Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Information-education- A health education strategy that aims to encourage people to adapt and maintain
communication healthy life practices
Environmental management Planning, organization, performance, and monitoring of activities for the
modification and/or manipulation of environmental factors
Environmental sanitation Interventions to reduce environmental health risks
Sanitation Provision of access to adequate facilities for the safe disposal of human excreta
Eradication Permanent reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific
agent, as a result of deliberate efforts
Elimination Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease in a defined geographic
area as a result of deliberate efforts
Protozoan Unicellular organism
Metazoan Multicellular organism
Classification of Protozoan Parasites
Sarcomastigophora
Sarcodina Acanthamoeba
Endolimax
Entamoeba
Iodamoeba
Naegleria
Mastigophora Chilomastix
Dientamoeba
Giardia
Trichomonas
Leishmania
Trypanosoma
Ciliophora Balantidium
Apicomplexa Babesia
Cryptosporidium
Cyclospora
Isospora
Plasmodium
Toxoplasma
Cestoidea
Cyclophyllidea Dipylidium
Echinococcus
Hymenolepis
Raillientina
Taenia
Pseudophyllidea Diphyllobothrium
Spirometra
Trematoda Artyfechinostomum
Clonorchis
Echinostoma
Fasciola
Fasciolopsis
Heterophyids
Opisthorchis
Paragonimus
Schistosoma
Arthropoda
Arachnida Mites
Scorpions
Spiders
Ticks
Chilopoda Centipedes
Crustacea Copepods
Crabs
Diplopoda Millipedes
Nematodes (Roundworms)
Separate sexes Female = larger, pointed tail
Male = smaller, curved tail
Life cycle Egg stage > Larval stage > Adult stage
Aphasmids Lacks phasmids or caudal chemoreceptors
“TCT”: Trichuris-Capillaria-Trichinella
Phasmids w/ caudal chemoreceptors
Hookworm
S. stercoralis
W. bancrofti
B. malayi
Amphid Cephalic chemoreceptors
Oviparous Lays eggs in unsegmented stage (unembryonated)
Ovoviviparous/oviviparous Lays eggs in segmented stage (embryonated)
Viviparous/larviparous Larva
Frequency “EAT”: Enterobius > Ascaris > Trichuris
Small intestines “CASH”: Capillaria, Ascaris, Strongyloides, Hookworms
Large intestines “ET”: Enterobius, Trichuris
Heart-to-lung migration “ASH”: Ascaris, Strongyloides, Hookworm
Extraintestinal Nematodes Filarial worms = lymphatics and subcutaneous tissues
T. spiralis = muscles
A. cantonensis = meninges
Visceral Larva Migrans T. canis and T. cati
Triad of infection/Unholy 3 “HAT”: Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris
Ascaris lumbricoides
Characteristics Resembles common earthworm
Eggs:
a. Mature when laid (embryonated): “SHOC”
-Schistosoma
-Heterophyes
-Opistorchis
-Clonorchis
b. Immature when laid (unembryonated): “PEFF”
-Paragonimus
-Echinostoma
-Fasciola
-Fasciolopsis
Trematodes
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Characteristics Living worms: creamy white and yellowish
Adult: flat and ribbon-like (masking tape)
1 IH only
Cestode body Scolex = anterior attachment organ
Neck = region of growth
Strobila = chains of segments or proglottids
-Immature, mature, ripe/gravid (filled w/ eggs)
Protozoans
Characteristics Unicellular
Animal-like protists
Division: Fission
No cell wall w/ outer membrane (periplast)
Cytoplasm: ectoplasm (outer) and endoplasm (inner)
Contains at least 1, and some several nuclei
Some contain vacuoles: for storage and transport
Hemotogranules Special organs for locomotion
-Sarcodina/Rhizopoda = Amoeba (pseudopods)
-Mastigophora/Flagellata
-Ciliophora/Ciliata
-Sporozoa = no definite locomotory organelle
Class Rhizopoda
Trophozoites Motile
Feeding stage
Diarrheic/liquid stool
Destroyed by iodine
Cyst Non-motile
Nonfeeding stage
Well-formed stool
Infective stage
Characteristics w/ cystic stage except Entamoeba gingivalis
Inhabit the large intestine except Entamoeba gingivalis
Commensals except Entamoeba histolytica
Arthropods
Copepods (Cyclops) IH of D. latum, D. medinensis and Gnathostoma spinigerum
Pthirus pubis Crab louse
Agent of “crabs”
Myiasis Invasion of mammalian tissues by dipterous larvae (diptera/flies)
Cantharidin Volatile vessicating substance produced by the blisters of beetles of the family
Meloidae
Laboratory Methods
Examination of Blood
Detect agents of Malaria
Babesiosis
Trypanosomiasis
Leishmaniasis
Filariasis
Thick blood films Screening (malaria)
Thin blood films Identification of malarial species
Concentration techniques 1. Preparation of buffy coat smears:
-L. donovani
-Trypanosomes
-Microfilaria
2. Knott’s concentration membrane filtration
-Detection of microfilaria
3. Fluorochrome acridine orange in microhematocrit centrifuge format
-QBC blood parasite detection method
Examination of Fecal Specimens