Multivariate Calculus

Presentation
Aaditya Poonia
2019MTS1073
November 7, 2020

Exercise 13.3

Q: 30.
A force field F(x, y) = (3x2 + 6xy 2 )i + (6x2 y + 4y 2 )j acts on an object moving
in the plane. Show that F is conservative, and find a scalar potential for F.
How much work is done as the object moves from (1, 0) to (0, 1) along any path
connecting these points?

Soln .
Given force field is F(x, y) = (3x2 + 6xy 2 )i + (6x2 y + 4y 2 )j.
Here, the first component function is u(x, y) = 3x2 + 6xy 2 and the second
component function is v(x, y) = 6x2 y + 4y 2 . Now,

∂u ∂
= (3x2 + 6xy 2 )
∂y ∂y
= 12xy and
∂v ∂
= (6x2 y + 4y 2 )
∂x ∂x
= 12xy
∂u ∂v
Clearly, = . So,by cross-partials test, it follows that F is conservative.
∂y ∂x
Since F is conservative, there exists a scalar potential function f such that

F =
∇f
∂f ∂f
= i+ j
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f
⇒ = 3x2 + 6xy 2 and = 6x2 y + 4y 2 (1)
∂x ∂y

1
Now,
Z
∂f
f (x, y) = dx
∂x
Z
= (3x2 + 6xy 2 )dx

= x3 + 3x2 y 2 + h(y)

Now, Differentiate f with respect to y to get

∂f ∂ 3
= (x + 3x2 y 2 + h(y))
∂y ∂y
∂h
= 6x2 y + (2)
∂y

From (1) and (2), we get

∂h
6x2 y + = 6x2 y + 4y 2
∂y
∂h
⇒ = 4y 2
∂y
4y 3
⇒ h(y) = +C
3
So, we get that the scalar potential function for F is
4y 3
f (x, y) = x3 + 3x2 y 2 + + C.
3
R
We know that the work done by a force field along any curve C is C F.dR
We have shown above that force field F is conservative, i.e.,F = ∇f for some
scalar function f .
Therefore, by applying Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals, we get
Z
F.dR = f (Q) − f (P ) where P and Q are end points of C.
C

Here, point P is (1, 0) and point Q is (0, 1).

Therefore, required work done is f (0, 1) − f (1, 0)

4(1)3 4(0)3
⇒ f (0, 1) − f (1, 0) = [(0)3 + 3(0)2 (1)2 + + C] − [(1)3 + 3(1)2 (0)2 + + C]
3 3
4
= −1
3
1
= units.
3

2
Q: 35. R
Verify that the line integral C [(sin y)dx + (3 + x cos y)dy] is independent of
path and then find
 its value. Here, C is the path given parametrically by
πt
R(t) = 2 sin cos(πt)i + (sin−1 t)j for 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
2

Soln .
LetRF = (sin y)i + (3 + x cos y)j. R
So, C [(sin y)dx + (3 + x cos y)dy] = C F.dR
To prove that given integral is path independent, we will prove that the vector
field F is conservative.
Here, the first component function is u(x, y) = sin y and the second component
function is v(x, y) = 3 + x cos y.
Now,
∂u ∂
= (sin y)
∂y ∂y
= cos y and
∂v ∂
= (3 + x cos y)
∂x ∂x
= cos y
∂u ∂v
Clearly, = . So,by cross-partials test, it follows that F is conservative
∂y ∂x
which proves that the given line integral is path independent.

To find the integral-

Since F is conservative, there exists a scalar potential function f such that

F = ∇f
∂f ∂f
= i+ j
∂x ∂y
∂f ∂f
⇒ = sin y and = 3 + x cos y (3)
∂x ∂y
Now,
Z
∂f
f (x, y) = dx
∂x
Z
= (sin y)dx

= x sin y + h(y)

3
Now, Differentiate f with respect to y to get
∂f ∂
= (x sin y + h(y))
∂y ∂y
∂h
= x cos y + (4)
∂y

From (3) and (4), we get

∂h
x cos y + = 3 + x cos y
∂y
∂h
⇒ = 3
∂y
⇒ h(y) = 3y + C

So, we get that the scalar potential function for F is f (x, y) = x sin y + 3y + C.
 
πt
Given parametrisation of C is R(t) = 2 sin cos(πt)i + (sin−1 t)j for
2
0 ≤ t ≤ 1.

End Points-
 
π(0)
R(0) = 2 sin cos(π(0))i + (sin−1 (0))j
2
= 2 sin(0) cos(0) i + 0 j
= 0 i+0 j

 
π(1)
R(1) = 2 sin cos(π(1))i + (sin−1 (1))j
2
π  π
= 2 sin cos(π) i + j
2  2
π
= −2 i + j
2
π
So, end points of C are (0, 0) and (−2, ).
2
We have shown above that force field F is conservative, i.e.,F = ∇f for some
scalar function f .
Therefore, by applying Fundamental Theorem for Line Integrals, we get
Z
F.dR = f (Q) − f (P ) where P and Q are end points of C.
C

4
  π
Here, point P is (0, 0) and point Q is −2, .
2
 π
Therefore, required line integral is f −2, − f (0, 0)
2
 π π π 
⇒ f −2, − f (0, 0) = [(−2) sin +3 + C] − [(0) sin(0) + 3(0) + C].
2  2 2
3π
= −2 + −0
2
 
3π
= −2 .
2