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UNIT CAPACITY BUILDING

3 SIA GROUp

PART-A
SHORT
QUESTIONS WITHsOLUTIONS
01. What is meant by capacity building?

Answerr:
Model Paper-3,01)
The term capacity building refers to the different types of activities involved in improving the skills and infrastructure t

become more effective and sustainable in dealing with any kind of disaster.
Example:A few food control measures include the structural mitigation measures (such as construction of reservoirs, embankments

flood walls) and non-structural measures (such as management of flood plains, flood proofing, wetland management etc).
Q2. What are the structural and non-structural measures for Disaster Risk Reduction.
Model Paper-1, 01
Answer:
According to the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction (UNISDR), as the structural measures are defined
as "Any physical construction to reduce or avoid possible impacts ofhazards, or the application of engineering techniqueso
technology to achieve hazard resistance and resilience in structures or systems". The non-structural measures are measures net
involvingphysical construction which use knowledge, practice or agreement to redyce disaster risks and impacts, in pariular
through policies and laws, raising public awareness, training and education".
The various mitigation measures for floods canbe categorized as structural and non-structural.

Structural Mitigation Measures

The structural mitigation measures include,

Reservoirs for storing impounding monsoon flows.

Preventing overbank spilling by constructing embankments and flood walls.

Construction of proper flow channels.

Improving drainage.
Non-structural Mitigation Measures

The non-structural mitigation measures include,

Managing flood plains by measures such as flood plain zoning, flood proofing,

Wetland management.
Pre-disaster management such as reliet, flood fighting, education.
and
Post-disaster management measures such as relier, fiood fighting, search and rescue, evacuation, medica

psychiatric assistance and flood insurance.

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ahwt noe n eheatkn ondlaatere
Model Paper-s, 010
w

asts Na AYEN ANf kwrning, that ereates an overall perxpective about the knowledge and awareness of
h a v h s i N AN ethotne moans of ensitieing the wwiety about the different types of disasters, deveto Is
R NAYHvne Te Heneral publie must have the awareness and knowledge about the hazards through
aAhNI dnd ivannnaWthM h weyure them ir disáster
mitigation
t the tolkowtng9 acronyma tand tor?

NSDC

A
SAARNCN
CAA
Model Paper-2, Q1

Warhd Metenukagial Oganization.

Natiwnal Seismokogical Datadase C'entre
ntematial Unim of Architects
) sAARCH South Asian Association tor Regional Cooperation of Architects
) CAA Commonwealth Association of Architects.

what s theftul form of the following9?

NDRMP

NCD
TCPOo
ICSU
SCOPE.
Ansrer
National Disaster Risk Management Programme.
NDRMP
NCDAM National Centre tor Disaster Management.

) TCPOD Town and Country Planning Organization.

Intemational Couneil tbr Scientifie Unions.
(iv) ICSUJ
Problems of Bnvironment.
(SCOPE Scientifie Committee on the
wite the full forms of the following,
9 ASPEI
UNCRD
()UNHCRR
(v) UNAIDS
)WFEOo. Mode! Paper-1, Q1(0
Ansurer
of Seismology and Physics of Earth's Interiot
LASPEI International Association

i) UNCRD for Regional Development.

United Nations Centre
for Refugees.
i) UNHCR United Nations High Commissian
Nations Programme on
v) UNADS HIV/AIDS.
,United Organizations.
WFEO .
World Federation of Engineering
on the TILE COVER
before you buy
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 UNIT-3 Capacity Building
07. Write the full forms of the following,
NDRF

(1) NDMF
(i) NCDM
(iv) NIDM
(v EPTRI.
Answerr:
) NDRF National Disaster Response Force.
ii) NDMF National Disaster Mitigation Fund.
(ii) NCDM National Centre for Disaster Management.
(iv) NIDM National Institute of Disaster Management.
Institute.
(v) EPTRI Environment Protection Training and Research
Q8. Enumerate the various acts for Environmental Protection in India.

Answer: Model Paper-2, Ot

(a) The Indian Forest Act, 1927.
(b) Factories Act, 1948.
(c) Factories Amendment Act, 1987.
(d) Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974.
Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution,) Act, 1981.
(h) Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986.
The Public Liability Insurance Act, 1991.
Biological Diversity Act, 2002.
(k) Forest Rights Act, 2006 (Ministry of Tribal Affairs).
The Cultural Heritage Conservation Bill,
2010.
(m) Mine and Mineral Act, 2010
(n) National Green Tribunal Act, 2010.
Q9. Enlist some of the legal
provisions for disaster management.
Answer:

(a) The Water Act, 1974.

(b) The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980.
(c) Wetlands (Conservation and Management) Rules, 2010.
(d) Coastal Regulation Zone'Notification, 2011,
() Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 2010.
( Professional Engineers (Amendment) Act, 2012.
(Biological DiversityAct, 2002.
(h) Air Act, 1981,
) Environmental Protection Act, 1986:
The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995. .

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 DISA STER ANAGEMENT U-HYDERABADI

ESSAY PART-B
3.1 GAPACITY BUILDING:CQUESTIONS WITH
SsoLUTIONS
CONCEPT STRUCTURAL
AND NON
g10.
010.
Write brlef note
a on MEASURS
capaclty bullding. EASURESs STRUCTURAL
Answer:

For answer refer Unit-I11, Q1,

cording to the United Nations Nov./Dec.-18, (R16), Q1(
nrocess through which International Strategy for Disaster1
chieve their n development
imdividuals, organizeations and societies obtain,duction (UNISDR), capacity development is defined
objectives over time". strengthen and maintain the capbilities to set ana
According to the United Nations
ofanenabling environment with Development
appropriate policy Programme,
icipation, human resource development and legal
2005, (UNDP), capacity
building is
frameworks, institutional development,defined
as "The
ong-tem continuing process, in which all and strengthening of managerial systems. including creation
stakeholders need to be
ranizations professional associations, academics It further community
and others). participated (Ministries, localrecognizes capacity building as
authorities,
nff, Discuss the structural measures non-governmental
for control of floods.
Describe a few conservatlon measures OR
to
prevent floods.
OR Dec.-14, (RO9), Q4(b)
Discuss in brief the various flood
Answer:
control measures.
Flood Control Measures Model Paper-1, Q6(a)
Some of the
strategies for flood management techniques for river floods
. River Engipeering include the following.
The various steps that may be involved in river
(a) Construction of large engineering to prevent large-scale flooding includes,
reservoir dams along the course of a river to release water in a controlled manner.
(b) Using low-lying
depressions and tanks to collect flood discharge.
c) Construction' of flood
embankment or levees.
(d) Desilting and dredging of rivers
by excavation at river bed levels to increase the
() Widening and deepening of river carying capacity of the rivers.
channels
to carry more water.
( River bank erosion can be
prevented using appropriate protection techniques, for instance, the darma-mat
bamboo splicings) is designed to (interwoven
2. prevent river bank' erosion.
Afforestation
Afforestation activities are considered as soft
growing plants and trees near the water bodies. engineering options as they, are ecologically more sensitive. It includes
Plants and trees absorb the rainfall water as well as
the rivers. The
plants provide an excellent protective covering to prevent soil erosion due to the obstruct its flow into
The dead
parts of the plant decompose to form organic matter to collect water and impact of the rainfall.
3. provide nutrition to the soil.
Planned Urban Development on Flood Plains
The chances of flooding can be reduced when we adopt policies related to control of urban development. Other
of flood
management includes, techniques
(a) Raising the plinth area of building above flood level.
0Use of flood-resistant building material for walls, floors and other parts of the building that may lie below the flood
level.
Different types of hardware materials used in areas below the ffood level should be made of stainless or galvanized
steel.
T h e walls and
openings of lower levels of buildings located in food-prone areas should be sealed against water
penetration.
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UNIT-3 Capacity Building
. W h a t are the structural and non-structural mitlaation measures In the event ot a cyclone? 3.8
OR
Discuss the dichotomous approach to mitigatlon of cyclones.
Answer: (Model Paper-2, Q6(a) | Nov.-13, (ROg).0
The mitigation measures to prevent eyclones can be broadly eategorized into two,

1. Structural (or Hard) Mitigation Measures

This category includes the
following
(a) Construction of Seawall and Embankment
to protect the coastal
ne construction of seawalls using reinforced conerete on the inland part of the coast helps citi.
lies
and harbours. Scawalls prevent the entry of sea water into the land during heavy storms.
Embankments or dykes or other allied structures built along the coast prevents the entry ofsaline waters into theagriculur
and horticultural fields.
(b) Coastal Bioshields
The lower tidal zones should have good vegetative cover of Thespesia, Melaleuca, Azadirachtaindica, Pongamiapinnaa,
Acacia, Eucalbyptus, Prosopis sps, Acanthusillicitfolius,Ipomoea biloba, Pandanus, Lagerstroemla sps,mangroveplantatio
of Avicennia sps, Bruguiera sps, Sonneratia, Excoecaria sps, Xylocarpus. Such plantations can intercept and attenuate
storm surges and slow down wiad speeds, thus serve as insurance against future cyclones and tsunamis.

(c) Multipurpose Cyclone Shelters

Multipurpose cyclone shelters must be constructed to protect the vulnerable population from the high velocity of wind
and storm surges. These shelters should be provided with drinking water, sanitation, kitchen and other basicamenities
Cyclone Resistant Housing and Infrastructure
Cyclone resistant housing and infrastructure must be provided for safe shelter and minimize the loss of lives and economy
2. Non-structural (or Soft) Mitigation Measures
One of the ways to reduce loss incurred by a natural catastrophe is by implementation of non-structural measures. It
includes,
(a) Early Warning Symptoms
Early waning symptoms of'an impending disaster has a major role in mitigating the effects of disasters. It enables the
affected people to increase the disaster response operations. The early warning symptoms include detection of signs of
impending catastrophe, analysis of symptoms and dis_eminating information to the concerned people.

(b) Awareness and Education

The development of educational and training programmes is a vital element in any comprehensive disaster mitigation
strategies. Some of the many ways to educate and make people aware of disaster and risk reduction are group discussions,
simulation/role play, videos, supplementary handouts, review sessions, self-assessment exercises, handbooks, posters,
stickers, comic strips.
Community Participation
The community participation in effective disaster risk reduction involves partnership, empowerment, ownership and

capacity building.
Q13. What are the structural mitlgation measures to prevent landslides?

Answer
Mitigation Measures
The mitigation measures taken to prevent landslides are,
Avoid excessive explorgtion of natural resources as it changes the land topography. This may lead to landslides.
1.
Drains and pipelines should be clear as Burtace drainage of water on the slope could lead to tandslides, as the slopes
2.
becomesslippery.
Promote afforestation, as the deeply rooted piants dinas tne soil particles and helps to de-water the slope.
3.
Soil erosion should be avoided on cliff or steep hilly areas
4.

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT 1JNTU-HYDERABAD
ging of channels on the hilly slopes, ns it prevents surface drainage of wate.
Avoid digging
(artificial slope made of earth or stones) and walls should be
Embankments (a. onstructed when the hottom ofa slope is cut
slopes sshould
slopes be reduced by grading or by diverting the water from the slope's surface.
The steep
rone to
to Ilandslhdes should be vegetated with plants. If vegetation is not possible, then use plastic sheeting, erosion
Slopes prone
nats or any
other erosion control material.
Robots can prevent landslides without the loss of human lives. This has heenpractised in Italy, where a Roboclimber
iching four tons prevented landslides and saved many human lives.
easures should be taken to prevent rockfall by installing rock anchors or rock bolts.
10 Landslides
Study of
Case
The occurrence of recent landslides in pune, has been reported by geologists and environmentalists as a man-induced
atet, The main reasons for the occurrence of such type of natural calamity are deforestation, expensive farming. use of heavy
e for flattening the hills slopes, road laying and other construction related activities.
aBring out the Importance of reconstruction of damaged bulldings and the problems associated with It
to ensure the dictum "EBuild back better".

Answer:
(Model Paper-1, a8(b) | Nov.15, (R13), 010(b))
The reconstruction of damaged buildings in the event of an earthquake is relevant and necessary for the following reasons,
To help the disaster victims to live a safe and secure life again.
a)
To bring up children affected by the disaster, to give them a ray of hope for their future.
(b)
To help the elderly and handicapped victims of disaster to start life afresh.
(c)
To secure employment to the people by reconstruction of small and medium sized companies to rebuild their lives.
()
To restore the economic vitality of the community.
e)
T o provide the essential childcare service and to help children get back to normal lives.
The concept of "Build back better" refers to res ration of communities and assets in a manner so that they are less vulnerable
to unprecedented disasters and strengthen their resilience, The emergency affected people generally suffer from serious mental
health problems. The healthcare workers should be better equipped to manage the mental health problems. The recovery actions
should ensure that the communities return to normalcy along with long term goal of reducing the risk and vulnerability.
3.2 CAPACITY ASSESSMENT STRENGTHENING CAPAcITY FOR REDUCING
RISK-COUNTER DiSASTER RESOURCES AND THEIR ABILITY IN DISASTER
MANAGEMENT
015. What interventions can affect reduction of risk in disasters?
Answer (Model Paper-2, astb)|Dec.-14, (RO9), Q2(b)
According to Gilber F. White, adjustment to natural hazards refers to "Human activities intended to reduce or minimize
any negative inmpacts of an extreme event
The adjustments or options leadingt reduction in loss by hazards includes,
Reducing Loss by Affecting the Cause of a Disaster
For example, some of the ways to reduce flood flows is by afforestation, terracing, contour ploughing in drainage basin
eas and river dredging. Similarly, the risk of climate change associated with global warming can be reduced by promoting
ncasures to limit emission of greenhouse gases and encourage the growth of oxygen producing plants in the environment.
2.
Modify the PhysicalProcess of Hazards
The main intention to modify the physical process ofhazards is to lessen the damage potential associated with a particular
disaster.
For instance, dams ate built across the rivers amd streams to block or control the flow of water in them. Construction of
dhnents and levees, pårallel to the river flow, act as a barrier to floods and protect the land. Likewise, afforestation activities
d De promoted, ás forests act as buffering area against strong winds and flash floods.

Application of hazard-resistant designs by mak structural modifications in the buildings to prevent the impact of
bexigenci
a F o r instance, raising the plinth level of buildings make them less vulnerable to floods. Hazard-resistant designs can
The shed by implementing building codes that are established in consultation with builders, architects and the public.
PrOeng codes are meant to improve the quality of new constructions in order to resist catastrophes and thus protect life and
property.
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UNIT-3 Capacity Building
Implementation
One of the
of Non-structural
Measures (a) Transmission of seismic waves at
at varvi
varying speed 3
ways to reduce loss incurred
catastrophe is by by a natural (b) Changes in the magnetio properties and
that includes implementationof non-structural
measures resistance.
cleciriA
early
signs of impending warning symptoms such as detection of
catastrophe, analysis of symptoms and (c) Raise in the ground surface.
disseminating information to the concerned
public awareness to protect people, increase (d) Change in the pressure and levelsof ground
natural events. themselves in case of extreme
3. Sclentific Method of Disaster Prediction
groundwate
4.
Reducing the Impact of Hazard by
Losses Adjusting to (a) Advanced meteorological and satellite
used to predict hurricanes, tornadoes and cve system
Adjusting to losses can be achieved by the foltowing The water level tracking system located in
cyclones
ways, (b) located in buoyy
measure the speed of water currents and
t
(a) Insurance Measures level, to warn about the impending floods, wate
Insurance is a way of
natural hazards. It protecting fixed property against ( c)The initial tremors near a volcanic site
provides the funds that will cover the is an
loss indication of volcanic eruptions.
incurred in case of a disaster.
limitations are: However, the two main
(d Avalanches, landslides and mudflows can be
(i) Insurance policies may not be predicted following heavy snowfall and rainfall
types of disasters.
available for all
Animal Behaviour
(ii) Receiving compensation from It has been observed by several scientists
insurance
companies is not a hassle-free procedure. that the
behaviour pattern of animals, birds and insects change
before
(b) Plan for Losses an impending disaster.

People should create reserve funds to bear the losses Some interesting examples observed so far are,
created by an extreme hazardous event.
Q16. Write the methods to (a) Erratic behaviour of many animals and insects
predict natural disaster_. such as toads, elephants, insects
etc, before the
Answer: Model Paper-1, Q7(a) occurrence of an earthquake.
Disasters, whether natural or
man-induced, cause (b Rushing of buffaloes towards the hills ahead of
massive destruction to life and property. A natural catastrophe earthquake and tsuníami, observed in Indonesia.
is unstoppable and nothing can stop it from recurring except
finding out scientific methods and engineering solutions to (c)Laying of eggs by the crocodiles on river banks
at higher
mitigate the consequences. The best method is to take preventive ground is considered an indication of
measures to makeover the impact of natural hazards as impending floods in Kenya.
as possible.
harmless
(d) In Swaziland, the swazis predict disasters by
Methods To Predict:Natural Disasters indigenous methods. The height of nests on trees
Prediction of natural disasters is centred around the by emahlokohloko bird (Ploceus spp.) on the river
banks is observed by them. When the nests are
following aspects, built at a greater
1. Fractal Method
height on the trees, it indicates
the impending floods.
A fractal is a mathematical formula discovered for the (e) In the Kamchatka
first time by Benoit Mandelbrot, a professor of mathematical region of the Russian Federation
the rolling of dogs on their backs on the snow
science at Yale University, to predict the disasters. Prior to the the au
discovery of fractals, scientists used to predict the disasters
circling of crows in flocks are early warming
using statistical methods. Now-a-days, fractals are béing used
symptoms of blizzard (snowstorm).
to predict hurricanes, floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, ( The sea
gypsies in the southerm coast of Thailan
wildfires and landslides and the tribal communities of and
Nicobar islands used their Andaman
2. Dilatancy Theory indigenous knowleu
to save themselves and others from tsunam
According to this theory, occurrençe, of earthquake December 2004.
can be predicted based on the observations' of rock samples.
(g) ln Japan, the quick eating habits of birds a nthe
When the rocks are stressed, they begin to expand due to the ws) in
formation of micro-cracks and fractures within, thus bringing nest-building
the
behaviour of tsubane (swallo
out a physical change. This results in the following effects, higher floors of båilding is considere as

warning of the forthcoming typhoon.

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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT (JNTU-HYDERABADI
3.8

a17.
idate the pattern of financing disaster
E l u c o
The of funds for the NDRF is from the tax im-
source
management in India.
posed on imported petrol and products, crude oil, motor cars,.
imported multi utility vehicles, two wheelers, mobile phones,
Answert
Nov./Dec.-16, (R13), Q29
pan masala and other tobacco products.
National Institute of Disaster Management
The Whenever a disaster strikes, an Inter Ministerial Central Team
constituted under the Ministry of Home AfMairs, formed which
of India. The institu provides technical support representing the central ministries/department is
by the
NIDM)

is examined
oremment
prepares a report of the calamity. This report
through the Disaster Management Centres
govemmer

staleg
Inter Ministerial Group (IMG) headed by the Home Secretary.
19
S). At
present,
NID provides support to 36 DMCs, six Then the report is placed before the High Level Committee,
are developed as Centres ofExcellence in specialized
o lt h e m a r e
comprising of the Home Minister, Minister for Agriculture
areas offlooa
ood risk management, arthquake risk management, and Vice Chairman of Planning Commission, which is headed
managemeht,
riskma
drough risk management, landslides by Finance Minister, for prôviding funds to the
NDRF. The
yelone
and management of industrial disasters. expenditûre from the relief funds is monitored by the Ministry
management
risk of Home Affairs in a prescribed format. The relief expenditure
In the afternmath of natural
catastrophe, financial
the schemes laid down is also monitored by a web-based computerized tracking system.
istance is
provided based on by the
The accounts of the State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF) are
Cance Commission. The ministry finance, GOI deals with
of
maintained by the Accountant General of the State, which
is
hudects of the relief funds. The processing of request for
General
the Disaster Management Division subsequently assessed by the Comptroller and Auditor
the relief funds is dealt by
of Home Afairs. of India.
ofthe Ministry Q18. Describe the methods ofmonitoring and control
According to the Section 48 (1) of DisasterManagement of environmental hazards.
2005 "The State shall, immediately after
Government
AcL Answer (Model Paper-2, a7(a)| May/June-13, (RO9), O14b))
the State Authority and the
notification issued for constituting Monitoring and control of environmental hazards is
establish for the purpo_e of this Act the
District Authorities, possible by remote sensing technology -
the only way to view
following furnds, namely the happenings on the ground.

(3 The fund to be called the State Disaster Response Fund. Remote sensing is a multidisciplinary science that
various fields of study like optics, spectroscopy,
b) The fund to be called the District Disaster Responseincludes
Fund. photography, computers, electronics and communication,
satellite launching, etc. The technique in remote sensing
State Disaster Mitigation Fund.
(c) The fund to be called the
images
involves taking the earth's surface in various
of
d) The fund to be called the District Disaster Mitigation
Fund. wavelength region of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Remote Sensing Instruments
the funds
The State Government shall ensure that instruments
Committee and Some ofthe different types of remote sensing
established is available to the State Executive photography, Colour
are aerial
used in remote sensing system
the District Authority. Thermal nfrared Multispectral Scanner
Infrared Film (CIR),
The funds allocated to the State Relief Funds based
on
(TIMS), Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL), Synthetic
the recommendations ofthe Finance Commissions for a period Microwave Radar, Ultrasound
Aperture Radar (SAR),
and Gujarat were Resonance Imaging (MRI),
Ofve years. The States of Andhra Pradesh the financial year Identification Systems, Magnetic
X-radiation (X-ray) and
allocated more than 600 crores each during Positron Emission Tomography (PET),
2014-15. space probes.
The funds allocated toeach state are based on the expenses Different types of satellites are used for monitoring and
These include,
10 years for relief control of environmental hazards.
Ted by the state government in the last disasters and the Polar orbiting satellites such
as MTSAT-2,
OK, the susceptibility of the stàte to natural
receives the funds in
()
METEOSAT-9 (MSG-2), NOAA 18, INSAT-3A,
mic status of the state. The SDRF and December. KALPANA-1 (METSAT-1).
ual installments in the months of June Geostationary satellites: Geostationary
satellites such
National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) (ii) real time pictures and
as INSAT and GOES provide

to Section 46(1) of DMAct 2005,

"The Central information about weather predictions on a daily basis.
Govt ACCOrding Official Gazette,
constitute
This enables the meteorologists
to issue early warning
hn e by notification in the Disaster Response Fund for and geographical location
of the disaster so that the
called the National
Dee
meeting hreatening disaster situation or disaster and there emergency response
team can help timely
in evacuation

shal
mall be
credited there to of the in the disaster prone
people
areas.

one or more
mechanical devices
(a) A Government may, after The satellites carry
which the Central on them to take
measurements
amount, law in this known as remote sensors
fitted
by following types,
appropriation. by parliament
in different wavelengths.
The sensors are ofthe

b)
behalf provide, institution
Thermal sensors Foractive fires
Any grants that may bermade by any person or
Infrared sensors For floods
for the purpose ofdisaster1management".
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 UNIT-3 Capacity Building
Natural events cannot be prevented but
3.9
Microwave sensors For put thes
they
-

earthquakes or volcanic can be

to minimise loss of life
and property.
eruptions. managed
Monitoring Famine In most nations, the remote sensing infrastn.
Famine can be forecast by satellite observations of the suffer from financial crunch, technical expertise and nol
that more researcher
rainfall data. The Famine Early commitment. Now, its high time
Warning Systems Network policy makers are involved/engaged in remote sensino
(FEWS NET) use the following remote sensors,
disaster management
sensing for
Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer
(AVHRR) Monitoring Tsunami
(i) Moderate Resolution Imaging
(MODIS).
Spectroradiometer Technology enabled online monitoring system refr
to web-based monitoring through which information ah
Meteosat infrared data, raingauge
reports, and bout a
microwave satellite observations are used to estimate the collected for analysis.
process or object is
rainfall For instance, in case of tsunami detection system, deen
Monitoring Floods ocèan tsunami detection buoy is used by most of the develon
nations in the world. The instrument is used to detect the
Floods and rains can be monitored by the
Tropical
Rainfall Monitoring Mission Satellite. Sentinel Asia consists presence of tsunami waves generated by umdersea earthquakes
of a team of 51
organizations for 18 countries to Components: The main components ofthe deep-ocean tsunami
provide
information regarding early warning and flood damage detection buoy are,
assessment. 1. Pressure Sensor: The pressure sensor is generaly
The Dartmouth Flood Observatory (DFO) has River placed on the sea floor close to the epicenter of a
watch flood detection and measurement potential earthquake,; to measure the change in the heigt
system that collects
information on Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer of the water column above, caused by changes in the
(AMSR-E) to collect information on flood hazards and warn the water pressure.
residents of flood prone areas when rivers are likely to
The disaster managers and government agencies are also warned
flood. 2. Surface Buoy: The surface buoy floats on the surface
of the sea, which receives information about the height
about the impending floods. of the water column by acoustic telemetry and then
Fire Mapping transmittedvia satellite to the tsunami warming centre.
Remote sensing technology is used in fire mapping with The system works under two modes,
the help of MODIS Rapid Response System. The collected data In 'standard' mode, the routine sea-level information
is used to alert people when there is a fire coming in their way. is collected and transmitted via satellite. Whenever the
Earthquake Monitoring pressure sensor detects the scismic wave on the sea floor,
It is difficut to predict earthquakes, but remote sensing the 'event" mode gets triggered, which then transmits
with the help of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar information at short intervals ofone minute duration,to
InSAR) can help to predict the ground motion in millimeters indicate the possible existence ofa tsunami. The system
reverts to 'standard' mode if the seismic events are not
For remaining answer refer Unit-3, Q21, Topic:
felt for four hours.
Seismological Observatory.
Yet, another instrument often used is the Deep-ocean
Cyclone Monitoring
Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis (DART). The
Cyclone monitoring is done using satellite images taken
pressure recorders are placed at the bottom
of the occan
by the world meteorological Organization's Tropical Cyclone that can detect the slightest
Programme. The following parameters are recorded, change in the water pressurt
NASA has designed a tsunami
Storm's position prototype prediction
system to predict the occurrence of a tsunami.
Direction and speed of the storm
Q19. Write short notes on tsunami
Maximums wind speeds warning-the me
odology and its use.
Possible areas that can be affected by the cyclones.
Nov-13, (RO9), Q8{)
The alert warnings are issued to the common public,
government officials, coast guard, NGOs to take appropriate OR
action in çase of an exigency. With respect to the east coast
Kalpana-1 and INSAT-3Á satellites ofIndia are equipped
tsunami suiner
by our country indicate the post disaster
with sensors to record meteorological data
in visible, near
ties undertaken to
actv
infrared ahd short wave infrared wavelengths. The Indian Space
Answer :
mitigate the effects.
Research Organization (ISRO) is involved in space research
Remote Sensing The
tragic tsunami on Decehber-26, 2004, cau Used

using remote sensing satellites. The Indian by

Satellite System (IRS). The images recorded by the IRS gives earthquake in the Indian Ocèanlís considered to
an

Worst catastrophic DEe

information about flood maps, cyclones, warnings of tsunami, tsunami was
event in recent tinkes! The death toll roe
etc. estimated to be around ii6 lakhs and many more

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 3 . 1 0
DISASTER MANAGEMENT JNTU-HYDERABAD)
ported missing Maynnocent ives were lost ductothe lackoftsunamiwaming systemintheIndian oceanand communication
wercture. The post-disaster activities undertaken to mitigate the effects of east coast Tsunami pically includes setting up
nami Early Warning Systems. The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System has been set up at the Indian National Centre
Ocean
Information Services (INCOIS), Hyderabad.
for
The Tsunami Eary warnng System consists of a network of seismic stations, Bottom Pressure Recorders (BPR), tide
and 24 x 7 operational warning center. All these sea-based equipments help to detect tsunamigenic earthquakes, mo

nending tsunamis and information dissemination to the vulnerable populace, using the Jatest means of communication
hone, emails, sms, etc): 'The role of the bottom pressure recorder is to measure the weight of sea-water above it, at an
(fax, 15 minutes. The weight of water differs according to the height of the wave. The signals are sent to a buoy
interval of every
toating on the surface, which conveys its findings to a satelite. The satellie receives data and transmits the information toa
eceivingstationonthe ground. Trde gauges are an important component of the Global Sea Level Observing System (GLOSS).
o GLOSS stations havebeen set up in the Indian Ocean, that send realtime information to the National Tsunami Centre via
he satellite. The solar panels fitted on the GLOSS stations can provide uninterrupted power supply for continuing its operations.
Amesting convenedatthe Regional Integrated Multi-Hazard Early Warning System for Aftrica and Asia (RIMES), a Bangkok
hased 18 member multigovernmental organization, of which India is a member, brought up the issue of building capabilities of
issuing early warnings of Tsunami. According to the latest reports, a tsunami early warning system is going to be serup in ne
South China sea which is expected to be functional very soon. China too, intends to set up a tsunami early warning centre in the

South China Sea. Germany and Indonesia are collaborating to place 10 buoy monitors. Similarly, India, Thailand and Australia
intend to placedartbuoys along the Sunda Trench. The dart buoys help to detect tsunami very far from the coastal region, in the
middle of the sea so that the residents are sufficiently warned much ahead of the impending danger.
020. What are the technologically advanced warning systems avalilable for the following disasters,
() Earthquake
(i) Cyclone
(i) Tsunami
(iv) Flood.
Answer (Model Paper-2, Q7[b) | Dec.-14, (R09), as(a))
Prediction of Hazards and Disasters
Prediction of hazards and disasters is carried out by the nodal agencies of Govermment of India. The diferent nodal
agencies for specific type of disasters are tabulated below,
Type of Disaster Nodal Agency
Cyclone Indian Meteorological Department
Tsunami Indian National Centre for Oceanic Information
Services
Floods Central Water Commission
Landslides Geological Survey of India
Avalanches Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment
Heat and cold waves Indian MeteorologicalDepartment.
Each of the above mentioned nodal agencies are responsible for maintaining the progress of the impending hazard and
om the concermed authorities/agencies at national, state and district levels about the likelihood of the occurrence of disaster.
Earthquake
Centre for Seismology (CS) under the authority of Indian Meteorogical Department (IMD) is a nodal agency of Government
of India that deals with various activities related to field of Seismology and its federal disciplines. The activities carried
out by centre for Seismology are,

2.
Earthquke Monitoring and Services (EMS)
Earthqvake Hazard and Risk Management (EHRA)
3 Earthquake Process and Modelling (EPM)
4. Geographical Observational System (GOS)
5.
Seismio Zgping of India.
recent yearg,Jndian Institute of Technology (TT-Roorkee) proposed a project based on advanced methodology in
(Gnicgtion techapkogy and real time seismology to develop Earthquake Early Warning (EEW)system in North lndia
(along
g Central Seismit Gap (CSG) in Himalayan belt). This project is under process and meant to provide earthquake waming
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 UNIT-3 Capacity Bullding 3.11
prior to significant groundshaking.Itworksthrough Ni.-SWAN(State Wide Area Network) under e y of National
O a n c e plan of Govemment of India. It ncts by creating ( UGi (C losed Under Ciroup) network wilh high speed connectivit,

to State hendquarter, distriet headquarter and hleek hendkquarters. The data ohtained is received and procedl central serve

(Roorkec).
Cyelone
n e tndan Meteorological Department (IMD) iN one of the departments of the Ministry of Earth Sciences o f the lUnion

e n t , wih headquarters in New Delhi. It is responsible for tracking and predicting weather systems, especially the tropical
cyclones.
The impending cyclone is predicted under four stages,
1. Pre-cyclone Wateh
The cyclone alerts are isued about 3 days in advance by the IMD headquarters. The informationis lorwarded to the
cabinet secretary, senior oflicers of Government of Indin, Chief Secretaries of Maritime States, media and all Cyclone
Waming Centres.
2 Cyclone Alert
The cyclone alert is issued two days in advance of the commencement of inclement weather

Cyelone Warnings
The cyclone
warningsare issued twice a day
by high priority telegrams.
Post Landfall Outlook
This stage of cyclone is issued 12 hours before the commencement of the landfall. The cyclone alerts originate from
Advanced Cyclone Warning Centers (ACWC), Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai, which is passed on to the Cyclone Warning
Dissemination System (CWDS) receivers located in coastal areas.
(ii) Tsunami
The Indian Tsunami Early Warning System (ITEWS) at the Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services
(INCOIS),Hyderabad, provide early warnings of tsunami to the coastal areas of the country. Different colour codes are used to
provide information about the intensity of tsunami. The intensity of tsunami, along with its colour code, level of warning and
the action to be taken are presented in tabular form.

Colour Code Level of Warning Action to be Taken

Tsunami warning Red Highest level The coastal residents are required to immediately
move to safer places.
Tsunami Alert Orange Second highest level People are warned from going to the beaches.
Tsunami watch Yellow Third highest level Evacuation of people to safer places may not be
required. However, the local officials should be
prepared for any eventuality.
Tsunami Cancellation Green Fourth highest level No threat as the waves are insignificant.
Tsunami all cleer Green The residents need not panic as the
dangerous
waves are not
expected anymore.
(iv) Flood
The Central Water Comimission issues daily flood bulletins from a network of flood forecasting stations. The information
is conveyed to the authorities/agencies of the Central Government and State Governments/District Administration. The intensity
of floods is classified into the following categories.
Category IV Low floods
Category II Moderate flood
Category I High flood
CategoryI Unprecedented flood.
Landslide.
The Geological Survey of India predicts the landslides and conveys the information to the authorities/agencies of the
Central Government and State Governments/District Adminisrauon. he severity of the landslides are
with category IV as the least severe and category- I as one ofhighest intensity. categorized
into 4 types,
Avalanches
Snow and Avalanche Study Establishment (SASE) of the Detence Research and Development Organization (DRDO),
Chandigarh, predicts the occurrence of avalanches.
The wamings of the different types ofhazards and disasters are issued via the following means - police wireless, AlR
polic
Bulletins, Doordarshan News, Press Bulletins, Aviation Warnings, etc.
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Write in detail about the various institutlons which are involved In dlsaster mitlgation.
a21.
Model Paper-3, a7(e)
Answer

orld Meteorologica Organization

World Meteorological(Organization (WMO) is aspecialized department ofthe UNO, established in 1951, with headquarters
aeva, Switzerland. WMO was reconstituted from International Meteorological Organization that was toundea n io
The member states and territoties of WMO as on August, 2012 are 189 in number. WMO provides information on
corology (weather and climate). hydrology. geophysical sciences (such as seismology. volcanology etc.).
meteorolog

Objectivesof WMO
Protection of life and property agajnst natural disasters.
Protection of the environment and contributing to sustainable development.
To increase the economic and social well being of the people.
To encourage co-operation in the setting-up of networks for making meteorological, climatological, hydrological and
geophysical observations.

To facilitate rapid exchange and processing of data related to meteorological, climatological, hydrological and geophysical
5.
observations.
To provide training, research and technology transfer related to meteorology and geophysical sciences.
.
The WMO has six regional associations called as Regional Specialized Meteorological Centres (R.SMC) for addressing
regional concerns. They are tabulated below.
Region 1- Fiji Meteorological Servic (Nadi, Fiji).
Region 2 India Meteorological Department, Delhi, India, Asia.

Region 3 Honolulu Central Pacifñic Hurricane Center (Honolulu, Hawaii, USA).

Region 4 National Weather Services
National Hurricane Center, Florida, USA.

Region 5 Japan Meteorological Agency, Tokyo.

Meteo-France (Reunion Island, French Overseas Department).
Region 6
The WMO has six tropical cyclone warning centers. They are,

TCWCs Region
S.No
Bureau of Meteorology, Perth, Australia South East Indian Ocean

Arafura Sea and Gulf of Carpentaria

Darwin
2. Bureau of Meteorology,
Coral Sea
3. Bureau of Meteorology, Brisbane
New Guinea Solomon Sea, Gulf of Papua
4. National Weather Service Forecast Office, Papua,
Tasman Sea
Ltd., Wellington, New Zealand
Meteorological Service of New Zealand
L5. Indonesia, Jakarta
South East Indian Ocean
6. Meteorology and Geophysical Agency of

assemble once in every four years with the following objectives,

The delegates of members of WwMO
To execute the programmes
sanctioned by the Congress.
i) Approval of long term plans.
for the following financial period.
(1) To determine the maximum expenses
member organizations.
(v To co-ordinate the activities of the
President of the organization.
(v) To elect the President and Vice
-

india Meteorological Department

is one of the departments
of Ministry of Earth Sciences ofthe Union Government,
ndia Meteorological Department (IMD) for tracking and predicting weather systems, especially the tropical cyclones.
lthcadquartets in New Delhi. It is responsible
with and through the
World Meteorological Organization (WMO).
well established international network
d

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 UNIT-3 Capacity Building
3.13
has 4 General a
Additional Directors
I s tne Director General of Meteorology. The department
Meteorological centres located at Mumbai, h
Delhi. at Pune and
10
Deputy Directors General. IMD has six
New Delhi, Kolkata, Nagpur and
Regional Centres is the Deputy Director Gened
Guwah The head of the Regional Meteorological
administrátive control of
Each of the Regional
Meteorological centres have the following units under the the
Director General. They are, Deputy
1. Forecasting Offices
2 Agrometeorological Advisory Service Centres
3. Flood Meteorological Offices
Area Cyclone Warning Centres
5. Cyclone Warning Centres
6. Space Satelites (Kalpana-1, Megha Tropiques)
7. Meteorological instruments present on IRs Series and INSAT series ofsatellites
8. Meteorological instruments placed on Indian Merchant Marine and Indian Navy Ships
9. Surface and glacial observatories
10. Upper air (high attitude) stations
11. Ozone and radiation observatories
12. Meteorological radar stations.
Other divisions of IMD that deal with specialized subjects include,
. Agricultural meteorology
Civil Aviation
3. ClimatoloEy
4. Hydrometeorology
Instrumentation
6. Meteorological Telecommunication
7. Regional Specialized Meteorological Centre
Positional Astronomy
9. Satellite Meteorology
10. Seismology and
11. Training.
IMD collaborates with various agencies for making meteorological, climatological,
observations, thus contributing to the safely ànd welfare of humanity and the environment. Thesehydrological
and geophysical
include,
(a) Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorolog
(b) National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting
(c) National Institute of Ocean Techrology
(d) Indian Space Research Organization.
Seismological Observatory
The Seismology Division is ong: of the disciplines of the India Meteorological Depártment, located at New Delhi.
The major ativities of the seis1nology division are,
1. Monitoring of seismicity in and around India
There are 212 seismological observatories whicn Torm a national network and all of
them, are
Meteorological Department. Of these, 24 ot them nave been upgraded with broadband digitalmaintained by India
seismographs. The
seismological observatories form network With Cenral Keceiving Station (CRS) and National Seismological Database

Centre (NSDC).

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3.14
Reveareh in Seiamie Aottvitlen
ReNearvh activities related lo
seiwmology
ndia are taken up.
Responding to QuerieN Pertaining to Sefsmology
1he seismology division of IMD
Responds to all queriew pertaining to enrthqunkeN
Publishes national seiwmie data.
xchanges data with national and
agencies.
Provides awsistance to national
involved in seismic studies.
Provides seismie co-eltlcients during construetion
of das.
Developnment and Manufacture of
Instruments
The instrumentation division of IMD is
for development and manufacture of
instruments as well their supply to other institutions.
. National Seismological Database Centre
The Central Receiving Station (CRS) of the IMD
receives information of seismic field station through
VSAT conmmunication network. It is responsible for
the dissenmination of information pertaining to the
earthquakes to the government authorities and the media.
. Monitoring of Microearthquake
The earthquakes with magnitude less than 3 on MM
scale are known as microearthquake. Surveys on
microearthquakes are done to explore geothermal1
resources, evaluate seismotectonics and aftershok
activities.
Volcanology Institutlon
Volcano observatory is an institution which is
for research activities and continuous monitoring of volcanic
activity. Other activities of volcanology institutions include
study of geophysical changes, ground movements, volcanic
gas chemistry, hydrologic conditions etc.
The World Organization of Volcano Observatories
(Wovo) now lists roughly 100 volcano observatories and
research institutes all over the world. The observatories and
volcano research institutes monitor the potentiallylive ones,
Calderas and volcanic fields and issue warnings for the safety
oT general public through the respective government agencies.
Hydrology Laboratory
Indian
The hydrometeorological division of
Meteorological Department at New Delhi has an important
r providing tèchnical assistance to various Central/.
ate government organizations in the field of flood
ecasting, glaciological studies, storm surge forecasts and
hydrometeorological studies.
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The main activities ofhydrology aboratory are
in und near . Monltoring Ralnfall Pattern
The llydrometeorological Division is involved in real-time
monitoring and statistical analysis of rainfall pattern in
nll the districts across India. A network of more than
700 hydrometeorological observatories, more than 200
Agrometeorological Observatories and 3540 raingauge
Ntations are maintained by IMD. Many raingauge
stations are maintained by the other government
internntional
departments such as railways, State Department of
Agriculture, Porestry and Irrigation. private agencies
organizatlonw like coffee and tea plantations. The recorded data from
these agencies are not available for hydrological studies.
2. Provlding Asslstance and Advice on Meteorokogieal
Aspects
The hydrometeorological services provided by the
Seismological
Hydrometeorology Division of IMD is very important
to many agencies such as Central Water Commission,
responsible Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Water Resources,
seismological
Ministry of Railways, Damodar Valley Corporation,
Flood Control Authorities and the State Governments.
The main units of the hydrometeorology division of
IMD are,
(a) Storm Analysis Unit
The Storm Analysis Unit provides hydrometeorological
data-by providing real time storm surge forecasts
by analyzing the rainfall pattern and estimating the
probability of storms for the purpose of railway and
road-bridge construction.
(b) Flood Meteorological Unit
Flood Meteorological Offices have been establisbed
at ten locations which provide flood warnings of the
rivers, particularly, lower Yamuna, Betwa, Narmada,
responsible Tapi, Sabarmati, Mahanadi, Vamsdhara, Brahmaputra,
Godavari, Krishna, Ganga, Gomti, Ghaghara and many
more. The Flood Meteorological Offices established
by IMD are located at Ahmedabad. Asansol, Agra,
Bhubaneswar, Guwahati, Hyderabad, Jalpaiguri,
Lucknow, New Delhi and Patna.
The Flood Meteorological Offices provide
hydrometeorological bulletins containing flood
forecasting using real time telemetry system, heavy
rainfall warning and prepares guidelines for flood early
warning systems.
(c) Design Storm Unit
Design Storm Unit has an important role in the study
of rainfall magnitude and its distribution pattern which
serves as an important input for design engineers for
construction of hydraulic structures, irrigation projects,
dams etc., on various rivers.
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 UNIT-3 Capacity Buikding
() Water Balance Unit
This unit is responsibe for water budgeting and
conservation principles using Thomthwaite
techniques
(e) Glaclology Unit
Glaciological studies are being conducted by the
Glaciology unit to understand the accumulation of snow
in the upper watersheds of the
Himalayan rivers using
remote sensing techniques and
ground observations,
through a network of 27 snow
gauges raingauges
installed in the westem sector of the
Himalayas. This
unit is also invobved in
glaciological expeditions for
meteorological observations to conduct snowmelt
studies
Industrlal Safety Iuspecterates
The industrial safety inspectors are concermed with
the maintenance of good health among
industrial workers
monitoring the environment of the workplaces investigating
sources of pollution, climate
change issues and other
sustainability concems.
They record the safety and health conditions of
workplaces, environnments, equipments and practices, to help
prevent harm to workers, property, environment and the civil
society. The industrial safety inspectors are of the following
types,
Eaviroamental Protection Technicians
The enviromental protection technicians deal with
climate change issues, land use regulations, water
conservation and management, investigation ofsources
of pollution in the enviroament, conducting tests on
polhutant levels, interpretation and analysis of test
resnlts, monitoring environmental pollutants by setting
up equipment like smoke stacks, manufacturing plants
or mechanical equipment.
(b) Health Physies Technicians
The role ofhealth physics technicians is to ensure safety
of workplace in industries that use radioactive material
or people exposed to radioactive material like nuclear
power, scientific research, hospitals, heathcare and
government facilities.
The nuclear activity is monitored by using equipments
like spectrometers and gamma counters. Additional
duties inchude data collection, interpretation and analysis
of data, repairing radioactivity related equipments and
maintaining safety records
Industrial Hygiene Technicians
(
The industrial bygiene technicians are responsible for
inspection of workplace environment equipments to
ensure minimal health hazards in the workkplace
for the
maintenance of good health among industrial workers.
The adverse working conditions at workplace such as
excessive noise, dust vapours, chemicals and
hazardous
materials are examined and dealt by the industrial
hygiene technicians.
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(d) Mine Eaminers
The mine examuners carry out inspecton of workn
kplace
mass environment in underground mines, cspecially e
methane and other avious gases
Planners
lastitutien of lUrban and Reglonal
Urtan and regional planning fir sustainable managem
of resourres and envionmental issues has gained special
ial
| imnortance due to the increased number ot spe ed project
pertaining to urban town regional planning.
and Theadvene
of advanced technologies, cconomie liberalization and the
introduction of bilateral development banks and agencies
(such as the World Bank, European Investment Bank for
reconstruction and development, the Netherlands Developnment
Finance ompany) that provide financial and professional
advise for the purpose of development, especially in the
developing countries and emenging markets.
The Town and Country Planning Organizati (TCPO)
is one of the subordinate ofices of the Ministry of Urban
Development, Govemment of India. This division is involved
in the following activities: town planning. construetion of
roads, buildings and bridges. planning for economic and
social development, water supply for domestic, industrial and
commercial purpose, proper healthcare facilities, maintenance
ofpopulation statistics, regulation of land use for residential and
commercial purpose, provision ofamenities like street-lighting
parking lots, bus stops at public places, public urinals, subways
footpaths, parks, gardens and playgrounds, urban transportation.
metropolitan planning and many more.
Theurban plannèrs have to look into various aspects
of emergency planning and ensure adequate social, economic
and environmental conditions. They need to make a number of
assumptions about what is likely to happen under certain set
of conditions in order to reduce the risks life and
to property
posed by natural and technological hazards.
Chambers of Architects
The Indian Institute of Architects, established in 1917,
comprises of distinguished professionals of mor than l15,000
members. As responsible citizens, the architects have an
important role in contributing to the country's development
through the practice of architecture for the safety and welfare
of humanity and the environment.
The Indian Institute of Architects
collaborates with
various agencies like International Union
qf Architects (IUA)
Commonwealth Association of Architects
Asian Association for (CAA) and South
Cooperation
Regional
(SAARCH) for making observations Architects
on architecture, art and
of
building industries.
A professional architect should consider the following
points
(a) Understand the anatomy of disasters and their
effects
on life,
property and environment.
(6) Understand the strategies of government tot
disaster mitigation.
c) Voluntarily offer service in case of
post disase
reconstruction and retrofitting of buildings.
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DISASTER MANAGEMENT (JNTU
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120
(d)
Provide disnster resistant design ideas. to disaaier mitigation This organization has
Maintain high standards of quality comtrol and ulidivplhnary national c n t t r e nemteT i af
(c)
workmanship for a bulding projeet. and oberveTs, } intematimal dcoplinary *intit
Updated knowledge of current research activities ions, 72 scierntific as gna'ey prel te
at disaster managenment centers and by the NGOs. countries
Engineering Council Aims
Bngincering Council consists of distinguished professiconal The aims of ISU are to,
who contribute to the nation's for tie welare of
engineers
development, by
of damage to construction struetures during
risk of
(a) Promot ite.tional se ience
ucing the nankid jcty
disasters. They have an portant role in post-disaster activities (b) Encouraye int raction of scientist fron
varms

e rescue operations, damage assessment, reconstruction and around ihe world

retrofitting of buildings. disciplines
Acivil engineer may be involved in the following roles (c) Encourage the scientilic community c r o s s the
disaster mitigation: policy makers and planners, structural globe to participate in the international scientic
activities.
engineer, geotechnical engineer, hydrological/irrigation
engineer, environmental engineer/publie health/sanitary 2. Scientifie Committee on the Problems of Environment

engineer, surveyor, ransporlation engineer, marine engineer (SCOPE)

construction manager, project manager, services consultant, SCOPE consists of scientisis and experts whose man

site
supervisor, engineer
site and builder
contractor. All these focus is to address global environmental issue. and in
Varied roles of engineers use the knowledge of science, maths, the design of processes and practices which lower the
logic, economics and experience to ensure that the design of non-renewable resources and ensure
structures follow the engineering ethics, prevent and control
depletion rate of'
a sustainable supply of renewable resources in the
the adverse effects of unforeseen disasters. environment.
National Disaster Risk Management Programme (NDRMP)
The NDRMP has been constituted by the Ministry
Some of the
projects approved by
of SCOPE have been grouped into the lollowing 3 clusters
the(icneralAssembly
of Home Affairs to provide assistance to various states' in Cluster 1: Managing Societal and Natural Resourees
implementing disaster management plans at the state, district,
block/taluka and village levels.
(MSNR)
MSNR includes scientific research projects with
National Centre for Disaster Management (NCDM)
emphasis on implçmentation for a more sustainable biosphere.
The NCDM,, under the Ministry of Agriculture and This group includes the following projects,
Cooperation at the Indian Institute of Public Administration,
Sustainable Biosphere Project (SBP)
-

New Delhi, coordinates the national, state and district level

administrators and other concerned role playèrs in tracking Ecological Engineering and Eoosystem Restoration
natural disasters. - Global Invasive Species Progran1me (GISP)

- Environment in a Global Ihformation Society (EGIS)

Q22. What are the various UN agencies which play a
role in disaster Mitigation work? Describe them.
OR
Write short notes on use of GIs for disaster
relief work.
Dec.-14, (RO9), Q8(d)
OR
What are the various UN agencies which play
a role in disaster mitigation work? Describe in
detail the activities of any one of these aimed
at disaster relief.
Answer (Model Paper-, a7(b) I Nov-13, (R09), a7)
Some of the organizations involved in the research and
disaster mitigation are discussed below,
1.
International Council for Scien tific Unioms (1CSU)
International Council for Scientific Unions now
as the International Council for Science,
is
reterred
with
international non-governmental organization
the main objective to address the challenges caused
by natural disasters, mitigate the impacts of disasters
and improve the policy-making mechanisms related
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- Environmentally Sound Agricultural Practices
-
Urban Water Management
-
Material Flow Analysis
.- Implications of Aquaculture and Mariculture on
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Processes
Environmental Transformations in Peri-urbun Systems.
Custer 2: Ecosystem Processes and Biodiversity (EP&B)
Thisgroup includes projects based on ecosystem
processes and their interaction with human activities, the
importance of biological diversity with reterence to the
ecosystem functioning. This group includes the following
projects.
Nitrogen Transport and Transtofmatioi' Earth
Surface Processes, Material Use and Urbunidevalopment
(ESPROMUD); Solid and Sedimou Biodiversiny and
Ecosystem. Functioning;lDxndnies of Mixad Tree-Grass
Systems; Resilicnce and Behaviour of large-scale Ecosystems;
Land Ocan Nutrient Fluxes; Silica Cycle; Interacion of the
Major Biogeochemical CyelesgiUse of Molecular Biology in
the Study of EnvitonmentaB lssues; International Programme
on Ecosystem Changes.
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Geographie Informatlon System (GIS)
(H&E)
This cluster contains Information System (GIS) is a
projects that develop methods Geographic
for analyzing the chemical risk to
human and non-human based information system which is used as a t puter
tool to
targets or environment. This group includes the analyze th geographic features levents on the eart
following
projects: Mercury Transport and Transformation, Cadmium in surface in a digital form. In a simpler sense, GIS s
the Environment, use
Radioactivity
Vector Bome Diseases and
at Nuclear Sites
(RADSITE), in the ereation ofreal world models based on digital data.
Environmental Change,
Endocrine
Disrupters Modulators Components of a GIS

lnteraational
(IGBP)
Geosphere Biosphere Programme (a) Input System
This is involved in the collection of data. The data i
IGBP is an international entered by devices like scanners, digitizers, global
non-govermmental organization
involved in research activities positioning system, air photos and satellite imagery.
phenomenon of global change.
pertaining
to the

(b) Computer Hardware and Software System

Aims
It is involved in the storage of data as well as data
(a) To study the
physical, chemical and biological management and analysis.
interactions involved in the dynamics of earth's
processes. (c) Output System
b) Stady of changes in the earth's dynmamics. This is involved in the production of hard copy of maps
(c) To understand the role and images.
the changes.
of humans in bringing about
GIS technology is useful in the fields like environmental
World Federation of protection, management of water resources, urban planning,
Engineering Organizations
(WFEO) transportation planning, coastal zone management, natural
WFEO is disaster management, forestry, agriculture and wildlife
an interhational,
non-governmental
organization, set up in 1968 and supported by the management. GIS is also used to analyze the environmental
United Nations impact ofa proposed project,.identify the factors that cause
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organizations (UNESCO) in
Paris. This organization environmental impact, suggest alternative methods to solve the
supports several national and international professional problem and describe the consequences of decision making for
a particular project.
organizations spread over 90 countries to encourage the
development and application of engineering techniques GIS in Disaster Monitoring
for the welfare of mankind.
1 GIS helps in assessing the extent of the
Aims damage and
identify the locations where the disaster has struck or
Tbe main objectives of WFEO are, where people may be trapped/injured or need emergency
(a) To give importance to the engineering discipline medical service and rescue.
internationally. . GIS helps in restoring vital services
such as health
(b) To encourage the practical applications of services, food services, communication services,
engineering. electricity, traffic routes to carry emergency materia,
so that
(c) To facilitate exchange of engineering knowledge human lives can be saved.
among the member nations of the world. 3. In case of
persistent disasters like flood, wildfire,
(d) To encourage sustainable development and poverty extremes of weather events
etc., the GIS users and the
abatement across all nations of the world, through decision makers can warn
shift them to safer areas. people the disasters and
of
proper application of engineering knowledge.
(e) To serve mankind by bringing about awareness 4. The government
officials at regional and national
for prevention and reduction of dámages due to can use the GIS
maps and imagery of disaster
levels
man-made and natural disasters. areas to struck
provide safety, logistical and financial suppor
5. National Academy of Seiences to disaster-affected communitie_.
7.
National Academy of Sciences is a private, non-profit International Association of
society of scientists and intellectuals involved in of Earth's Seismology
Interior (ASPEI)»
and Physies
scientific and engineering research for the advancement i
of science and technology for the welfate of mankind.
IASPEI is one of the semi-autoriómous associations
the
International Union of Geodesy and o
The National Research Council (NR) of National UGG) which is a Geophysic
Academy of Sciences consists of nation's top brass non-governmental, scient
"organization set up in the
scientists, engineers and experts to offer advice on year(tA19. IUGG itself is o
of the 30 scientific unions that
Council for Science oomiprise the Internation
matters pertainingtoscience,technology andmedicine. (IcSU)/1H
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3.18
DISASTER MANAGEMENT IJNTU-HYDERABADI
AlMs
The main objectives ot the Intenational Association of Seismology and Physics of the Earth's Interior are,

(a) To promote the studyof geophysicalprocesses of the earth causing earthquakes,

tsunams c' under siand the
propagation ot seismic waves and to predict the disaster in advance to minimize the consequences lor manxind.

To encourage interaction of scientists from different countries for advancement of research in seismology
(b)
(c) To facilitate research activities in the field of seismology such as comparative study of the instruments used in the
study of earthquakes in different countries and other seismology related matters.
United Nations Centre for Reglonal Development (UNCRD)
UNCRD, established in 1971, is an autonomous specialized agency of the UN family, with the aim to pronote sustainabi
economic, social and environmental development especially in developing countries.

Aims
The main objectives of the United Nations Centre for Regionl Development are to,
(a) Encourage training and research in sustainable development in developing countries.
b) Provide advise on regional development and planning.
(c)Promote scientific research, facilitate exchange of information and practical experience.
(d) Collaborate and facilitate with other agencies, national and international, involved in regional sustainable development
and planning.
The main objectives of Disaster Management Planning Unit of UNCRD are,
(a) Inclusion of disaster management into regional sustainable development plans.
b) Development of regional disaster management plans and technologies by exchange of information, raising pubiic
awareness by the authorities involved in disaster management.
. International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (1DNDR)
The General Assembly of the United Nations on 11h December 1987, has declared 1990's as the International Decade
for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR). The reason for this proclamation is the rising levels of loss of life and property
owing to the occurrence of natural disaster, as well as, wealth of scientific and engineering knowledge that can be used
to reduce losses resulting from disaster
The resolution passed is as follows,
"The objective of the Decade is to reduce, through concerned international action, especially in developing countries,
the loss of life, property damage and social and economic disruption caused by natural disaster, such as earthquakes
windstorms, tsunamis, loods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, grassbopper and locust infestations, drought and
desertification and other calamities of natural origin".
Aims
The main objectives of the IDNDR are,
To strengthen the ability of each country so as to mitigate the effects of natural disasters.
(a)
(6) Assessment of damage caused by the disaster.
To establish early warning systems and disaster resistant structures in areas vulnerable to disasters.
(d) Application of scientific and technical knowledge in disaster mitigation to reduce loss of life and property.
Dissemination of scientific and technical information pertaining to measures for the assessment, prediction, prevention
(e)
and mitigation of natural disasters,
10. UN Agencies in Disaster Management
Team (UN-DMT) in the countries vulnerable to
The UN General Assembly has formed a UN Disaster Management
disasters, led by the UN Resident Coordinator who is the designated representative of the UN Secretary General and the
eam leader of, the UN Country Team and the Chairman of the UN-DMT.
of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization), ILO
(International
The UN-DMT consists of a core group with representatives
Programme),UNESCO(United Nations Educational, Scientific and
urOrganization)XUNDP (United Nations Development
Nations High Commission for Refugees),
I Organizatiót); UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund), UNHCR (United
WHO (World Health Organization) and UNAIDS
EUnited Nations Children's Fund), WFP (World Food Programme), UN agencies when the need arises.
TOgramme on HIV/AIDS). The core group may be enlarged to includç,other
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3.19
Te main odjertives of some of the UN agencies are mentioned below,

ove te a assistance health

in
development efforts.
R a r the of communicable and
prublem emerging diseases.
Promote preventive and curative healthcare.
Foster maternal and child healthcare.
UNESC
Capecity building in disaster prone nations.
Ecourage researvh on national disasters and hazards.
Encourag cducation and public awareness in dealing with disasters.
Conination of early waming systems of disasters and prediction.
omote the development and antipoverty programmes to reduce the impact of disasters.
UNICEF
Provide assistance for the wel-being of children and women as well as nutrition in disaster-struck areas.
Provide logistic support in health related initiatives.
Provide shelter. rehabilitated water systems, family care for orphans, inmmunization programmes and other health initiatives.
NEP

Collaborate with other agencies in caring for the environment.

Provision of early warning of environmental hazard.
Encourage people to improve their quality of life without overconsuming the natural resources beyond the capacity of the
enviroament to replenish themindefinitely.
a23. Enlist the various institutions and national centres involved in natural disaster reduction.

Answer
Some of the institutions and national centres for national disaster reduction are mentioned below
1. Central Disaster Management Authority
it is the apex body set up by the Government ofIndia for implementing disaster management plans to prevent and mitigate
any eventualty.

2 National Centre For Disaster Management (NCDM)

This institute has been set up by the Indian Institute of Public Administration to provide training to government officials
on disaster mitigation and coordinate research activities on disaster management.

3. Centre for Disaster Management

This institute has been set up by Yashwant Rao Chavan Academy of Development Administration to coordinate disaster
managemet activities, develop training modules on disaster management, develop disaster preparedness and capacity

building
Natíonal Information Centre of Earthquake Engineering- IT Kanpur
a storehouse ofthis information in
The aim of this institute is to collect information on earthquake engineering and maintain
disseminate information about the availability
the form of publications and audiovisual materials. 1ne oner ooJective 1s to
researchers and professionals.
of material pertaining to earthquake engineering to interested persons ike Academicians,
Telecom commission, KAlway Board, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of
The institute is sponsored by HUDCO,
Atomic Energy and AICTE.

Disaster Management Instituté, Bhopal

5. prevention or mitigation of consequences of disaster
the year 1987 to develop techniques Tor the
This institute was set up in
for the welfare of people. provides professiona
It uainng and gudance to managers and government officials pertaining
Iamne and cyclones, on-site and off-site emergency
disasters like earthquakes, 1O0ds, arougn,
ta management ofpatural hazards etc.
identification of major
planning, risk analysis,
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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT JNTU-HYDERABAD
3.20

Isaster Mitigation titute, Ahmedabad

Disaster Mitigation Institute was established in Ahmedabad with the prime motive to mitigate and prevent disasters by
D
the following ways:

Assisting and strengthening the decision making process

dil Making critical and objective analysis available to the policy makers.
Eovironment Protection Training and Research Institute (EPTR)
The institute was established by the Govenment of Andhra Pradesh with the aid of Government of India. t has technical
collaborationwith Swedish Intemational Development Agency. The objective of EPTRI is to safeguard life and property
from disasters by providing training and consultaney services in Risk Assessment and Safety Control.
Gujarat State Disaster Management Authority (GSDMA)
GSDMA was established by the Govemment of Gujarat at Gandhinagar on 8h February, 2001 with the following objectives,
To provide relief and rehabilitation to the disaster affected people.
disasters.
) To implement the precautionary programmes and schemes to reduce the impact of natural
cfects
for the occurrence of disasters and suggest remedies to reduce the
(ii) To conduct research and analysis ofreasons
of the same.

To utilize the funds, grants, donations and assistance from the

federal government in the best possible manner lor
(iv)
prevention of disasters.

National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)

9.
India.
National Institute of Disaster Management was Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of
constituted under the
Centres (DMCs). At
to state governments through the Disaster Management
The institute provides technical support of Excellence in specialized areas
to 36 DMCs, six of them are developed as Centres
present, NIDM provides support risk management, drought risk management,
landslides

offlood risk management, earthquake risk management, cyclone

industrial disasters.
risk management and management of
approach
varlous organizations showing their interactions to foster integrated
024. Give aflow chart linking
work.
respect of disaster mitigatlon
In (Model Paper-3, Q6(a)| Now-13, (RO9), Q
Answer

Government of Indja

National Disaster Managemen

Authority
Central Government of Home affairs
Ministry

NIDM NDRF
State Disaster
State Management
Government Authority
Disaster
Management
Department
Pistrict
District
Disaster
Management
|Administration Authority

Panchayate Municipalities|

Working in DisasterMitigation
Figure: Orgenisational
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Q25. Write a note on disaster
3.21
management.
Answer:
Modal Paper-3, Q6(b
DISAster management deals with various types of disasters and measures of avoiding risks. It is a continuous process
naiviauals, groups, communities, the government and some non-governmental organizations (NGOS) wherein
the
essen the
impact of catastrophe. To put it manage disasters to
simply, disaster management is an endeavour to combat
ot disaster any kind.
ne Indian subcontinent is bestowed with unique geo-climatic conditions with a propensity to some of the nattural disasters
IKe
Or
ioods, drought, cyclones, earthquakes, tsunamis etc. These
disasters cause immeasurable loss to life and property. The
the hour is a well-structured and integrated disaster management mechanism. Therefore,
need
appropriate aisaster
Considerations potential losses from hazards, provide proper assistance to themanagement
should be armed to reduce or avoid
disaster and attain
rapid and effective recovery. The goal of disaster victims of
and prepare management should be to reduce hazards, prevent
for emergency situations. disasters
Space technology has the
satellites ike capability to provide vital information
for management of disasters. The earth
multipurpose
and the likelihood of geostationary satellites provide observations about weather conditions including cyclone
observation
genesis of tropical storms. The
Cyclone Warning Centres
monitoring
Cyclone Detection Radars (CDRs) installed along the Indian coastline,
(ACWCs) at Area
Visakhapatnam and Ahmedabad provideCalcutta, Chennai and Mumbai,
and'Cyclone Warning Centres (CWCs) at Bhubaneshwar,
information about the weather conditions to Indian
IMD has the
the cyclone
necessary infrastructure to disseminate information Meteorological Department (IMD).
about the weather conditions like
prone coastal areas, using a number of warnings about cyclones to
people to take necessary steps for the communication channels like telegram, telefax, e-mails
safety of life and etc., thereby alerting
property.
Polar orbiting satéllites
provide higher resolution images, that can be
assessment and
relief management on a long term basis. Communication used for monitoring weather conditions, damage
especially during data collection and satellites provide early warning for better communication
co-ordinating relief operations in disaster struck
(VSAT) and Ultra Small Aperture Terminals regions. Very Small Aperture Terminals
mitigation of catastrophes. (USAT) provide low cost technological solutions
towards disaster management and
Floods occur during monsoon
the due to
Central Water Commission (CwC) underseason overflowing rivers in a heavy rainfall. The flood
the Ministry of
government officials in the respective state Water Resources provides forecasts about theforecasting
flood.
network of
raised areas, barrages, governments, have
implemented some flood mitigation measures like The concerned
embankments, dams, flood walls and sea walls
in construction of
flooding still occurs because the river bed levels of the various flood prone: as.
constituted by the Government of India under the many rivers have risen due to huge Despite these measures,
situation and suggest short term and chairmanship of Chairman, Centralquantities
Water
of silt. The central
task force
been constituted by the long-term measures. The National Disaster
Risk
Commission gauges the flood
Ministry of Home Affairs to provide assistance to the Management Programme
plans at the state, district, block/taluka and various states in (NDRMP) has
village levels. implementing disaster management
Drought is a perennial feature in some parts of
Indian
of India to minimize the
impact of drought in the atfectedsubcontinent.
areas. These
Some measures
have been taken by the
Desert Development
Programme (DDP), National Watershed include
Drought Prone Area Government
Development Programme for Shifting Cultivation Development Project for Rainfed Programme
Areas (NWDPRA), (DPAP)
Afforestation and Eco-development (WDPSC),
Project Scheme (LAEPS). Integrated Water Watershed
Development Project (IWDP), Integrated
Earthquakes are considered to be one of
some measures have been taken the most devastating natural hazards. In order
up for to minimize
form the national core earthquake risk
group for earthquake risk mitigation. group experts in earthquake
A ot thé impact of
earthquakes
mitigation. The municipal engineers, architects andmitiganon to suggest and guide the states on engineering and administrators
Standard (BIS) codes relevant for design and engineers in the various
sectors are trained to abide byaspects of earthquake
Corporation (HUDCO) and the ministry of Rural construction ot buldingsprivate
in seismic zones. The Housing and
the Bureau of Indian
Union Territories in Development nave aevised
building of multi-hazard resistant a Urban Development
construction. programme to train masons in various states and
The National Centrefor Disaster
of Publie Management under the
Administration, New Delhi, coordinates Ministry of Agriculture and
the national, state
players in tracking natural disasters. and district level Cooperation at the Institute
administrators and other Indian
concerned role
In conclusion, it can be said that when a disaster
mitigation can be attained by adopting adequate strikKes, a quick rescue and relief mission is of
preparednesS measures, thereby minimizing loss of vital importance. Disaster
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3.22 DI8ASTER MANAGEMENT 1UNTU-HYDERABAD
3 3 LEo1SLATIVE SUPPORT AT THESTATE AND NATIONAL LEVELS
Q26.
nascrlbe the legal provilslons for dilsaster management.
Da

Anower
Model Paper-3, Q7(b)
Some of the major legal provisions for disaster management are as mentioned below:

The Water Act, 1974

According to the nection 16 (1) of the Act, "Subject to the provisions of this Act, the main function of the Central Board
shall be to promote cleanlineHs of streams and wella in different
of the states."
areas

Section 24 1 (6) states that, "No person shall knowingly cause or permit to enter any stream or any other matter which
end, cither directly or in combination with simple matters, to impede the proper flow of the water of the stream in a manner
ding or likely to lead to a substantial aggravation of pollution due to other cause or of its consequences"
leadis
Sedimentation is a natural physical proces occuring in the aquatic areas (i:e., Jakes, rivers, estuaries, coastal zones, deep
nczans) and lund based areas. Sediments that clog the aquatic areas and land-based areas originate from many sources such as
direcam banks, building lots, construction sites, lawns and streets, agricultural fields, etc. The deposition of sediments can create
such as,
Variety ofproblems
Damage to agricultural lands due to reduced fertility and productivity of soils.
Its deposition in stream channels lowers the flood carying capacity, therefore causing more frequent overflows. Hence
(i)
dredging is carried out to prevent overflow to the nearby areas.
The standard quality of water has to be maintained to be able to provide the same to the disaster affected people.
According to section 17(1) (a) and (), the funçtions of the State Board shall be. "To plan a comprehensive programme
of of streams and wells in the state. The careless dumping of waste (including
for the prevention, control or abatement pollution Section 24(2) (a, b, c and d)
sewage and sanitation)
needs to be strictly prohibited to reduce the effect of disaster a environment.
in or across or on the bank or bed of any stream, any building, bridge, weir,
deal with "Constructing, improvíng or maintaining dvercome the after-effects of a disaster.
or other permanent works" in order to
dam, sluice, dock, pier, drain or sewer
2. The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980
use of forest land for non-forest purpose.
The
on the reservation of forests or
Section 2 of the Act lay down restrictions land.
which have grown naturally in that
restrictions on clearing of trees in the forest
clause (iv) of the section 2 impöses
deforestation poor dams, hydraulic
in rivers and other water bodies include
Anthropogcnic activities that cause flooding imbalance resulting in environmental
Deforestation is one ofthe main reason for ecological
structure failure and its mismanagement. excellent protective covering to prevent
The plants in the forests provide an
deterioration and increased incidence of flooding, the ground prevent water ranoff so
that water
s01l erosion due to the impact of the rainfall.
The leaves of the trees that fall on
thus preventing soil erosion. Clearing
of forests result in soil
Can percolate into the soil. Roots hold the soil particles together
the level of water leading to flooding.
bottom of water bodies, thus raising
erosion. The eroded soil settles to the
Rules), 2010
3. The Wetlands (Conservation and Management reclamation
restriction ofactivities like
(Conservation and Managemet Rules), 2010 impose
Section 4 (1) () ofthe Wetlands
of wetlands.
a plethora of ecological
habitats on the planet as they provide
and productive
The wetlands are one of the most fragile
Services like flood mitigation and erosjon contro.
boat jetties within fity mettes
permanent nature except per
"Construction
restriction on of a commencement of these rules". Thus,
Section 4 (1) (vi) impose in the past ten years
calculated from the date
of
from mean high
ne flood level observed
situation.
event of a flood
Cue operations can be carried out in the to ferry the disaster
victim to safer
of rescue operations
boats can be carried out as part
uring disaster, plyíng of motor
places the disaster victims, prior with approval of
bridges, to rescue sources

Se 4 (2) (ix) allows construction of

temporary pontoon diversion or interruption of water
impoundment,
theC ate on -"Withdrawal of water or
the as pat
State Government
overnment. Section (4) (2) (i)
This is allowed with prior approval of the
withinlocal catchment area of the wetland ecosystem".
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siltation" with prior approval tne slae uovernment.
Or

Section 4 ()(vi) "Dredging only if the wetland is impacted by of rivers by excavation ofriver
-

is
floods is common. Desilting and dredging
important
Ded ievels

he silting ofrivers during quite

to increase the canying capacity of the river, and reduce the impact of foods in future.

4. The Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011

course of seawater that would involve
land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural
on ) (b) prohibius activities are considered
as s o t
engineering
measures for control oferosion, based on scientific including EIA studies. Afforestation
options as they are ecologically more sensitive and impact of disaster.
CRZ in connection with Disaster
Section 4.2 (i) (d) deals withe procedures for clearance of permissible activities in
Management Report, Risk Assessment Report and Management Plan.
Section (V) deals with the contour mapping of the coastline for preparation of coastal zone in depicting floods caused

by tides. waves and sea level rise.

local communities including fishers in
Section 3 () (e) deals with, "Reconstruction, repair works of dwelling units of
accordance with local town and country planning regulations".
they wherever strike. The coastal
yclone, like other natural disasters cause tremendous loss to the lives and property
areas significantly affected. The buildings collapse, houses get blown away, destroying
are infrastructure. Multipurpose cyclone
Bureau of ndian Standards
shelters must be constructed, as the building need to be repaired as per the standards laid down by
(BIS) codes
According to section 8 IGi) (b), Construction of dispensaries, schools, public rain shelter,conmmunitytoilets, bridges, roads,
jetties, water supply, drainage, sewerage which are roquired for traditional inhabitants is a allowed by coastal zone management
authority.
Section 8.1 (G) (d) permits installation of weather radar for monitoring of cyclones movement and prediction by Indian
Meteorological Department.
5. Biological Diversity Aet, 2002
According to section 2 ( of the Act -"Commercial Utilization means end uses of biological resources for commercial
utilization such as drugs, industrial enzymes, food flavours, fragrance, cosmetics, emulsifiers, oleoresins, colours, extracts and
genes used for improving crops and livestock through genetic intervention'.
Droughts are defined as a eondition that arises from too litle precipitation (rain and snow) for an extended period oftim
for normal farming practices. Hence, drought resistant varieties or drought tolerant varieties of crops with high yielding qualities
should be developed to tide over the food insecurity to a large extent.
6. Indian Penal Code
The Indian Penal Code (IPC) is an exhaustive legal dociment comprising of23 ohapters and 511 sections. Following the
insertions and deletions of some sections daring the course oftime, it has currently a total of S38 sections. Chapter XTV, section268
of the IPC defines public nuisance as "A person is guilty of a public nuisnce who does any act or is guilty of an illegal omission
which causes any common injury danger or annoyance to the public or to the people in general who dwell or occupy property in
the vicinity, or which must necessarily.cause înjury, obstruction danger or annoyance to persons who may have occasion to use
any public right. A common nuisance is not excused on the ground that it causes some convenience ot advantage".
The major aspects dealt in this section are public health, safety, convenience, decency and morals, reckless handling of
poisonous, combustive and explosive substances, which may cause harm to human life.
The code of criminal procedure, enacted in 1973 is the main law related to the procedure for
laws in India. Part B of sections 133 to 143 deal with public nuisance. implementation of criminal
Article 14 states that, "The state shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws
within the territory of India". The article can be used to prevent mining activities to protect the environment. The
are granted arbitrarily without considering the impact on the environment. mining projects
Article 48 A deals with the protection and improvement of environment, as well as
This was added by 42nd amendment in the constitution Act 1976. safeguarding of forest and wildlife.
Article 51 A (g) states, "Toprotect
and
improve the narural environment including forests, lakes, rivers and wildlife, and
to have compassion for living creatures.
Environmental Protection laws form an important component oT DIsaster Risk Reduction, in
eficiently and prevent loss of life and property. ordef to manage disasters
The constitutional provisions of India is the supreme law of our country. It contains
laws to provide basic services to the
people.
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 DISASTER MANAGEMENT JNTu-HYDERABADI
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cle 21 of the Indian Constitution states "No person . Function as a link between zilla panchayats and gram
enrived ofhis life or personal liberty except according panchayats.
shallt ablished by law".
procedure
2. Oversee the preparedness of gram panchayats in case
of an eventuality.
guaranteed by
o

The right to life

Article 21 includes the
njoyment
of ution free water'. A wholesome 3. Repair of damaged roads, drainage and canals by the
of
right
environm
is an essenti part of the fundamental right to skilled professionals prior to the occurrence of disaster.
becauset the unprecedented environmental deterioration can Arrange for ready rescue material and information before
ife,
life of present
harm i
and future generationby way of disasters. the occurrence of disaster.
the
Q27. Explain the role of Panchayats in mitigation of Implementation of safety measures in disaster prone
disasters. areas.

. Provision for evacuation of disaster victims. Arrange

Answer:
for transport and shelter to people and livestock.
India was set up during the
The Panchayati Raj System in
ary years of
Independence with the main aim of democratic . Arrange for supply of adequate amounts of food, water,
rural self government, and socio-economic medicines to disaster victims.
decentralization,
of rural parts of India. communication systems to
development . Arrange for emergency
Panchayats disaster victims.
Role of Gram
Coordinate rescue and relief efforts with the militaryy
The lowest tier of Panchayat Raj
Institutions at the 9.
administered by the and the NGOs.
is the Gram Panchayat
village level of
Executive Authorities. The role of gram panchayats in disaster
10. Implement safety guidelines for construction
of long-term
management are as
mentioned below, development projects with the aim
to people of the ensuing mitigation planning.
. To convene meetings warn
of disaster
disasters. 11. Help the gram panchayats in the identification
safety of victims for payment of compensation.
Arrange for temporary shelters
to ensure
2. to disaster
with sufficient 12. Provide assistance in rehabilitation efforts
villagers. The shelters should be equipped victims.
food and water for the villagers and livestock. Proper
medical and sanitation facilities at relief camps for the Role of Zilla Parishad
inhabitants must be ensured. The highest tier, or the ape: dy of the Panchayati Raj
children administered by the Chief
elderly, disabled, Institutions is the 2Zilla Parishad
3. Provision for evacuation ofthe of the Zilla Parishad in disaster
and women and livestock after the final warning. Executive Officer. The role
below:
task forces to rescue managemnent are mentioned
4. Equip the r e s c u e volunteers and Convene meetings with the members
of the Zilla
the disaster victims. 1.
of sectorial departments to take
Parishad and the heads
5. Relief teams must be positioned at strategic
points to the onset of disasters.
with village preventive measures prior
to coordinate the rescue efforts along and temporary relief shelters
2. Arrange for transportation
volunteers. victims.
to accommodate disaster
6. Relief workers should coordinate
with veterinary aid disaster affected areas.
dead bodies and 3. Monitor the rescue efforts in the
Workers in disposal of carcasses, and
of items necessary for rescue
prevent the spread of epidemics. Prepare checklist
a

in the village.
relief operations.
Assessment of loss of life and property Group (CMG) to assist
5. Arrange for Crisis Management
of damaged roads and with counter-disaster
plans the block and village panchayats
8. reconstruction
Devise
buildings. steps.
9. for built structures
to keep a yigil of the crisis
Implement safe construction plans 6. Establish a control room

and developmental projects. situation round the clock.

assistance
10. educate the villagers
Involve the task forces
and NGOs to provide
Arangerment of awareness camps to 1.
in management and mitigation of disasters. during disasters.

Role of Block to the disaster victims.

Mandal Parishad Provide compensation
of anti-
and implementation
the Panchayat Raj
he middle tier/intermediate level ofadministered 9 Supervise the planning
rehabilitation of the
victims.
stitutions is the logk/Mandal Parishad, by the disaster m e a s u r e s for
construction
andal Parishad velopment Oficers. The role of Mandal Implementation of
disaster-resistant

as 10.
ddDevelopment Officers in disaster management are technologies in hazard-prone
areas.
mentioned below, buy
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