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Lecture: 3b
Topic: Analysis of Stress &
Strain
Mechanics of Solids-II
(CE-205)
Turbine blades are subjected to a complex
Lecturer: Taimoor Shehzad pattern of stress. For design it is necessary to
NUST Balochistan Campus (NBC) determine where and in what direction the
Cell: 0343-8035524, Email: taimoor.qureshi28@gmail.com maximum stress occurs.

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Plane Stress:
When analysing bars in tension and compression, shafts in
torsion, and beams in bending are examples of a state of stress
called plane stress.
To explain plane stress, we will consider the stress
element shown in Fig(a).

Fig (a): 3D view of an element

oriented to the xyz axes

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Plane Stress:
This element is infinitesimal in size and can be sketched either as a cube or as a
rectangular parallelepiped. The xyz axes are parallel to the edges of the element, and the
faces of the element are designated by the directions of their outward normal, as
explained previously.
The right-hand face of the element is referred to as the positive x face, and the left-hand
face (hidden from the viewer) is referred to as the negative x face. Similarly, the top face
is the positive y face, and the front face is the positive z face.

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Plane Stress:
When the material is in plane stress in the xy plane, only the x and y faces of the element
are subjected to stresses, and all stresses act parallel to the x and y axes, as shown in Fig.
A normal stress ϭ has a subscript that identifies the face on which
the stress acts; for instance, the stress ϭx acts on the x face of the
element and the stress ϭy acts on the y face of the element.
The sign convention for normal stresses is the familiar one,
namely, tension is positive and compression is negative.
2D view of the same
element
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Plane Stress:
A shear stress Ʈ has two subscripts—the first subscript denotes the
face on which the stress acts, and the second gives the direction on
that face.
Thus, the stress Ʈxy acts on the x face in the direction of the y axis
and the stress tyx acts on the y face in the direction of the x axis.
2D view of the same
element

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Plane Stress:
The sign convention for shear stresses is as follows. A shear stress
is positive when it acts on a positive face of an element in the
positive direction of an axis, and it is negative when it acts on a
positive face of an element in the negative direction of an axis.
Therefore, the stresses Ʈxy and Ʈyx shown on the positive x and y
faces are positive shear stresses. 2D view of the same
element

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Plane Stress:
Similarly, on a negative face of the element, a shear stress is
positive when it acts in the negative direction of an axis.
Hence, the stresses Ʈxy and Ʈyx shown on the negative x and y
faces of the element are also positive.
One-liner: A shear stress is positive when the directions associated
with its sub-scripts are plus-plus or minus-minus; the stress is 2D view of the same
element
negative when the directions are plus-minus or minus-plus.

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Plane Stress:
The preceding sign convention for shear stresses is consistent with
the equilibrium of the element, because we know that shear stresses
on opposite faces of an infinitesimal element must be equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.

2D view of the same

element

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Stresses on Inclined Sections:
Let’s consider the stresses acting on inclined sections, assuming that
the stresses ϭx, ϭy, and Ʈxy are known.
Now, we choose a wedge- shaped stress element (Fig.) having an
inclined face.

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Stresses on Inclined Sections:
The stresses on the inclined surface are ϭx1 and Ʈx1y1 with their
axis x1 and y1.
In order to write equations of equilibrium for the wedge, we need to
construct a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the
faces.
Let’s denote the area of the left-hand side face (that is, the negative
x face) as A0

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Stresses on Inclined Sections:
The stresses on the inclined surface are ϭx1 and Ʈx1y1 with their
axis x1 and y1.
In order to write equations of equilibrium for the wedge, we need to
construct a free-body diagram showing the forces acting on the
faces.
Let us denote the area of the left-hand side face (that is, the negative
x face) as A0

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Stresses on Inclined Sections:
The forces acting on the left-hand and bottom faces can be
resolved into orthogonal components acting in the x1 and y1
directions. Then we can obtain two equations of equilibrium by
summing forces in those directions. The first equation, obtained by
summing forces in the x1 direction, is
-
෍ 𝐹𝑛
+

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Stresses on Inclined Sections:
In the same manner, summation of forces in the y1 direction gives

+
෍ 𝐹𝑡

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Stresses on Inclined Sections:
Using the relationship Ʈxy = Ʈyx, and also simplifying and
rearranging, we obtain the following two equations:

Eq 1

Eq 2

The above equations and give the normal and shear stresses acting
on the x1 plane in terms of the angle θ and the stresses ϭx, ϭy, and
Ʈxy acting on the x and y planes.

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Special Case:
when θ = 0;
ϭx1 = ϭx
Ʈx1y1 =Ʈxy
when θ = 90;
ϭx1 = ϭy
Ʈx1y1 = -Ʈxy = -Ʈyx

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress:
For the above equations 1 and 2 the stresses on an inclined section can be expressed in
a more convenient form by introducing the following trigonometric identities:
1 1 𝟏
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 θ
= (1 +
𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 θ = (1
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠2θ) sinθcos θ = (𝑠𝑖𝑛2θ)
2 2 𝟐
When these substitutions are made, the equations become:

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress:
These above equations are usually called the transformation equations for plane stress
because they transform the stress components from one set of axes to another.
Since the transformation equations were derived solely from equilibrium of an element,
they are applicable to stresses in any kind of material, whether linear or nonlinear,
elastic or inelastic.

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress:
As a preliminary matter, we note that the normal stress ϭy1 acting on the y1 face of the
inclined element can be obtained from Eq. 1 by substituting θ + 90° for θ . The result is
the following equation for ϭy

Eq 3

Summing the expressions for ϭx1 and ϭy1 (Eqs. 1 and 3), we obtain the following
equation for plane stress:

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress:
This equation shows that the sum of the normal stresses acting on perpendicular faces
of plane-stress elements (at a given point in a stressed body) is constant and
independent of the angle θ.

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress:
The manner in which the normal and shear
stresses vary is shown in Fig 1.
The graph is plotted for the particular case of
ϭy = 0.2ϭx and txy = 0.8ϭx.
We see from the plot that the stresses vary
continuously as the orientation of the element
FIG.1 Graph of normal stress ϭx1 and shear stress tx1y1
is changed. versus the angle θ (for ϭy = 0.2ϭx and txy = 0.8sx)

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Transformation Equations for Plane Stress:
At certain angles, the normal stress reaches a
maximum or minimum value; at other angles,
it becomes zero.
Similarly, the shear stress has maximum,
minimum, and zero values at certain angles.

FIG.1 Graph of normal stress ϭx1 and shear stress tx1y1

versus the angle θ (for ϭy = 0.2ϭx and txy = 0.8sx)

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