial Universe
June 22 1998: The Doomed Dust Disk of NGC 7052
June 21 1998: Edwin Hubble Discovers the Universe
June 20 1998: Pioneer 10: The First 6 Billion Miles
June 19 1998: Good Morning Mars
June 18 1998: Cosmic Rays and Supernova Dust
June 17 1998: The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Telescope
June 16 1998: An Active Region of the Sun
June 15 1998: NGC 4314: A Nuclear Starburst Ring
June 14 1998: Giant Cluster Bends, Breaks Images
June 13 1998: Henize 70: A SuperBubble In The LMC
June 12 1998: Orion Nebula: The 2MASS View
June 11 1998: SOHO's Twin Sungrazers
June 10 1998: NGC 6070: First Light for Sloan
June 09 1998: Ice Cusps on Europa
June 08 1998: A Mars Glint
June 07 1998: The Hubble Deep Field
June 06 1998: M100: A Grand Design
June 05 1998: Neutrinos in the Sun
June 04 1998: Comet SOHO and Nebulae in Orion
June 03 1998: Martian Crater Shows Evidence of Dried Pond
June 02 1998: NGC 6302: The Butterfly Nebula
June 01 1998: Solar Flares Cause Sun Quakes
May 31 1998: Phobos: Doomed Moon of Mars
May 30 1998: Water World
May 29 1998: An Extrasolar Planet?
May 28 1998: Afterglow
May 27 1998: Magnetar
May 26 1998: A Seemingly Square Sun

May 25 1998: M83: A Barred Spiral Galaxy

May 24 1998: A High Energy Fleet
May 23 1998: 7,000 Stars And The Milky Way
May 22 1998: The Center of Centaurus A
May 21 1998: Bright Comet SOHO
May 20 1998: Discovery Image: Comet SOHO (1998 J1)
May 19 1998: Apollo 11: Onto a New World
May 18 1998: NGC 6369: A Donut Shaped Nebula
May 17 1998: Our Solar System from Voyager
May 16 1998: Helios Helium
May 15 1998: TRACE and the Active Sun
May 14 1998: Comet Stonehouse
May 13 1998: Occultations and Rising Moons
May 12 1998: Callisto Enhanced
May 11 1998: Callisto in True Color
May 10 1998: Skylab Over Earth
May 09 1998: The Water Vapor Channel
May 08 1998: A Gamma Ray Burst Supernova?
May 07 1998: A Powerful Gamma Ray Burst
May 06 1998: Beijing Ancient Observatory
May 05 1998: Aurora at Midnight
May 04 1998: M57: The Ring Nebula
May 03 1998: Standing on the Moon
May 02 1998: The Frothy Milky Way
May 01 1998: Venus: Just Passing By
April 30 1998: Mars: Big Crater in Stereo
April 29 1998: Tornadoes on the Sun
April 28 1998: A Rare Double Conjunction Eclipse
April 27 1998: IC 4406: A Seemingly Square Nebula
April 26 1998: NGC 2440: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
April 25 1998: Supernova Remnant and Neutron Star
April 24 1998: Infrared Saturn
April 23 1998: Three Dusty Stars
April 22 1998: HR 4796A: A Recipe for Planets
April 21 1998: Water From Orion
April 20 1998: Name This Satellite
April 19 1998: Betelgeuse
April 18 1998: Star Wars in NGC 664
April 17 1998: Mars: Looking For Viking
April 16 1998: Mars: Cydonia Close Up
April 15 1998: NGC 1818: Pick A Star

April 14 1998: Starlight Reflections

April 13 1998: The Sun Changes
April 12 1998: Stars from Eagle's EGGs
April 11 1998: NGC 604: Giant Stellar Nursery
April 10 1998: Hyakutake: Comet Atmosphere
April 09 1998: Quasar in an Elliptical Galaxy
April 08 1998: Nabta: Older than Stonehenge
April 07 1998: Return To Cydonia
April 06 1998: A Face On Mars
April 05 1998: X-Ray Pleiades
April 04 1998: Mercury Astronauts and a Redstone
April 03 1998: Hen 1357: New Born Nebula
April 02 1998: Iridium Flare
April 01 1998: Astronaut Kicks Lunar Field Goal
March 31 1998: M20: The Trifid Nebula
March 30 1998: A Bulls Eye Einstein Ring
March 29 1998: NGC 3293: A Bright Young Open Cluster
March 28 1998: Von Braun's Wheel
March 27 1998: Lunar Dust and Duct Tape
March 26 1998: Galaxies Away
March 25 1998: Planetary Nebula NGC 7027 in Infrared
March 24 1998: A Baby Galaxy
March 23 1998: Starbirth in NGC 1808
March 22 1998: Sunspots: Magnetic Depressions
March 21 1998: The Gamma Ray Sky
March 20 1998: Mars: Ridges Near the South Pole
March 19 1998: Mars: A Canyon's Edge
March 18 1998: Interstellar Dust Bunnies of NGC 891
March 17 1998: Clouds Over Tharsis on Mars
March 16 1998: Asteroids in the Distance
March 15 1998: Unusual M82: The Cigar Galaxy
March 14 1998: A Spiral Galaxy Gallery
March 13 1998: Asteroids
March 12 1998: Moon Shadow
March 11 1998: A Total Eclipse of the Sun
March 10 1998: Cracks and Ridges on Europa
March 09 1998: Yogi Rock on Mars
March 08 1998: Shuttle Engine Blast
March 07 1998: NGC 1818: A Young Globular Cluster
March 06 1998: Water Ice At The Lunar Poles
March 05 1998: Canaries Sky

March 04 1998: Aurora Over Alaska

March 03 1998: 560 Kilometers Above Europa
March 02 1998: Rumors of a Strange Universe
March 01 1998: A Sky Full Of Hydrogen
February 28 1998: Eagle Eggs in M16
February 27 1998: Solar Eclipse: A Composite View
February 26 1998: A Southern Sky View
February 25 1998: The Solar Neighborhood
February 24 1998: The Lyman Alpha Forest
February 23 1998: M104: The Sombrero Galaxy
February 22 1998: Southern Lights and Shuttle Glow
February 21 1998: Neptune: Big Blue Giant
February 20 1998: Hale-Bopp: A Continuing Tail
February 19 1998: Miranda
February 18 1998: M27: The Dumbbell Nebula
February 17 1998: Shocked by Supernova 1987a
February 16 1998: Sagittarius Dwarf to Collide with Milky Way
February 15 1998: Stars Without Galaxies
February 14 1998: The Rosette Nebula
February 13 1998: Explorer I
February 12 1998: In A Grand Canyon On Mars
February 11 1998: Ultra-Fast Pulsar
February 10 1998: All of Mars
February 09 1998: The Witch Head Nebula
February 08 1998: M1: Filaments of the Crab Nebula
February 07 1998: COBE Hotspots: The Oldest Structures Known
February 06 1998: Happy Birthday Jules Verne
February 05 1998: A Martian River Bed?
February 04 1998: A Passing Spaceship Views Earth
February 03 1998: A Magellanic Mural
February 02 1998: A Triple Eclipse on Jupiter
February 01 1998: NGC 1977: Blue Reflection Nebula in Orion
January 31 1998: Hamlet of Oberon
January 30 1998: Tempel-Tuttle: The Leonid Comet
January 29 1998: The Earth-Moon System
January 28 1998: The Infrared Sky
January 27 1998: The Great Nebula in Orion
January 26 1998: Interplanetary Spaceship Passes Earth
January 25 1998: The Small Cloud of Magellan (SMC)
January 24 1998: The Large Cloud Of Magellan (LMC)
January 23 1998: Jovian Aurora

January 22 1998: Closer To Beta Pic

January 21 1998: Our Dusty Universe
January 20 1998: Arachnoids on Venus
January 19 1998: The Hubble 5 Planetary Nebula
January 18 1998: Saturn, Rings, and Two Moons
January 17 1998: At The Core Of M15
January 16 1998: Dusting Spiral Galaxies
January 15 1998: Eugene Shoemaker: 1928-1997
January 14 1998: A Distant Destiny
January 13 1998: El Nino Water Rhythm
January 12 1998: The Keyhole Nebula
January 11 1998: Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
January 10 1998: Disorder in Stephan's Quintet
January 09 1998: Saturnian Aurora
January 08 1998: Destination: Moon
January 07 1998: The Colorful Moon
January 06 1998: The Red Spider Planetary Nebula
January 05 1998: Earth's Richat Structure
January 04 1998: Fractal Interstellar Dust Up Close
January 03 1998: The Barren Moon
January 02 1998: Europa's Disconnected Surface
January 01 1998: The Largest Rock Known
December 31 1997: NGC 5307: A Symmetric Planetary Nebula
December 30 1997: NGC 7009: The Saturn Nebula
December 29 1997: The Milky Way in Infrared
December 28 1997: Pluto: The Frozen Planet
December 27 1997: Keck: The Largest Optical Telescopes
December 26 1997: West Of The Great Red Spot
December 25 1997: A Hale-Bopp Holiday
December 24 1997: 30 Doradus Across the Spectrum
December 23 1997: M2-9: Wings of a Planetary Nebula
December 22 1997: David N. Schramm, 1945-1997
December 21 1997: A Winter Solstice
December 20 1997: Apollo 16: Exploring Plum Crater
December 19 1997: NGC 6826: The Blinking Eye
December 18 1997: Gamma-Ray Burster
December 17 1997: Stonehenge: Ancient Monument to the Sun
December 16 1997: Night Lightning on Jupiter
December 15 1997: A Farewell to Tails
December 14 1997: The Radio Sky: Tuned to 408MHz
December 13 1997: The Coma Cluster of Galaxies

December 12 1997: Phi Persei: Double Star

December 11 1997: A Martian Lake Bed?
December 10 1997: Sprint the Flying Space Camera
December 09 1997: Mysterious Features on Ganymede
December 08 1997: The Trifid Nebula in Red, White and Blue
December 07 1997: A Distant Cluster of Galaxies
December 06 1997: A Quasar Portrait Gallery
December 05 1997: Seeing Through Galaxies
December 04 1997: A Sky Full Of Planets
December 03 1997: Runaway Star
December 02 1997: Micro-Quasar GRS1915 Puffs
December 01 1997: Orion: The Big Picture
November 30 1997: Mercury: A Cratered Inferno
November 29 1997: Lasers in Eta Carinae
November 28 1997: Beta Pictoris Revisited
November 27 1997: Jupiter's Inner Moons
November 26 1997: Uranian Moons, Rings, And Clouds
November 25 1997: The Comet and the Galaxy
November 24 1997: Jet Near Light Speed
November 23 1997: Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon
November 22 1997: Surveyor Hops
November 21 1997: Jupiter: Moon, Ring, and Clouds
November 20 1997: Escape From The Sun
November 19 1997: Diffraction Spikes: When Stars Look Like Crosses
November 18 1997: In the Center of the Trapezium
November 17 1997: Barringer Crater on Earth
November 16 1997: The Leonid Meteor Shower
November 15 1997: Uranus: The Tilted Planet
November 14 1997: Irregular Galaxy Sextans A
November 13 1997: Mars: A Sheer Close Up
November 12 1997: El Nino Earth
November 11 1997: The Annotated Galactic Center
November 10 1997: Dark Volcano Active on Io
November 09 1997: Surveyor Slides
November 08 1997: Aristarchus' Unbelievable Discoveries
November 07 1997: Evidence for Frame Dragging Black Holes
November 06 1997: The Magnetic Carpet Of The Sun
November 05 1997: The Milky Way's Gamma-Ray Halo
November 04 1997: Blue Stagglers in Globular Clusters
November 03 1997: Irregular Moons Discovered Around Uranus
November 02 1997: White Dwarf Stars Cool

November 01 1997: M31: The Andromeda Galaxy

October 31 1997: Haunting Mars
October 30 1997: 3D View Of Jupiter's Clouds
October 29 1997: Stereo Saturn
October 28 1997: Rafting for Solar Neutrinos
October 27 1997: Closeup of Antennae Galaxy Collision
October 26 1997: Welcome to Planet Earth
October 25 1997: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
October 24 1997: Moving Echoes Around SN 1987A
October 23 1997: Echoes of Supernova 1987A
October 22 1997: The Antennae Galaxies
October 21 1997: The Butterfly Planetary Nebula
October 20 1997: Spiral Eddies On Planet Earth
October 19 1997: The Heart Of NGC 4261
October 18 1997: The Pleiades Star Cluster
October 17 1997: Mars: A Mist In Mariner Valley
October 16 1997: Cassini To Venus
October 15 1997: Cold Wind From The Boomerang Nebula
October 14 1997: Venus On The Horizon
October 13 1997: Ice Clouds over Mars
October 12 1997: Impact! 65 Million Years Ago
October 11 1997: Floating Free in Space
October 10 1997: Mars Pathfinder Super Pan
October 09 1997: Hale Bopp and the North American Nebula
October 08 1997: The Brightest Star Yet Known
October 07 1997: Europe at Night
October 06 1997: Surveyor At Mars
October 05 1997: Worlds of a Distant Sun: 47 Ursae Majoris b
October 04 1997: In the Center of 30 Doradus
October 03 1997: Comet Halley and the Milky Way
October 02 1997: Colliding Supernova Remnants
September 30 1997: Half Dome Rock on Mars
September 29 1997: Jupiter And Family
September 28 1997: A Wolf Rayet Star Bubble
September 27 1997: The Ecliptic Plane
September 26 1997: A Lonely Neutron Star
September 25 1997: T Pyxidis: Recurrent Nova
September 24 1997: Moon Occults Saturn
September 23 1997: A Martian Autumn Begins
September 22 1997: Antares and Rho Ophiuchi

September 21 1997: Looking Down on Saturn

September 20 1997: The Clouds of Jupiter
September 19 1997: Globular Cluster 47 Tucanae
September 18 1997: Erupting Sun
September 17 1997: GRB Fireball Persists
September 16 1997: Moon Over Mongolia
September 15 1997: Olympus Mons on Mars: The Largest Volcano
September 14 1997: MyCn18: An Hourglass Nebula
September 13 1997: Kepler Discovers How Planets Move
September 12 1997: The Center of NGC 6251 is Glowing
September 11 1997: Mars Global Surveyor: Aerobraking
September 10 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp Outbound
September 09 1997: A Green Flash from the Sun
September 08 1997: A Map of Asteroid Vesta
September 07 1997: Luna 9: First Soft Lander
September 06 1997: Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System
September 05 1997: Apollo 17: Boulder on the Moon
September 04 1997: Rivers in the Sun
September 03 1997: A Partial Eclipse in Southern Skies
September 02 1997: Dark Sky, Bright Sun
September 01 1997: Infrared Helix
August 31 1997: Arp 230: Two Spirals in One?
August 30 1997: The United States at Night
August 29 1997: Cassini To Saturn
August 28 1997: Infrared Trifid
August 27 1997: A Fleeting Eclipse
August 26 1997: Zodiacal Light
August 25 1997: A Fisheye View of Comet Hale-Bopp
August 24 1997: The Snake Nebula in Ophiuchus
August 23 1997: A Star Forming Region in the LMC
August 22 1997: IP Pegasi: Spiral Star
August 21 1997: A Universe in a Box
August 20 1997: Bright Meteor, Dark Sky
August 19 1997: Super Typhoon Winnie
August 18 1997: Io: The Prometheus Plume
August 17 1997: Astro-1 In Orbit
August 16 1997: Pictured: An Ancient Martian?
August 15 1997: Impact on Europa
August 14 1997: Mars Rocks, Sojourner Rolls
August 13 1997: Resolving Mira
August 12 1997: Sher 25: A Pending Supernova?

August 11 1997: A Perseid Meteor

August 10 1997: Nebulosity in Sagittarius
August 09 1997: The Hydra Cluster of Galaxies
August 08 1997: White Oval Clouds on Jupiter
August 07 1997: Jupiter's Ring Halo
August 06 1997: Hale-Bopp from Indian Cove
August 05 1997: M101: The Pinwheel Galaxy
August 04 1997: A Rusty Sunset on Mars
August 03 1997: The Cygnus Loop
August 02 1997: The Cat's Eye Nebula
August 01 1997: A Martian Sunset
July 31 1997: Behind CL1358+62: A New Farthest Object
July 30 1997: Eagle Castle
July 29 1997: Strange Rocks on Mars
July 28 1997: Help Aldebaran Map the Moon
July 27 1997: A Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes
July 26 1997: M81 in True Color
July 25 1997: Stellar Laboratories in the LMC
July 24 1997: Mars Pathfinder's Landing Site
July 23 1997: Hale-Bopp Triple Crown
July 22 1997: A Presidential Panorama of Mars
July 21 1997: In the Center of the Keyhole Nebula
July 20 1997: At the Edge of the Helix
July 19 1997: The Small Cloud of Magellan
July 18 1997: Blue Stars and Red Pillars
July 17 1997: A Message from Earth
July 16 1997: Mars: Yogi And Friends in 3D
July 15 1997: Vega
July 14 1997: Mars: Twin Peaks In Stereo
July 13 1997: Vela Supernova Remnant in Optical
July 12 1997: Doomed Star Eta Carinae
July 11 1997: Yogi Rock
July 10 1997: Sojourner's View: The Sagan Memorial Station
July 09 1997: Sol 4: Mars Color Panorama
July 08 1997: Barnacle Bill And Sojourner
July 07 1997: Sojourner On Mars
July 06 1997: A Martian Day's End
July 05 1997: Pathfinder On Mars
July 04 1997: A Landing On Mars
July 03 1997: Mars: A Journey's End
July 02 1997: Gamma-Ray Burst: A Milestone Explosion

July 01 1997: Asteroid 253 Mathilde's Large Craters

June 30 1997: NEAR Mathilde
June 29 1997: Ida and Dactyl: Asteroid and Moon
June 28 1997: Barsoom
June 27 1997: Mars: Just The Facts
June 26 1997: A Close Encounter of the Stellar Kind
June 25 1997: A GRB Host?
June 24 1997: Antares
June 23 1997: Eruption on Io
June 22 1997: Distant Galaxies
June 21 1997: The Pipe Dark Nebula
June 20 1997: NGC1850: Star Cluster in the LMC
June 19 1997: HH1/HH2: Star Jets
June 18 1997: Asteroid 3753: Earth's Curious Companion
June 17 1997: Arp 220: Spirals in Collision
June 16 1997: APOD is Two Years Old Today
June 15 1997: Rockets and Robert Goddard
June 14 1997: The Early Universe
June 13 1997: Streaming From A Black Hole
June 12 1997: Jupiter's Dry Spots
June 11 1997: Young Suns
June 10 1997: Hale-Bopp Above the Cinqui Torri Mountains
June 09 1997: An Auroral Ring on Jupiter
June 08 1997: M101: An Ultraviolet View
June 07 1997: Apollo 15: Driving on the Moon
June 06 1997: Boosting Compton
June 05 1997: Small Star
June 04 1997: Tarantula
June 03 1997: Venus' Once Molten Surface
June 02 1997: Bright Star Knots in NGC 4038
June 01 1997: M100: A Grand Design
May 31 1997: Saturn with Moons Tethys and Dione
May 30 1997: A Cosmic Snowball
May 29 1997: Southern Neptune
May 28 1997: Mars: Just The Fiction
May 27 1997: Moonrise, Planet Earth
May 26 1997: Old Faithful Meets Hale-Bopp
May 25 1997: A High Energy Fleet
May 24 1997: Saturn's Rings Seen Sideways
May 23 1997: The Heart Of Orion
May 22 1997: Bound For Mars

May 21 1997: GRB970508 Delivers Predicted Radio Emission

May 20 1997: Shells in the Egg Nebula
May 19 1997: Barred Spiral Galaxy NGC 1365
May 18 1997: The First Explorer
May 17 1997: 7,000 Stars and the Milky Way
May 16 1997: Signed, "A Black Hole"
May 15 1997: Hale-Bopp: Climbing Into Southern Skies
May 14 1997: Hale-Bopp's Fickle Ion Tail
May 13 1997: Optical Transient Near GRB970508 Shows Distant Redshift
May 12 1997: Lightning on Jupiter
May 11 1997: M42: A Mosaic of Orion's Great Nebula
May 10 1997: Apollo 15's Home on the Moon
May 09 1997: Apollo 12: Self-Portrait
May 08 1997: Detailing Hale-Bopp
May 07 1997: Ultraviolet Venus
May 06 1997: NGC4039: Starbirth and Galaxy Death
May 05 1997: Sunset with Hale-Bopp at Keck
May 04 1997: The Last Moon Shot
May 03 1997: Giant Cluster Bends, Breaks Galaxy Images
May 02 1997: X-Rays From IC 443
May 01 1997: A Galactic Cloud of Antimatter
April 30 1997: Milky Way Molecule Map
April 29 1997: Hale-Bopp and Orion
April 28 1997: Io's Sodium Cloud
April 27 1997: Sputnik: Traveling Companion
April 26 1997: The Perseus Cluster of Galaxies
April 25 1997: Hale-Bopp Polarized
April 24 1997: The Frothy Milky Way
April 23 1997: Antila: A New Galactic Neighbor
April 22 1997: Historic Optical Flash Fades
April 21 1997: Big Sky Comet
April 20 1997: Moon Robot: Lunokhod 1
April 19 1997: Spiral Galaxy M83
April 18 1997: Solar Storm Causes X-Ray Aurora
April 17 1997: Pwyll: Icy Crater of Europa
April 16 1997: Hale-Bopp's Tail
April 15 1997: Hale-Bopp and the Plateau de Bure Interferometer
April 14 1997: Hale-Bopp's Hoods
April 13 1997: Jets from SS433
April 12 1997: Arecibo: The Largest Telescope
April 11 1997: The Sun Puffs

April 10 1997: Europa's Ice Rafts

April 09 1997: Oceans Under Jupiter's Europa
April 08 1997: Hale-Bopp Over New York City
April 07 1997: GRB970228: What's There?
April 06 1997: Mercury Astronauts and a Redstone
April 05 1997: A Black Hole in M87?
April 04 1997: Hale-Bopp in Stereo
April 03 1997: Earth, Clouds, Sky, Comet
April 02 1997: A Complete Aurora
April 01 1997: Hale-Bopp and Andromeda
March 31 1997: NGC 3242: The 'Ghost of Jupiter' Planetary Nebula
March 30 1997: Dusty Galaxy Centaurus A
March 29 1997: The Closest Galaxy: The Sagittarius Dwarf
March 28 1997: A Comet In The Sky
March 27 1997: Comet Country
March 26 1997: The City Comet
March 25 1997: Hale-Bopp Brightest Comet This Century
March 24 1997: The Weather on Mars
March 23 1997: A String Of Pearls
March 22 1997: M64: The Sleeping Beauty Galaxy
March 21 1997: Io's Surface: Under Construction
March 20 1997: Springtime Comet Fever
March 19 1997: Gamma Ray Burster
March 18 1997: X-Ray Pleiades
March 17 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp Over Val Parola Pass
March 16 1997: Water World
March 15 1997: The Milky Way's Center
March 14 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp's Developing Tails
March 13 1997: Hale-Bopp Brightest Comet This Decade
March 12 1997: Saturn in Color
March 11 1997: Jupiter: The Great Yellow Spot
March 10 1997: Jupiter: At The Belt-Zone Boundary
March 09 1997: COBE Hotspots:The Oldest Structures Known
March 08 1997: COBE Dipole: Speeding Through the Universe
March 07 1997: Hale-Bopp Enters the Evening Sky
March 06 1997: Hubble Floats Free
March 05 1997: In the Center of NGC 604
March 04 1997: Solar Wind And Milky Way
March 03 1997: Pioneer 10: The First 6 Billion Miles
March 02 1997: Hawaii
March 01 1997: Galaxy Dwingeloo 1 Emerges

February 28 1997: Edge-On Spiral Galaxy NGC 891

February 27 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp is That Bright
February 26 1997: Sungrazer
February 25 1997: Star Wars in NGC 664
February 24 1997: The Trail of the Intruder
February 23 1997: Cartwheel of Fortune
February 22 1997: The Gamma Ray Sky
February 21 1997: New Eyes for the Hubble Space Telescope
February 20 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp and the Dumbbell Nebula
February 19 1997: Mizar Binary Star
February 18 1997: A Big Cliff On Jupiter's Callisto
February 17 1997: A Wind From The Sun
February 16 1997: Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse
February 15 1997: Shapley 1: An Annular Planetary Nebula
February 14 1997: NGC 1818: A Young Globular Cluster
February 13 1997: More Jets From Comet Hale-Bopp
February 12 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp Develops a Tail
February 11 1997: Space Walz
February 10 1997: The Gamma Ray Moon
February 09 1997: The Deep Field
February 08 1997: M104: The Sombrero Galaxy
February 07 1997: M1: Filaments of the Crab Nebula
February 06 1997: Comet Hale-Bopp Returns
February 05 1997: Running Red Rings Around Jupiter
February 04 1997: Clyde W. Tombaugh: 1906-1997
February 03 1997: Stars Without Galaxies
February 02 1997: Standing on the Moon
February 01 1997: Catching Falling Stardust
January 31 1997: Hamlet of Oberon
January 30 1997: Earth's Temperature
January 29 1997: NGC 869 & NGC 884: A Double Open Cluster
January 28 1997: Open Cluster M50
January 27 1997: A Prominent Solar Prominence
January 26 1997: Aurora and Orion
January 25 1997: M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy
January 24 1997: Supernova 1987a Fireball Resolved
January 23 1997: Twistin' by the Lagoon
January 22 1997: Galaxy Cluster A2199
January 21 1997: Journey to the Center of the Galaxy
January 20 1997: Earth Nears Asteroid Toutatis
January 19 1997: From Eagle's EGGs A Star Is Born

January 18 1997: M16: Nebula With Star Cluster

January 17 1997: Europa: The Latest From Galileo
January 16 1997: Trapezium: Teardrops in My Skies
January 15 1997: Black Hole Signature From Advective Disks
January 14 1997: Black Holes and Galactic Centers
January 13 1997: Sunspots: Magnetic Depressions
January 12 1997: Mercury in Stereo: Craters Within Craters
January 11 1997: Titania's Trenches
January 10 1997: Eclipsed Moon in Infrared
January 09 1997: Hazing Jupiter
January 08 1997: Grey Sun Seething
January 07 1997: Red Sun Streaming
January 06 1997: Blue Sun Glaring
January 05 1997: Too Close to a Black Hole
January 04 1997: A Star Where Photons Orbit
January 03 1997: A Wolf-Rayet Star Blows Bubbles
January 02 1997: Bubbles and Arcs in NGC 2359
January 01 1997: Aurora Over Circle, Alaska
December 31 1996: Io Rotating
December 30 1996: X-Ray Earth
December 29 1996: Dark Bok Globules in IC 2944
December 28 1996: CG4: A Ruptured Cometary Globule
December 27 1996: HET: The New Largest Optical Telescope
December 26 1996: Carl Sagan 1934-1996
December 25 1996: An Earth Ornament
December 24 1996: A Mirry Christmas
December 23 1996: The Hills of Ganymede
December 22 1996: 18 Miles From Deimos
December 21 1996: Sun and Winter Solstice 1996
December 20 1996: The UV SMC from UIT
December 19 1996: Comet Hale-Bopp Inbound
December 18 1996: A Sky Full Of Hydrogen
December 17 1996: Mariner's Mercury
December 16 1996: Nebula Nova Cygni Turns On
December 15 1996: Microlensing of the Einstein Cross
December 14 1996: Our Solar System from Voyager
December 13 1996: Disorder in Stephan's Quintet
December 12 1996: The Milky Way Through the Summer Triangle
December 11 1996: Starburst Ring in Galaxy NGC 1317
December 10 1996: Comet Halley's Nucleus
December 09 1996: Callisto Full Face

December 08 1996: Degas Ray Crater on Mercury

December 07 1996: Planetary Systems Now Forming in Orion
December 06 1996: Globular Cluster M3
December 05 1996: Io's Giant Volcano Pele
December 04 1996: Ice at the Lunar South Pole
December 03 1996: Cocoon of a New White Dwarf
December 02 1996: Orion's Star Colors
December 01 1996: Star Trails in Northern Skies
November 30 1996: Aurora Astern
November 29 1996: Io: The Fissure King?
November 28 1996: Comet-like Clouds in the Cartwheel Galaxy
November 27 1996: Storm Clouds Over Jupiter
November 26 1996: The Radio Sky: Tuned to 408MHz
November 25 1996: A Quasar Portrait Gallery
November 24 1996: Apollo 12 Visits Surveyor 3
November 23 1996: Gamma Ray Bursts from the Unknown
November 22 1996: Fliers Around the Blue Snowball Nebula
November 21 1996: The Blue Snowball Planetary Nebula
November 20 1996: Europa Full Face
November 19 1996: Fractal Interstellar Dust Up-Close
November 18 1996: Unusual M82: The Cigar Galaxy
November 17 1996: A Quasar in the Gamma Ray Sky
November 16 1996: The Leonid Meteor Shower (Tonight)
November 15 1996: Searching For Solar Systems
November 14 1996: Supernova Remnant and Neutron Star
November 13 1996: Seven Jets from Comet Hale-Bopp
November 12 1996: Comet Hale-Bopp Passes M14
November 11 1996: NGC 4755: A Jewel Box of Stars
November 10 1996: Columbia Launches
November 09 1996: Surveyor Hops
November 08 1996: A Solar Corona Ejection
November 07 1996: Fields of Minerals on Ganymede
November 06 1996: Elliptical Galaxy NGC 4881 in Coma
November 05 1996: The Coma Cluster of Galaxies
November 04 1996: The Martian Spring
November 03 1996: Surveyor Night Launch
November 02 1996: Spiral Galaxy NGC 253 Almost Sideways
November 01 1996: Spiral Galaxy NGC 3628 Edge On
October 31 1996: The Barren Moon
October 30 1996: Grand Design Spiral Galaxy NGC 2997
October 29 1996: Io Full Face

October 28 1996: The Weather on Neptune

October 27 1996: Io's Active Volcanoes
October 26 1996: Mir Over New Zealand
October 25 1996: A Flyby View of Ganymede
October 24 1996: Starbirth in the Lagoon Nebula
October 23 1996: The Large Cloud of Magellan (LMC)
October 22 1996: The Cracked Ice Plains of Europa
October 21 1996: Orionids Meteor Shower to Peak Tonight
October 20 1996: Surveyor Slides
October 19 1996: Lalande 21185: The Nearest Planetary System?
October 18 1996: Jupiter's Auroras
October 17 1996: Proplyds: Infant Solar Systems?
October 16 1996: SN 1006: Pieces of the Cosmic Ray Puzzle
October 15 1996: Phobos Over Mars
October 14 1996: Bright Stars, Dim Galaxy
October 13 1996: The Earth Also Rises
October 12 1996: The Water Vapor Channel
October 11 1996: The Double Nucleus of M31
October 10 1996: Triton: Neptune's Largest Moon
October 09 1996: M31: The Andromeda Galaxy
October 08 1996: ROSAT Explores the X-Ray Sky
October 07 1996: Io's Shadow
October 06 1996: A Crescent Earth At Midnight
October 05 1996: A Close-Up of the Horsehead Nebula
October 04 1996: Globular Cluster Omega Centauri
October 03 1996: Three Views of Jupiter's Io
October 02 1996: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
October 01 1996: BATSE's Biggest Gamma Ray Burst (Yet)
September 30 1996: Exploring The Universe With IUE 1978-1996
September 29 1996: The X-Ray Moon
September 28 1996: A Soyuz at Mir
September 27 1996: Welcome Home Shannon Lucid
September 26 1996: Tonight: A Total Lunar Eclipse
September 25 1996: Bright Stars and Dark Clouds
September 24 1996: Beneath Venus' Clouds
September 23 1996: Venus: Earth's Cloudy Twin
September 22 1996: The Equal Night
September 21 1996: The Ecliptic Plane
September 20 1996: Hurricane Fran's Approach
September 19 1996: The Moon and All the Crashes
September 18 1996: Stars in the Infrared Sky

September 17 1996: Comet Hale-Bopp Fades

September 16 1996: The Sun Erupts
September 15 1996: Tycho Brahe Measures the Sky
September 14 1996: Aristarchus' Unbelievable Discoveries
September 13 1996: Southwest Mercury
September 12 1996: Mercury: A Cratered Inferno
September 11 1996: In the Center of Spiral M77
September 10 1996: M77: Spiral with a Strange Glow
September 09 1996: The High Energy Crab Nebula
September 08 1996: Volcano Euboea Fluctus On Io
September 07 1996: Two Billion Years After the Big Bang
September 06 1996: The Largest Impact Crater
September 05 1996: Watch Galaxies Form
September 04 1996: IRTF: Scanning the Infrared Skies
September 03 1996: The Pleiades Star Cluster
September 02 1996: Sirius: The Brightest Star in the Night
September 01 1996: VLT: A New Largest Optical Telescope
August 31 1996: Kepler Discovers How Planets Move
August 30 1996: Galileo Demonstrates the Telescope
August 29 1996: M17: The Majestic Swan Nebula
August 28 1996: NGC 5882: A Small Planetary Nebula
August 27 1996: Galileo Zooms in on Jupiter's Red Spot
August 26 1996: A Wolf-Rayet Star Bubble
August 25 1996: Luna 9: First Soft Lander
August 24 1996: Why Is QSO 1229+204 So Bright?
August 23 1996: NGC 3293: A Bright Young Open Cluster
August 22 1996: Arp 230: Two Spirals in One?
August 21 1996: A Close-Up of the Lagoon's Hourglass
August 20 1996: A Close-Up of the Lagoon Nebula
August 19 1996: Welcome to Planet Earth
August 18 1996: A Milestone Quasar
August 17 1996: A Meteorite From Mars
August 16 1996: NGC 604: Giant Stellar Nursery in M33
August 15 1996: Galileo Views Io Eruption
August 14 1996: Galileo Explores Europa
August 13 1996: Europa's Surface
August 12 1996: Leo Triplet Spiral Galaxy M65
August 11 1996: The Snake Nebula in Ophiuchus
August 10 1996: Unusual Spiral Galaxy M66
August 09 1996: The Perseid Meteor Shower
August 08 1996: Pictured: An Ancient Martian?

August 07 1996: Early Microscopic Life on Mars?

August 06 1996: Europa: Oceans of Life?
August 05 1996: Erupting Volcanoes on Io
August 04 1996: NGC 3393: A Super Spiral?
August 03 1996: Jupiter's Colorful Clouds
August 02 1996: Galileo, Cassini, and the Great Red Spot
August 01 1996: The Hydra Cluster of Galaxies
July 31 1996: A Violet Moon
July 30 1996: Tonight: A Blue Moon
July 29 1996: A Dust Jet From Hale-Bopp
July 28 1996: Huck Finn's New Sky View
July 27 1996: Driving to the Sun
July 26 1996: The Cygnus Loop
July 25 1996: Hale-Bopp on Schedule
July 24 1996: COMPTEL Explores The Radioactive Sky
July 23 1996: Hale-Bopp, Jupiter, and the Milky Way
July 22 1996: Utopia on Mars
July 21 1996: The Eagle Soars
July 20 1996: 20 Years Ago: Vikings on Mars
July 19 1996: Galileo's First Color Image of Io
July 18 1996: Nebulosity in Sagittarius
July 17 1996: Looking Down on Saturn
July 16 1996: A Portrait of Saturn from Titan
July 15 1996: Keck: The Largest Optical Telescope
July 14 1996: M81 in True Color
July 13 1996: M81: A Bulging Spiral Galaxy
July 12 1996: Ancient Cratered Plains on Ganymede
July 11 1996: Ganymede: A Really Groovy Moon
July 10 1996: Galileo Photographs Ganymede
July 09 1996: M74: A Grand Design Spiral Galaxy
July 08 1996: M33: The Triangulum Galaxy
July 07 1996: Isaac Newton Explains the Solar System
July 06 1996: Edmund Halley's Greatest Discoveries
July 05 1996: The Mysterious Rings of Supernova 1987a
July 04 1996: The Cat's Eye Nebula (Revisited)
July 03 1996: Superbubbles in the LMC
July 02 1996: NASA's Latest Rockets: X-33
July 01 1996: Worlds of a Distant Sun: 47 Ursae Majoris b
June 30 1996: Greetings from the Pioneers
June 29 1996: The Voyagers' Message in a Bottle
June 28 1996: A Distant Galaxy in the Deep Field

June 27 1996: Voyager's Preview of Galileo at Ganymede

June 26 1996: Happy Birthday Charles Messier: M1
June 25 1996: A Star Forming Region in the LMC
June 24 1996: A View from Venus: Rift Valley
June 23 1996: Tycho's Supernova Remnant in X-ray
June 22 1996: North to the Moon's Pole
June 21 1996: A Very Large Array of Radio Telescopes
June 20 1996: Apollo Sunrise
June 19 1996: Aurora: Curtains in the Sky
June 18 1996: Seven Sisters Versus California
June 17 1996: The United States at Night
June 16 1996: APOD is One Year Old Today
June 15 1996: Walking in Space
June 14 1996: Floating Free in Space
June 13 1996: Vela Supernova Remnant in Optical
June 12 1996: Vela Supernova Remnant in X-ray
June 11 1996: Doomed Star Eta Carinae
June 10 1996: Ultraviolet Earth
June 09 1996: Blasting Off From the Moon
June 08 1996: The First Lunar Observatory
June 07 1996: Apollo 16: Exploring Plum Crater
June 06 1996: The North America Nebula
June 05 1996: Sagittarius and the Central Milky Way
June 04 1996: Impact! 65 Million Years Ago
June 03 1996: Mir Dreams
June 02 1996: 6 Up 5 Down
June 01 1996: The Iron Moon
May 31 1996: The Pulsar Powered Crab
May 30 1996: Sunshine, Earthshine at the Lunar Limb
May 29 1996: The COMPTEL Gamma-Ray Sky
May 28 1996: The Pipe Dark Nebula
May 27 1996: Aurora Crown the Earth
May 26 1996: Alpha Centauri: The Closest Star System
May 25 1996: The Shuttle Launches an Inflatable Antenna
May 24 1996: In the Center of 30 Doradus
May 23 1996: Stellar Violence in 30 Doradus
May 22 1996: Star Cluster in the Rosette Nebula
May 21 1996: The Iron Sun
May 20 1996: Helios Helium
May 19 1996: Nearby Dwarf Galaxy Leo I
May 18 1996: The Sun Today

May 17 1996: Comet Hyakutake and a Solar Flare

May 16 1996: Comet Hyakutake Passes the Sun
May 15 1996: The Milky Way Near the Northern Cross
May 14 1996: Hubble's Constant And The Expanding Universe (II)
May 13 1996: Hubble's Constant And The Expanding Universe (I)
May 12 1996: Tracking Saturn's Moons
May 11 1996: Sunlight Through Saturn's Rings
May 10 1996: Henize 70: A SuperBubble In The LMC
May 09 1996: Supernova Remnant: Cooking Elements In The LMC
May 08 1996: Neptune's Great Dark Spot: Gone But Not Forgotten
May 07 1996: The Clouds of Neptune
May 06 1996: Southern Lights and Shuttle Glow
May 05 1996: Planet Near a Galaxy Core
May 04 1996: Astro-1 In Orbit
May 03 1996: The Milky Way Near the Southern Cross
May 02 1996: The Tails of Comet Hyakutake
May 01 1996: Comet Hyakutake and a Cactus
April 30 1996: Uranus' Ring System
April 29 1996: Saturn's Rings Seen Sideways
April 28 1996: The Sun Sets on Comet Hyakutake
April 27 1996: Apollo 14: Rickshaw Tracks Across the Moon
April 26 1996: A Giant Globular Cluster in M31
April 25 1996: In the Center of the Whirlpool
April 24 1996: Giant Cluster Bends, Breaks Galaxy Images
April 23 1996: Comet Hyakutake on a Starry Night
April 22 1996: At the Edge of the Helix
April 21 1996: A Supernova in the Whirpool
April 20 1996: Apollo 17 Lunarscape: A Magnificent Desolation
April 19 1996: The Virgo Cluster: Hot Plasma and Dark Matter
April 18 1996: Hyakutake, Venus, Orion, and Pond
April 17 1996: NGC 7293: The Helix Nebula
April 16 1996: Cometary Knots in the Helix Nebula
April 15 1996: NASA Mission to MAP the Universe
April 14 1996: The Rotating Jets of Comet Hyakutake
April 13 1996: The Compton Observatory Turns Five
April 12 1996: Man Enters Space
April 11 1996: Unexpected X-rays from Comet Hyakutake
April 10 1996: Comet Hyakutake and a Tree
April 09 1996: A Spiral Galaxy Gallery
April 08 1996: Uranus's Moon Oberon: Impact World
April 07 1996: Uranus's Moon Umbriel: A Mysterious Dark World

April 06 1996: Andromeda Nebula: Var!

April 05 1996: The Perseus Cluster of Galaxies
April 04 1996: The Keyhole Nebula Near Eta Carinae
April 03 1996: A Lucky Lunar Eclipse
April 02 1996: Atlantis Approaches Mir
April 01 1996: Hyakutake, Big Dipper, and Observatory Dome
March 31 1996: Comet Hyakutake Finder Chart for Early April
March 30 1996: An Extreme UltraViolet View of the Comet
March 29 1996: The Colors of Comet Hyakutake
March 28 1996: Near the Nucleus of Hyakutake
March 27 1996: How Much is That Comet in the Window?
March 26 1996: What are Comet Tails Made Of?
March 25 1996: Comet Hyakutake Passes the Earth
March 24 1996: Comet Hyakutake's Closest Approach
March 23 1996: Comet Hyakutake's Past and Future
March 22 1996: Where to See Comet Hyakutake
March 21 1996: Near Comet Hyakutake's Nucleus
March 20 1996: NGC 1977: Blue Reflection Nebula in Orion
March 19 1996: The Ion Tail of Comet Hyakutake
March 18 1996: Saturn with Moons Tethys and Dione
March 17 1996: Saturn's Cloud Tops
March 16 1996: Spiral Galaxy M90
March 15 1996: The McMath-Pierce Solar Observatory
March 14 1996: Comet Hyakutake's Orbit
March 13 1996: Here Comes Comet Hyakutake
March 12 1996: The Colorful Clouds of Rho Ophiuchi
March 11 1996: Hubble Telescope Maps Pluto
March 10 1996: Mir is 10
March 09 1996: Arecibo: The Largest Telescope
March 08 1996: The 76 Meter Lovell Radio Telescope
March 07 1996: Rampaging Fronts of the Veil Nebula
March 06 1996: Jets From SS433
March 05 1996: A Black Hole in M87's Center?
March 04 1996: Uranus' Largest Moon: Titania
March 03 1996: Uranus' Moon Ariel: Valley World
March 02 1996: Von Braun's Wheel
March 01 1996: A Mysterious Cone Nebula
February 29 1996: Julius Caesar and Leap Days
February 28 1996: Explosions Discovered Near Galactic Center
February 27 1996: X-ray Moon and X-ray Star
February 26 1996: Fireball!

February 25 1996: A High Energy Fleet

February 24 1996: Tanks for the Lift
February 23 1996: Apollo 15: Driving on the Moon
February 22 1996: Apollo 15's Home on the Moon
February 21 1996: Millions of Stars in Omega Centauri
February 20 1996: ASCA X-Ray Observatory
February 19 1996: Periodic Comet Swift-Tuttle
February 18 1996: Abell 3627 in the Great Attractor
February 17 1996: Edwin Hubble Discovers the Universe
February 16 1996: The Early Universe
February 15 1996: NEAR to an Asteroid
February 14 1996: NGC 2237: The Rosette Nebula
February 13 1996: 7,000 Stars And The Milky Way
February 12 1996: Pluto Not Yet Explored
February 11 1996: Sputnik: The Traveling Companion
February 10 1996: The First Explorer
February 09 1996: The Eye of an Hourglass Nebula
February 08 1996: Hyakutake: The Great Comet of 1996?
February 07 1996: If You Could Stand on Mars
February 06 1996: COBE Hotspots: The Oldest Structures Known
February 05 1996: COBE Dipole: Speeding Through the Universe
February 04 1996: The Closest Galaxy: The Sagittarius Dwarf
February 03 1996: A Huge Impact Crater on Mars
February 02 1996: A MACHO View of Galactic Dark Matter
February 01 1996: Lensing through Baade's Window
January 31 1996: Planets Around Sun-Like Stars
January 30 1996: 70 Virginis b: A New Water Planet?
January 29 1996: Searchlight Beams from the Egg Nebula
January 28 1996: Orbiting Repairmen
January 27 1996: Open Cluster M8 in the Lagoon
January 26 1996: Quadrantids: Meteors in Perspective
January 25 1996: Catching Falling Stardust
January 24 1996: The Deep Field
January 23 1996: Beneath Jupiter's Clouds
January 22 1996: Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse, Betelgeuse
January 21 1996: Mercury's Faults
January 20 1996: Mercury's Caloris Basin
January 19 1996: The Dusty Disk of Beta Pic
January 18 1996: MyCn18: An Hourglass Nebula
January 17 1996: NGC 7027: A Dying Star's Nebula
January 16 1996: Wild Duck Open Cluster M11

January 15 1996: The Dawn of the Clusters

January 14 1996: A Distant Cluster of Galaxies
January 13 1996: Lunokhod 1: Moon Robot
January 12 1996: Mare Orientale
January 11 1996: Lasers in Eta Carinae
January 10 1996: The Cepheids of M100
January 09 1996: M100 and the Expanding Universe
January 08 1996: Local Group Galaxy NGC 205
January 07 1996: Mercury Astronauts and a Redstone
January 06 1996: Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy M32
January 05 1996: The Toby Jug Nebula
January 04 1996: Symbiotic Star System R Aquarii
January 03 1996: The X-ray Timing Explorer
January 02 1996: The X-Ray Sky
January 01 1996: Shuttle Engine Blast
December 31 1995: The X-ray Sources of M31
December 30 1995: LMC X-1: A Black Hole Candidate
December 29 1995: NGC 4361: Galaxy Shaped Planetary Nebula
December 28 1995: NGC 6240: When Galaxies Collide
December 27 1995: Nova Cygni 1992
December 26 1995: Accretion Disk Binary System
December 25 1995: Earth Rise
December 24 1995: Uranus' Moon Miranda
December 23 1995: Prometheus, Pandora and Saturn's F Ring
December 22 1995: Summer at the South Pole
December 21 1995: Hot Stars in the Trifid Nebula
December 20 1995: A Galaxy Gravitational Lens
December 19 1995: Albert Einstein: 1879 - 1955
December 18 1995: M51: The Whirlpool Galaxy
December 17 1995: The Space Shuttle Docks with Mir
December 16 1995: Hawaii
December 15 1995: M64: The Sleeping Beauty Galaxy
December 14 1995: An Atlas Centaur Rocket Launches
December 13 1995: A Delta Rocket Launches
December 12 1995: Shapley 1: An Annular Planetary Nebula
December 11 1995: NGC 5189: A Strange Planetary Nebula
December 10 1995: Apollo 14 Deploys ALSEP
December 09 1995: Apollo 14 on the Moon
December 08 1995: Descent To Jupiter
December 07 1995: Galileo's Jupiter Probe
December 06 1995: 24 Hours from Jupiter

December 05 1995: The Swirling Center of NGC 4261

December 04 1995: GL 229B: An Elusive Brown Dwarf?
December 03 1995: An X-ray Hot Supernova in M81
December 02 1995: Lightning Below
December 01 1995: 51 Pegasi: A New Planet Discovered
November 30 1995: NGC 2440 Nucleus: The Hottest Star?
November 29 1995: Releasing Compton
November 28 1995: Shadow at the Lunar South Pole
November 27 1995: Too Close to a Black Hole
November 26 1995: A Star Where Photons Orbit
November 25 1995: Saturn's Cleanest Moon: Enceladus
November 24 1995: Saturn's Moon Tethys
November 23 1995: M1: Polarization of the Crab
November 22 1995: M1: The Exploding Crab Nebula
November 21 1995: M42: Orion Nebula Mosaic
November 20 1995: At the Core of M15
November 19 1995: New York at Night
November 18 1995: Water World
November 17 1995: The Sun Also Rises
November 16 1995: Repairing Hubble
November 15 1995: A Quintet of Galaxies
November 14 1995: Aurora and Orion
November 13 1995: Virgo Cluster Galaxies
November 12 1995: Blue Jet Lightning
November 11 1995: Red Sprite Lightning
November 10 1995: Lightning and the Space Shuttle
November 09 1995: M104: The Sombrero Galaxy
November 08 1995: Simulating the Universe
November 07 1995: Eagle EGGs in M16
November 06 1995: M16: Stars Upon Pillars
November 05 1995: Vela Satellites: The Watchers
November 04 1995: Neptune's Moon Proteus
November 03 1995: Jupiter's Moon Amalthea
November 02 1995: The Red Rectangle
November 01 1995: M16: Dust and an Open Cluster
October 31 1995: A Halloween Invasion from Mars
October 30 1995: Comet Hale-Bopp Update
October 29 1995: Radioactive Clouds in the Milky Way
October 28 1995: The Delta Clipper
October 27 1995: The Tarantula and the Supernova
October 26 1995: Aurora Astern

October 25 1995: Painting with Solar Neutrons

October 24 1995: A Total Solar Eclipse
October 23 1995: Gamma-Ray Quasars
October 22 1995: A Quasar-Galaxy Collision?
October 21 1995: A Glimpse of Titan's Surface
October 20 1995: Asteroid Gaspra's Best Face
October 19 1995: Globular Cluster M5
October 18 1995: A Storm on Saturn
October 17 1995: Galaxy Dwingeloo 1 Emerges
October 16 1995: Starburst Galaxy M94
October 15 1995: Iapetus: Saturn's Disappearing Moon
October 14 1995: Rhea: Saturn's Second Largest Moon
October 13 1995: Jupiter, Io, and Ganymede's Shadow
October 12 1995: HH-47 Star Jet
October 11 1995: LMC Star Clouds
October 10 1995: Dione's Lagrange Moon Helene
October 09 1995: Saturn's Moon Dione
October 08 1995: Apollo 12 Visits Surveyor 3
October 07 1995: Apollo 12's Lunar Module Descends
October 06 1995: Dark Bok Globules in IC 2944
October 05 1995: CG4: A Ruptured Cometary Globule
October 04 1995: The Sun Spews X-rays
October 03 1995: Deimos: Small Martian Moon
October 02 1995: Phobos: Doomed Moon of Mars
October 01 1995: Central Galactic Star Bursts
September 30 1995: An Energetic Radio Galaxy
September 29 1995: The International Ultraviolet Explorer
September 28 1995: A Venusian Landscape
September 27 1995: A Venus Landing
September 26 1995: Star Trails in Southern Skies
September 25 1995: Orion's Horsehead Nebula
September 24 1995: Mimas: Small Moon with A Big Crater
September 23 1995: Titan: Saturn's Smog Moon
September 22 1995: Standing on the Moon
September 21 1995: One Small Step
September 20 1995: GL 105C: The Coolest Star?
September 19 1995: The Small Cloud of Magellan
September 18 1995: The Large Cloud of Magellan
September 17 1995: Thousands of Coma Cluster Galaxies
September 16 1995: Rockets and Robert Goddard
September 15 1995: Space Station Mir Over Earth

September 14 1995: The Far Side

September 13 1995: Elliptical Galaxy M87
September 12 1995: Spiral Galaxy M83
September 11 1995: Proplyds: Infant Solar Systems
September 10 1995: White Dwarfs Cool
September 09 1995: The Last Moon Shot
September 08 1995: The Milky Way's Center
September 07 1995: Distant Galaxies
September 06 1995: Callisto: Dark Smashed Iceball
September 05 1995: Europa: Ancient Water World
September 04 1995: Ganymede: Moonquake World
September 03 1995: Earth's Moon, A Familiar Face
September 02 1995: Hot Gas and Dark Matter
September 01 1995: Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar 1910-1995
August 31 1995: X-Raying the Moon
August 30 1995: Skylab Over Earth
August 29 1995: Saturn V: NASA's Largest Rocket
August 28 1995: Dusty Galaxy Centaurus A
August 27 1995: Gamma Ray Bursts from the Unknown
August 26 1995: Two Tails of Comet West
August 25 1995: A World Explorer
August 24 1995: A Radar Image of Planet Earth
August 23 1995: A Venusian Tick
August 22 1995: Venus UnVeiled
August 21 1995: An Orbiting Iceberg
August 20 1995: Announcing Comet Hale-Bopp
August 19 1995: Our Solar System from Voyager
August 18 1995: Pluto: The Frozen Planet
August 17 1995: Neptune: Big Blue Giant
August 16 1995: Uranus: The Tilted Planet
August 15 1995: Venus: Earth's Sister Planet
August 14 1995: Mercury: Closest Planet to the Sun
August 13 1995: The Sun Erupts
August 12 1995: Atlantis Landing
August 11 1995: The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory
August 10 1995: The Orbiting Hubble Space Telescope
August 09 1995: Challenger Launches Spacelab 2
August 08 1995: Columbia Waits, Discovery Launches
August 07 1995: Night Launch of Endeavour
August 06 1995: Liftoff of Space Shuttle Columbia
August 05 1995: Geysers on Triton

August 04 1995: Closeup of an Io Volcano

August 03 1995: Io: A Volcanic Moon
August 02 1995: Jupiter's Rings
August 01 1995: Crossing The Ring Plane
July 31 1995: Exploring Saturn's Rings
July 30 1995: The Rings of Saturn
July 29 1995: M27: The Dumbbell Nebula
July 28 1995: M82: An Irregular Galaxy
July 27 1995: M57: The Ring Nebula
July 26 1995: M15: A Great Globular Cluster
July 25 1995: M1: The Crab Nebula
July 24 1995: M31: The Andromeda Galaxy
July 23 1995: M20: The Trifid Nebula
July 22 1995: The Face on Mars
July 21 1995: The Search for Life on Mars
July 20 1995: The Grand Canyon of Mars
July 19 1995: The Mountains of Mars
July 18 1995: Cygnus Loop Supernova Shockwave
July 17 1995: Barsoom
July 16 1995: The Exploration of Mars
July 15 1995: The Crater Chain
July 14 1995: Comet Impacts on Jupiter
July 13 1995: A String Of Pearls
July 12 1995: Eta Carinae Before Explosion
July 11 1995: Microlensing of the Einstein Cross
July 10 1995: Abell 2218: A Galaxy Cluster Lens
July 09 1995: A Meteoric View of Apollo 13
July 08 1995: Damage to Apollo 13
July 07 1995: Lunar Farside from Apollo 13
July 06 1995: Saturn, Rings, and Two Moons
July 05 1995: The Night Side of Saturn
July 04 1995: The Firework Nebula
July 03 1995: The Great Nebula in Orion
July 02 1995: The Cartwheel Galaxy
July 01 1995: The Hooker Telescope on Mt. Wilson
June 30 1995: Ida and Dactyl: Asteroid and Moon
June 29 1995: The Earth - Moon System
June 28 1995: The Cat's Eye Nebula
June 27 1995: An Ultraviolet Image of M101
June 26 1995: Spiral Galaxy M100
June 25 1995: Jupiter from Voyager

June 24 1995: Gamma Ray Crab, Geminga

June 23 1995: Gamma Ray Sky Map
June 22 1995: Earth from Apollo 17
June 21 1995: Supernova 1987a Aftermath
June 20 1995: Pleiades Star Cluster
June 16 1995: Neutron Star Earth
Authors & editors: Robert Nemiroff (MTU) & Jerry Bonnell (USRA)
NASA Technical Rep.: Jay Norris. Specific rights apply.
A service of: LHEA at NASA/ GSFC
&: Michigan Tech. U.

About.com: http://seds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/asteroids.html
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Asteroids
On the first day of January 1801, Giuseppe Piazzi discovered an object which he first thought was a
new comet. But after its orbit was better determined it was clear that it was not a comet but more like
a small planet. Piazzi named it Ceres, after the Sicilian goddess of grain. Three other small bodies
were discovered in the next few years (Pallas, Vesta, and Juno). By the end of the 19th century there
were several hundred.
Several hundred thousand asteroids have been discovered and given provisional designations so far.
Thousands more are discovered each year. There are undoubtedly hundreds of thousands more that
are too small to be seen from the Earth. There are 26 known asteroids larger than 200 km in diameter.
http://space.about.com/gi/dynamic/offsite.htm?once=true&si...eds.lpl.arizona.edu/nineplanets/nineplanets/asteroids.html (1 de 5)24/03/2005 13:12:50

Our census of the largest ones is now fairly complete: we probably know 99% of the asteroids larger
than 100 km in diameter. Of those in the 10 to 100 km range we have cataloged about half. But we
know very few of the smaller ones; there are probably considerably more than a million asteroids in
the 1 km range.
The total mass of all the asteroids is less than that of the Moon.
11 comets and asteroids have been explored by spacecraft so far, as follows: ICE flyby of Comet
Giacobini-Zinner. Multiple flyby missions to Comet Halley. Giotto (retarget) to Comet Grigg-
Skellerup. Galileo flybys of asteroids Gaspra and Ida (and Ida satellite Dactyl). NEAR-Shoemaker
flyby of asteroid Mathilde on the way to orbit and land on Eros. DS-1 flybys of asteroid Braille and
Comet Borrelly. Stardust flyby of asteroid Annefrank and recent sample collection from Comet Wild
2. For future we can expect: Hayabusa (MUSES-C) to asteroid Itokawa, Rosetta to Comet
Churyumov-Gerasmenko, Deep Impact to Comet Tempel 1, and Dawn to orbit asteroids Vesta and
Ceres.
243 Ida and 951 Gaspra were photographed by the Galileo

spacecraft on its way to Jupiter. The NEAR mission flew by
253 Mathilde (left) on 1997 June 27 returning many images.
NEAR (now renamed "NEAR-
Shoemaker") entered orbit
around 433 Eros (right) in
January 1999 and returned a
wealth of images and data. At the end of its mission it actually landed on
Eros.
The largest asteroid by far is 1 Ceres. It is 933 km in diameter and contains about 25% of the mass of
all the asteroids combined. The next largest are 2 Pallas, 4 Vesta and 10 Hygiea which are between
400 and 525 km in diameter. All other known asteroids are less than 340 km across.
There is some debate as to the classification of asteroids, comets and moons. There are many
planetary satellites that are probably better thought of as captured asteroids. Mars's tiny moons
Deimos and Phobos, Jupiter's outer eight moons, Saturn's outermost moon, Phoebe, and perhaps
some of the newly discovered moons of Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are all more similar to asteroids
than to the larger moons. (The composite image at the top of this page shows Ida, Gaspra, Deimos
and Phobos approximately to scale.)
Asteroids are classified into a number of types according to their spectra (and hence their chemical
composition) and albedo:

● C-type, includes more than 75% of known asteroids: extremely

dark (albedo 0.03); similar to carbonaceous chondrite meteorites;
approximately the same chemical composition as the Sun minus
hydrogen, helium and other volatiles;
● S-type, 17%: relatively bright (albedo .10-.22); metallic nickel-
iron mixed with iron- and magnesium-silicates;
● M-type, most of the rest: bright (albedo .10-.18); pure nickel-iron.
● There are also a dozen or so other rare types.
Because of biases involved in the observations (e.g. the dark C-types are harder to see), the
percentages above may not be representative of the true distribution of asteroids. (There are actually
several classification schemes in use today.)
There is little data about the densities of asteroids. But by sensing the Doppler effect on radio waves
returning to Earth from NEAR owing to the (very slight) gravitational tug between asteroid and
spacecraft, Mathilde's mass could be estimated. Surprisingly, its density turns out to be not much
greater than that of water, suggesting that it is not a solid object but rather a compacted pile of debris.
Asteroids are also categorized by their position in the solar system:
● Main Belt: located between Mars and Jupiter roughly 2 - 4 AU

from the Sun; further divided into subgroups: Hungarias, Floras,
Phocaea, Koronis, Eos, Themis, Cybeles and Hildas (which are
named after the main asteroid in the group).
● Near-Earth Asteroids (NEAs): ones that closely approach the
Earth
❍ Atens: semimajor axes less than 1.0 AU and aphelion
distances greater than 0.983 AU;

❍ Apollos: semimajor axes greater than 1.0 AU and perihelion distances less than 1.017
AU
❍ Amors: perihelion distances between 1.017 and 1.3 AU;
● Trojans: located near Jupiter's Lagrange points (60 degrees ahead and behind Jupiter in its
orbit). Several hundred such asteroids are now known; it is estimated that there may be a
thousand or more altogether. Curiously, there are many more in the leading Lagrange point
(L4) than in the trailing one (L5). (There may also be a few small asteroids in the Lagrange
points of Venus and Earth (see Earth's Second Moon) that are also sometimes known as
Trojans; 5261 Eureka is a "Mars Trojan".)
Between the main concentrations of asteroids in the Main Belt are relatively empty regions known as
the Kirkwood gaps. These are regions where an object's orbital period would be a simple fraction of
that of Jupiter. An object in such an orbit is very likely to be accelerated by Jupiter into a different
orbit.

There also a few "asteroids" (designated as "Centaurs") in the outer solar system: 2060 Chiron (aka
95 P/Chiron) orbits between Saturn and Uranus; the orbit of 5335 Damocles ranges from near Mars
to beyond Uranus; 5145 Pholus orbits from Saturn to past Neptune. There are probably many more,
but such planet-crossing orbits are unstable and they are likely to be perturbed in the future. The
composition of these objects is probably more like that of comets or the Kuiper Belt objects than that
of ordinary asteroids. In particular, Chiron is now classified as a comet.
4 Vesta has been studied recently with HST (left). It is a particularly interesting asteroid in that it
seems to have been differentiated into layers like the terrestrial planets. This
implies some internal heat source in addition to the heat released by long-lived
radio-isotopes which alone would be insufficient to melt such a small object.
There is also a gigantic impact basin so deep that it exposes the mantle beneath
Vesta's outer crust.
Though they are never visible with the unaided eye, many asteroids are visible with binoculars or a
small telescope.
Asteroid table
A few asteroids and comets are listed below for comparison. (distance is the mean distance to the Sun
in thousands of kilometers; masses in kilograms).
No. Name Distance Radius Mass Discoverer Date

---- --------- -------- ------ ------- ---------- -----
2062 Aten 144514 0.5 ? Helin 1976
3554 Amun 145710 ? ? Shoemaker 1986
1566 Icarus 161269 0.7 ? Baade 1949
433 Eros 172800 33x13x13 Witt 1989
1862 Apollo 220061 0.7 ? Reinmuth 1932
2212 Hephaistos 323884 4.4 ? Chernykh 1978
951 Gaspra 330000 8 ? Neujmin 1916
4 Vesta 353400 265 3.0e20 Olbers 1807
3 Juno 399400 123 ? Harding 1804
15 Eunomia 395500 136 8.3e18 De Gasparis 1851
1 Ceres 413900 466 8.7e20 Piazzi 1801
2 Pallas 414500 261 3.18e20 Olbers 1802
243 Ida 428000 35 ? ? 1880?
52 Europa 463300 156 ? Goldschmidt 1858
10 Hygiea 470300 215 9.3e19 De Gasparis 1849
511 Davida 475400 168 ? Dugan 1903
911 Agamemnon 778100 88 ? Reinmuth 1919
2060 Chiron 2051900 85 ? Kowal 1977
More about asteroids

● 22338 Janemojo, a very special asteroid!

● more images (see also the Ida and Gaspra pages)
● fact sheet from NSSDC
● images from NSSDC
● lots more info from Zeljko Lipanovic
● the Near-Earth Asteroid Rendezvous Mission
● more about the discovery of Eros, the first known near-Earth asteroid
● Eros images from NEAR
● more NEAR images of Mathilde
● Keck II images of Vesta
● NEAT, Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking Home Page
● two pages about 4179 Toutatis
● On-Line Asteroid Data
● Vesta from LANL; a diagram of Vesta's history from B. Zellner (136k postscript)
● More on the observations of Vesta and its significance from STScI
● Geographos from LANL
● 1997 XF11, which will pass close to Earth in the year 2028 (from JPL)
● Minor Planet Designations, search for asteroid names and numbers
● various Minor Planet information from the MPC
● Asteroid Nomenclature Table
● Orbital elements from Dr E. Bowell of Lowell Observatory
● Earth's strange companion, Asteroid 3753 Cruithne (1986 TO)
Open Issues
● Why are there all those asteroids instead of a planet between Mars and Jupiter?
● What mechanism(s) are responsible for the differentiation of the asteroids into metallic and
rocky types?
● Why are there more Trojan asteroids in Jupiter's L4 point than its L5 point?
● Is 4 Vesta really differentiated? What is its geologic history?
● How do asteroids get pushed from their 'normal' orbits into Earth-crossing ones? What is the
probability that a large comet or asteroid will hit the Earth in any given year?
Home ... Sun ... Small Bodies ... Sedna ... Asteroids ... Gaspra ... Data
Bill Arnett; last updated: 2004 Mar 15

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moveable religious holidays.
● Literary Calendar - almanac of literary information in a this-day-in-history format. Browse
specific days, search the entries, or join the mailing list for daily e-mails of historical tidbits.
● Virtual Perpetual Calendar - a whole year at a glance.
● Web Indonesian Time and Calendar - see online greetings at current local time and the
calendar including Masehi, Javanese (with Neptu), Hijriah, and the public holidays of this
year.
● World Wide Holidays and Festivals
http://www.usaa-academy.com/nerc/res/rescal.html24/03/2005 13:13:08
Darwin Awards
"What would Darwin do?"
29 January 2005 [ Read More Mottos ]
Finally! 7 New Stories!

The Darwin Awards
HOME
DARWIN AWARDS salute the
Darwin Awards
--- improvement of the
Honorable Mentions Killer Shades human genome by
Urban Legends A Honey of a Buzz honoring those who
Personal Accounts Hurricane Blumpkin accidentally kill
Slush Pile "Hazard Befell Him" themselves in really
New Stories stupid ways. Of necessity, this honor is
DA: Killer Shades HONORABLE MENTIONS generally bestowed posthumously.
DA: "Hazard Befell Him" ---
DA: Hurricane Blumpkin Picture Perfect Cop Salon Book Review
DA: A Honey of a Buzz Blowtorch and Gunpowder Teen Ink Book Review
HM: Off We Go... Off We Go...
HM: Picture Perfect Cop Death by Lava Lamp
HM: Blowtorch and The Untitled Movie
Gunpowder 28 November 2004, Washington | We have a
I was invited to the set of Finn Taylor's new Darwin winner, with the recent demise
untitled movie production, filming in of a man at the hands of his lava lamp.
~ Randomizer ~ Oakland. It's a romance set amid "Why on Earth he heated a lava
numerous classic Darwin Awards legends. lamp on the stove, we don't know,"
Newsletter Although his adaptations don't necessarily said baffled police.
Book T-Shirt Etc. follow the rules, nevertheless, the script
Philosophy Forum and actors are brilliantly amusing, and the No drug or alcohol evidence was
Rules – Search cast and crew are operating in harmony. found; Philip Quinn, 24, in his right
So good luck to all, and break a leg... but mind, placed a lava lamp on his
Contact Darwin
only a leg! kitchen burner and turned up the flame. In
SiteMap
due course, he rediscovered this favorite
Home
"Class Action Graft" explosive generator of deadly shrapnel. He
was found dead in his Kent trailer home, a
With so much opportunistic theft of large shard of glass through his heart.
sums of public money, I'm especially
annoyed by cases involving wide-scale References: KiroTV, CNN, etc. Submitted by:
moral dereliction. Chris Kelly, Lightbringer, Grant Stalder, Donna
Johnsen, Fukumi, Ryan Odom, Gloria, Aaron,
Julie Derakis, Wayne Watkins, Cole Wybo,
Just now I'm hearing US Graft: Lynn Shulak, Grant Stewart, & Adam.
farmers made a killing, Obtaining
receiving aid through this little money or
loophole: When crop prices advantage
drop over the course of the Slush Pile Seven
through
season, farmers who sell early dishonest
get a high price, while also use of Make a difference! Vote on the new
benefitting later from federal political Slush Pile submissions, and influence the
subsidies that award influence Top Stories below.
all farmers when prices fall
too low, not just those who could not sell
crops at a profit. SHAME!
When our aid helps a farm through a lean

year, I support it. But please, farmers, don't
take advantage of our generosity and our
tax money! Choose Not to Double Dip!
http://www.darwinawards.com/ (1 de 10)24/03/2005 13:13:32

Darwin Awards
Speaking of misappropriation, Texas

teachers normally take retirement benefits Favorite DA Winners
from a state pension fund, not social
security. But if they work one day at a job Darwin Award: Living
covered by social security, they're on Zionist Time.
suddenly eligible for state pension money What happens when idiots mix
AND federal social security based on a terrorism with a divisive religious
spouse's earnings. That's why 3,521 grudge? In 1999 this story scored
retired employees were janitor-for-a-day in 8.3 out of 10, making it the year's most
2002, and are now receiving hundreds to popular Darwin Award and an all-time
thousands of dollars extra each month. second only to JATO--still the most
The loophole closes June 30th, and the popular Darwin Award in history.
stampede ends.
Darwin Award: Wrong
Class-Action Graft: Time, Wrong Place.
any stories from your locale?
The hold-up of a lifetime!
Making quick amends for
FAQs a mistake... Illustrated by
Zeebarf.
(J assures me it's simply 'FAQ')
Who can use the Darwin Awards stories? A guilty pleasure because it's
Answer: You can, on your personal website, an Urban Legend and
or for personal emails to friends. Please link schoolboy humor to boot, but
back to www.DarwinAwards.com - Urban Legend:
No commercial use is allowed without the Last Supper is fun for all ages! Read
authorization, and I favor non-profit or safety- at the table after a big Thanksgiving dinner.
oriented uses.
Bungee Jumper.
BOGUS Darwin Awards Sighting 'Nuff said.
I'm creative and have a great Darwin and...Fatal Footsie.

Awards idea! Many people have shared their that classic
projects with the Darwin Awards community, neighborhood
and oft times profited thereby. Artists such as
pub story, set in Cambodia for a
Zeebarf, Banwell, Mcgookin, foreign
twist. "Another drinking game
translations, animations, student projects &
from Evolution Strategy
others. So send word and share your talents Games®".
with us!
More Darwin Awards...
More FAQs
Literary Reference
"We are all born ignorant, but one must
work hard to remain stupid." -Benjamin
Franklin

Darwin Awards
The Inside Scoop on Graft...
This sounds like it could be an awsome movie, I cant wait to see it.
Julia - Sunday, December 12 at 19:44:06 PST
God it's about time the Dariwn Awards came to life, that's exciting! I can't come to opening
night because of leg-in-cast, but I'll see the show as soon as I can make it to the theater!
Renee - Monday, December 13 at 02:24:49 PST
A movie about stupid people?!?! I'm there!

Kristina - Monday, December 13 at 08:59:49 PST
I am the (self appointed) #1 Darwin Awards fan in Argentina. I will buy the DVD, spread
the word around and, if you send the ticket, attend the opening night . . . Seriously, I think the
internet would be worthwhile just for Darwin. But listen, crew: come up with a bland, big-
studio, G rated bloodless movie and you will hear from me. Keep it up!
Diego - Monday, December 13 at 09:10:04 PST
Just don't "embellish" anything. The truth is funny enough!

passingthrough - Monday, December 13 at 11:45:29 PST
El Dorado County in California, has large tracts of wilderness and national forest lands.
The Sherrifs Office has a group of volunteers which is used for searches. At one of the
monthly Search and Rescue meetings, the following story was told by a deputy sherrif.
Several years ago, a search was started for two missing snow mobilers. As near as can be
reconstructed, the pair became disoriented during a snowstorm. One of the snow mobiles
broke down, so the men climbed on the the functioning one and continued on into the night.
Rather than stay put and build a fire for warmth, the two decided to have fun. So they went
riding at night, in the snow, in their T-shirts. I don't recall if both reportedly died, or if
methamphetemine use was suspected. You might be able to get better details from someone
at the Sherrif's Office. It has been several years since I heard the story and I was not a
member when it happened.
Michael - Sunday, December 19 at 00:33:05 PST
it's a romantic comedy :(

D - Monday, December 20 at 15:15:29 PST
Hi! I have just written an article about your site. It is in the magazine http://www.
acontecendoaqui.com.br/co_cabral.php Best regards, regis
Regis Cabral - Tuesday, December 21 at 16:18:51 PST
Shout Out
SETH Traer - Tuesday, December 21 at 19:08:15 PST
You probably have this one, but just in case... Idaho man charged with fatally shooting
friend through protective vest on dare Wed Dec 15, 3:46 PM ET OROFINO, Idaho (AP) - A
man has been charged with involuntary manslaughter for fatally shooting his friend through a
protective vest on an apparent dare, police said. Alexander Joseph Swandic, 20, died of a
gunshot wound to the heart Monday after donning a protective vest and asking David John
Hueth, 30, to shoot him, police said. Hueth initially told police that Swandic's wound was self-
inflicted, but later admitted to the shooting. The two had apparently tested the vest by
propping it against a dirt bank and shooting it twice, police said. Police said the vest was
designed to protect against grenade fragments, not bullets. Swandic was pronounced dead
at a local hospital following the shooting. Hueth faces a preliminary hearing on Dec. 27. If
convicted, he faces up to 10 years in prison.
Will - Wednesday, December 22 at 10:58:28 PST

Darwin Awards
Georgia Man Killed in Fiery Tree-Cutting Accident Associated Press ALBANY, Ga. (AP) --
A Dougherty County man was killed in a tree-cutting accident Tuesday (12/21/2004) when he
was crushed by the tree, then burned when a fire ignited the grass around him. Reggie
Barnnett, 47, was trying to cut down the tree behind his girlfriend's house Tuesday afternoon
by tying it to his father's pickup truck and driving to pull it down. The tree apparently fell in the
wrong direction and landed on top of the vehicle, crushing the cab and trapping him inside.
The truck's engine then overheated, igniting the grass and then the truck itself. Police said
Barnnett's body was found burned beyond recognition. But they said he probably was dead
before the truck caught fire. Barnnett was an associate pastor at Hines Memorial Church and
worked with the youth group.
Capt Don - Wednesday, December 22 at 12:13:48 PST
I just saw this on the news last night in San Antonio Tx. Apparntly a man commited suicide
by proping a running chainsaw up on a shelf and running into it. I did not catch what town this
event happend in. But i just thought maybe it might be worth checking into. I do believe its
worth an honoable mention if anything......
Edward Pannell - Thursday, December 23 at 09:02:00 PST
like the idea, but winnona? please!!! please make it good

jay jay on the way - Thursday, December 23 at 14:08:32 PST
That sounds really good, I definatley want to see it.

Julie - Friday, December 24 at 13:17:09 PST
i can't wait for this movie. winona, it's about time. i've been waiting for a new movie starring
you.
rupert - Saturday, December 25 at 19:11:30 PST
In Japan, every government official is promoted just before he or she retires. The trick is
retirement benefits are calculated by the last earnings.
primal-scream - Monday, December 27 at 02:48:02 PST
http://watchdog.ohio.gov/investigations/2004192.pdf
Jerry - Tuesday, December 28 at 10:16:20 PST
oh yes those money-grubbing farmers and teachers! well known for milking the public dry.
for crying out loud! farming and teaching are two of the most under-paid professions. i really
dont fault them for trying to get a little bit ahead.
Cheryl Tobias - Wednesday, December 29 at 01:58:43 PST
Not exactly my locale, but... The federal pension scheme is called the Federal Employees
Retirement System (FERS). It provides retirement income in three parts: Social Security, a
401K like component called the Thrift Savings Plan, and a retirement annuity. The retirement
annuity is calculated as 1% times years of service times high three average. However for
employees in high risk job categories like uncover CIA ops officer, uncover drug agents,
firefighters and such the multiplier is increased to 1.5%. It is also increased for that most high
risk categories of federal employees, Congressmen, Senators and their staffs.
Greg Mitz - Wednesday, December 29 at 11:27:50 PST
Queria deixar so uma proposta: que se adpte um programa de traduçao a esta pagina.
para que os povos de outras linguas possam conhecer esta.
hevertoh - Friday, December 31 at 13:35:50 PST
Gee, after all the argument on this site about what was and was not a darwin award, it's
kinda annoying that you should be all concerned about people misappropriating federal funds
for their own retirements. Christ, let them graft a little -- if they've been teachers all their lives,
how can I blame them for taking advantage of one little loophole? It's not like they invaded an
entire country on false pretexts. Or maybe that was okay. Hard to tell what's right and wrong
in this perverted day. All I'm saying is, if it's a Darwin award it belongs on this page -- um, if
it's corruption, maybe you should come up with a different web site for that. Yours, ike
Mike Di Leo - Saturday, January 01 at 23:45:52 PST

Darwin Awards
otto: Sense is not common.

Bert - Sunday, January 02 at 11:17:51 PST
To whom It may concern, Usually I would agree with you. However, My spouse is a
teacher in SC. He pays into a SC retirement fund for teachers AND social security is
deducted from his pay check. If he , as a teacher should only rely on the retirement fund then
he should NOT have Social security deducted as well. How are we to recoup those funds...
we can't. I understand the concerns with cost to taxpayers, however we also are taxpayers
and one of those taxes is social security. I also don't mind paying Social Security for the
benefit of others, afterall, that is what living in a society is all about, "safety in numbers" and
"love thy neighbor".Social Security tax should not be taken from teachers if it is expected that
the teachers should only take from retirement funds. I have a question also,What does that
have to do with Spouses income? If you could clarify I would appreciate that. I realize that I
don't have all the facts there. By the way, my husband also works part time jobs in the
summmerso he will get SS from those jobs. Sincerely, Rachel S. South Carolina
Rachel S. - Sunday, January 02 at 18:37:25 PST
There are many problems with the Teacher Retirement system in Texas. How about this
senario a person works at a job for 20 yrs pays into social security for all those years. He
decides to change careers and teach. Shouldn't he be able to draw his social security? Or if a
husband dies and his wife is entitled to his social Security but since she is a teacher in Texas
she gets a far reduced ammount. Those are the main issues about the TRS and SC.
kenny - Monday, January 03 at 07:02:59 PST
At first, upon reading about the "misappropriation" regarding Texas teachers, I couldn't
believe how easily and readily teachers fleeced the government of thousands in both state
pension money and social security. Upon further examination, however, the problem lies with
the government, not the teachers. A close friend of mine, a special-ed teachers aide in
Illinois, informed me that she, too, is eligible for a similar state-funded pension plan for
teachers. Like the teachers in Texas, because she's eligible for this pension, she's ineligible
for social security benefits. The problem: SHE STILL PAYS SOCIAL SECURITY!! What I'd
like to know is why teachers, who proudly work in one of the lowest-paid professions in the
nation, have to resort to trickery simply to get what they've earned. If you've been paying into
social security all your life, shouldn't you be entitled to at least get that money back? The
solution should be to either allow teachers to receive social security--even though it would be
considered by some to be "double-dipping"--or exempt teachers from paying social security.
That way, instead of being a "janitor-for-a-day", they can spend that day with loved ones, or
among the youth whose futures each and every teacher is helping to shape on a daily basis.
Matt - Monday, January 03 at 20:37:26 PST
I understand that the lava lamp guy had a daughter. Wouldnt this make him ineligible for a
darwin award?
eric - Monday, January 03 at 23:25:30 PST
Texas Teachers: y mother is a school teacher and she told me about "teacher loopholing."
The truth is that the teachers are loosing out. They used to qualify for retirement benefits
from teaching for 30 years in addition to getting money from the SS that has been coming out
of their checks. Well when our wonderful SS program began to take a turn for the worse they
only started allowing the teacher to get retirement, so all the money that they have paid into
SS they will not get back. But get this: SS is still being taken from their checks! Therefore the
teachers worked another job temporarily so that they could re-qualify for their SS. What if
your job that promised you retirement benefits all of a sudden told you that you are not
eligible for SS anymore despite the fact that you have been paying SS and have put
thousands of dollars into the program? I would want my money back, wouldn't you?
Jacqueline - Wednesday, January 05 at 03:40:36 PST
Four out of five county commissenors in McDowell County, NC are also county
employees. They get paid for being commissioners, plus the pay of their county jobs. But it
gets better. They even get to set their salaries for BOTH jobs-commissioner & county
positions! Worst of all is that the county manager & state officals are right in the amen pew &
will not even consider it a conflict of interest.
concerned - Thursday, January 06 at 14:05:02 PST

Darwin Awards
I'm not a farmer and I'm not in favor of farmers being able to "double dip", but the
individual that wrote "The class action graft" should do some research. The following
statement is far from true, "Farm income fluctuates while costs remain fixed", and would
typically be made by someone that has never stepped foot on a farm. How could you assume
that a farmers costs are fixed? When the price of fuel jumps or the price of the seed and
fertilizer rise, it has a large effect on the farmers bottom line. It's not like they're out in the field
with an ox and a single bottom plow working the land to feed you and me.
Lindsey Brown - Thursday, January 06 at 14:48:53 PST
whats with the politics on your front page ? has nobody recently died in a really stupid way
anymore ? I hope you don't make the site turn into a campaigning tool - there are other sites
deal with politics/sleaze etc etc etc - jeez gizzabreak.....
Porky Pig - Thursday, January 06 at 15:26:21 PST
Paraphrased motto from pb on the German site: The crime of stupidity carries the un-
appealable and non-paroleable sentence of death!
sentinel - Saturday, January 08 at 02:31:43 PST
The Class Action Graft about Texas teachers is NOT true as on your website. The
teachers are not eligible for their spouses' social secutiry benefits, even upon the spouses'
death, unless they work at least one day under social secutiry. It is a survivorship problem,
and the Texas legislature again has their heads in the sand about it.
tony - Wednesday, January 12 at 08:09:48 PST
Farmers are welfare cheats. It's that simple. Theft is theft, welfare is welfare, free money
from the government for doing NOTHING is not right IS WELFARE. It doesn't matter what the
reason is. I am so tired of the same old crap being spouted by farmers and their supporters
that they need help to deal with the vageries of climate. Hey how about growing crops more
appropriate for the climate. This would go a long way to minimizing water and weather
issues. But why stop growing cotton in a desert. If the water is near free, and if you lose any
money making a bad business farming decision. Your mistakes are paid for by the American
tax payer. The idea of the "poor struggling farmer" is laughable. The average family farm
income passed $100,000 long ago, and that does NOT include the free welfare money. They
get legally from the government, and the money they get from manipulating the system to
maximize that free welfare cash. That is three times the average family income of a typical
American family. Who gets to generously support these welfare farmer queens not only by
paying higher prices at the market via price supports and market restrictions, BUT also to
have a bit of their taxes funnelled to these welfare farmers. Yet farm advocates love to say.
We should be greatful and say nothing about these selfish greedy redstate pigs feeding at
the public tax trough.First off, they grow food to sell it. They do NOT grow food and give it
away. They are businessmen first and foremost doing a trade to make a living. This is A-OK
by me, but they do not do it out of the goodness of their heart or a desire to help. The do it for
money. To make my point. If farmers really just grew food out of the goodness of their heart.
Then why do so many farmers destroy or let rot a whole crop, rather than give it away. Since
they can't make money. Let it rot seems to be their standard practice. If he can't make what
he thinks. It's worhth. So out goes the window the idea of the selfless farmer doing what's in
his blood to help the world. It doesn't have a damn thing to do with helping feed anyone. It
has to do solely with making money. Someone needs to tell farmers to give this whole "in my
blood - it's a family tradition" schtick a rest. What's in their blood is the desire to make money.
If they can't make it farming. Then by getting the American worker to support them via
subsidies, price supports or out and out grants and tax breaks. Finally by providing all this
support. We have created a class of dependent, incompentent businessmen. Who are
protected from their terrible business skills. Farming more than anything big or small is a
business. All business have factors to deal with. Farmers have to deal with weather. If
properly planned LIKE A GOOD BUSINESS. Weather problems can be minimized, and the
cost of dealing with weather can be stretched out over the long term to be paid for by the
good years, and overall a well-run farm will be overall profitable. But why do that. Uncle Sam
is there to dole out welfare to these crappy business farmers in bucketfuls. So the cycle goes
on. Free farmer welfare cash for sitting on your welfare cheating butt has created the laziest,
and most ENTITLED class of any business in the country today. The billionaire sugar farmers
in Florida come to mind. Of course the #1 thing I'll hear is how dare you be so ungreatful to
farmers who grow food for your table. What Bull**** I buy the food. They grow the food to
MAKE MONEY> Which is A-OK with me. They do NOT grow it from desire to help, or
because they care about people. It's all about money. Since it is, farmers should be treated
Darwin Awards
like any other businessmen. Who suffer from repeatedly making supid mistakes by going out
of business. Keeping all these welfare cheating, incompentent business farms in business is
costing the whole country billions.
John Morales - Saturday, January 15 at 09:29:57 PST
y wife's former employer fired her after 15 years as the Credit Manager. Other veterans
also were fired. The owner has made himself the beneficiary of all the 401k plans, and for the
past year, has refused to return the money to the ex-employees. He's earning interest on it,
and never matched one cent for anyone. There are about 15 employees involved and I
consider this class action graft.
Jim - Monday, January 17 at 09:57:57 PST
Growing up in Africa (Kenya and Zambia), I have experienced the atmosphere of societies
that are trying hard to develop through agricultural expansion. After the 1970s oil crisis, many
African nations were left with crippling debt loads. By the mid-1980s, nations like Zambia
couldn't even pay the interest on debt that had compounded at the sky-high rates of earlier
years. In mid-1980s Zambia, the IMF intervened and dictated that all government programs [i.
e., spending] must be curbed significantly. This meant no more free health and free university
education. Also, the IMF decreed, the economy should be completely open. In a nation of 10
million people, this was significant. The result? Agriculture sub-industries (e.g., the little there
was of food processing) and garment manufacturing died because they couldn’t compete
with cheap and better-quality Taiwanese imports. Tens of thousands of workers were jobless
almost overnight. The kicker in this whole scenario was that Zambia could export, without
duty, raw copper (its primary foreign-exchange earner) to developed countries but it could
NOT export processed copper such as rolled sheets. The same was the case with agri-goods
such maize [corn] and canned maize. All’s fair in competition, right? Sure, as long as it
doesn't affect you. The U.S. farm lobby is an impediment to free trade in agriculture. It fears
that tariff removals for developing-nation agricultural products would decimate the industry
it’s protecting. The result is that the U.S. has a whacked system of subsidising farmers who
really shouldn’t be in the farming business. Like all other industries, production should belong
to the lowest-cost producer. That’s the free-market way; that is what the ‘free world’ is all
about. The U.S. is directly preventing the development of agriculture-based economies in
sub-Saharan Africa. When you hear stories of U.S. farmers enriching themselves, you have
to realise that they are actually exacerbating the poverty in developing countries. Really, it’s
an outrage that the very free-market system promoted and championed by the U.S. is
severely undermined in the most basic industry.
Bhatt - Monday, January 17 at 11:25:41 PST
Driver in grisly suicide A suicidal New Jersey man set a new standard for self-inflicted
brutality when he decapitated himself by driving away from a light post with a rope tied
around his neck. Wolfgang Persieck, 50, of Union Beach, died when the rope, which he had
attached to the post, jerked his head off as he stepped on the gas Saturday night. His body
was found inside the car, along with several suicide notes, behind the Hazlet Multiplex movie
theater, Monmouth County Prosecutor John Kaye said. Two teenagers found the car as they
walked through an isolated area behind the theater on Route 35. The pair stopped a passing
police officer, who discovered Persieck's body. Interviews with relatives and the notes
pointed to a suicide, Kaye said. http://www.nydailynews.com/front/story/272481p-233202c.
html
Jim Light - Tuesday, January 18 at 07:58:34 PST
http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/18/balcony.death.ap/index.html
Dave Wulkan - Tuesday, January 18 at 08:17:50 PST
Woman falls to death after balcony handstand. Tuesday, January 18, 2005 Posted: 10:54
AM EST (1554 GMT) NORTH FORT MYERS, Florida (AP) -- A woman fell to her death while
trying to do a handstand on the railing of a second-floor hotel balcony, sheriff's officials said.
olly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral died Sunday. While attempting a handstand, she toppled over
and dropped to the hotel patio, according to the Lee County sheriff's department. Just before
she fell, she had called out to a friend, "Watch to see what I can still do," a police report said.
Foul play is not believed to be involved, officials said.
Larry Trost - Tuesday, January 18 at 08:44:31 PST

Darwin Awards
Woman falls to death attempting balcony handstand Tuesday, January 18, 2005 Posted:
11:45 AM EST (1645 GMT) NORTH FORT MYERS, Florida (AP) -- A woman fell to her death
while trying to do a handstand on the railing of a second-floor hotel balcony, sheriff's officials
said. olly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral died Sunday. While attempting a handstand, she toppled
over and dropped to the hotel patio, according to the Lee County sheriff's department. Just
before she fell, she had called out to a friend, "Watch to see what I can still do," a police
report said. Foul play is not believed to be involved, officials said. http://www.cnn.com/2005/
US/01/18/balcony.death.ap/index.html
Christine Shek - Tuesday, January 18 at 09:05:02 PST
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lendingtree.com NORTH FORT MYERS, Florida (AP) -- A woman fell to her death while
trying to do a handstand on the railing of a second-floor hotel balcony, sheriff's officials said.
olly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral died Sunday. While attempting a handstand, she toppled over
and dropped to the hotel patio, according to the Lee County sheriff's department. Just before
she fell, she had called out to a friend, "Watch to see what I can still do," a police report said.
Foul play is not believed to be involved, officials said. Taken from CNN.com
sherry jenkins - Tuesday, January 18 at 09:11:38 PST
http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/18/balcony.death.ap/index.html
- Tuesday, January 18 at 09:22:26 PST
NORTH FORT MYERS, Florida (AP) -- A woman fell to her death while trying to do a
handstand on the railing of a second-floor hotel balcony, sheriff's officials said. olly Jerman,
23, of Cape Coral died Sunday. While attempting a handstand, she toppled over and
dropped to the hotel patio, according to the Lee County sheriff's department. Just before she
fell, she had called out to a friend, "Watch to see what I can still do," a police report said. Foul
play is not believed to be involved, officials said
Tom Trott - Tuesday, January 18 at 09:26:33 PST
Story can be found here: http://www.10news.com/news/4103537/detail.html Woman Dies

Attempting Balcony Handstand POSTED: 11:41 am EST January 18, 2005 NORTH FORT
MYERS, Fla. -- Authorities say a Florida woman is dead after trying a gymnastics stunt from
her hotel balcony. Officials said Molly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral, was trying to do a
handstand on the second-floor railing when she fell to the patio below. The police report said
she first told a friend to watch "what I can still do." Authorities said they don't think foul play
was involved.
Saul M. Solano - Tuesday, January 18 at 09:42:20 PST
Don't insult farmers with your mouths full. 'nuff said.

Ann M. - Tuesday, January 18 at 10:26:55 PST
Woman falls to death attempting balcony handstand NORTH FORT MYERS, Florida (AP)
-- A woman fell to her death while trying to do a handstand on the railing of a second-floor
hotel balcony, sheriff's officials said. olly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral died Sunday. While
attempting a handstand, she toppled over and dropped to the hotel patio, according to the
Lee County sheriff's department. Just before she fell, she had called out to a friend, "Watch
to see what I can still do," a police report said. Foul play is not believed to be involved,
officials said. http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/18/balcony.death.ap/index.html
Jeff Maiura - Tuesday, January 18 at 10:31:36 PST
Teachers in Texas often work 2 jobs(pay here is notoriously low) however, under a new
law they are not eligible to recieve SS income from that second job nor are they able to claim
spousal benefits.THAT is the reason many of us work that one day job. We are loosing
teachers in the hundreds because of this law. Teachers are too often poorly payed and little
respected for the work we do. Don't judge us for trying to claim money we have paid in.
Barbara Davis - Tuesday, January 18 at 11:42:39 PST

Darwin Awards
11:45 AM EST (1645 GMT) NORTH FORT MYERS, Florida (AP) -- A woman fell to her death
while trying to do a handstand on the railing of a second-floor hotel balcony, sheriff's officials
said. olly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral died Sunday. While attempting a handstand, she toppled
over and dropped to the hotel patio, according to the Lee County sheriff's department. Just
before she fell, she had called out to a friend, "Watch to see what I can still do," a police
report said. Foul play is not believed to be involved, officials said. http://www.cnn.com/2005/
US/01/18/balcony.death.ap/index.html
Jeff - Tuesday, January 18 at 12:25:58 PST
Not graft, but amusing: http://www.cnn.com/2005/US/01/18/balcony.death.ap/index.html

mfrap - Tuesday, January 18 at 13:50:35 PST
You your books have had me cracking up all the time thank you for bringing so much joy
into my life
Ben Milden - Thursday, January 20 at 12:16:17 PST
Posted on Tue, Jan. 18, 2005 Cape Coral woman dies after fall from hotel balcony
Associated Press NORTH FORT MYERS, Fla. - A woman who attempted a gymnastics
maneuver on a second-floor hotel balcony slipped and fell to her death, sheriff's officials said.
olly Jerman, 23, of Cape Coral died Sunday after attempting a handstand on the balcony's
railing. She toppled over and dropped to the hotel's patio, according to the Lee County
sheriff's department. Foul play is not believed to be involved, sheriff's officials said
Kelly Bourne - Thursday, January 20 at 16:59:11 PST
A woman who admitted drinking three glasses of Listerine mouthwash had a blood-alcohol
content more than three times the legal limit when she was arrested for drunken driving,
police said Friday. The woman, identified by police Sgt. Mike Shadbolt as 50-year-old Carol
A. Ries, was arrested Sunday night and released on personal bond the next day. She was to
be arraigned late next week on a misdemeanor charge of operating under the influence of
liquor, Shadbolt said. Police also found an open bottle of Listerine in Ries' car, and asked
Lenawee County prosecutors Friday to authorize a warrant charging her with having an open
intoxicant in a motor vehicle, Shadbolt said. Calls to the prosecutor's office were not
answered after business hours. Ries showed signs of intoxication after her car rear-ended
another vehicle Sunday, Shadbolt said. She told police she had not consumed any alcohol
and also passed a Breathalyzer test, but "there was something not quite right about her,"
Shadbolt said. She failed a second test using different equipment and, under further
questioning, admitted to drinking three glasses of Listerine earlier in the day, Shadbolt said.
According to Listerine manufacturer Pfizer Inc.'s Web site, original formula Listerine contains
26.9 percent alcohol, more than four times that of many malt liquors. Other varieties contain
21.6 percent alcohol. No telephone listings for a Carol Ries could be found.
Glenn R. Bryant Sr. - Thursday, January 20 at 18:30:48 PST
yo peeps you no chris hes gay thats right gay

g dogg - Friday, January 21 at 02:00:55 PST
Yo gaz is a poof. Careful guys he wants to shag you

fran - Friday, January 21 at 02:04:11 PST
im a hippy i am felling gay vibes from chris

g dogg - Friday, January 21 at 02:04:25 PST
Add this website to the list of Darwin Award nominees. Political graft, corruption and social
ills are NOT qualifications for "removing ones self from the gene pool". They may be irritating
and a source of frustration for all those "honest" hypocrites who are complaining about them
but they do not represent the stupidity the award was meant to recognise. Quite the opposite,
in fact. The individuals involved showed great creativity in bettering their odds of long-term
survival. If the website continues going in this direction I can see it becoming extinct in very
short order.
Plain Ol' Joe - Friday, January 21 at 05:29:16 PST
Wat hebben boeren in Texas in vredesnaam met Darwin Awards te maken? Darwin
Awards zijn er voor hele domme mensen, niet voor oplichters.
Kuijk - Friday, January 21 at 07:17:51 PST

Darwin Awards
05 janvier 2005 Two men riding on snowmobile on a half frozen lake with a seven year old
child died when their snowmobile broke the ice and sinked under the ice. I think that by now
with all the information we get people should know that it is dangerous to go on the ice of a
lake too early in the season. The child survived, maybe he will know better. Here is the
French arcticle from which the story is from: Deux motoneigistes périssent sous la glace
Presse Canadienne Saint-Georges-de-Clarenceville Deux motoneigistes et un garçon qui les
accompagnait ont sombré ce matin sous la glace du lac Champlain à Saint-Georges-de-
Clarenceville, près de Venise-en-Québec. Le garçon, âgé de sept ans, a réussi à s'en sortir,
souffrant d'hypothermie. Il a été conduit à l'hôpital. Un des deux motoneigistes est le père du
garçon tandis que l'autre est un ami. Tous deux, âgés respectivement de 50 et 46 ans, ont
disparu sous l'eau avec leur motoneige qui tirait un traîneau. Des plongeurs de la Sûreté du
Québec ont été dépêchés sur les lieux. L'accident est survenu vers 8 h 30. http://www.
cyberpresse.ca/actualites/article/article_complet.php?path=/actualites/
article/05/1,63,0,012005,882242.php
F - Friday, January 21 at 12:57:38 PST
Now THIS one qualifies for consideration........................ PRAGUE (Reuters) - A Czech

man is being taken to court after he hid in a restaurant washroom until the employees had
left and then hooked up beer kegs directly to his mouth. Cleaning staff found him drunk and
lying on the floor of the bar at the restaurant in the city of Brno, about 200km (120 miles) east
of Prague, the CTK news agency reported on Thursday. "He had broken the door of the
cooling mechanism ... and detached the hoses leading from the keg, squashed them in his
mouth and literally filled himself up with beer," CTK quoted a police official as saying. The
man will be charged with damaging property because he caused 8,000 crown ($340)
damage to the beer cooling box. ........A real-life Barney from The Simpsons ?
Plain Ol' Joe - Saturday, January 22 at 02:27:10 PST
OTTO: The total amount of human intelligence on Planet Earth is finite. (see: Population
Growth)
Remember, by definition 1/2 of the people on this planet are of below average intelligence.
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Updated: Thu Mar 24 04:05:00 2005 AZ/

USA

Elizabethan Heraldry: Heralds
John Neitz
Origins and development of Armory and the Office of

Herald
Armory: the art and science of the hereditary system of symbols

centered around the shield.
Heraldry: all that which pertains to the office of herald,

including the recording, granting, and regulation of armory as
well as precedence, state ceremonial, tournaments, diplomacy,
genealogy and pedigree, etc.
The early histories of heralds and armory are roughly contemporary but
separate stories. Heralds were originally free-lancers who specialized in the
running and scoring of tournaments. Early (12th and 13th century) payment
records lump them in with minstrels (i.e. they were considered a specialist "sub-
class" of minstrels). Heralds were migratory, going from tournament to
tournament and had an unsavory reputation in this period (medieval "carnies").
Period romances refer to them as lazy (i.e. "get a real job!").
Armory originated in the 12th century in the Anglo-Norman lands and quickly
spread to much of Europe. At that time the full face helm came into vogue
making it difficult to identify armored men in battle and in tournaments (which
were free-for-all melees in this period, far different from the formalized jousts
http://renaissance.dm.net/heraldry/heralds.html (1 de 10)24/03/2005 13:14:12

of Elizabethan times). Great lords (and soon thereafter all knights) decorated
their shields and surcoats ("coats of arms") with distinctive designs--their
"arms".
Heralds became experts at identifying knights by their arms since that was part
of the herald’s job as a tourney officiant. The next step was for heralds to start
recording arms; they developed armorials-a reference book or roll picturing or
describing (blazoning) arms. Since heralds were familiar with arms they were
consulted by knights wishing to assume arms. The herald could tell the knight
if their desired design conflicted with an established one ("Certes, sir, a red
shield with three gold lions passant would look smashing but those arms are
already taken by the king of England").
By the fourteenth century, lords began

hiring their own private heralds, who
added to the lord’s prestige by
announcing his name, titles, and boasts
as he entered the tournament field. The
herald would be given a title derived
from his employer’s titles, badges, or
mottoes. It became fashionable for the
lords to have their heralds wear the
lord’s coat of arms (perhaps originally
the lord’s own discarded surcoat). By
the fifteenth century tabards replaced
surcoats as the fashionable garment to
wear over armor and correspondingly
became the heralds official wear. By
the sixteenth century tabards were now
out of style for knights (it is said that
Henry VII was the last monarch to
wear one) but the heralds have retained that garment as the distinctive uniform
of their office to this day.
By the fourteenth century there were three levels of herald: king of arms, herald
of arms, and pursuivant of arms. A king of arms was the ranking herald for a
kingdom or province and are the only people besides royalty and peers who
actually get to wear a coronet (only at the sovereign’s coronation, of course).
They were originally called kings of heralds, after the medieval custom of
naming a "king" for any group, even a "king of beggars" for the senior beggar
of a town.
A pursuivant was a junior or apprentice grade of herald. They had (until the late
seventeenth century) to wear their tabards "colley-westonward" (i.e. sideways
with the sleeves in back and front and the large part draped over the sleeves).
There is at least one case during Elizabeth’s reign of a pursuivant being

censured for wearing his tabard above his station (i.e. not sideways).
Heralds and The College of Arms
In 1484 Richard III gave the royal heralds a charter incorporating them as the
College of Arms and granted them Coldharbour House in London as their
headquarters. There was, of course, something of a change of administration a
few month’s later and Henry VII gave Coldharbour to someone else, so the
College was without an official home until they were granted Derby House in
1555 (the College is still located on this site).
There was some shuffling of positions making up the College for several
decades after 1485 but by the Elizabethan period there were 13 officers in
ordinary: Garter Principal King of Arms and two provincial kings: Clarenceaux
and Norroy (in charge of the south and north halves of England respectively);
six heralds: Chester, Lancaster, Richmond, Somerset, Windsor, and York; and
four pursuivants: Bluemantle, Portcullis, Rouge Croix, and Rouge Dragon. In
addition, there were at various times "officers extraordinary" (i.e. appointed for
a special occasion and not on the college roster) such as Rose Pursuivant. There
was also Ulster King of Arms for Ireland, but he was not considered part of the
College. By the end of Henry VIII’s reign there were no longer any noblemen’s
(i.e. non-royal) heralds.
What did heralds do? Trumpet playing was not, and never has been, part of
their duties (an inaccurate notion which seems to have originated with Alice in
Wonderland illustrations and perpetuated in the movie Anne of a Thousand
Days among other sources). When Shakespeare has a line in one his plays such
as "Herald, take a trumpet to the top of yon hill..." he intends "trumpet" to mean
trumpeter.
Heralds have been messengers since the early days of their existence. When a
lord planned to host a tournament, he would send his herald(s) throughout the
kingdom (or even throughout Christendom) to put forth a challenge (i.e.
invitation). Princes would have their heralds accompany them in battle to help
them identify men of both sides by their arms and banners, as well as to parley
with the enemy as seen in Henry V.

In heraldry the shield of arms is personal to its

owner so he would not have his servants wear
it. That is the purpose of badges (a famous
example being the crowned tudor rose worn
by the Yeomen of the Guard). Heralds are the
exception to this rule. They took on the
sovereign’s identity by wearing the royal coat
of arms (it was treason to harm a herald in his
tabard) and were considered the voice of the
crown. Royal proclamations were proclaimed
by the heralds. Henry VIII often employed
heralds to parley with rebels or foreign princes
but by Elizabeth’s reign this duty was rarely
assigned to heralds. The primary
ambassadorial duty during this period was a
ceremonial one: that of conferring the Order
of the Garter on foreign rulers.
Heralds in the Age of Elizabeth
When an officer died his replacement was usually chosen from the rank below
him. So, for instance, if Garter died (being the most senior herald in dignity he
was often, but not always, the oldest) his successor would probably be one of
the two provincial kings, who in turn would be replaced in his former office by
one of the heralds, who would be replaced by a pursuivant (note that the six
herald titles were equal in dignity; precedence between their holders was based
on their seniority in office. The same holds true between the four pursuivants).
The vacant pursuivant office would be an entry level position into the College,
which was under the leadership of the Earl Marshal, so officers were usually
recommended by him and if acceptable to the crown, appointed by letters
patent under the great seal.
There were, of course, exceptions to the typical career path of pursuivant,

herald, king of arms. Most officers never became kings of arms because there
were only three positions at that level. When Sir Gilbert Dethick died in 1584
there seems to have been some dispute as to who should succeed him as Garter.
Robert Cooke, Clarenceaux, was acting Garter for 18 months but Sir Gilbert’s
son William (who had been York Herald) was promoted over the provincial
kings’ heads to succeed his father (heraldic offices have never been hereditary
but there are some cases of heraldic dynasties, probably due to nepotism; a
notable example being the Wriothesleys, ancestors of the earls of
Southampton).
William Camden was in such high esteem as an antiquary that he entered the
College in 1597 as Clarenceaux King of Arms (he was made Richmond Herald
for one day for the sake of formality before his appointment as Clarenceaux).

This caused some resentment among some of the other officers.
Biographies of the period heralds show some backgrounds they had before
being appointed: many had been retainers of either Leicester or Burleigh, which
seems to reflect the influence these two had in procuring royal positions for
their men. Others had been royal clerks or messengers. Some had been
members of the painter-stainers company.
Several heralds were members of the Society of Antiquaries, which often met
in Garter’s chambers at the College of Arms. Their genealogical work and
collection of old manuscripts went well with the work of the society. Some
heralds were able scholars and industrious writers on diverse subjects and had
works published in the period, among them John Hart (Chester Herald) who
had two books on orthography (spelling) published, William Segar (Norroy,
later Garter, and also credited as the painter of some famous portraits of the
Queen) whose Booke of Honor and Armes was published in 1590 and Honor,
Ciuil and Militarie in 1602, and William Camden, who was highly regarded for
his Britannia (although he wrote that before he was made a herald).
Heraldry and the Age of Elizabeth
Tournament officiating, as we have seen, was the primary job of heralds in the
early period of heraldry but by Elizabeth’s reign jousting was in its twilight.
There were few tournaments outside the annual ones celebrating the Queen’s
accession day (jousting checks--the scorecards kept by heralds--are very
simplified compared to those from the previous century, which supports the
thinking that Elizabethan jousters were not as practiced as their pre-gunpowder
ancestors since jousting was no longer a practical skill for war). The heralds,
however, zealously kept records of the fees and perquisites due to them on
these occasions, such as clouage: ("nailing fee") money due from each jouster
for putting his arms up on his lodgings, or gifts and money which a first time
jouster had to give them upon his entry to the field. Among the more interesting
customs was that any armor dropped on the field belonged to the heralds
present, who usually sold it back to the knight who had dropped it (for more on
tournaments I highly recommend the book Tudor and Jacobean Tournaments
by Paul Young).

During the Elizabethan age, there was

an increased emphasis on genealogy in
the heralds’ work as the gentry class
rose in importance. Wealthy "new
men" were eager to prove their
gentility and be granted arms. Only
persons of gentry class or higher could
bear arms so anyone with arms was by
definition gentle (the period Latin
word for gentleman was "armigero" i.
e. one who bears arms) so the heralds
were effectively the gatekeepers to the
gentry class.
This was of course a great money-

making opportunity.
Many spurious pedigrees were

produced for a fee and heralds were on
occasion censured or even imprisoned
for granting arms to " base-born" individuals. William Dethick was criticized
for making grants to persons who were thought to be too inferior, including
Stratford glover John Shakespeare (whose son William had worked with
Dethick to obtain the grant for his father and thus become born of gentry).
One of the primary means through which heralds accomplished their task of
recording, granting, and correction of arms in the sixteenth century was through
"visitations." Starting in 1530, the provincial kings were authorized and
commissioned to make visitations of counties in their provinces. They would
typically travel to a county in summer (an "heraldic progress" if you will) and it
took many years to cover England and Wales (the "home counties" near
London were visited more often than the far north or west). The king of arms
(or his deputized herald) would set up in an inn or a gentleman’s home and all
those in the area who claimed arms were summoned to present proof of gentle
status. The herald would record the pedigree and arms for a fee or, if the
claimant was found to be not up to standards he was disclaimed: required to
sign a statement that he was "no gentleman" and forbidden to bear arms. This
was proclaimed throughout the shire-- a harsh fate in this class conscious era.
The importance of maintaining a style appropriate to one’s station continued

even unto death. It was de rigeur for the funeral ceremonial of nobles and
greater gentry to be arranged by a herald (sort of like a modern wedding
consultant). This of course was a great opportunity for income for the heralds,
who had to take turns. There was often dispute and even violence between them

over funeral turns.
Under the direction of the earl marshal, the heralds arranged (and still arrange)
state ceremonial such as coronations and state funerals (Sir Phillip Sydney was
given one--a rare honor). Pictures of processions from these events usually
portray the heralds taking part (easy to identify by their tabards) bearing the
achievements of the deceased: banner, standard, sword, spurs, target (a little
shield painted with the arms), gauntlets, helm with crest, etc. Throughout the
Sixteenth century, there was an increasing trend on the part of the gentry to
copy these great occasions on a smaller scale which led to the hiring of heralds
for funerals as described earlier.
Badges and Livery
Badges such as the Dudleys’ bear and/or

ragged staff, the Percys’ crescent, the
Stanleys’ eagle or eagle’s foot, or the
Stafford knot (pictured) were also favorite
decorative elements. Remember that arms are
personal to the bearer ("this is me") while
badges can identify anything or anyone
belonging to the bearer ("this is mine").
Badges might decorate any possession and,
most importantly, the liveries of the badge
owner’s retainers. Note that some large
magnates might have many different badges, perhaps used in association with
their different manors or maybe arbitrarily. Badges could be a charge from the
arms or crest or can be completely different.
Royal badges in the period include the rose, the double (now called Tudor)
rose, the fleur de lys of France, the harp of Ireland, the "ER" cypher, and the
portcullis, any of which might be "ensigned" (topped) with the crown, as well
as the crown itself, and several of the beasts which had served as supporters to
the royal arms such as the crowned lion, the dragon, or the greyhound (see the
masthead illustration). The crowned falcon on a woodstock (stump) had
belonged to Ann Boleyn and was used by Elizabeth to decorate many of her
personal possessions. The phoenix and pelican were also symbolically
associated with Elizabeth. Although the unicorn might have had some symbolic
association with Elizabeth (the Virgin thing), it was the supporter of the
Scottish royal arms and so brought to the royal arms of England with the
Stuarts, not before.

THE ROYAL ARMS C. 1572 WITH DRAGON SUPPORTER
A word on livery colors: just as badges are not necessarily from the shield,
livery colors do not have to match the colors on someone’s shield or even be
heraldic colors at all (heraldic colors being, with very few exceptions limited to
yellow/gold, white/silver, black, blue, red, green, and, rarely, purple).
There was a trend toward turning badges into crests during this period. Most
gentlemen had adopted badges since they were useful identifying marks, but
relatively few had crests (a crest is what sits on top of the helmet displayed
above the shield on a coat of arms; a crest is not a coat of arms although the
word has been mistakenly used in this way in recent years) because their
forbearers had never participated in tournaments (crests originally were
actually worn on helms at these events). During visitations heralds commonly
granted crests to gentlemen who already had shields and usually adapted the
gentleman’s existing badge.
Use of Arms in Recreation
Every armigerous character should be familiar with their arms and be able to
recite their blazon (description in heraldic language). (See Blazons of the
Ancient Paternal Arms of the Peers of England.)
During the Elizabethan period armigers were eager to display their arms which
were a visible sign of their gentle status whether those arms were centuries old
or had just been granted. The shield (being the central, most important element
of the arms) might be pictured alone or with the other elements of the complete
armorial achievement: helmet, crest, mantling, motto (and, for peers,
supporters). Armorial decoration would be used in as many places as possible
and in every conceivable medium. Arms were displayed on or inside houses in
stone, carved wood, or stained glass. Burial monuments often displayed the
arms of the deceased. They were placed in the upper corner of their portraits
(often the means by which we are able to identify the portraits’ subjects
centuries later).

The shape of shield on which arms were

displayed varied widely from the classic
medieval shape to ornate renaissance
cartouches. The shape of shield usually
has no heraldic significance (i.e. Lord
Scrope’s blue field with a gold bend is the
same coat no matter what shape it’s
painted on). It is a convention, however,
for unmarried ladies to display their arms
on lozenge (diamond shape) since they
did not bear shields in battle (not that men
did anymore, either). The Queen was an
exception to this as her arms (the arms of
England) were never displayed on a
lozenge.
A woman did not have arms in her own right (with very few exceptions) but
used her father's arms until she was married, at which point she could display
her husband’s arms on the dexter half of a shield "impaled" with her paternal
arms on the sinister half, as shown in the portrait of Mary Hill, Mistress
Mackwilliam, above. (Note that dexter is the left as you look at it; in heraldic
terms the dexter is the right side of the knight holding the shield.) This
combining of arms is called marshaling.
Another use for marshaling arms by impalement was to show official arms
impaled with the office-holder’s personal arms, such as the arms of the See of
Canterbury (dexter) impaled with Matthew Parker’s arms in sinister.
A woman’s paternal arms would not be passed down to her descendants unless
she had no brothers. In this case she and all her sisters are heraldic co-heiresses
and their children would quarter their mother’s arms with their father’s. The
most famous quartered arms have a different story. The royal arms quarter
France and England because Edward III wanted to illustrate his dynastic claim
to the French throne. The French arms occupy the 1st and 4th quarters (i.e.
where the father’s arms would be quartered) because France was considered the
more ancient kingdom.
Over many generations some coats could collect many quarterings through
marriages to heiresses (each individual coat is still called a quartering even if
there are more than four). Even if one is entitled to display a shield with enough
quarterings to make it look like an intricate patchwork quilt it is not always
advantageous to show them all. Arms are for identification, and patchwork
arms are difficult to distinguish from others, especially at a distance. So, the
first quartering (the original arms passed down in direct male descent) would

often be displayed alone on banners or painted shields used as decorations.
TOP | HERALDRY HOME | HERALDS | OFFICERS | EARL MARSHAL | GARTER| ARMORIAL |

PRIMER | REFERENCES | RENAISSANCE
Edited by John Neitz <neitz@dm.net>

Designed by Paula Kate Marmor <pkm@dm.net>
Site Credits
9 January 2000

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The basic process of picking a lock is simple,
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The Infamous Exploding Whale - Video
The Infamous Exploding Whale
Video
If there are no images on the page, try allowing port 8090 through your firewall, or click
here.
Here, for your free downloading pleasure, is the newscast that caught the whale as
it fell. Exploded. Happened. Whatever.
Oh, yeah... don't ask for a copy of this on video tape. I don't have a copy on tape,
and I don't really have time to make dubs for the entire Internet anyway. Thanks
for asking, better luck next time, have someone tell you about your lovely parting
gifts.
High Bandwidth Quicktime Movie (11.1 meg)
No, there isn't a zipped or some other compressed version. Quicktime is pretty
tight; running Zip on it saves you less than 1% of space!
Medium Bandwidth Quicktime Movie (3.3 meg)
Low Bandwidth Quicktime Movie (0.7 meg)
These are faster to download than the full version, but there's a lot of compression
artifacts in the video: loss of detail, skipped frames, etc.
http://www.perp.com/whale/video.html (1 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:03

The Infamous Exploding Whale - Video
Main Letters Video
Paul Linnman Dave Barry
Contact Credits
http://www.perp.com/whale/video.html (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:03

Network Overview /// Internet Traffic Report
The Internet Traffic Report monitors the flow of

data around the world. It then displays a value
between zero and 100. Higher values indicate
faster and more reliable connections.
AnalogX
Home | FAQ | Events | Contact | Links
The Internet Traffic Report

(ITR) wants to continue to
provide useful information
about networks from around
the world. We want to make
this information as accurate
as possible!
More Information.
The free ITR Client for

Windows is now available
for download, and allows
you to monitor ITR in
realtime, test your
connection when problems
occur and more!
Click here to download.
Want to add a live

statistics display to your
View Graphs or Click a Continent to view more detailed information. website?
Click here to select your
graphic.
Continent Current Index Avg. Response Time (ms) Avg. Packet Loss (%)
Got questions? We've got
Asia 56 393 18 % answers!
Check out the ITR FAQ
Australia 59 409 25 %
Europe 78 206 1%
North America 88 105 3%
South America 82 171 0%
This graph shows

the Global Traffic
Index for the past
24 hours.
View 24-hour graph
View 7-day graph
View 30-day graph
http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm (1 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:14

Network Overview /// Internet Traffic Report
This graph shows

the Global
Response Time for
the past 24 hours.
View 24-hour graph
View 7-day graph
View 30-day graph
This graph shows

the Global Packet
Loss for the past 24
hours.
View 24-hour graph
View 7-day graph
View 30-day graph
● View the most recent raw data
● Frequently Asked Questions about the Internet Traffic Report
http://www.internettrafficreport.com/main.htm (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:14

J-Track Satellite Tracking
We created J-Track so you could quickly

and easily keep track of your favorite
orbiting objects. J-Track lets you choose
from a fairly large list of satellites, so we
get you started by selecting a few for you.
Select the category of satellites you are

interested in below or if you are really
adventurous, try J-Track 3D.
J-Track is now at version 2.5.

J-Track is Active
Do your satellite viewing with J-Pass!
This is the "popular" J-Track page

used to track Mir and Shuttle. Hubble,
UARS, and COBE are here as well.
How do they figure out tomorrow's

weather? These NOAA Satellites are
used to follow the weather patterns
from high above the Earth.
Search satellites help save thousands

of lives by watching for emergency
beacons for airplanes, boats and
ground personnel in distress.
Amateur Radio Enthusiast have

satellites too. We have selected just a
few you may find fun to follow.
http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/jtrack/ (1 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:24

J-Track Satellite Tracking
Warning: This program is computationally

intensive. The faster your computer, the more
usable. Run preferably on PC's faster than 166
MHz with Java JIT (Just-in-time) compiling
enabled.
>>> J-TRACK 3D <<<
Updated January 21, 2000. Contacts
http://science.nasa.gov/Realtime/jtrack/ (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:24

BriteLyt.com
BriteLyt Multi-Fuel Lanterns, Stoves, & Petromax Lanterns

Home Of the World Famous Multi-Fuel Lantern
Products
BriteLyt, Inc.
9516 Lake Dr.
New Port Richey,
FL. 34654
USA
Ph: 813-882-4966
Fax: 813-888-5305
See Our Television Commercial
Don't be fooled by cheap imitations!!
The BriteLyt(829/500cp & 830/150cp) lantern is the fifth (5th) generation of the "Original", Petromax
products. Our PATENTED Lantern System (Patent 6,439,223),(6,688,877) and (6,863,526), is
designed as originally intended, for MULTI-FUEL use, and with your safety in mind.
Expertise is the key, as we offer generations of knowledge in the proper use and care of these fine
products (500CP Lantern output in BTU's approx: 5,500 per hour).
Owned and operated by the founder of the original distributor, to such companies as Cabela's and
Lehman's. Most lanterns sold by such companies, are for "kerosene use" only.
The "generations" are: Petromax, Aida, Hipolito, Geniol, and BriteLyt-Petromax. This is in sequence
of progression of models. All these lanterns are of the same build, and quality,.
Plus,..... the parts are interchangeable!!!!!
The BriteLyt-Petromax lanterns are built to last from generation to generation!! All of our lanterns are
of solid brass construction,and used by the US Military!!!.
Please do not confuse our products with the cheaper, imported versions. BriteLyt has designed
parts (patented), with the ability of interchange w/lanterns,going back to the 1900's.(Aida, Hipolito,
Geniol, & Petromax)
Our lanterns are manufactured, as those, of the older generations;however, there are no costly
engravings, which can cause later damage to the tank, and we do not use the blue knobs, with
writing (which can fade).
http://www.petromax.com/ (1 de 3)24/03/2005 13:15:53

BriteLyt.com
We want your lantern to last, and stay beautiful!!
Rest Assured ........OUR TECHNICIANS HAVE OVER 30--plus YEARS OF EXPERIENCE with
Petromax Products!!
No matter WHERE you purchased your Petromax,Hipolito,Aida,Geniol,or BriteLyt product(s), our

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Just E-Mail or Call us for Help! .

To order or see lanterns and parts go to our online store at the top of our page!!
!! Use the button's below to find more info !!!
Government Orders
THE ONLY TRUE MULTI-FUEL LANTERN IN THE WORLD BRITELYT
SUPERB TECHNICAL SUPPORT & REPAIR SERVICE
BriteLyt Dealer's Page
info@BriteLyt.com
Phone 813-882-4966 fax 813-888-5305
National Safety Information Exchange, Inc. (NSIE)
This site and all associated web pages © 1996-2005 BriteLyt. All rights reserved. No images may be
used without written permission.
Britelyt, EZ-Cook , EZ-Pump,O-Ring pump system and stove are the registered trademarks and
Patent's # 6,439,223, # 6,688,877,# 6,863,526 of Diana Draper.
All other trademarks are properties of their respective owners.
Web Site by Preferred Partners, LLC

BriteLyt.com

Leica Papers
Leica Pages
M-System
Comments on Leica R-System

photography
Optics
Updates: My recent Pictures

Kodachrome Engineering
article, BW film
choices, the year History
of the truth for
Digital
Leica
Home
Respect for the Erwins Site

image (march 12,
Technical issues
2005
EPSON R-D1 Full Leica Photography: visual craftmanship

test: can the 6
Mp Sensor
march 12, 2005
capture the leica The Leica cameras dominated the first half of
the 20th century and were in retreat in the
lens quality? second half of that century. Now the company
(march 9, 2005) is struggling to find a place in the start of the
21st century. The digital age sets its own
the year 2004: agenda and Leica is not yet ready to re-invent
itself and to marry solid traditional
watershed mechanical-optical merits with fluid electronic
(december 30, networks and software algorithms. We have
2004) to wait and see.
I regard the Leica camera as a productive tool

Paradigm shift? for taking high quality images that are firmly
(september 8, planred in the great photographic tradition of
2004) the documentary and straight photography.
The Leica was invented and designed to be a
tool for the creative reproduction of scenes of
Leica's biggest wonder and passion. The Leica was never
gamble? (april 4, designed to become an object of wealthy
2004) collectors and obsessive instrumentalists. It is
a tool for taking and making pictures and to
be used daily with passionate intensity.
Leica FAQ
While the art and craft of Leica photography is
Polyphoto:best being discussed in innumerable books, articles
Leica Magazine and websites, really trustworthy information is
scarce. It is my intention to provide the Leica
Photokina user with all the information that is needed to
understand the characteristics of the camera,
reflections on the the design and performance of the lenses and
current the background knowledge to be able to get
the best possible quality of the tiny 35mm
rangefinder format, filled with hundreds of millions of
scene, October silver grain clumps to capture the subtle
1,2004 shades of gray of reality.
Technical FAQ: In addition there is always the fun factor. Film-

based photography has many of the
the truth behind characteristics of good travelling: the end of
the digital sensor the journey is less interesting than the travel
to the goal and the pleasure of being on the
http://www.imx.nl/photosite/leica/leicahome.html (1 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:58

Leica Papers
magnification move.
Choose film and Leica however, seems to assume that Leica

buyers are more interested in pride of
developer wisely ownership and status than in making
photographs. The current approach to offer
the buyer the possibility to create the M-
camera they want from a longer list of
options, the • la carte•formula, has its
virtues. There are always buyers who want
specific features from the MP in an M7 and the
other way around. This flexibility may entice
some persons to buy the camera. In my view
however, Leica should improve the
engineering and functionality of the camera to
manufacture the ultimate mechanical camera
of the 21st century. Such a tool would support
photographers to create better Leica imagery
as the instrument would be a true extension
of the eye and brain in the fine tradition of the
great photographic artists of the 20th century.
The recent introduction of the Oskar Barnack

edition is in the tradition of the 0-series
camera and a reference to the great tradition
of the Leica camera.
The announcement that Leica is working on

an M-digital camera to be introduced in 2006
is a reference to the future of the Leica M
camera in the world of digital imaging, a
strategy I will discuss at a later time. With the
three approaches listed here: a-la-carte, the
reference to the past and the reference to the
future, the MP and M7 no longer occupy the
centre stage. Is this an ominous sign of the
times to come?
Leica as a company is struggling to survive:

there has been a recent major shift in
shareholders, the shares themselves are at a
very low level, the workforce has been
substantially reduced, and the concept for the
future is a bit vague. Leica wants to profile
itself as the only manufacturer that will offer a
bridge for the analogue-digital watershed by
offering hybrid cameras (the R9 Digital), but
the whole idea of a bridge is itself a question
mark.
This said, I also have to admit that taking

photographs with a Leica camera is a joy and
an inspiration. The optics are second to none
and offer some very special optical
characteristics that can be effectively
exploited with film to create brilliant
photographs. The engineering, the handling
and the feeling of quality are quite inspiring
for the user to create pictures that are a
match for the camera and its lenses.
http://www.imx.nl/photosite/leica/leicahome.html (2 de 2)24/03/2005 13:15:58

Miami University
text only
SEARCH: FIND A PERSON:
Info for: Alumni & Contributors Faculty, Staff & Students ( ) High School Students Parents RedHawk Fans
Graduate Studies Libraries Publications and Policies Employment at Miami President's Message
PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE. The Urban Internship Program helps students find work
in urban settings like Chicago, where this student tutored refugee children.
"Traditional Arts of
Central and West Africa"
through June 29 Safire to speak at May 7 commencement
Miami Art Museum William Safire, the political columnist who was the MARCH 24
>> conservative voice on The New York Times op-ed page for Assessing Critical
30 years, will be featured speaker at Miami University's Thinking
commencement at 3 p.m. Saturday, May 7, at Yager >>
Stadium.
An Inside Look >> Feminist Film Festival
Hear why our students >>
consider Miami the perfect 99 major scholarships established at Miami "The S.U.V. Model of
college choice. Ninety-nine Ohio high-school seniors, one from each state Citizenship"
>> legislative district, will receive a pleasant surprise in the >>
coming weeks--notice that they have been awarded
scholarships worth $80,000 each at Miami University over "Out of the Darkroom"
the next four years. >>
Schedule a Visit >>
Come and see one of More Events >>
the most beautiful Pi Sigma Epsilon business fraternity chapter still best in
campuses in America. nation
>> The Miami University chapter of Pi Sigma Epsilon (PSE) has
been named the top chapter in the nation four years in a
row. It marks the seventh time in eight years the chapter
has won the Lewis F. Gordon Top Chapter Award.
>>
More News >>
©2005 | Miami University | 501 East High Street | Oxford, Ohio 45056 | 513.529.1809 | Webmaster@muohio.edu | text only
Equal opportunity in education and employment
http://www.miami.muohio.edu/24/03/2005 13:16:11
Moscow Neutron Monitor
Hourly and 24-hour averaged indices of cosmic ray activity for last 27 days.
Updated every hour.
Preliminary and experimental.
[top] [months] [days] [hours] [minutes] [last GLEs] [events] [our station] [links] [pressure] [feedback]
Back to main page
http://helios.izmiran.troitsk.ru/cosray/indices.htm24/03/2005 13:17:44
Motherboard Reviews, News, Guides, and Tools.
Latest Reviews and Articles

DDR2 The Second Round
Author: John Chen Date: 03-18-2005 Category: Hardware
In this round of DDR2 competition we take a look at some of the contenders who did not make the last roundup like,
Crucial, Corsair and OCZ. I think you will be very surprised at the results.
Kingston KHX4300 Memory Review

Author: D'Arcy Lemay Date: 03-16-2005 Category: Hardware
The new Kinston HyperX KHX-4300 DDR memory came across as a product with two sides to its performance. On
the AMD platform it showed only adequate performance, where on the P4 platform it showed real strength. A mixed
bag of results is what we have here.
Gigabyte GA-K8NXP-SLI Motherboard Review

Author: Doc Overclock Date: 03-14-2005 Category: Motherboards
The NF4 chipset has a lot to offer in itself and that combined with all the features of this board equate to a very
strong motherboard package that has what it takes to please almost any hardcore user.
ATI AIW Radeon X800XT AGP Video Card Review

Author: Benjamin Sun Date: 03-10-2005 Category: Hardware
As far as features go, the A-I-W X800XT is the most feature-rich multimedia video card on the market today. You get
an excellent television tuner, the speed and features of one of the highest performing video cards on the market, a
bundle of software that allows you to use the card, and a remote control.
http://www.motherboards.org/ (1 de 7)24/03/2005 13:18:09

Thermaltake Armor VA8000 Case Review

Author: Doc Overclock Date: 03-08-2005 Category: Hardware
Few cases actually make me take a second look, and it is even more rare for me to really like one. Thermaltake's
Armor is one seriously solid case that boasts ergonomic installations, a sleek modern design and form factor, and
flexibility that rivals many of the current products on the market.
Gigabyte GA-K8NF-9 Motherboard Review

Author: Benjamin Sun Date: 02-26-2005 Category: Motherboards
Late last year, NVIDIA introduced their nForce4 chipsets for the AMD platform. There are three chipsets in this
platform, nForce4 , nForce4 Ultra and the nForce4 SLI. nForce4 is the mainstream version of the new chipset with
features like SATA, support for PCI Express, 8 USB port support. This review is on the GA-K8NF-9, based upon the
nForce4 chipset.
Intel 3.6GHz 660 and 3.73GHz EE CPU Review

Author: Doc Overclock Date: 02-25-2005 Category: Hardware
Well it has finally happened folks, Intel has jumped onto the 64-Bit train and has released a new series of 6XXX
CPUs that have the new EMT 64 bit extensions. These CPUs are more oriented on features than actual core speed
increases and are Intel's foot in the door to the 64-Bit environment.
Thermaltake Big Typhoon Cooling Solution Review

Author: John Chen Date: 02-22-2005 Category: Hardware
All I have to say is wow. I thought the Zalman CNPS7700-AlCu performed great, but this Big Typhoon just proved
me wrong. The superiority of the heatpipes makes its mark and triumphs with the Big Typhoon. The new
Thermaltake flagship cooler kept my CPU running nice and cool.
How To Make A Slipstreamed Win XP SP2 Disc

Author: D'arcy Lemay Date: 02-21-2005 Category: Guides
Slipstreaming is the process of taking that old, non SP2 copy of Windows XP and upgrading it to a fully patched
version that can be installed in one-step.
ASUS eXtreme N6600GT Video Card Review

Author: Benjamin Sun Date: 02-16-2005 Category: Hardware
What can I say about the ASUS eXtreme N6600GT? The card is an excellent performer for the cost. An additional
bonus is that these cards can SLI later, if you have a SLI motherboard and AMD Athlon 64 system.
Latest News
News: ACON5 North American Finals to be held at E3 Expo
Posted by: Doc Overclock on Wed Mar 23 2005 22:56 pm EST Comments (0)
ACON5 is a global gaming event held in 20 countries and territories worldwide. Sponsored by the industry leaders, ACON5 promises to
be one of the most exciting gaming spectacles of 2005, with the ACON5 grand finals location soon to be announced.
News: Powercolor Theatre 550 Pro TV tuner
"In this review, PCstats will be testing out the Powercolor Theatre 550 Pro TV tuner, which is based on ATI's Theatre 550 Pro digital

audio/video processing chipset. As you might or might not know, this particular chipset is currently the hottest thing in TV-tunerland, due
to its support for a number of uncommon features, including 2D and 3D comb filtering. As you might expect, the ATI Theatre 550 chip is
also found in ATI's latest Multimedia products too."
News: 64-bit computing
LISTEN TO THE HYPE ABOUT 64-bit computing, and you could get the idea that the move to 64 bits will make all of your games run
twice as fast, replace blocky 3D models with smooth, photorealistic replicas of the human form, and transform the average PC into a
wonder-box that can resequence your dog's genome in its spare cycles so he won't pee on the rug anymore. On the other hand, listen
to the anti-hype about 64-bit computing, and you could be forgiven for wondering why anyone even bothered--probably just a
conspiracy to get us to buy new stuff we don't need.
News: Sapphire Radeon X800 PCI-E Video Card
The buyer wants performance at an affordable price. Sapphire Tech used the ATI R420 core to produce the Sapphire Radeon X800
video card for PCI-Express. This performance/price mid-ground is where Sapphire have positioned themselves with the Radeon X800.
News: Abit Fatal1ty AN8
Abit's name has been synonymous with overclocking since the days of the KT7. It's no surprise that they would release a motherboard
dedicated to overclocking. Teaming up with professional gamer Johnathan Wendel, Abit dedicated themselves to creating the best
gaming motherboard available. The goal was to eliminate all the unnecessary BIOS options and extras that gamers do not use and
create the best overclocking board to provide the cutting edge performance.
Read It All Here
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With consumers needing bigger power supplies to power their new high end systems we are starting to see massive PSU's hit the
market. Today Legit Reviews takes a look at the
Thermaltake Silent Purepower 680W PSU and checks out how it performs.
News: Athlon64 3800+
Posted by: Doc Overclock on Tue Mar 22 2005 19:01 pm EST Comments (0)
The Athlon64 3800+ uses an organic FCPGA packaging as opposed to the ceramic found on Athlon64 FX chips. From the top, the
Athlon64 3800+ looks identical to the Athlon64 3200+. On the bottom of the processor, it is simply filled with pins, although this
shouldn't be a surprise considering the amount of pins in the new socket 939 package. Along with the introduction of the Socket 939
Athlon64 3800+, AMD also released the Socket 939 Athlon64 3500+ (2.2 GHz) and moved its high end Athlon64 FX-53 (2.4 GHz) over
to the Socket 939 platform. Subsequent processors have since been released for both the Athlon64 and Athlon64 FX, but the 3800+
was the first to make the transition
News: ASUS CT-479 CPU Upgrade Kit

Posted by: Doc Overclock on Mon Mar 21 2005 13:59 pm EST Comments (0)
The ASUS CT-479 CPU Upgrade Kit is a newly launched solution that brings the quiet and cool performance of the Intel Pentium M
Socket 479 notebook processor onto ASUS' Socket 478 desktop motherboards. Read on and take a look and see what the future holds
for Pentium M lovers.
News: Corsair Xpert TwinXP1024-3200XL 1GB DC Kit
Posted by: Doc Overclock on Mon Mar 21 2005 03:20 am EST Comments (0)
Who was the first to make low latency memory? Corsair. Who was the first to use heatspreaders for memory? Corsair. Who was the
first to have pretty LED's for memory? Corsair. If I was wrong about any of the information, please correct me. But if I'm right, then
Corsair is the first to provide enthusiasts with flashy looks. Corsair is always on the lookout for the newest thing. They discovered the
great potential in the Samsung TCCD chips and allowed enthusiasts the joy of running extremely low latencies.
Corsair Xpert TwinXP1024-3200XL 1GB DC Kit
News: Radeon X800 and X800 XL cards distribution problems
Posted by: Doc Overclock on Fri Mar 18 2005 14:08 pm EST Comments (0)
We have been following the story of pricing and availability of the latest ATI cards for some time now. We have recently learned that the
cost to resellers of Radeon X800 and X800 XL cards via distribution is higher than ATI's suggested retail price. In some cases, this
information changes the math on which video card we'd recommend, the ATI or the NVIDIA.
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March 24, 2005

http://www.eskimo.com/~verne/treb.htm
THE TREBUCHET
As built for the television series
NORTHERN EXPOSURE
Websters Dictionary: Trebuchet, a medieval catapultlike device for

throwing heavy missiles.
Click within picture to view full size
The trebuchet standing erect in the uncocked position..
Side view of the trebuchet.
Re-erected lakeside ready to fling the coffins.
http://www.eskimo.com/~verne/treb.htm (1 de 4)24/03/2005 13:18:17

My mini treb built from parts of an old Erector Set.
In the uncocked position.
Artists drawing of the operation of the trebuchet, from an old reference.
This link belongs to a class of 10 year old kids from Atlanta, Ga.. They are building small trebs
and catapults and will be updating this link with pics and stories.
A treb page and pics of their treb from the Western U of New Mexico.
Here is Ron Toms' page with his stories and pics of his successful people flinging trebuchet.
This web site belongs to my friend from down under (Austrailia) that is a member of "the Gray
Company", a group that studies and practices the art of the medieval days. They have built an

operational treb and you may see their efforts here at the following web site. This site has the
best collection of links dealing with the art of the "catapulteer"
Here is (page under construction) an Oregon Boy Scout Troops' efforts on constructing a
pumpkin flinging treb from available onsite materials.
This trebuchet has been sold.

The city of Corvallis Or. and sponsors of the "da Vinci Days" 5th annual celebration have
purchased this trebuchet to be re- erected and made operational. The Flinger Thinger shall
Fling again. This year the fair will be held 18 July thru 20 July, 1997.
Here is the link to their web site.
Treb builder and fellow catapulteer John Wayne Cyra's homepage .Click here
Send mail to: verne@eskimo.com
Built for the TV show "Northern Exposure" and seen worldwide in two different episodes. In
one episode we flung a 450 pound upright piano 100 yards. In the other episode we flung coffins
into the middle of a lake. To get all the camera angles and shots for the piano episode, we flung
9 full size upright pianos. All nine pianos consistently landed in the same spot. We put a crash
camera in the impact crater of one piano to get a shot of the piano coming straight down from
about 250 feet in th e air.
I have video tape of every phase of construction , from cuttin down the dozen trees it took to
make the base, to the actual filming of the piano episode. Portions of the video seen on "Bill Nye
The Science Guy".
After filming, the trebuchet was disassembled and put in storage in a barn, until about a year
later when we re-erected it on the side of Rattlesnalke Lake, outside North Bend, Washington.
For the coffin episode we flung 4 wood coffins and 4 steel coffins into the middle of the lake.
The coffins were filled with sand, and banded to keep them from blowing apart during lift off.
The trebuchet worked perfectly every time we fired it. The power of this device is awesome and
comes from the ten thou sand pounds of lead weight in a steel box on one end of the arm. It
takes a bulldozer to cock the arm, and a bulldozer to trip the hook that releases the arm to
launch. In the uncocked position the arm points straight up and stands about 50 feet tall.
Concrete could be used in the weight box to hold the arm upright. The arm is an 8 inch by 32
inch gluelam beam, encased and reinforced with steel. It pivots on a 4 inch by 10 foot chromium
steel shaft.
I envision the trebuchet as a great business sign, or flagpole, or just an awesome conversation
piece. It could be made operational again, but it is not a carnival ride, and there's more to firing

this thing than meets the eye. The base is made f rom 1 foot diameter fir logs, that are bolted
and steel strapped together. The trebuchet is now disassembled and in storage on my property
outside Monroe, Washington.
I am the owner/builder and can deliver and set it up anywhere. The original cost to build was
$50,000. If you are interested in owning a most unique piece of of history and a little bit of
Northern Exposure, please give me your
" Best Offer."

Contact John Wayne (Cyra) at: 800.576.3958 (my pager) or Verne at 425.788.2505 Email to
verne@eskimo.com.
Verne's homepage link
Last revision 10/08/97
© Verne DeWitt 1996.

Old Clock-Watch Private Homepage
Watch-Collector's Paradise
This page is for those, who are interested in the historical and technical aspects of old clocks and
watches.
Explanation of technical terms from: Adjusted to Worm-Wheel
A BA BE-BZ CA-CLI CLO-CON COQ-CUV CYL DA-DR DU-

DZ E F G H I J K LA-LE LI-LZ M N O P Q R S TA-TO TR-
TZ U V W-Z
Famous clock- and watchmakers:
ENGLAND FRANCE SWITZERLAND
THOMAS TOMPION 1639-1713 JULIEN LE ROY 1686-1759 FERDINAND BERTHOUD 1729-1807

GEORG GRAHAM 1673-1751 PIERRE LE ROY 1717-1785 ABRAHAM LOUIS BREQUET 1747-1823
FERDINAND
JOHN HARRISON 1693-1776 1729-1807 JOSIAH EMERY 1725-1797
BERTHOUD
JEAN-ANTOINE
THOMAS MUDGE 1715-1794 1720-1814 JEAN ROMILLY 1714-1794
LEPINE
ABRAHAM LOUIS
JOSIAH EMERY 1725-1797 1747-1823 ANTOINE TAVAN 1749-1836
BREQUET
JEAN ANDRE
JOHN ELLICOT 1706-1772 1720-1789 PIERRE JAQUET-DROZ 1721-1790
LEPAUTE
JOHN ARNOLD 1736-1799 PIERRE A. CARON 1732-1799 HENRY LOUIS JAQUET-DROZ 1752-1791
THOMAS EARNSHAW 1749-1829 LOUIS MOINET 1758-1853 ABRAHAM LOUIS PERRELET 1729-1826
http://www.datacomm.ch/rbu/ (1 de 3)24/03/2005 13:18:21

WILLIAM FRODSHAM 1778-1850 JOSEPH WINNERL 1799-1886 JEAN FREDERIC LESCHOT 1746-1824
EDWARD JOHN DENT 1790-1853 GEORG AUGUSTE LESCHOT 1800-1884
JAMES FERGUSON
1799-1880 JEAN MOISE POUZAIT 1743-1793
COLE
CHARLES FRODSHAM 1810-1871 URBAN JÜRGENSEN 1776-1830
DANIEL QUARE 1649-1724 LOUIS BENJAMIN AUDEMARS 1782-1833
PIERRE FREDERIC INGOLD 1787-1878
JAQUES FREDERIC HOURIET 1743-1830
HENRY GRANDJEAN 1774-1845
SYLVAIN (JEAN)MAIRET 1805-1890
ANTOINE LÉCHAUD 1812-1875
GEORG FRÉDÉRIC ROSKOPF 1813-1889
ULYSSE NARDIN 1823-1876
LINKS:
Horology - The Index
British Horological Institute
Hand made and engraved Fusee Engine
Swiss Bracket Clock's and more
Click here: Watch for sale
Click here, if you want to sell a swiss verge fusee watch!
rbu@datacomm.ch
Thank you for giving me your feedback!
Roland Buser
Last update: July, 2004
Welcome to the Horology WebRing!
Join the Horology WebRing

[ Previous 5 Sites | Skip Previous | Previous | Next | Skip Next | Next 5 Sites ]
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Scanning Basics 101 - All about digital images
A few scanning tips

by Wayne Fulton
The purpose is to offer some scanning I hope you can enjoy these web pages
tips and to explain the basics for without assuming that this is a Scanner
photos and documents. It is about the Technical Support Service. It is not,
fundamentals of digital images, about it is instead about scanning. Please do
the basics to help you get the most NOT send SCANNER SUPPORT
from your scanner. How it works, for questions to me because I cannot help.
those that want to know.
Comments and questions about the
Included here are the general content of my material are welcome,
questions that we've all asked about but those questions should not be about
digital images, but unfortunately, that "My scanner doesn't work" or "What
other sources don't answer. The scanner should I buy?" That email load
material is about the basics, and is is overwhelming for me and I must
appropriate for the beginner. The decline subjects not related to my
content is certainly not superficial, but material. See the FAQ section for all I
it is not at all difficult either, it is just
can offer.
simply about how it works. It describes
in plain language the things we need to
know to be efficient and get the most FAQ about How to send images by Email
from our images, in the various ways
that we can use them.
The material was written about

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scanning. Scanners are easy and fun anywhere else. ScanSoft has made
and very useful, and there's lots of this very special offer available to
artistic creativity possible too. There guests of Scantips.com.
will be a little scanning technique to CLICK HERE for all details
learn, but when you've seen it once,
then it's rather simple.
The Printed Book Version is Available

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cartridges here. Even better, you will get all of it then
- the book is more complete and more current than the
web site. Check it out.
Click here for
Can't bookmark this site because you're trapped in somebody's frame? Break free here
Contents Scanning 101 - The Basics
My Mission Statement * START - The First Fundamental Concept
Never used a scanner before? Video Resolution - How much to scan?
Evaluating Scanner Features Say No to 72 dpi - It's a false notion
Printing Resolution - Scaling and Resampling

Some Popular Software
HP PrecisionScan LT Finding the Scaling and Resampling Menus

HP PrecisionScan
HP PrecisionScan Pro Printer Resolution - How much to scan?
Microtek ScanWizard 5
Microtek ScanWizard Pro 6 Line art and Threshold - Copy and OCR,
Minolta Scan Dual II Printed Text
Umax VistaScan
Umax MagicScan Line art and Grayscale
VueScan
Scanning for Fax
Scanning 201 Descreen to remove Moiré Interference

Images in magazines/books/newspapers
Interpolated Resolution - 9600 dpi?

Photo Resolution - How much can we scan?

A Simple Way to Get Better
Scans
Image File Formats - Which format?
Histogram
Video Boards
UnSharp Mask sharpening
Transparent Media Adapter - 35 mm slides?
Curve Tool
What about Film Scanners?
Clone Tool
A few Film Scanners
Restoration of Genealogical
Dynamic Range - 24 bit or 36 bits?
Photos
The Search for System Calibration

Correction of Faded Slides
Search Scantips.com
Scanning / Printing Calculator Search for: Search

Match All Words
A few Frequently Asked American spelling is used: color, center, gray
Questions
A few Other Books about

Scanning
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sites
Read/Sign the Scantips

GuestBook
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General Interest Programs
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Chances are, all of the above! What you've tuned in to is called a "Spy Numbers Station". They've been
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Audio Toolbox much we don't know about these mysterious stations. With the information on these pages, you'll discover
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Expect unsettled to active conditions on 26 March.
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Grey Company Trebuchet
How Do
Trebuchets
Work?
(..and what on earth
are those people doing
in that picture??)
Some very simple counter-weight trebuchet theory.

This is definitely not intended to be an in-depth study of the counter-weight trebuchet (you can find people
on the web who can give you the heavy-duty mathematics.. see the Virtual Hurling page for some links).
Instead, it is a simple look at a few points that would-be trebuchet builders are likely to encounter first.
Much of this info is derived from models. Many people will tell you that trebuchets don't scale up from
models very well. This is certainly true about some proportions (like the size of the weight bucket), the
material strengths and the ranges you can expect to achieve - but the basic mechanics remain the same.
Let's get started and look at what happens after you've put on your helmet, moved well off to the
side of the trebuchet and pulled the rope tied to the trigger mechanism...
Figure 1.
This diagram shows a trebuchet shortly after the trigger has been released. The shot is in the sling and is
beginning to slide backwards along a launch trough. The trough is put there to guide the sling and prevent it from
getting caught up in the trebuchet's framework. In the early part of the launch all the shot's motion is horizontal
and this speed will contribute to the rate at which the sling is going to be whipped around the end of the treb's
beam later. The trebuchet is designed so that the beam is pulled down as nearly vertical as is practical. This gives
http://members.iinet.net.au/~rmine/howtreb.html (1 de 4)24/03/2005 13:21:47

two benefits: 1. the weight has the longest distance to fall this way and 2. the first movement of the beam gives
the most horizontal pull to the sling. The sling has to be picked up by the beam, so it can't be too long. (You
wouldn't want the treb to be standing with its beam in the air and the shot still in the trough) Generally, this
means a sling length something less than the beam's throwing arm length, although some medieval illustrations
show longer slings.
Figure 2
Here the trebuchet beam has rotated and of course the end holding the sling has risen. The shot has been pulled
down the trough and is now speeding backwards, but it has also been lifted up and clear.
Now, any weight which is tied by a length of rope to the end of a rotating beam is going to swing out - the so-
called centrifugal force (okay, it's actually just inertia in action, but you get the picture). Our shot's motion has
this effect plus the speed it has already acquired. The result is that the sling will rotate around the end of the
beam.
Figure 3.
If your trebuchet's release mechanism is the usual ring over a prong or hook, it is going to release the sling as

soon as the angle between the sling ropes and the arm is straight enough for the ring to slip off the prong.
You can adjust when the sling releases in a number of ways:

By setting the angle of the prong - a more hooked prong will hold the sling loop longer than a straighter one.
ie a prong less hooked or in line with beam = earlier release = higher trajectory
... a prong more hooked or forward-pointing = later release = flatter trajectory
By changing the length of the cords that hold the sling pouch..
If the sling is rotating around the end of the beam slowly, the beam will have time to swing through a
bigger arc before the sling catches up to it. If the sling is rotating quickly, the release angle will happen
earlier.
A shorter sling will rotate faster than a long sling.
ie short sling cords = fast sling rotation = earlier release = higher trajectory
... long sling cords = slow sling rotation = later release = flatter trajectory
By choosing the size of your shot..

Another thing that influences when a sling releases is the force on it - a heavier projectile tends to pull the
loop off the prong earlier than a lighter projectile does.
ie heavy projectile = earlier release = higher trajectory
.. light projectile = later release = flatter trajectory
Figure 4.
Finally, the follow-through ... A bit disappointing, really. It's not as much as you might imagine.
If you had the weight fixed rigidly to the end of your treb's beam (like Huw Kennedy's huge piano and car
throwing beast in Britain) you would have a simple pendulum and it might well oscillate majestically until it
eventually came to a stop. The design shown in figures 1 to 4 uses a free-swinging weight and the interfering
motions pull up the beam in a series of jerks and starts.
(Note that this is more noticible in a small model than a large machine.)

A Note about Weight-Bucket size:

Why doesn't making a trebuchet half as big make it half as heavy and powerful?
Why can't a toy-sized trebuchet have a weight bucket in the same proportion to the machine as a big one?
It's simply mathematics... if you make a box twice as big in size - twice as long, twice as wide and twice
as deep - you actually make its volume eight times larger. (volume = length x breadth x depth for a box
with right-angled corners).
That means it can hold eight times as much heavy earth and stones...
Going in the opposite direction, if you make a model trebuchet half the size, then its box will only hold
1/8th the weight unless you either make it much bigger than it looked on the large machine or fill it with
something heavier than soil and rock.
This is why model trebuchets often have over-sized buckets or are filled with lead (or both).
More info to come..... please visit again
Last Edited: March 2000 © Russell Miners 2000.
Return to The Grey Co. Trebuchet Page

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Eastern United States at Night from Space
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Eastern US at night
A nighttime, time-exposed satellite picture of the Eastern US.
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engins de guerre
War machines
There was a great quantity of machines of attack. Some were drove by counterweights like the assay
balances, the mangonel. Others by the tension of ropes, nerves, branches, springs of wood or steel, like
the caables, maleveisines, pierrieres. Some others, by their own weight and the impulse of arms, like the
rams.
baliste the assay balance mangonel
the crossbow (with

ram (covered ram)
turn)
The baliste (caable, pierrière)
http://perso.wanadoo.fr/bbcp/english/engins/engins.html (1 de 7)24/03/2005 13:22:03

engins de guerre
The stones are launched by the force of the rod (A) which lower end passes through a bundle of ropes,
twisted by keys (B), cog wheels (C), and stopped by pawls.
To increase the speed of movements, springs made out of wood and nerves surrounded by ropes in the
shape of arc (D), forced the rod to come to strike violently the cross piece (E).
The rod was brought back to horizontal thanks to the winch (F) and a man pulled out the rope (H) to
shoot.
One would regulate the force of the shooting adding more or less furs inside of the cross piece (E) and
on the rod.
Hooks (G) were used to fix the carriage in place, by Popes related to stakes inserted in the ground.
Four men could lower the rod white operating the winch.
This machine could send large stones up to 250 meters! Weighing more than 4 tons; it was entirely
transported dismounted on the spot of fight.
top of page

engins de guerre
The assay balance = trébuchet
The principle of operation is simple to understand. Let's study the above diagram. It was a very heavy
machine to transport and of great dimension (the rod could reach 12 meters length). The projectile was
placed in a leather pouch at the end of the rod (like a sling). These counter weigh machines were of use
until the moment when the fire artillery replaced all the machines of jet of the Middle Ages.
This machine could sent canon balls of 100 Kg up to 200 meters. Its handling required 60 people.
Weighing more than 7 tons, it was entirely transported dismounted on the spot of fight. One finds traces
of these machines at the time of the siege of Montségur in 1243.
top of page

engins de guerre
The mangonel = mangonneau
The shooting of the mangonel could be regulated much more easier than the one of the assay balance,
because first it covered a larger arc but also because it was possible to accelerate its movement (less
important inertia). Here is, to better understand its operations, how the sling was to be attached so that
one of its branches could leave at the right time the machine, so that the projectile could escape from the
pouch :

engins de guerre
top of page
The crossbow (with turn) = arbalète à tour

engins de guerre
The armies of the Middle Ages had a terrible machine with which were launched darts of big length, iron
bars reddened with fire, arrows furnished with oakum and Greek fire in the shape of rockets : the
crossbow (with turn).
The advantage, compared to the machine already seen, is the adjustable aiming without moving the
machine in its totality. The shooting could be regulated from top to bottom. The lateral adjustment was
done, easily, by moving the machine very easily thanks to its wheels.
Some of these machines could launch darts of more then 5 meters length, at a distance from at least 50
meters, with the aim of breaking machines, pales ... These machines were those which spread the most
unrest in the army and more particularly in the cavalry.
top of page

engins de guerre
The ram (covered ram) = bélier couvert
The ram consisted of a long beam armed with an iron head at its front part. It was suspended,
horizontally balanced, by cables or chains, and was driven by ropes fixed at the rear of it. Through a
coming and going movement of this piece of wood, we could struck the facings of the walls, which could
be finally dislocated until they collapsed.
Men were sheltered under a roof. The machine was posed on wheels.
Be sieged people tried to beak the ram with beams, which were dropped on its head, at the moment
when it struck the wall. They could also seize this head using a double iron jaw, which was called : wolf
or she-wolf.
haut de page

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Micro Machine Shop Mods Etc

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Micro Machine Shop Mods Etc

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Micro Machine Shop, Mods, etc....

Taig Micro-Lathe Mods...

Taig Mill mods...

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/ (1 de 3)24/03/2005 12:53:26

Mill X-Axis Motor & Clutch

Rong Fu RF-25 Mill...

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/ (2 de 3)24/03/2005 12:53:26

Thanks for stopping by ! alan

Wednesday, March 23, 2005 05:50:01 AM

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/ (3 de 3)24/03/2005 12:53:26

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/9x20_lathe.htm (1 de 4)24/03/2005 12:53:39

Jet 9x20 belt drive metal lathe Model BD-920N

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Swing Over Bed (in): 9

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Range of Longitudinal Feeds (in/rev): 0.005 - 0.011

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/9x20_lathe.htm (4 de 4)24/03/2005 12:53:39

9x20 Compound Bracket

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tool_post_bracket.htm (1 de 7)24/03/2005 12:53:55

Drill out a large hole, 1" in this example.

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tool_post_bracket.htm (2 de 7)24/03/2005 12:53:55

Boring operation shown using a right-hand, ¼" carbide tool bit.

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http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tool_post_bracket.htm (6 de 7)24/03/2005 12:53:55

New, thicker plate with no bolt recesses; minimal flex.

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tool_post_bracket.htm (7 de 7)24/03/2005 12:53:55

Quick-Change Tool Post (QCTP)

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http://www.finelinehair.com/home/quick_change_tool_post.htm (4 de 9)24/03/2005 12:54:08

A 22mm box wrench loosens/tightens tool post for positioning.

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/quick_change_tool_post.htm (5 de 9)24/03/2005 12:54:08

Maximum tool bit size, ½"

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/quick_change_tool_post.htm (6 de 9)24/03/2005 12:54:08

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http://www.finelinehair.com/home/quick_change_tool_post.htm (9 de 9)24/03/2005 12:54:08

Lathe tool standard shapes

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tool_bits.htm (1 de 8)24/03/2005 12:54:24

Single point lathe tool angles

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Converting cutting speeds to RPM

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http://www.finelinehair.com/home/knurlers.htm (1 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:32

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/knurlers.htm (2 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:32

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/knurlers.htm (3 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:32

Tool Bit Height Gage

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http://www.finelinehair.com/home/tool_bit_height_gage.htm (2 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:37

Tool bit should be at or slightly below center for turning &

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http://www.finelinehair.com/home/cross_slide_handwheel.htm (1 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:59

http://www.finelinehair.com/home/cross_slide_handwheel.htm (2 de 3)24/03/2005 12:54:59

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