Indian Institute of Technology Madras

Department of Mathematics
MA2020 − Differential Equations
End Semester Examination
Maximum Marks: 60
Date: 22-05-2021 Time: 10:00-14:00 hours
Answer all fourteen questions in detail.
Write your Roll number, Name, and Today’s date
on the top of the first page of your answer script.
Scan all your solutions to a single pdf file.
Name the file as hYour-Roll-Numberi-may22-ma2020.pdf.
Send the file to asingh@smail.iitm.ac.in before 14:00 hours on May 22, 2021.

𝑑𝑦
1. Solve the ODE (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2) 2 = 1. [4]
𝑑𝑥
2. Solve the ODE (1 − 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 = (sin−1 𝑦 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑦. [4]

3. Reduce the differential equation

(3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 3 ) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) 𝑑𝑦 = 0

to an exact equation and then solve it. [4]

4. Use the method of Reduction of Order to find the general solution of the ODE

𝑥 2 𝑦00 − 𝑥(𝑥 + 2) 𝑦0 + (𝑥 + 2) 𝑦 = 0, 𝑥>0

given that 𝑦 1 (𝑥) = 𝑥 is a solution. [4]

5. Find the general solution of the ODE

𝑒 2𝑥
𝑦00 − 4𝑦0 + 4𝑦 =
1 + 𝑥2
by the method of Variation of Parameters. [4]

6. Find a power series solution of the ODE

𝑥(1 − 𝑥)𝑦00 − 3𝑥𝑦0 − 𝑦 = 0.

Determine a simple expression for this solution. Using this solution and reduction of
order, find a second solution linearly independent with the first one. [3+3]
 7. The ODE 𝑥 2 𝑦00 + 𝑥𝑦0 + (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑦 = 0 has a solution in the form
∞
1Õ
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝐽1 (𝑥) ln 𝑥 + 𝑏𝑛𝑥𝑛 .
𝑥 𝑛=0

𝑚
(−1) 𝑘 (𝐻 𝑘 + 𝐻 𝑘−1 ) Õ1
Find 𝑏 0 , and then show that 𝑏 2𝑘 = , where 𝐻𝑚 = . [4]
22𝑘 𝑘!(𝑘 − 1)! 𝑗=1
𝑗

8. Use Rodrigue’s formula for Legendre polynomial 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) to show that all roots of the
equation 𝑃𝑛 (𝑥) = 0 lie in the open interval (−1, 1) and that they are distinct. [3]
∞
h𝑥  1 i Õ
9. For Bessel function 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) we know that exp 𝑡− = 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥)𝑡 𝑛 .
2 𝑡 𝑛=−∞
∫ 𝜋
1

From this deduce that 𝐽𝑛 (𝑥) = cos 𝑛𝜃 − 𝑥 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃. [3]
𝜋 0
10. Find the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the boundary value problem

𝑦00 + 𝜆𝑦 = 0, 𝑦0 (0) = 0, ℎ𝑦(1) + 𝑘 𝑦0 (1) = 0

where ℎ, 𝑘 are given real numbers with ℎ2 + 𝑘 2 > 0. [4]

11. Find the general solution of the PDE

𝑥𝑢 𝑥𝑥 + (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑢 𝑥𝑦 − 𝑦𝑢 𝑦𝑦 = 0, 𝑥 > 0, 𝑦 > 0

by reducing it to its canonical form (𝜉 2 + 4𝜂)𝑢 𝜉𝜂 + 𝜉𝑢 𝜂 = 0. [4+3]

12. Find the solution of the wave equation 𝑢 𝑡𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑥𝑥 = 0 that satisfies the initial conditions
𝑢(𝑥, 0) = 𝑥, 𝑢 𝑡 (𝑥, 0) = 0 and the boundary conditions 𝑢 𝑥 (0, 𝑡) = 0 = 𝑢 𝑥 (𝜋, 𝑡). [3]
Also, show that 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑥 is the solution in the region 0 < 𝑥 − 𝑡 < 𝜋, 0 < 𝑥 + 𝑡 < 𝜋. [3]

13. A laterally insulated bar 𝐴𝐵 of length 𝐿 has its ends 𝐴 and 𝐵 kept at 0 and 𝑢 0 , respectively,
until steady state condition prevails. If the temperature at the end 𝐵 is suddenly reduced
to 0 and then at both the ends it is maintained at 0, then find the temperature in the bar at
any subsequent time. [5]

14. Determine a necessary condition for the Laplace equation with flux boundary conditions
to have a solution. [2]