Physiotherapy in Autism Management

Autism is a complex neuro-behavioral condition that includes impairments in social

interaction and developmental language and communication skills combined with rigid,
repetitive behaviors. Because of the range of symptoms, this condition is now called
autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It covers a large spectrum of symptoms, skills, and
levels of impairment. ASD ranges in severity from a handicap that somewhat limits an
otherwise normal life to a devastating disability that may require institutional care.

People on the autism spectrum have delays, differences or disorders in many areas. In
addition to developmental delays, most have low muscle tone and experience difficulty
with gross motor coordination (running, kicking, throwing, etc.). These issues can
interfere with basic day-to-day functioning, and they’re almost certain to interfere with
social and physical development.

physiotherapists are trained to help with these issues. Not only can a physiotherapist help
your child to build muscle strength and coordination, but she can do so in the context of
sports, recess, and/or gym. As a result, physiotherapy can improve functioning and social
skills at the same time.

Causes and Risk Factors of Autism

Scientists don’t know exactly what causes autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Autism was
first described in the 1940s, but very little was known about it until the last few decades.
Even today, there is a great deal that we don’t know about autism.

Because the disorder is so complex and no two people with autism are exactly alike, there
are probably many causes for autism. It is also likely that there is not a single cause for
autism, but rather that it results from a combination of causes.

Studies are currently ongoing on the following;

 Gene and ASD

A great deal of evidence supports the idea that genes are one of the main causes of
or a major contributor to ASD. More than 100 genes on different chromosomes
may be involved in causing ASD, to different degrees.

Many people with autism have slight changes, called mutations, in many of these genes.
However, the link between genetic mutations and autism is complex:

 InteractionsBetween Gene and Environment

If someone is susceptible to ASD because of genetic mutations, then certain
situations might cause autism in that person. For instance, an infection or contact
with chemicals in the environment could cause autism in someone who is
susceptible because of genetic mutations.However, someone who is genetically
 susceptible might not get an ASD even if he or she has the same experiences.

 OtherBiological Causes
Researchers are also looking into biological factors other than genes that might be
involved in ASD. Some of these include:

 Problems with brainconnections

 Problems withgrowth or overgrowth in certain areas of the brain

 Problems withmetabolism

 Problems in thebody’s immune system, which protects against infections

Symptoms of
Autism
The symptoms of one person with autism can be very different from the symptoms of
another person with autism. Health care providers think of autism as a spectrum disorder
—which means that there is a range of similar features in different people with the
disorder.

Despite the range of possible symptoms, there are certain actions and behaviors that are
common in ASD and could signal that a child is on the autism spectrum. Parents and
caregivers who notice these “red flags” should speak to their child’s health care provider
about autism and screening the child for ASD.

In general, the main signs and symptoms of ASD relate to:

 Communication and interactionswith other people

 Routines or repetitivebehaviors, sometimes called stereotyped

Below are some noticeable symptoms of autism into “red flags” to help parents and
caregivers know what to look for as children grow and develop.

 Communication

 Does not respond to his/her nameby 12 months of age

  Cannot explain what he/she wants

 Doesn’t follow directions

 Seems to hear sometimes, but notother times

 Doesn’t point or wave “bye-bye”

 Used to say a few words orbabble, but now does not

 SocialBehavior

 Doesn’t smile when smiled at

 Has poor eye contact

 Seems to prefer to play alone

 Gets things for him/herself only

 Is very independent for his/herage

 Seems to be in his/her “ownworld”

 Seems to tune people out

 Is not interested in otherchildren

 Doesn’t point out interestingobjects by 14 months of age

 Doesn’t like to play“peek-a-boo”

 Doesn’t try to attract his/herparent’s attention

StereotypedBehavior

 Gets “stuck” doing thesame things over and over and can’t move on to other
things

 Shows unusual attachments totoys, objects, or routines (for example, always

holding a string orhaving to put on socks before pants)

 Spends a lot of time liningthings up or putting things in a certain order

 Repeats words or phrases(sometimes called echolalia)

Management of Autism
Managing ASD involves a multidisciplinary approach. Below are the lists of
Professionals who might be involved in the management of ASD:


BehaviourAnalysis

 ClinicalDietetics

 DevelopmentalPaediatrics

 Neuropsychology

 Nursing

 OccupationalTherapy

 PastoralCare

 Physiatry

 Physiotherapy

 RecreationTherapy

 SocialWork

 Speech-LanguagePathology

In this article, emphasis we will be played on Physiotherapy role in the management of

ASD.

Physiotherapy role in autism spectrum disorder

The basic role is to help children who have difficulty with functional movement, poor
balance, and challenges moving through their environment successfully. Some children
with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) have low muscle tone, some have poor balance,
others may not be well-coordinated, and still others may have a combination of all of the
above. These are all areas that a physiotherapist can be of great help.

After an assessment, the physiotherapist will design and implement a program that will
help to improve the individual child’s areas of need and increase overall function and
participation.

Specific Physiotherapy Areas of Intervention

 GrossMotor Skills: Using large muscles for sitting, standing, walking,running, etc.
  Balance/CoordinationSkills: Involves the brain, bones, and muscles in a
coordinatedeffort for smooth movement; for example, climbing stairs,
jumping,etc.

 Strengthening:Building muscle for support and endurance; for example, to walk

fora distance without becoming tired.
 FunctionalMobility/Motor Planning: Moving through space, day to day,
forindependence and efficiency; for example, to climb onto the rockingchair and
make it rock back and forth.

The Importance of Motor Skills

Gross motor skills enable children to explore and learn from their environment. Young
babies’ neck muscles develop, allowing them to hold their head up and see things from an
upright position. Trunk muscles strengthen, enabling children to sit and soon after crawl
and begin to explore their surroundings on their own. Toddlers learn to walk, climb, and
eventually run. As children become adults, motor skills continue to be important for
independence.

Book an appointment today with us at PCA for your assessment and management