AUTOMATIC SUN TRACKING SYSTEM

A Project Work
Submitted in particular fulfilment of Requirements for the Award of the
Degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Submitted By
B.MANIKANTA G.SUNIL
(178T1A0308) (188T5A0317)
K.MANI DEEPTHI M.SHIVA KARTHIK
(178T1A0331) (178T1A0338)

Under the Esteemed guidance of

Mr. M.RAM GOPAL M.TECH
Assistant Professor
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DHANEKULA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY

GANGURU,VIJAYAWADA-521 139

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)

(Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada& Approved By AICTE, New Delhi)
2020-2021
 DHANEKULA INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &TECHNOLOGY
GANGURU,VIJAYAWADA-521 139
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the project work entitled " AUTOMATIC SUN TRACKING
SYSTEM" is a bonafide record of project work done jointly by
B.MANIKANTA(178T1A0308) G.SUNIL (188T5A0317)
K.MANI DEEPTHI (178T1A0331) M.SHIVA KARTHIK (178T1A0338)

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in MECHANICAL ENGINEERING to Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University, Kakinada carried out under my guidance and
supervision during the academic year 2020-2021

Mr.M.RAM GOPAL ,M.TECH Dr.O.SRIKANTH

PROJECT GUIDE HEAD OF DEPARTMENT

EXTERNAL EXAMINAR
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We are greatly indebted to Dr.K. Ravi Principal, DHANEKULA INSTITUTE OF

ENGINEERING&TECHNOLOGY for making us available with all the required assistance
and for his support and inspiration to carry out this project in the institute.
We also take privilege to record our thank to Dr.O.SRIKANTH, Head of the
department of MECHANICAL ENGINEERING whose encouragement,cooperation and
valuable support crown our success.
It gives us immense pleasure to thanks our guide Mr. M.RAMGOPAL, for having
been a source of constant inspiration, precious guidance and generous assistance during the
project work. I deem it as a privilege to have worked under her able guidance. Without her
close monitoring and suggestions this work wouldn’t have taken this shape. I feel that her
unsustainable and unforgettable.
We are thankful to the teaching and non-teaching staff of ME department, for their
direct as well as indirect help in our mini project.
Finally, we express our thanks to everyone who helped us directly or indirectly in
completion of our mini project work.
PROJECT ASSOCIATES
B,MANIKANTA (178T1A0308)
G,SUNIL(188T5A0317)
K.MANI DEEPTHI (178T1A0331)

M.SHIVA KARTHIK (178T1A0338)

INSTITUTE
VISION
Pioneering Professional Education Through Quality
MISSION
 Providing Quality Education through State-of-art, infrastructure,
laboratories and committed staff.
 Moulding students as proficient , competent and socially responsible
engineering personnel with ingenious intellect.
 Involving faculty members and students in research and development
works for betterment of society.
Department

Vision

Emerge as Quality Human Resource Provider for Industry and Society in the
field of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

MISSION

 Providing Quality Education through State-of-art resources.

 To develop innovative, proficient Electrical Engineers.
 Promoting Ethical and Moral values among the students so as to make them
responsible professionals for the society.
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs)
Engineering graduates will be able to:
1. Engineering knowledge: apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering
fundamentals and an engineering specialisations to the solution of complex engineering
problems.
2. Problem analysis: identify, formulate, review research literature and analyse complex
engineering problems reaching sustained conclusions using first principles of, of
mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering sciences.
3. Design/Development of solutions: design solutions for complex engineering problems
and design system components or process that meet the specified needs with appropriate
consideration for the public health and safety, and cultural, societal and environmental
considerations.
4. Conduct Investigations of Complex Problems: use research based knowledge and
research methods including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data,
synthesis of the information to provide valid conclusions.
5. Modern tool usage: create, select and appropriate techniques, resources in modern
engineering and IT tools including prediction and modelling to complex engineering
activities with an understanding the limitations.
6. The Engineer and Society: apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to
assess societal, health, safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities
relevant to the professional engineering practice.
7. Environment and Sustainability: understand the impact of the professional engineering
solutions in societal and environmental context and demonstrate the knowledge of and need
for sustainable development.
8. Ethics: apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and
norms of the engineering practice.
9. Individual and Team Work: function effectively as an individual, and as a member or a
leader in diverse teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
10. Communication: communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the
engineering community and with society at large such as, being able to comprehend and write
effective reports and design documentation, make effective presentations, and give and
receive clear instructions.
11. Project Management and finance: demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the
engineering and management principles and apply these to one's own work, as a member and
leader in a team, to manage projects and multidisciplinary environments.
12. Life-Long learning: recognise the need for and have the preparation and ability to
engage in independent and life-long learning in broadcast context of technological change.
 ABSTRACT
Automatic Sun Tracking System is a hybrid hardware/software
prototype, which automatically provides best alignment of solar panel
with the sun, to get maximum output (electricity). In remote areas the
sun is a cheap source of electricity because instead of hydraulic
generators it uses solar cells to produce electricity. While the output
of solar cells depends on the intensity of sunlight and the angle of
incidence.
It means to get maximum efficiency; the solar panels1 must remain in
front of sun during the whole day. But due to rotation of earth those
panels can’t maintain their position always in front of sun. This
problem results in decrease of their efficiency.
Thus to get a constant output, an automated system is required which
should be capable to constantly rotate the solar panel. The Automatic
Sun Tracking System (ASTS) was made as a prototype to solve the
problem, mentioned above. It is completely automatic and keeps the
panel in front of sun until that is visible. The unique feature of this
system is that instead of taking the earth as its reference, it takes the
sun as a guiding source. Its active sensors constantly monitor the
sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction where the intensity
of sunlight is maximum.
S.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO
1 INTRODUCTION
2 SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 FLOW CHART
2.3 SUMMARY
3 IMPLEMENTATION DETAILS
3.1 AROUND UNO
3.2 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY
3.3 LCD INTERFACING
3.4 SOLAR PANEL DESCRIPTION
3.5 DC MOTOR
3.6 LIGHT DEPENDING RESISTOR
3.7 ULTRA SONIC SENSOR
3.8 RELAY
3.9 SUMMARY
4 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
4.1 WORKING
4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN
4.3 HARDWARE KIT
4.4 CODE
4.5 RESULT
4.6 ANALYSIS
4.7 ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS
4.8 SUMMARY
5 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
6 REFERENCES

1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION

Solar energy is an important means of renewable energy resource. Solar tracking urges
extreme solar energy to generate out of the solar panel and enables to maintain a profile with
the sun rays. The goal of our venture is to increase the amount of usable energy by utilizing a
computerized tracking system to capture maximum intensity of the solar rays. This project
deals with development of automated water pumping system using solar tracking. The rapidly
increasing demand for energy calls a need for substitute for fossil fuels. Renewable energy
source exhibits an outstanding figure for producing electricity without any fuel consumption.

Energy plays a major role in the development of the nation. Present day scenario,
huge amount of energy is produced using non-renewable energy sources. 85% of energy
production is dependent on fossil fuels. The resources of the fuels are limited and its usage is
resulting to global warming due to emission of greenhouse gases. To provide a sustainable
power production and safe world to the future generation, there is a rapid increase in need of
energy from renewable resources like solar, wind, geothermal and ocean tidal wave. Solar
radiations are converted into electrical energy by solar panels. Solar panel constitutes of
semiconductor materials. Major component used in the making of solar panel is Silicon,
which is 24.5% efficient.

Abundant water supply in remote locations is required to ensure the grazing evenly.
Water pumping is most accepted and admired application of solar energy in developing
countries such as India. The proposed system is reliable, simple and requires less
maintenance. Many villages in India use fossil fuel-based water pumping system for
irrigation due to a shortage of electricity. Fossil fuel causes great damage to the environment
as they release harmful greenhouse gases. In this research work, we propose a solar energy
based automated water pumping system is implemented to these villagers in terms of cost and
profit. In addition, this can save a lot of water and is environment friendly.
 The demand of water for irrigation purpose is still an issue to be solved in developing
countries, mainly to have the maximum utilization of the amount of intensity rural areas with
energy crisis and environmental pollution captured it is essential to use the tracking system
and hence created mostly by the use of fossil fuel, this problem has to maintain accuracy and
precession. The control circuit for unfolded a solution using solar photovoltaic water
pumping solar tracker is done by Arduino Uno board. This is system. Solar photovoltaic
water pumping system has programmed to detect sunlight using LDR and actuate the become
so popular not only in the agriculture sector but also stepper motor to position the solar panel
where it can for drinking water and micro irrigation applications. receive maximum sunlight.

Stepper motor is controllable, energy efficient, steady and have high tracking
accuracy and suffers little environmental affect. The undertaking is Abundant water supply in
remote locations is required to expected to develop a programmed water system framework
ensure the grazing evenly. Water pumping is most accepted which controls the draw engine
ON/OFF on detecting water and admired application of solar energy in developing level
sensors.

The water pump is attached to the battery. countries such as India. The proposed
system is reliable, Since the pump works on DC power supply, it is directly simple and
requires less maintenance. Many villages in attached to the battery. The water pumping
system also India uses fossil fuel-based water pumping system for consists of water level
sensors used to detect water levels. Fossil fuel causes the second part of the project namely
the water pumping great damage to the environment as they release harmful system consists
of water level sensors, DC motor and greenhouse gases. In this research work, we propose a
solar battery.

The water level sensor is used to control and detect water level in the tank. The solar
energy is stored and it is energy based automated water pumping system is implemented to
these villagers in terms of cost and profit. In collected in battery. The absorbed power is then
sent to the addition, this can save a lot of water and is environment- motor which runs the
pump. Friendly. Increase in cell efficiency, maximizing the power output and employing a
tracking system with solar panel are the three major ways to increase the overall efficiency.
Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) is the process to maximize the output power from
solar panel by keeping the solar panel’s operation on the knee point of P-V characteristics.
MPPT technology only offers the maximum power that can be received from a stationary
array of solar panels at a particular time; it cannot, however, increase the power generation
when the sun is not aligned with the system.

This system is mechanized to track the sun’s position that increases the power output
of solar panel from 30% to 60% than the stationary system. Configuration of Solar Tracking
and Water Pumping System To develop single axis solar tracking system which captures
maximum intensity from the sun rays efficiently store the Solar Panel generated energy in the
battery for the future application to develop automated water pumping system which helps to
Solar panel mainly consists of numerous photovoltaic (PV) cells which is combined to form a
module. These PV cells save water and minimize man power. Overall objective is to build a
power conserving, less use of manpower, resource is made up of semiconductor material
namely silicon that conserving project for the sustainable development and to is usually
connected in series or parallel to get additive help the mankind save time. voltage or current.

The solar panel is basically a P-N junction, when sunlight falls on the PV cell the
electrons gain energy and jumps out of the atom hence leading to the SOLAR TRACKING
SYSTEM flow of electricity. Single axis tracking is done using LDR controlled by Arduino
Uno board and the panel is rotated accordingly Parameter Value which is driven by stepper
motor using the driver L298N. Maximum Power 10 W The I-V and P-V characteristics and
other parameters of Vmax 18Volts solar panel is then obtained. Constant voltage which is
Imax 0.56Amps obtained from the panel is made to store in the rechargeable battery for
future application i.e., Pumping system. The first part of the Weight 1.5kg system, the solar
tracking system consists of LDR, stepper motor and solar panel. These LDR’s are connected
to the solar energy is extracted from the solar panel such that two ends of the solar panel.

Based on the intensity of light maximum energy is captured and made to store in the
falling on the LDR the Arduino will decide the direction of rechargeable type of battery. This
work makes use of a 12V, rotation of stepper motor. Stepper motor is in turn connected
4.5Ah lead acid battery. The battery maintenance is required to the panel. Thus, Arduino
controls the rotation of both for better performance. If the battery is overcharged, it stepper
motor and solar panel. might get heated up and if the battery is over discharged, the electrical
power generated by solar panel depends on the intensity of the solar isolation. The amount of
solar the intensity of the rays falling on the solar panel is sensed energy that passes through
the atmosphere and strikes a using LDR which is controlled and programmed using given
area on the earth over specific time varies with latitude seasons and the weather which is
known as Arduino Nano board.

In the parallel case the relay circuit of insulation (incident solar radiation). Due to the
variation in the water pump is also controlled by the Arduino. Then the intensity of the sun
rays during the day and variations in energy is utilized to run the water pump. Pump is device
that the length of the day, the power generated by the solar panel moves water content by
mechanical action and are most also varies. The current voltage characteristic of the solar
commonly used to lift the water from ground level. In the module provides useful
information. The parameters project the water tank needs to be automatically filled based
obtained from the I-V curve include short circuit current Isc, open circuit voltage Voc,
maximum current Imax, and on levels sensed by ultrasonic sensors.

Maximum voltage Vmax at the maximum power point Pmax. III. Solar Charging
Circuit Solar panel characterization is done by connecting the solar This circuit is mainly
used to maintain constant DC voltage panel in series with the ammeter followed by a rheostat
and obtaining from solar panel. This provides protection from voltmeter connected across the
rheostat. The resistance is over charging and over discharging of the battery. varied and
corresponding solar panel voltage and current are recorded, the I-V curve plotted for a 10W
solar panel. Therefore, there is a need to store the electrical energy generated by the solar
panel during maximum productivity. To achieve this battery is used as, renewable energy
along with batteries allows stand- alone operations and therefore the batteries are now display
showing the water level standard component of solar power system. Later implemented
automation of water pumping system which senses the water level in the tank and
automatically turns on and off the pump, based on the water sensed in the tank which is
programmed using Arduino Uno.

Solar energy is eco-friendly, widely available. The automated water When the solar
panel is exposed to sunlight, the LDR pumping system helps in saving of water and
electricity. As sensors are activated through Arduino code and then the system is automatic
manual interaction is not required. The system designed is efficiently used to run the water
LDR senses the intensity of the sunlight and then decide pump and can be installed at
consumer site. whether the LDR1 or LDR2 is receiving maximum sunlight. And followed by
the rotation of the solar panel through the References DC motor driven by motor driver
L298N in the direction of the maximum intensity.
1.2 LITERATURE SURVEY

This paper describes the complete design and construction of a microcontroller based
automatic solar panel tracking system. The solar panel is fixed and no automatic tracking of
sun light based on its intensity. The System architecture made up of a LDR sensor senses
max solar power which is being given to the Arduino which digitizes the LDR output. Its
active sensors constantly monitor the sunlight and rotate the panel towards the direction
where the intensity of sunlight is maximum. Due to rotation of earth, panels can’t maintain
their position always in front of sun. An automated system is required which should be
capable to constantly rotate solar panel. A unique feature of this system is that instead of
taking the earth as its reference, it takes sun as a guidance.

This paper explains about the effects of global warming and how can we take
advantage from this effect like how the Solar energy is used for electrical energy generation.
Solar tracking System is based on AVR microcontroller, which is a brain of a complete
system. This controller will monitor and control the intensity and rotation respectively. This
system is more cost effective and efficient. System installation is easy. But the trackers are
complex than the fixed solar systems.

This paper includes a solar array, solar frame and two actuators, and also it is a dual-
axis solar tracker capable in extreme weather conditions. It has mechanically linked solar
trackers in a large configuration of solar array, so that they can operate in unison way. This
solar observe the radiation and send to the photovoltaic cell to convert the power from AC to
DC. And it as a moveable technology of solar panels to expose with sun throughout the day.

1.3 PROPOSED METHOD:

The project called “Automatic Solar Tracking System” is produced through installation
of the various nitty-gritty such as solar panel which provides 12 volts as output, an
NodeMcu as MCU, a motor driver – with IC L293D, two LDR sensor module, a 10
r.p.m. simple DC motor, a current sensor and a 9 V battery. Construction of the said
project is being built out of the wooden base installed at the ground of it, affixed with the
iron rods on both the sides in a cross-shaped manner connected with a hollow cylindrical
rod from both the sides and the DC motor is clinging at one edge of the hollow rod.
Three-fold sections into which the circuit of the solar tracking system is divided. The
input stage has two LDR module that is so arranged to form a voltage divider circuit, the
microcontroller is programmed through the software named Arduino ide being decked
up in the system and lastly the driving circuit that has the DC motor helps in rotating the
solar panel. The motor driver is embraced with three terminals- two for motor input/
output respectively and the third one for power input. The terminal for motor input is
connected to 2 of the 14digital input/output pins of Arduino

BLOCK DIAGRAM
 CHAPTER-2
SOLAR TRACKING SYSTEM
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Solar panels are hence used to utilize solar power in electrical means. They are
aligned different arenas to collect maximum solar power. Though, solar panels can be
used to absorb or collect solar power, there work is bounded to certain hours of the day
and the sunlight pouring directly on them,
i.e. the angle between the sunrays and the panel is orthogonal. While at other hours of
the day, the angle of the sunrays is different, hence the amount of the solar power
captured is very less.
To overcome such pitfalls, and encapsulate the maximum available of solar energy the
solar tracking systems were introduced. A solar tracking system is designed with the
intention of keeping the angle between the sunrays and the solar array 90°.
The solar tracking system have three different modules-

 The mechanism

 Driving motors

 The tracking controller.

The mechanism is accountable to furnish with accurate movements, in the sake of
following the footsteps of the sun throughout the day. The prototype of the device is
made durable enough to withstand unfavorable weather condition. This mechanism of
the solar tracking systems classifies themselves into two segments single axis tracker,
dual axis tracker.Single axis tracking can be considered as one of the handy systems or
prime solution in terms of small-scale photovoltaic power plants. Single axis tracking
can be done using three different arrangements, which are based on the different axes of
tracking-
 Inclined shaft installation

 South-North axis horizontal installation

 East-West axis horizontal installation.

The prototype used in this research, is that of a horizontal single axis tracker. The
tracking system utilizes photosensitive sensors to track down the movement or the path
of the sun. This type of tracking technique is classified as active solar tracking. It is
based on feedback control system or closed loop controlling. The intensities of light in
our system are compared and the solar panel is charged to move in the direction of
maximum available intensity.
2.1.2 FLOW CHART

MCU sends a
stop signal to
motor

2.1.1 EFFECT OF LIGHT INTENSITY

Variation in the intensities of light plays a significant role in depicting the amount of
power output. This change in intensities monitors all the technical criterions such as
voltage, circuit current, efficiency, shunt resistance etc. As a result, higher the intensities
of light, greater is the power output.

2.1.2 THE EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR PANEL

The efficiency is one of the most significant criteria which defines the quality of the
output of a certain device. There are many factors which alter the efficiency of a solar
panel. Efficiency can be described as the ration of the input energy through the solar cell
to the energy of the sun. The efficiency of the solar panel is monitored by the light
intensity, material of the solar cell, temperature etc.
2.3 Summary

CHAPTER-3

IMPLEMENTATION DETAILES

3.1 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328 (datasheet). It has 14
digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog inputs, a 16
MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button.
It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer
with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno
differs from all preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter. "Uno" means
one in Italian and is named to mark the upcoming release of Arduino 1.0. The Uno and
version 1.0 will be the reference versions of Arduno, moving forward. The Uno is the latest
in a series of USB Arduino boards, and the reference model for the Arduino platform;

3.1.1 Technical Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328

Operating Voltage 5V

Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V

Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V

Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)

Analog Input Pins 6

DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA

DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA

Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader

SRAM 2 KB

EEPROM 1 KB

Clock Speed 16 MHz

3.1.2 Power

The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
The power

source is selected automatically. External (non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-
DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm
center-positive plug into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the
Gnd and Vin pin headers of the POWER connector. The board can operate on an external
supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less
than five volts and the board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator
may overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

The power pins are as follows:

 VIN. The input voltage to the Arduino board when it's using an external power source
(as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power source). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it through
this pin.

 5V. The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board regulator, or be
supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.

 3V3. A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current draw
is 50 mA.

 GND. Ground pins.

3.1.3 Memory

The Atmega328 has 32 KB of flash memory for storing code (of which 0,5 KB is used for the
bootloader); It has also 2 KB of SRAM and 1 KB of EEPROM (which can be read and
written with the EEPROM library.

3.1.4 Input Output

Each of the 14 digital pins on the Uno can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions. They operate at 5 volts. Each pin can provide or
receive a maximum of 40 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
20-50 kOhms. In addition, some pins have specialized functions

 Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data.
TThese pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL
Serial chip .
 External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a
low value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the attachInterrupt() function
for details·
 PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the analogWrite() function.
 SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI
communication, which,although provided by the underlying hardware, is not currently
included in the Arduino language.
 LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH
value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

The Uno has 6 analog inputs, each of which provide 10 bits of resolution (i.e. 1024 different
values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts, though is it possible to change the
upper end of their range using the AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Additionally, some pins have specialized functionality.

 I2C: 4 (SDA) and 5 (SCL). Support I2C (TWI) communication using the Wire library.

There are a couple of other pins on the board:

 AREF. Reference voltage for the analog inputs. Used with analogReference().
 Reset. Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

3.1.5 Communication

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a computer, another
Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328 provides UART TTL (5V) serial
communication, which is available on

digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega8U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the computer. The
'8U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no external driver is needed.
However, on Windows, an *.inf file is required..

The Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to be sent to
and from the

Arduino board. The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being transmitted
via the USB-toserial chip and USB connection to the computer (but not for serial
communication on pins 0 and 1).
A SoftwareSerial library allows for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins.

The ATmega328 also support I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software
includes a Wire

library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details. To use the SPI
communication,

please see the ATmega328 datasheet.

3.1.6 Programming

Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software (download). Select "Arduino
Uno w/ATmega328" from the Tools > Board menu (according to the microcontroller on
your board). For details,The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with
bootloader that allows you to upload new code to it without the use of externalhardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C header files).

You can also bypass the bootloader and program the microcontroller through the ICSP (In-
Circuit Serial

The ATmega8U2 firmware source code is available . The ATmega8U2 is loaded with a DFU
bootloader, which can be activated by connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board
(near the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2. You can then use Atmel's FLIP software
(Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you
can use the ISP header with an external programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader).

3.1.7 Automatic Software Reset

Rather than requiring a physical press of the reset button before an upload, the Arduino Uno
is designed in a way that allows it to be reset by software running on a connected computer.
One of the hardware flow control lines (DTR) of the ATmega8U2 is connected to the reset
line of the ATmega328 via a 100 nanofarad capacitor. When this line is asserted (taken low),
the reset line drops long enough to reset the chip. The Arduino software uses this capability
to allow you to upload code by simply pressing the upload button in the Arduino
environment. This means that the bootloader can have a shorter timeout, as the lowering of
DTR can be well-coordinated with the start of the upload.
This setup has other implications. When the Uno is connected to either a computer

running Mac OS X or Linux, it resets each time a connection is made to it from software (via
USB). For the following half second or so, the bootloader is running on the Uno. While it is
programmed to ignore malformed data (i.e. anything besides an upload of new code), it will
intercept the first few bytes of data sent to the board after a connection is opened. If a sketch
running on the board receives one-time configuration or other data when it first starts, make
sure that the software with which it communicates waits a second after opening the
connection and before sending this data.

The Uno contains a trace that can be cut to disable the auto-reset. The pads on either side of
the trace can be soldered together to re-enable it. It's labeled "RESET-EN". You may also be
able to disable the auto-reset by connecting a 110 ohm resistor from 5V to the reset line.

3.1.8 Usb Over Current Protection

The Arduino Uno has a resettable polyfuse that protects your computer's USB ports from
shorts and over current. Although most computers provide their own internal protection, the
fuse provides an extra layer of protection. If more than 500 mA is applied to the USB port,
the fuse will automatically break the connection until the short or overload is removed.

3.2 REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

3.2.1 Power Supply:

The input to the circuit is applied from the regulated power supply. The a.c. input i.e., 230V from the
mains supply is step down by the transformer to 12V and is fed to a rectifier. The output obtained
from the rectifier is a pulsating d.c voltage. So in order to get a pure d.c voltage, the output voltage
from the rectifier is fed to a filter to remove any a.c components present even after rectification.
Now, this voltage is given to a voltage regulator to obtain a pure constant dc voltage
3.2.2 Transformer:

Usually, DC voltages are required to operate various electronic equipment and these voltages
are 5V, 9V or 12V. But these voltages cannot be obtained directly. Thus the a.c input
available at the mains supply i.e., 230V is to be brought down to the required voltage level.
This is done by a transformer. Thus, a step down transformer is employed to decrease the
voltage to a required level.

Fig 2: Transformer

3.2.3 Rectifier:

The output from the transformer is fed to the rectifier. It converts A.C. into pulsating D.C.
The rectifier may be a half wave or a full wave rectifier. In this project, a bridge rectifier is
used because of its merits like good stability and full wave rectification.

The Bridge rectifier is a circuit, which converts an ac voltage to dc voltage using both half
cycles of the input ac voltage. The Bridge rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. The circuit
has four diodes connected to form a bridge. The ac input voltage is applied to the diagonally
opposite ends of the bridge. The load resistance is connected between the other two ends of
the bridge.
 Fig 3: Rectifier Circuit

For the positive half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D1 and D3 conduct, whereas diodes
D2 and D4 remain in the OFF state. The conducting diodes will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the load current flows through RL.

For the negative half cycle of the input ac voltage, diodes D2 and D4 conduct whereas, D1
and D3 remain OFF. The conducting diodes D2 and D4 will be in series with the load
resistance RL and hence the current flows through RL in the same direction as in the previous
half cycle.

Fig 4 : Rectifier output Waveforms

3.2.4 Filter:

Capacitive filter is used in this project. It removes the ripples from the output of rectifier and
smoothens the D.C. Output received from this filter is constant until the mains voltage and
load is maintained constant. However, if either of the two is varied, D.C. voltage received at
this point changes. Therefore a regulator is applied at the output stage.

3.2.5 Voltage Regulator:

As the name itself implies, it regulates the input applied to it. A voltage regulator is an
electrical regulator designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. In this
project, power supply of 5V and 12V are required. In order to obtain these voltage levels,
7805 and 7812 voltage regulators are to be used. The first number 78 represents positive
supply and the numbers 05, 12 represent the required output voltage levels. The L78xx series
of three-terminal positive regulators is available in TO-220, TO-220FP, TO-3, D2PAK and
DPAK packages and several fixed output voltages, making it useful in a wide range of
applications. These regulators can provide local on-card regulation, eliminating the
distribution problems associated with single point regulation. Each type employs internal
current limiting, thermal shut-down and safe area protection, making it essentially
indestructible. If adequate heat sinking is provided, they can deliver over 1 A output current.
Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators, these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltage and currents.

3.3 LCD INTERFACING

3.3.1 Description:

The HD44780U dot-matrix liquid crystal display controller and driver LSI displays
alphanumerics, Japanese kana characters, and symbols. It can be configured to drive a dot-
matrix liquid crystal display under the control of a 4- or 8-bit microprocessor. Since all the
functions such as display RAM, character generator, and liquid crystal driver, required for
driving a dot-matrix liquid crystal display are internally provided on one chip, a minimal
system can be interfaced with this controller/driver. A single HD44780U can display up to
one 8-character line or two 8-character lines. The HD44780U has pin function compatibility
with the HD44780S which allows the user to easily replace an LCD-II with an HD44780U.
The HD44780U character generator ROM is extended to generate 208 5 X 8 dot character
fonts and 32 5 X 10 dot character fonts for a total of 240 different character fonts. The low
power supply (2.7V to 5.5V) of the HD44780U is suitable for any portable battery-driven
product requiring low power dissipation. The most commonly used Character based LCD’s
are based on Hitachi's HD44780 controller or other which are compatible with HD44580. In
this tutorial, we will discuss about character based LCD’s, their interfacing with various
microcontrollers, various interfaces (8-bit/4-bit), programming, special stuff and tricks you
can do with these simple looking LCD’s which can give a new look to your application.
 Fig 5: LCD Pin Diagram

Table 1: Character LCD pins with Controller

Pin No. Name Description

Pin no. 1 D7 Data bus line 7 (MSB)

Pin no. 2 D6 Data bus line 6

Pin no. 3 D5 Data bus line 5

Pin no. 4 D4 Data bus line 4

Pin no. 5 D3 Data bus line 3

Pin no. 6 D2 Data bus line 2

Pin no. 7 D1 Data bus line 1

Pin no. 8 D0 Data bus line 0 (LSB)

Enable signal for row 0 and 1

Pin no. 9 EN1
(1stcontroller)

0 = Write to LCD module

Pin no. 10 R/W
1 = Read from LCD module
 0 = Instruction input
Pin no. 11 RS
1 = Data input

Pin no. 12 VEE Contrast adjust

Pin no. 13 VSS Power supply (GND)

Pin no. 14 VCC Power supply (+5V)

Enable signal for row 2 and 3

Pin no. 15 EN2
(2ndcontroller)

Pin no. 16 NC Not Connected

Sending Commands to LCD

To send commands we simply need to select the command register. Everything is same as we
have done in the initialization routine. But we will summarize the common steps and put
them in a single subroutine. Following are the steps:

 Move data to LCD port

 select command register
 select write operation
 send enable signal
 wait for LCD to process the command

CODE:

void LCD_command(unsigned char var)
{
     LCD_data = var;      //Function set: 2 Line, 8-bit, 5x7 dots
     LCD_rs   = 0;        //Selected command register
     LCD_rw   = 0;        //We are writing in instruction register
     LCD_en   = 1;        //Enable H->L
     LCD_en   = 0;
     LCD_busy();          //Wait for LCD to process the command
}
// Using the above function is really simple
// var will carry the command for LCD
// e.g.
//
// LCD_command(0x01);

Sending Data to LCD

To send data we simply need to select the data register. Everything is same as the command
routine. Following are the steps:

 Move data to LCD port

 select data register

 select write operation

 send enable signal

 wait for LCD to process the data

Keeping these steps in mind we can write LCD command routine as.
CODE:

void LCD_senddata(unsigned char var)
{
     LCD_data = var;      //Function set: 2 Line, 8-bit, 5x7 dots
     LCD_rs   = 1;        //Selected data register
     LCD_rw   = 0;        //We are writing
     LCD_en   = 1;        //Enable H->L
     LCD_en   = 0;
     LCD_busy();          //Wait for LCD to process the command
}
// Using the above function is really simple
// we will pass the character to display as argument to function
// e.g.
//
// LCD_senddata('A');

3.4 SOLAR PANEL DESCRIPTION

The solar cell is composed of the semiconductors of the P-N junctions [10-11]. It can
convert light into electric energy. Therefore we can assume that electricity produced using
sunlight shining on the solar cell can be used like common electricity. The equivalent circuit
of the solar cell is shown in Fig. 1.

The current supply I ph represents the electric current generated from the sun beaming on the
solar cell. Rj is the non-linear impedance of the P-N junction. Dj is a P-N junction diode, Rsh
and Rs represent the equivalent lineup with the interior of the materials and connecting
resistances in series. Usually in general analysis, Rsh is large, and the value of Rs is small.
Therefore in order to simplify the process of analysis, one can ignore Rsh and Rs . The
symbol Ro represents the external load. I and V represent the output current and the voltage
of the solar cell, respectively. From the equivalent circuit, and based on the characteristics of
the P-N junction, (1) presents the connection between the output current I and the output
voltage V :
Where np represents the parallel integer of the solar cell; ns represents the series connected
integer of the solar cell; q represents the contained electricity in an electro (1.6×10−19
Columbic); k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38×10−23 J / °K ); T is the temperature of the
solar cell (absolute temperature °K ); and A is the ideal factor of the solar cell ( A = 1 ~ 5 ).
The current sat I in (1) represents the reversion saturation current of the solar power. Further,
sat I can be determined by using the following formula:

MCU

Where Tr represents the reference temperature of the solar cell; Irr is the reversion saturation
current at the time when the solar cell reaches its temperature Tr ; and EGap is the energy
needed for crossing the energy band gap for the semiconductor materials. (the crystalline
EGap ≅ 1.1eV ). From the study we are able to know that when the temperature is fixed, the
stronger the sunlight is, and the higher the open-circuit voltage and short-circuit current are.
Here we can see the obvious effects of illumination on the short-circuit current, rather than
the open-circuit current. Therefore the solar cell can provide higher output rate as the sunlight
becomes stronger, i.e. solar cell facing the sun.

3.5 DC MOTOR

3.5.1 Basics Of Dc Motor

The speed of a DC motor is directly proportional to the supply voltage, so if we reduce the
supply voltage from 12 Volts to 6 Volts, the motor will run at half the speed. How can this be
achieved when the battery is fixed at 12 Volts? The speed controller works by varying the
average voltage sent to the motor. It could do this by simply adjusting the voltage sent to the
motor, but this is quite inefficient to do. A better way is to switch the motor's supply on and
off very quickly. If the switching is fast enough, the motor doesn't notice it, it only notices the
average effect.

When you watch a film in the cinema, or the television, what you are actually seeing is a
series of fixed pictures, which change rapidly enough that your eyes just see the average
effect - movement. Your brain fills in the gaps to give an average effect.

Now imagine a light bulb with a switch. When you close the switch, the bulb goes on and is
at full brightness, say 100 Watts. When you open the switch it goes off (0 Watts). Now if you
close the switch for a fraction of a second, then open it for the same amount of time, the
filament won't have time to cool down and heat up, and you will just get an average glow of
50 Watts. This is how lamp dimmers work, and the same principle is used by speed
controllers to drive a motor. When the switch is closed, the motor sees 12 Volts, and when it
is open it sees 0 Volts. If the switch is open for the same amount of time as it is closed, the
motor will see an average of 6 Volts, and will run more slowly accordingly. The graph below
shows the speed of a motor that is being turned on and off

3.5.2 H-Bridge

An H-bridge is an electronic circuit which enables DC electric motors to be run forwards or

backwards. These circuits are often used in robotics. H-bridges are available as integrated
circuits, or can be built from discrete components.

Fig. 8: H-Bridge Circuit

The two basic states of an H-bridge. The term "H-bridge" is derived from the typical
graphical representation of such a circuit. An H-bridge is built with four switches (solid-state
or mechanical). When the switches S1 and S4 (according to the first figure) are closed (and
S2 and S3 are open) a positive voltage will be applied across the motor. By opening S1 and
S4 switches and closing S2 and S3 switches, this voltage is reversed, allowing reverse
operation of the motor.

Using the nomenclature above, the switches S1 and S2 should never be closed at the same
time, as this would cause a short circuit on the input voltage source. The same applies to the
switches S3 and S4. This condition is known as shoot-through.

3.5.3 Operation
The H-Bridge arrangement is generally used to reverse the polarity of the motor, but can also
be used to 'brake' the motor, where the motor comes to a sudden stop, as the motors terminals
are shorted, or to let the motor 'free run' to a stop, as the motor is effectively disconnected
from the circuit. The following table summarizes operation.

S1 S2 S3 S4 Result

1 0 0 1 Motor moves right

0 1 1 0 Motor moves left

0 0 0 0 Motor free runs

0 1 0 1 Motor brakes
H-Bridge Driver:

The switching property of this H-Bridge can be replaced by a Transistor or a Relay or a

MOSFET or even by an IC. Here we are replacing this with an IC named L293D as the driver
whose description is as given below.

Features:

 600mA OUTPUT CURRENT CAPABILITY

 PER CHANNEL
 1.2A PEAK OUTPUT CURRENT (non repetitive)
 PER CHANNEL
 ENABLE FACILITY
 OVERTEMPERATURE PROTECTION
 LOGICAL "0" INPUT VOLTAGE UP TO 1.5 V
 (HIGH NOISE IMMUNITY)
 INTERNAL CLAMP DIODES

3.5.4 Description:

The Device is a monolithic integrated high voltage, high current four channel driver designed
to accept standard DTL or TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads (such as relays
solenoids, DC and stepping motors) and switching power transistors. To simplify use as two
bridges each pair of channels is equipped with an enable input. A separate supply input is
provided for the logic, allowing operation at a lower voltage and internal clamp diodes are
included. This device is suitable for use in switching applications at frequencies up to 5 kHz.
The L293D is assembled in a 16 lead plastic package which has 4 center pins connected
together and used for heat sinking The L293DD is assembled in a 20 lead surface mount
which has 8 center pins connected together and used for heat sinking.

3.5.5 Block Diagram

Fig 9: Block Diagram of H-Bridge

3.5.6 Pin Connections:

 Fig 10: Pin Diagram of L293D H-Bridge

3.6 LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR:

An LDR is an input transducer (sensor) which converts brightness (light) to resistance. It is
made from cadmium sulphide (CdS) and the resistance decreases as the brightness of light
falling on the LDR increases.

LDR’s or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1,000,000 ohms, but
when they are illuminated with light, the resistance drops dramatically.

Thus in this
project, LDR plays
an important role
in controlling the
electrical
appliances based on the intensity of light i.e., if the intensity of light is more (during daytime)
the loads will be in off condition. And if the intensity of light is less (during nights), the loads
will be switched on.

Fig.11: Ldr Circuit Diagram

In the above circuit we are controlling the load with an LDR device which in turn depends on
the transistor and a switch i.e., nothing but the operation of the above circuit behaves like a
transistor as a switch.

A transistor is a semi conductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic

signals.

In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit,

interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another.

 Transistor can be used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration.

 Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications
including switched mode power supply and low power applications such as logic gates.

 In a grounded-emitter transistor circuit, such as the light-switch circuit shown, as the base
voltage rises the base and collector current rise exponentially, and the collector voltage
drops because of the collector load resistor.

 If the emitter-base and base-collector are in forward bias then it act as a switch.

 At that instant the collector to emitter is shorted, it act as a closed switch.

3.7 ULTRASONIC SENSOR

An ultrasonic sensor is an electronic device that measures the distance of a target object by
emitting ultrasonic sound waves, and converts the reflected sound into an electrical signal.
Ultrasonic waves travel faster than the speed of audible sound (i.e. the sound that humans can
hear). Ultrasonic sensors have two main components: the transmitter (which emits the sound
using piezoelectric crystals) and the receiver (which encounters the sound after it has
travelled to and from the target).

In order to calculate the distance between the sensor and the object, the sensor
measures the time it takes between the emission of the sound by the transmitter to its contact
with the receiver. The formula for this calculation is D = ½ T x C (where D is the distance, T
is the time, and C is the speed of sound ~ 343 meters/second). For example, if a scientist set
up an ultrasonic sensor aimed at a box and it took 0.025 seconds for the sound to bounce
back, the distance between the ultrasonic sensor and the box would be:

D = 0.5 x 0.025 x 343

Ultrasonic sensors are used primarily as

proximity sensors. They can be found in automobile self-
parking technology and anti-collision safety systems. Ultrasonic sensors are also used in
robotic obstacle detection systems, as well as manufacturing technology. In comparison to
infrared (IR) sensors in proximity sensing applications, ultrasonic sensors are not as
susceptible to interference of smoke, gas, and other airborne particles (though the physical
components are still affected by variables such as heat).
Ultrasonic sensors are also used as level sensors to detect, monitor, and regulate
liquid levels in closed containers (such as vats in chemical factories). Most notably,
ultrasonic technology has enabled the medical industry to produce images of internal organs,
identify tumors, and ensure the health of babies in the womb.
3.7.1 Applications
  Used to avoid and detect obstacles with robots like biped robot, obstacle avoider
robot, path finding robot etc.
 Used to measure the distance within a wide range of 2cm to 400cm
 Can be used to map the objects surrounding the sensor by rotating it
 Depth of certain places like wells, pits etc can be measured since the waves can
penetrate through water.
3.8 RELAY
A relay can be defined as a switch. Switches are generally used to close or open the circuit
manually. Relay is also a switch that connects or disconnects two circuits. But instead of
manual operation a relay is applied with electrical signal, which in turn connects or
disconnects another circuit. Relays can be of different types like electromechanical, solid
state. Electromechanical relays are frequently used. Let us see the internal parts of this relay
before knowing about it working. Although many different types of relay were present, their
working is same.
Every electromechanical relay consists of an consists of an
1. Electromagnet
2. Mechanically movable contact
3. Switching points and
4. Spring
Electromagnet is constructed by wounding a copper coil on a metal core. The two ends
of the coil are connected to two pins of the relay as shown. These two are used as DC supply
pins.
Generally, two more contacts will be present, called as switching points to connect high
ampere load. Another contact called common contact is present in order to connect the
switching points.

These contacts are named as normally open (NO), normally closed (NC) and common
(COM) contacts. Relay can be operated using either AC or DC. In case of AC relays, for
every current zero position, the relay coil gets demagnetized and hence there would be a
chance of continues breaking of the circuit. So, AC relays are constructed with special
mechanism such that continues magnetism is provided in order to avoid above problem. Such
mechanisms include electronic circuit arrangement or shaded coil mechanism.
3.8.1 Working of Relay

 Relay works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

 When the electromagnet is applied with some current it induces a magnetic field
around it.
 Above image shows working of the relay. A switch is used to apply DC current to the
load.
 In the relay Copper coil and the iron core acts as electromagnet.
 When the coil is applied with DC current it starts attracting the contact as shown. This
is called energizing of relay.
 When the supply is removed it retrieves back to the original position. This is called
De energizing of relay.
There are also such relays, whose contacts are initially closed and opened when there
is supply i.e., exactly to opposite to the above shown relay. Solid state relays will have
sensing element to sense the input voltage and switches the output using opto-coupling.
3.8.2 Applications

Relays are used to protect the electrical system and to minimize the damage to the equipment
connected in the system due to over currents/voltages. The relay is used for the purpose of
protection of the equipment connected with it.
These are used to control the high voltage circuit with low voltage signal in
applications audio amplifiers and some types of modems. These are used to control a high
current circuit by a low current signal in the applications like starter solenoid in automobile.
These can detect and isolate the faults that occurred in power transmission and distribution
system. Typical application areas of the relays include
 Lighting control systems
 Telecommunication
  Industrial process controllers
 Traffic control
 Motor drives control
 Protection systems of electrical power system
 Computer interfaces
 Automotive
 Home appliances

 3.9 Summary

CHAPTER-4

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION

LCD1
LM016L

DUINO1
VDD
VSS

VEE

RW
RS

D0
D1
D2
D3
D4
D5
D6
D7
E
1
2
3

4
5
6

7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
microcontrolandos.blogspot.com

R1
1k AREF
13
PB5/SCK
12
PB4/MISO
RESET 11
~PB3/MOSI/OC2A
10
~ PB2/SS/OC1B
1

9
~ PB1/OC1A
LDR1 PB0/ICP1/CLKO
8
ATMEGA328P-PU

TORCH_LDR
1121

DIGITAL (~PWM)

7
ANALOG IN

PD7/AIN1
6
A0 ~ PD6/AIN0
PC0/ADC0 5
A1 ~ PD5/T1
PC1/ADC1
2

4
A2 PD4/T0/XCK
PC2/ADC2 3
R2
A3
PC3/ADC3
~ PD3/INT1
2 16 8 U1
A4 PD2/INT0
PC4/ADC4/SDA 1
A5 TX PD1/TXD
PC5/ADC5/SCL 0 2 3
1k RX PD0/RXD IN1 VSS VS OUT1
7 6
IN2 OUT2
1
EN1
1

ARDUINO UNO R3
LDR2
TORCH_LDR 9
EN2
10 11
IN3 OUT3
15 14
IN4 GND GND OUT4
2

L293D

Figure 12: Schematic diagram of the solar panel tracking system.

THEORY OF USING TWO LDR

 Figure 13: Concept of using Two LDR

4.1 WORKING
The figure depicts the notion for the instalment of the light dependent resistors (LDR). A
secure state is attained when the light intensities of the two LDR become the same. The
principal source of light energy, the Sun, moves from east to west. This movement of the
Sun causes the variation in the level of light intensities falling on the two LDRs. The
designed algorithm compares the variation in the light intensities inside the
microcontroller and the motor then is operated to rotate the solar panel, so it moves
aligned with the trail of the light source.
The two LDRs are attached with two sides of the panel. One LDR on the east side of the
panel and other on the west side. The two LDRs are connected to the microcontroller.
Based on the amount of intensity of light falls on the LDRs, the microcontroller decides
the direction in which the panel rotates. The stepper motor is connected to solar panel
and microcontroller. The microcontroller controls the rotation of the stepper motor. Two
switches are connected on the panel stand. When the panel rotates and touches the
switch, the microcontroller stops the rotation of the motor. This helps the solar panel not
to face the ground .So that the panel will always face upwards to track the sunlight. The
electrical energy from the panel is stored in battery. There is no external power supply
needed for stepper motor and microcontroller. A part of power from the battery is
converted from DC to AC using inverter. Which is then given to microcontroller and
stepper motor. The solar water pump is attached to the battery. Since the pump works on
DC power supply, it is straightly attached to the battery. No conversion of DC to AC is
needed for the working of pump. The pump is attached to relay. The soil moisture
detector senses the level of water in the tank. When there is no enough water, soil
moisture detector sends signal to relay to switch on the pump.

4.2 RESEARCH DESIGN

Contemplating the idea of building the said project, the idea that has been conceived
primarily is to make the best use of solar energy. The next path that unravels is firstly the
method to be adopted in storing the solar energy at its maximum level which further
ends up with hatching of the project called “AUTOMATIC SOLAR TRACKING
SYSTEM’’. Culminating towards making the said project caviar in its utilization several
components have been unleashed, some of which are mentioned so-
1. Solar Panel,

2. DC Motor,

3. L293D Motor driver module,

4. Microcontroller (ARDUINO UNO),

5. LDR sensor module,

6. Ultra sonic sensor,

7. LCD,

8. Relay ,

9. Dc pump motor.

All in consolidation of the said components the concerned project is orchestrated,

ought to seek for imbibing the sun rays at its maximum level through the LDR sensor
module etched on the edges of the solar panel in accordance with the length of it,
revolves in aid with the DC motor by maintaining the proportionality of the Sun’s
movement. Therefore, the genesis lies upon the fact of making solar energy a
profitable source in the production of various other aspects which are in rest with the
acute need of the society. In addition to which it would be further worthier to state
that when the world is being maligned and sick through the pollution ruckus this
project could unveil to be a robust endeavour.

4.3 HARDWARE KIT

4.4 CODE
#include<LiquidCrystal.h>
#include <Servo.h>Servo myservo;
/*#define motors PORTD
#define n_rot 0x05
#define s_rot 0x0A
#define e_rot 0xA0
#define w_rot 0x50
#define wait 0x00*/
int e_ldr = 3,w_ldr = 4,m0=6,m1=5;
unsigned int east,west,north,south,ea,we,no,so,du,a[20],i,j;
//RS=13,RW=Gnd,EN=12,D4=11,D5=10,D6=9,D7=8;
LiquidCrystal lcd(13, 12, 8, 9, 10, 11);
const int trigPin = A0; //D4
const int echoPin = A1; //D3
const int motor=A2;
long duration;
int distance;
void setup()
{
pinMode(m0,OUTPUT);
pinMode(m1,OUTPUT);
pinMode(e_ldr,INPUT);
pinMode(w_ldr,INPUT);
pinMode(trigPin, OUTPUT); // Sets the trigPin as an Output
pinMode(echoPin, INPUT); // Sets the echoPin as an Input
pinMode(motor,OUTPUT);
//--------------------
lcd.begin(16, 2);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("SOLAR TRACKING. ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("SYSTEM........! ");
Serial.begin(9600);
delay(2000);
lcd.setCursor(0, 0);
lcd.print("EAST: TURN: ");
lcd.setCursor(0, 1);
lcd.print("WEST: ");
}
void loop()
{
Serial.print("E:");
Serial.print(digitalRead(e_ldr));
Serial.print(" W:");
Serial.println();
lcd.setCursor(5, 0);
lcd.print(digitalRead(e_ldr));
lcd.setCursor(5, 1);
lcd.print(digitalRead(w_ldr));
if(digitalRead(e_ldr)==0 && digitalRead(w_ldr)==1)
{
//Serial.println("EAST-------------");
lcd.setCursor(12, 0);
lcd.print("EAST");
digitalWrite(m0,HIGH);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(m0,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
delay(200);
}
else if(digitalRead(e_ldr)==1 && digitalRead(w_ldr)==0)
{
//Serial.println("WEST-------------");
lcd.setCursor(12, 0);
lcd.print("WEST");
digitalWrite(m0,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,HIGH);
delay(100);
digitalWrite(m0,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
delay(200);
}
else
{
 digitalWrite(m0,LOW);
digitalWrite(m1,LOW);
lcd.setCursor(12, 0);
lcd.print("STBL");
}
ultra_distance();
}
void ultra_distance()
{
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
delayMicroseconds(2);
// Sets the trigPin on HIGH state for 10 micro seconds
digitalWrite(trigPin, HIGH);
delayMicroseconds(10);
digitalWrite(trigPin, LOW);
// Reads the echoPin, returns the sound wave travel time in microseconds
duration = pulseIn(echoPin, HIGH);
// Calculating the distance
distance= duration*0.034/2;
// Prints the distance on the Serial Monitor
Serial.print("Distance: ");
Serial.println(distance);
if(distance<10)
{
digitalWrite(motor,LOW);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(motor,HIGH);
 }
delay(200);
}
4.5 RESULT:

4.6 ANALYSIS

From the tables, it can be seen that the maximum sunlight occurs at around midday, with
maximum values obtained between 1200 hours and 1400 hours. In the morning and late
evening, intensity of sunlight diminishes and the values obtained are less that those
obtained during the day. After sunset, the tracking system is switched off to save energy.
It is switched back on in the morning.

For the panel fitted with the tracking system, the values of the LDRs are expected to be
close. This is because whenever they are in different positions there is an error generated
that enables its movement. The motion of the panel is stopped when the values are the
same, meaning the LDRs receive the same intensity of sunlight. For the fixed panel, the
values vary because the panel is at a fixed position. Therefore, at most times the LDRs
are not facing the sun at the same inclination. This is apart from midday when they are
both almost perpendicular to the sun.
Days with the least cloud cover are the ones that have the most light intensity and
therefore the outputs of the LDRs will be highest. For cloudy days, the values obtained
for the tracking system and the fixed system do not differ too much because the intensity
of light is more or less constant. Any differences are minimal. The tracking system is
most efficient when it is sunny. It will be able to harness most of the solar power which
will be converted into energy. In terms of the power output of the solar panels for
tracking and fixed systems, it is evident that the tracking system will have increased
power output. This is because the power generated by solar panels is dependent on the
intensity of light. The more the light intensity the more the power that will be generated
by the solar panel.
4.7 ADVANTAGES & APPLICATIONS
Advantages:

 Highly sensitive
 Works according to the sun direction
 Fit and Forget system
 Night – Day mode sensing
 Low cost and reliable circuit
 Complete elimination of manpower

Applications:

 Street lights
 Garden Lights
 Solar water heater
 Hotels, hostels and house hold applications
 Offices
 Industries

4.7 Summary
 CHAPTER-5

CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

CONCLUSION

This project presents a solar tracking power generation system. The tracking
controller based on the closed loop algorithm is designed and implemented with Atmel 89S52
MCU in embedded system domain. Set up on the solar tracking system, the light sensitivity
resistors are used to determine the night – day vision. The proposed solar tracking power
generation system can track the sun light automatically. Thus, the efficiency of solar energy
generation can be increased. Experimental work has been carried out carefully. The result
shows that higher generating power efficiency is indeed achieved using the solar tracking
system. The proposed method is verified to be highly beneficial for the solar power
generation.

FUTURE SCOPE

The very embodiment through which the futuristic conundrum be set aside, is the
project called “Automatic Solar Tracking System”. A trailblazer by its spirit, this system
works in its utmost efficiency, whether that be in terms of its pecuniary ability or in
terms of its accessibility. In the smoke of the darkness where pollution engulfing every
spheres of advancement as an outcome of producibility, this device in its very efficiency
work towards only advancement and development by flushing out the pollution at large.

REFERENCES

 Ying-Tung Hsiao, China-Hong Chen, “Maximum Power Tracking for

Photovoltaic Power System,” Conference Record of the 2002 IEEE Industry
Applications Conference. 37th IAS Annual Meeting, ISBN-0-7803-7420-7, 13-
 18 Oct, 2002, pp 1035-1039.
 Mayank Kumar Lokhande, “Automatic Solar Tracking System,” International
Journel of Core Engineering & Management, October, 2014.
 Scott J Hamilton, “Sun-Tracking Solar Cell Array System,” University of
Queensland, Department of Electrical Engineering, 1999
 Furkan Dincer, Mehmet Emin Meral, “Critical Factors that Affecting Efficiency
of Solar Cell,” University of Yuzuncu Yil, Department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering, Van, Turkey, 2010.
 R.Z. Wang, T.S. Ge, “Advances in Solar Heating and Cooling,” Woodhead
Publishing, 2016, Pages 81-93, ISBN 9780081003015,