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Example 3.1: Application of Continuity (Incompressible Fluid)
Example 3.1: Application of Continuity (Incompressible Fluid)
3.1 : Application of Continuity (incompressible fluid)
UA = 1.8 m/s, UD = 3.6 m/s, DA = 450 mm, DB = 300 mm, DC = 150 mm, DD = 225 mm.
Continuity of volume flow rate from A to B gives : AA x UA = AB x UB
UB = UA x AA/AB = 1.8 x (DA/DB)2 = 1.8 x (0.45/0.3)2 = 4.05 m/s
Continuity of volume flow rate between (A to B and to C & D) : AA x UA = AB x UB = AC x UC + AD x UD
So, (0.45)2 x 1.8 = (0.15)2 x Uc + (0.225)2 x 3.6 Uc = 8.1 m/s.
Volume flow rate Q = Cross section area x fluid velocity, thus
QD = AD x UD = /4 x (0.225)2 x 3.6 = 0.143 m3/s
QC = AC x UC = /4 x (0.15)2 x 8.1 = 0.143 m3/s
QA = AA x UA = /4 x (0.45)2 x 1.8 = 0.286 m3/s = QC + QD
Example 3.2 : Venturi meter
D1 = 125 mm, D2 = 50 mm, density = 0.82 x 1000 = 820 kg/m‐3.
Bernoulli’s Equation between Entrance (1) and Throat (2):
2 2
Given : p1 – p2 = 27.5 kN/m2, Height of throat (2) above entrance (1) = z2 – z1 = 300 mm = 0.3 m.
Flow rate Q = Q1 = Q2 by continuity, Q = A1 x u1 = A2 x u2 u2 = (A1/A2) x u1 = (D1/D2)2 x u1.
From Bernoulli’s Equation :
27500
1 0.3 3.1186 m
2 2 2 820
u1 = 1.2679 m/s
Theoretical flow rate = A1 x u1 = (D12/4) x 1.2679 = 0.01556 m3/s
Actual flow rate = 0.97 x theoretical flow rate = 0.97 x 0.01556 = 0.0150 m3/s
Example 3.3 : Momentum equation
Suppose the force on the fluid, F, is acting in the positive x direction. The momentum conservation
requires that
The net force acting on the fluid = the rate of momentum changes of the fluid across the pipe
section
As water is incompressible, Q1 = Q2 = Q and 1 = 2 = 1000 kg/m3. By continuity A1u1 = A2u2.
From Bernoulli’s equation and the pipe is horizontal, z1 = z2 and
⇒
2 2 2 2
Given : p1 = 275 kN/m2 and u1 = 3 m/s.
u2 = A1 x u1 /A2 = (D1/D2)2 x 3 = (0.3/.15)2 x 3 = 12 m/s
3 12
⇒ 275 kN/m 207.5 kN/m
2 2 2 2
Q = u1 x A1 = 3 x (0.3)2/4 = 0.2121 m3/s
⇒
0.3 0.15
0.2121 12 3 275 207.5 kN
4 4
13.86 kN
Thrust on the pipe = ‐ F (Newton’s third law of motion)
= 13.86 kN acting towards the small end of the pipe section.
Example 3.4 : Pitot tube
pt
At the tip of the tube, fluid particle is
brought to rest so that u at B is equal to zero p
Small holes
u
•A •B h2
The pressure at the tip point B of the tube is equal to the total pressure
at point A
p = 4 mm H2O = 0.004 x 1000 x 9.81 = 39.24 N/m2.
∆ ∆ 39.24
⇒ ⇒ 2 2 8.09 m/s
2 2 1.2
Example 3.5 : Siphon action
d = 30 mm = 0.03 m.
Bernoulli’s Equation :
2 2 2
Point A is the water level in the reservoir, which is assumed to be very big and thus the water level
will not change. Thus, uA = 0 m/s.
By continuity, the flow rate along the siphon is constant and since the pipe diameter is fixed, uB = uC
= u.
We use gauge pressure in the calculation, the pressure at A and B equals atmospheric pressure and
thus pA = pB = 0 N/m2.
Let zA = 0 m (as a reference datum), then zC = 3 m and zB = ‐6 m.
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation from A to B :
Flow rate = Discharge rate = Q = A x u = (0.03)2/4 x 10.85 = 0.00767 m3/s.
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation from A to C :
10.85
⇒0 0 0 3 ⇒ 3
2 2 2 2
88.3 kPa gauge
Example 3.6 : Siphon action
Same as Example 3.5.
d = 75 mm = 0.075 m.
Bernoulli’s Equation :
2 2 2
zB = 1.8 m, zC = ‐3.6 m.
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation from A to C :
Flow rate = Discharge rate = Q = A x u = (0.075)2/4 x 8.4 = 0.0371 m3/s.
Application of Bernoulli’s Equation from A to C :
8.4
⇒0 0 0 1.8 ⇒ 1.8
2 2 2 2
52.94 kP gauge
Absolute pressure at B = pB = 10 m H2O – 52.94 kPa = 10 x 9.81 – 52.94 = 45.16 kN/m2 (kPa).
Example 3.7 :
(a) Bernoulli’s Equation
2 2
p1 = p2 = atmospheric pressure, z1 – z2 = 4 m. u1 = 0 m/s (assume very big tank)
⇒0 4 0 0 0 ⇒ √4 2 9.81 8.86m/s
2 2 2
(b) Discharge = A x u2 = (0.1)2/4 x 8.86 = 0.0696 m3/s.
Example 3.8 : Venturi meter and hydrostatic equation
d1 = 200 mm = 0.2 m, d2 = 100 mm = 0.1 m, u1 = 2 m/s.
Bernoulli’s Equation
⇒
2 2 2
z2 – z1 = 2 x sin 45 = 1.4142 m
Continuity : A2 x u2 = A1 x u1, u2 = A1/A2 x u1 = 4 x 2 = 8 m/s.
Density of oil = 0.9 x 1000 = 900 kg/m3
900
900 9.81 1.4142 8 2 39.49 kPa
2 2
Consider the pressure at the level X – X.
Pressure at the left rim = P = p1 + oil x g x z1
Pressure at the right rim = P = p2 + oil x g x (z2 – h) + Hg x g x h
Thus : p1 + oil x g x z1 = p2 + oil x g x (z2 – h) + Hg x g x h
39.49 0.9 9.81 1.4142
0.2167m
9.81 13.6 0.9
Example 3.9 : Nozzle
Assume pressure change is small and thus air is incompressible, Q1 = Q2 = Q.
By continuity A1u1 = A2u2, u1 = A2/A1 x u2 = 0.02 / 0.1 x 50 m/s = 10 m/s
By Bernoulli’s Equation :
1.2
⇒ 0 ⇒ 50 10
2 2 2 2 2 2
1440 Pa gauge
As in Example 3.3
Example 3.10 : Momentum equation application
45°
A B
30°
Bernoulli’s equation :
2 2 2 2
Pipe is horizontal, therefore zA = zC = zD.
Given : pC = 70 kPa, pD = 80 kPa (gauge), DA = DC = DD = 1 m.
Since the diameters of all the pipe sections are the same, uA = uC + uD by continuity.
Flow rate Q = 10 m3/s (given), uA = Q/A = 10 / ((1)2/4) = 12.73 m/s, so
12.73
Application of Bernoulli’s equation from A to C :
⇒
2 2 2 2
Application of Bernoulli’s equation from A to D :
⇒
2 2 2 2
Solving :
⇒ 2 20
2 2
Since
12.73 ⇒ 12.73
one obtains :
And
12.73 12.73 7.15 5.58 m/s
Pressure at A :
7.15 12.73
⇒ 70 kPa 14.53 kPa
2 2 2 2
The pipe section is not symmetrical and thus there are forces acting on the fluid in the longitudinal
and transverse direction.
For the longitudinal direction,
So
For the transverse direction,
So
sin 45° sin 30° sin 45° sin 30° 365.1 kN