Supplementary table (data underlying FIG.

7):

Cetacean tonal vocalization types; summary of frequency (F0) and duration (D) values of their fundamental frequencies.
Within mysticete species the data are sorted by 1.) ascending abs max F0 and 2.) ascending mean max F0; within odontocete species by 1.) ascending abs
min F0 and 2.) ascending mean min F0.
Within families, the species are sorted alphabetically.

min F0 max F0
duration (s)
(kHz) (kHz)
Family / Species Family / Species N Source
vocalization type F0* D*
Scientific Name Common Name analyzed abs abs (n/r = not reported)
abs mean mean abs mean
min max

Mysticeti (Baleen Whales)

unknown species tonal calls Be2, Be3, ? 0.050 0.052 3.00 10.00 Watkins et al. 2004
Be4, Be5, Be7

Balaenidae
Balaena mysticetus Bowhead Whale downsweeps ? 0.030 0.080 Delarue et al. 2007

type B sounds 15 0.100 0.140 0.164 0.195 0.65 1.65 2.56 Ljungblad et al. 1980
unit 6 of screechy song ? 0.181 0.204 0.318 0.342 a 2.50 3.90 5.30 a Stafford et al. 2008
(down-sweep)
low tonal FM calls ? of 6 000 0.050 0.100 0.300 0.400 s 0.50 5.00 Clark & Johnson 1984
unit 5 of screechy song ? 0.112 0.147 0.446 0.481 a 1.50 1.80 2.10 a Stafford et al. 2008
(upsweep)
type A sounds 18 0.050 0.135 0.337 0.580 0.30 0.58 0.85 Ljungblad et al. 1980
CF and FM moans (up ? 0.025 0.900 2.50 Cummings & Holliday 1987
or downswept)
high tonal FM calls ? of 6 000 0.400 1.000 1.500 s Clark & Johnson 1984
simple moans (during 619 0.020 0.100 0.400 2.000 0.40 1.10 3.20 Ljungblad et al. 1982
fall)
simple moans (during 104 0.025 0.080 0.500 2.000 0.40 1.30 3.30 Ljungblad et al. 1982
spring)
AM simple moans 259 0.020 0.080 0.600 2.000 0.40 1.20 2.50 Ljungblad et al. 1982
(during fall)
simple FM calls (moans) 65-82% of 0.050 0.300 Blackwell et al. 2007
45 258
tonal AM calls ? of 6 000 0.150 0.375 Clark & Johnson 1984
unit 2 of check mark 107 ? 0.365 0.392 c 1.70 2.10 2.50 a Stafford et al. 2008
song
Eubalaena australis Southern Right simple moans ? 0.070 0.160 0.160 0.320 0.60 1.60 Cummings et al. 1972
Whale cited in Thompson et al. 1979
complex moans ? 0.030 0.235 0.235 1.250 0.20 4.10 Cummings et al. 1972
cited in Thompson et al. 1979
- ? 0.050 1.500 Payne & Payne 1971
cited in Matthews et al. 1999
up calls ? 0.050 0.200 c 0.50 1.50 Clark 1982
down calls ? 0.100 0.200 c 0.50 1.50 Clark 1982
constant calls ? 0.050 0.500 c 0.50 6.00 Clark 1982
high calls ? 0.200 0.500 c 0.50 2.50 Clark 1982
Eubalaena glacialis North Atlantic LF unmodulated sounds 5 0.065 0.135 0.135 0.140 p 0.25 0.57 1.26 Vanderlaan et al. 2003
Right Whale
upcalls 211 0.050 0.160 0.45 0.99 2.08 Parks & Tyack 2005
LF upcalls 1 857 0.050 0.220 Mellinger 2004
down calls 40 0.020 0.510 0.26 0.73 1.80 Parks & Tyack 2005
upsweeps & 37 0.340 0.347 0.459 0.600 p 0.08 0.40 1.18 Vanderlaan et al. 2003
downsweeps
screams 2 217 0.015 1.050 0.22 1.02 4.55 Parks & Tyack 2005
HF sounds 3 0.930 1.536 1.536 1.540 p 0.09 0.32 0.60 Vanderlaan et al. 2003
Eubalaena japonica North Pacific Right constant calls 27 0.072 0.094 0.094 0.116 a 0.80 1.60 2.40 a McDonald & Moore 2002
Whale
down calls 18 0.071 0.086 0.118 0.131 a 0.50 0.80 1.10 a McDonald & Moore 2002
up calls 436 0.054 0.089 0.153 0.180 a 0.43 0.70 0.97 a McDonald & Moore 2002
down-up calls 26 0.054 0.089 0.153 0.180 a McDonald & Moore 2002
LF upcalls 60 0.071 0.121 0.152 0.219 0.10 0.89 1.68 Mellinger et al. 2004
up-calls ? 0.090 0.150 0.70 Munger et al. 2008
Balaenopteridae Rorquals
Balaenoptera Northern Minke downsweeps ? 0.050 0.250 0.20 0.30 Gedamke et al. 2001
acutorostrata Whale & Dwarf
Minke Whale

downsweeps 341 0.030 0.080 0.118 0.396 m 0.10 0.40 0.70 Edds-Walton 2000
unit B of "star-wars’’ ? 0.080 0.080 0.42 Gedamke et al. 2001
vocalization
unit C of "star-wars’’ ? 0.140 0.140 2.00 Gedamke et al. 2001
vocalization

Balaenoptera Antarctic / downsweeps ? 0.060 0.090 0.100 0.130 0.20 0.30 Leatherwood et al. 1981
bonaerensis Southern Minke cited in Mellinger 2000
Whale

downward sweep ? 0.060 0.130 0.20 0.30 Schevill & Watkins 1972
Balaenoptera Sei Whale LF downsweeps 105 0.016 0.021 0.039 0.049 0.85 1.20 1.44 Rankin & Barlow 2007b
borealis
 downsweep calls 108 0.028 0.034 0.082 0.098 a 1.01 1.38 1.75 a Baumgartner et al. 2008
HF downsweeps 2 0.045 0.043 0.108 0.100 1.12 1.20 1.22 Rankin & Barlow 2007b
FM sweeps (in 2 bouts) 10–20 1.500 3.000 3.000 3.500 1.40 0.04 2.60 Knowlton et al. 1991
cited in Matthews et al. 1999
and Baumgartner et al. 2008

frequency swept calls 18 0.281 0.583 a, c 0.50 1.10 1.70 a McDonald et al. 2005
(upsweep &
downsweep)

tones (in tonal calls) 94 / 50 ? 0.241 0.625 a 0.15 0.45 0.75 a McDonald et al. 2005
Balaenoptera brydei Bryde's Whale tonal calls Be2, Be3, 100 0.022 0.026 a 4.00 7.00 McDonald 2006
Be4, Be5, Be7
tonal signals 20 0.015 0.045 2.00 3.00 Barlow et al. 2000
tonal signals 2 0.050 0.053 1.00 2.00 Barlow et al. 2000
Balaenoptera edeni Eden's (Bryde's / harmonic tone phrases 114 0.021 0.026 0.50 2.30 7.00 Heimlich et al. 2005
Pygmy Bryde's)
Whale

tonal calls Be1 37 0.020 0.038 1.10 2.70 6.70 Oleson et al. 2003
swept alternating tonal 418 0.015 0.039 0.30 2.00 5.40 Heimlich et al. 2005
phrases
tonal calls Be8a 18 0.043 0.048 0.25 0.35 0.60 Oleson et al. 2003
nonswept alternating 302 0.014 0.054 0.30 2.00 5.60 Heimlich et al. 2005
tonal phrase
tonal calls Be2, Be3, 118 0.024 0.060 0.50 4.00 Oleson et al. 2003
Be4, Be5, Be7
nonpulsed moans 10 0.090 0.180 0.10 0.60 Edds et al. 1993
tonal calls Be6 31 0.057 0.233 0.70 2.83 4.90 Oleson et al. 2003
FM moans 128 0.070 0.132 0.132 0.245 0.20 0.42 1.50 Thompson & Cummings 1969;
Cummings & Thompson (unpublished)
cited in Thompson et al. 1979

Balaenoptera Blue Whale 9 Hz sounds ? 0.009 0.009 0.009 0.009 2.00 5.00 Mellinger & Clark 2003
musculus
call units A, B, and C > 1 700 0.006 0.018 a 6.80 20.70 a Stafford et al. 2001
call type II, unit 2 (tone) 6 0.019 0.019 8.80 9.80 10.80 a Rankin et al. 2006

hybrids 8 0.014 0.015 0.019 0.019 17.30 22.80 28.20 Berchok et al. 2006
LF downsweeps (similar 62 0.013 0.015 0.018 0.019 5.80 12.50 16.80 Berchok et al. 2006
unit B)
part B (downsweep) 2 545 0.014 0.016 0.019 0.019 4.10 11.40 19.70 Mellinger & Clark 2003
part A (CF) 3 861 0.017 0.018 0.019 0.019 1.70 8.20 28.80 Mellinger & Clark 2003
moans 7 0.018 0.020 15.00 16.00 18.00 Edds 1982
 call type II, unit 1 6 0.018 0.020 10.70 11.80 12.90 a Rankin et al. 2006
(downsweep)
call type IV (downsweep) 6 0.018 0.020 12.20 12.90 13.60 Rankin et al. 2006

monotonic (similar unit 187 0.014 0.017 0.019 0.022 6.60 13.80 19.10 Berchok et al. 2006
A)
3-component-calls 241 0.018 0.019 0.028 0.028 a 1.00 28.10 a Širovic et al. 2004
long 3-unit-calls 66 0.018 0.028 0.20 13.50 Rankin et al. 2005
LF downsweep unit of 4 0.018 0.030 2.40 3.00 4.30 Rankin et al. 2005
short calls
call types I, II, III, and IV > 1 300 0.018 0.059 a 1.20 23.80 a Stafford et al. 2001

arch sounds 189 0.032 0.035 0.069 0.070 a 5.10 6.30 7.50 a Mellinger & Clark 2003
HF downsweep unit of 132 0.022 0.107 0.80 2.70 7.50 Rankin et al. 2005
short calls
FM downsweeps >20 0.051 0.059 0.094 0.108 a 0.90 1.20 1.50 a Norris & Barlow 2000
blurps 103 0.026 0.057 0.074 0.113 0.40 0.80 1.40 Berchok et al. 2006
AM moans (3-part- 27 0.013 0.020 0.032 0.200 34.70 36.50 38.10 Cummings & Thompson 1971
sounds)
HF downsweeps 115 0.010 0.038 0.088 0.242 1.00 2.00 4.00 Berchok et al. 2006
downsweeps 303 0.017 0.019 16.00 Stafford et al. 1994
doublet (A and B) ? 0.020 0.022 19.00 Cummings & Thompson 1994
sounds
3-segment calls 84 0.018 0.027 9.00 Širovic et al. 2007
Balaenoptera - ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r
omurai

Balaenoptera Fin Whale 20-Hz signals (two ? 0.020 0.022 19.00 Cummings & Thompson (unpublished)
physalus pulses) cited in Thompson et al. 1979

pure tone downsweep > 5 000 ? 0.017 0.018 0.023 0.025 1.00 Watkins et al. 1987b
pulses
Antarctic fin downsweep calls 277 0.015 0.015 0.028 0.030 a 0.40 0.70 1.00 a Širovic et al. 2004
constant calls > 100 0.020 0.040 Edds 1988
moans (two pulses) 68 0.015 0.034 0.068 0.095 0.80 Cummings & Thompson (unpublished)
cited in Thompson et al. 1979

downsweeps > 1 000 0.010 0.015 0.025 0.118 0.30 0.80 1.80 Edds 1988
simple tones 45 0.129 0.130 0.140 0.150 0.30 0.70 Edds 1988
miscellaneous FM tonal 250 0.018 0.056 0.082 0.310 0.47 Thompson et al. 1992
sounds
 moans, tones, upsweeps ? 0.030 0.750 Watkins 1981
Cummings et al. 1986
cited in Richardson et al. 1995

downsweeps 83 0.015 0.028 < 1.00 Širovic et al. 2007

doublet downsweeps ? 0.016 0.035 1.00 Cummings & Thompson 1994
tonal 20-Hz pulses 1 593 0.020 0.042 0.70 Thompson et al. 1992
upsweeps ? 0.035 0.065 1.50 Thompson & Cummings 2000
Edds 1988
downsweeps ? 0.030 0.100 1.00 Thompson & Cummings 2000
Megaptera Humpback Whale short moans 7 0.127 0.161 0.206 0.266 a, x 0.29 0.35 0.41 a Dunlop et al. 2007
novaeangliae
ascending moans 4 0.138 0.162 0.271 0.300 a, x 1.34 1.85 2.36 a Dunlop et al. 2007
sighs 2 0.020 0.030 0.327 0.350 a, x 1.63 2.53 3.43 a Dunlop et al. 2007
sirens 5 0.062 0.095 0.337 0.385 a, x 1.73 2.31 2.89 a Dunlop et al. 2007
trumpets ? 0.410 0.420 0.40 0.55 0.60 Thompson et al. 1986
yelps 21 0.128 0.139 0.294 0.446 a, x 0.18 0.25 0.33 a Dunlop et al. 2007
horns 18 0.129 0.180 0.430 0.546 a, x 0.24 0.37 0.49 a Dunlop et al. 2007
modulated moans 13 0.177 0.201 0.618 0.800 a, x 0.79 1.21 1.63 a Dunlop et al. 2007
cries 8 0.200 0.338 0.709 0.911 a, x 1.43 1.62 1.82 a Dunlop et al. 2007
trumpets 27 0.151 0.231 0.854 0.978 a, x 0.39 0.73 1.08 a Dunlop et al. 2007
modulated cries 2 0.331 0.524 1.415 1.447 a, x 1.69 2.20 2.72 a Dunlop et al. 2007
tonal calf signals 34 ? 0.010 1.464 0.09 0.17 0.66 Zoidis et al. 2008
shrieks (descending) 7 0.725 0.809 1.373 1.511 a, x 1.11 2.30 3.49 a Dunlop et al. 2007
moans 109 0.020 0.035 0.360 1.800 0.40 0.80 9.10 Thompson et al. 1986
grunts 48 0.025 1.900 0.10 0.20 0.30 Thompson et al. 1986
shrieks 12 0.555 0.750 1.800 2.000 0.42 Thompson et al. 1986
shrieks (ascending) 2 0.714 0.714 2.268 2.288 a, x 1.23 1.25 1.27 a Dunlop et al. 2007
squeaks 6 1.129 1.431 2.420 3.166 a, x 0.08 0.21 0.35 a Dunlop et al. 2007
cries 427 0.250 0.925 1.315 4.000 0.20 0.96 2.85 Hafner et al. 1979
unit E (gulp-upsweep) & 163 1.406 1.406 4.700 s Au et al. 2006
unit E2 (HF-wail)

unit H (MF-wail) 5 0.667 0.722 s Au et al. 2006

unit C (FM cry) 33 0.600 0.900 s Au et al. 2006
Eschrichtidae
Eschrichtius Gray Whale moans 202 0.020 0.200 1.54 Cummings et al. 1968
robustus
LF growl / moan 2 0.100 0.200 x 1.00 Fish et al. 1974
S2 (up-down-sweeps) 30 0.100 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.20 0.30 0.40 Dahlheim et al. 1984

N3 (tonal moanlike 14 0.102 0.308 0.352 0.578 0.62 0.91 1.52 Moore & Ljungblad 1984
sounds)
 squeaking moans ? 0.020 0.700 1.200 1.200 0.60 Swartz & Cummings 1978
cited in Dahlheim et al. 1984

Neobalaenidae
Capera marginata Pygmy Right downsweep tone bursts 19 0.062 0.135 0.14 0.18 0.23 Dawbin & Cato 1992
Whale

Odontoceti (Toothed Whales)

Kogiidae
Kogia breviceps Pygmy Sperm ascending sweeps / 18 1.360 1.480 x 0.42 Thomas et al. 1990
Whale cries
no whistles 0 Scharnitz & Keith 2004
Scharnitz pers. com. 2008
no whistles 0 Caldwell & Caldwell 1991
no whistles 0 Marten 2000
Kogia simus / sima Dwarf Sperm no whistles 0 Bortolotto et al. 2003
Whale
no whistles 0 Caldwell & Caldwell 1991
Physeteridae
Physeter Sperm Whale squeals (FM narrowband 7 1.000 3.000 3.000 s, x 1.00 Goold 1999
macrocephalus sounds)
(catodon)

grunts 47 0.200 0.700 c, x 0.05 0.15 Madsen et al. 2003

moans 8 0.300 x Frantzis & Alexiadou 2008
grunts ? 3.000 x 0.20 Ridgway & Carder 2001
Ziphiidae Beaked Whales
Berardius arnuxii Arnoux's Beaked wavering whistles 24 2.780 4.283 5.222 7.419 a 0.37 0.65 0.93 a Rogers & Brown 1999
Whale
AM calls 20 2.814 3.887 5.648 6.542 a 0.63 0.77 0.91 a Rogers & Brown 1999
Berardius bairdii Baird's Beaked whistles 4? 4.000 8.000 Dawson et al. 1998
Whale

Hyperoodon Northern whistles, chirps ? 3.000 3.000 6.000 16.000 g 0.12 0.85 Winn et al. 1970
ampullatus Bottlenose Whale cited in Hooker & Whitehead 2002

no whistles 0 Hooker & Whitehead 2002

Hyperoodon Southern ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r
planifrons Bottlenose Whale

Indopacetus Longman's ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

pacificus Beaked Whale

Mesoplodon bidens Sowerby's Beaked no whistles 0 Bonde & O'Shea 1989

Whale
Mesoplodon Andrew's Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r
bowdoini Whale

Mesoplodon Hubbs's Beaked whistles 6 2.600 4.200 7.700 10.700 0.16 0.26 0.45 Lynn & Reiss 1992
carlhubbsi Whale
no whistles mentioned 0 Marten 2000

Mesoplodon Blainville's Beaked chirps (short whistles) ? < 1.000 < 6.000 Caldwell & Caldwell 1971b
densirostris Whale
downsweep whistle 1 6.300 12.000 0.10 Rankin & Barlow 2007a
no whistles 0 Johnson et al. 2004
Mesoplodon Gervais's Beaked narrow band chirp 1 5.000 6.500 s Caldwell & Caldwell 1991
europaeus Whale

Mesoplodon Ginkgo-toothed ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

ginkgodens Beaked Whale

Mesoplodon grayi Gray's Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Whale

Mesoplodon hectori Hector's Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Whale

Mesoplodon layardii Layard's Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Whale

Mesoplodon mirus True's Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Whale

Mesoplodon perrini Perrin's Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Whale

Mesoplodon Peruvian Beaked ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

peruvianus Whale

Mesoplodon Stejneger's ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

stejnegeri Beaked Whale

Mesoplodon Strap-/Spade- ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

traversii toothed Whale

Tasmacetus Shepherd's ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

shepherdi Beaked Whale

Ziphius cavirostris Cuvier's Beaked upsweep whistles 6 8.000 12.000 1.00 Manghi et al. 1999
Whale cited in MacLeod & D’Amico 2006
no whistles 0 Johnson et al. 2004
Platanistidae
Platanista gangetica Susu (Ganges no whistles 0 Andersen & Pilleri 1970
River Dolphin) Pilleri et al. 1971
cited in Richardson et al. 1995
Platanista minor Susu / Bhulaan no whistles 0 Herald et al. 1969
(Indus River
Dolphin)

no whistles 0 Pilleri 1975

Iniidae
Inia geoffrensis Boto (Amazon LF-whistles 76 0.220 2.540 2.970 5.160 0.16 1.14 4.42 Wang et al. 2001
(I.g. boliviensis River Dolphin)
& I.g. geoffrensis
& I.g. humboldtiana)

multi-note-vocalizations 216 0.400 1.410 2.900 7.920 a, x 0.04 0.72 0.53 Podos et al. 2002

HF whistles 155 3.650 10.210 15.410 23.860 0.06 0.41 1.04 Wang et al. 2001
whistles (116 121 5.300 14.540 24.710 48.100 0.00 0.01 0.08 May-Collado & Wartzok 2007
downsweeps)
whistles ? 3.000 3.000 13.000 Diazgranados & Trujillo 2002
Pontoporiidae
Pontoporia Franciscana no whistles 0 Nakasai & Takemura 1975
blainvillei Von Fersen et al. 2000
cited in Morisaka & Connor 2007

no whistles 0 Busnel et al. 1974

Lipotidae
Lipotes vexillifer Baiji whistles ? 2.400 5.600 6.260 s 0.09 0.33 0.55 Jing et al. 1981
whistles ? 3.000 6.000 6.000 18.400 c Xiao & Jing 1989
cited in Richardson et al. 1995
whistles 46 3.780 4.975 5.841 9.341 0.36 0.91 1.78 Wang et al. 1999
whistles 43 3.800 4.900 6.100 6.800 0.50 1.00 1.60 Wang et al. 2006
Phocoenidae Porpoises
Neophocaena Finless Porpoise low-frequency time 0 w Wang 1996
phocaenoides continuous signals Songhai pers. com. 2008
no whistles mentioned 0 e.g.
Akamatsu et al. 2000
Akamatsu et al. 2001
Songhai et al. 2008

Phocoena dioptrica Spectacled ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Porpoise

Phocoena Harbour Porpoise whistles 0 v Verboom & Kastelein 1995

phocoena Verboom pers. com. 2008
no whistles 0 Schevill et al. 1969
Phocoena sinus Vaquita no whistles 0 Silber 1991
Phocoena Burmeister's ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r
spinipinnis Porpoise

Phocoenoides dalli Dall's Porpoise no whistles mentioned 0 e.g.

Kamminga et al. 1996

Monodontidae White Whales

Delphinapterus Beluga whistles (call type 1a) 546 0.200 4.200 4.200 12.100 0.01 0.16 2.11 Karlsen et al. 2002
leucas
whistles (pulsed tones) 1 112 0.200 13.400 a 0.00 2.50 a Belikov & Bel’kovich 2004

whistles 807 0.400 3.050 4.413 15.800 f 0.03 0.80 3.80 f Sjare & Smith 1986
whistles 750 0.860 15.140 a 0.18 1.70 a Belikov & Bel’kovich 2001
HF whistles 958 1.500 21.800 0.10 3.90 Belikov & Bel’kovich 2006
frequency-modulated 32 7.300 8.000 a 0.30 2.10 a Van Parijs et al. 2003
sounds

Monodon Narwhal whistles 503 0.300 5.200 5.200 18.000 c 0.05 6.00 Ford & Fisher 1978
monocerus
(monoceros)

whistles 21 0.360 8.844 0.68 1.26 Shapiro 2006

tones / short squeals ? 5.000 10.000 0.10 0.85 Watkins et al. 1971
Delphinidae Dolphins
Cephalorhynchus Commerson's no whistles 0 Dziedzic & de Buffrenil 1989
commersonii Dolphin (Jacobita)

no whistles 0 Watkins & Schevill 1980

no whistles 0 Yoshida et al. 2007
Cephalorhynchus Black Dolphin ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r
eutropia

Cephalorhynchus Heaviside's no whistles 0 Watkins et al. 1977

heavisidii Dolphin

Cephalorhynchus Hector's Dolphin no whistles 0 Dawson & Thorpe 1990

hectori
no whistles 0 Dawson 1991
Delphinus capensis Long-beaked whistles 73 5.500 7.700 15.500 19.700 a 0.30 0.70 1.10 a Oswald et al. 2003
(and D. tropicalis) Common (and
Arabian
Saddleback)
Dolphin

whistles 174 5.780 8.480 16.210 21.150 a 0.28 0.62 0.96 a Oswald et al. 2007a
Delphinus delphis Short-beaked whistles 2 403 2.500 21.000 s 0.00 4.00 Caldwell & Caldwell 1968
Common Dolphin
 whistles 414 3.370 20.148 0.02 2.15 Scullion 2004
whistles (in Celtic Sea) 1 835 3.555 9.447 14.685 23.514 0.05 0.65 2.02 Ansmann 2005
Ansmann & Evans 2006
whistles (in English 435 4.519 9.801 15.835 27.945 0.09 0.64 1.89 Ansmann 2005
Channel)
whistles 5 291 4.800 19.800 0.03 1.62 Moore & Ridgway 1995
whistles 88 5.100 7.400 13.600 17.000 a 0.40 0.80 1.20 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 314 5.610 8.300 15.040 19.430 a 0.31 0.70 1.09 a Oswald et al. 2007a
Feresa attenuata Pygmy Killer no whistles 0 Pryor et al. 1965
Whale

Globicephala Short-finned Pilot whistles 825 0.240 6.250 9.600 23.600 0.33 0.72 1.12 a Rendell et al. 1999
macrorhynchus Whale
(scammonii)

whistles 153 1.300 3.600 6.100 10.300 a 0.10 0.40 0.70 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 221 1.690 3.730 6.390 10.280 a 0.13 0.48 0.83 a Oswald et al. 2007a
Globicephala melas Long-finned Pilot whistles 994 0.320 3.480 5.780 21.200 0.34 1.45 a Rendell et al. 1999
Whale
whistles ? 0.500 8.000 0.39 0.87 Evans 1967
whistles ? 0.500 5.000 Schevill 1964
cited in Taruski 1979
tonal signals (whistles / 658 0.730 16.000 0.06 4.53 Delmas & Gannier 2005
calls)
whistles 1 529 1.633 2.821 4.716 6.653 a 0.02 0.71 1.40 a Steiner 1981
whistles 124 2.100 6.900 a 0.40 0.95 a Taruski 1979
whistles 444 4.100 8.800 0.93 Rendell & Gordon 1999
Grampus griseus Risso's Dolphin grunts (narrowband) 8 0.100 0.400 0.800 1.300 a 2.80 4.00 5.20 a Corkeron & Van Parijs 2001
whistles 1 264 1.900 8.830 13.440 23.800 0.14 0.53 0.92 a Rendell et al. 1999
chirps 9 2.000 2.400 3.600 3.900 a 1.10 1.30 1.50 a Corkeron & Van Parijs 2001
whistles 35 3.600 22.200 a 1.10 12.50 a Corkeron & Van Parijs 2001
Lagenodelphis Fraser's Dolphin whistles 166 4.300 9.360 16.900 24.000 0.10 0.77 2.15 Watkins et al. 1994
hosei
whistles 60 6.600 11.000 14.900 23.500 0.06 0.46 0.93 Oswald et al. 2007b
whistles 8 7.640 13.400 0.20 0.50 Leatherwood et al. 1993
Lagenorhynchus Atlantic White- whistles 1 691 5.892 8.210 12.140 14.863 a 0.23 0.50 0.77 a Steiner 1981
acutus sided Dolphin

Lagenorhynchus White-beaked whistles 79 3.490 9.140 11.160 16.500 0.34 0.56 0.78 a Rendell et al. 1999
albirostris Dolphin
whistles 43 7.000 13.000 Rasmussen et al. 2006
squeals ? 8.000 12.000 Watkins & Schevill 1972
Lagenorhynchus Peale's Dolphin no whistles 0 Schevill & Watkins 1971
australis
Lagenorhynchus Hourglass Dolphin no whistles 0 Kyhn et al. 2008
cruciger

Lagenorhynchus Pacific White- whistles 84 1.000 13.000 s 0.20 1.20 Caldwell & Caldwell 1971a
obliquidens sided Dolphin
whistles (yes, but no ? Whitten & Thomas 2001
signature whistles)

Lagenorhynchus Dusky Dolphin whistles 492 1.040 8.110 16.490 27.300 0.18 1.03 3.14 Wang et al. 1995a
obscurus
whistles 785 ? 6.231 8.155 13.224 18.942 0.15 0.54 1.04 Yin 1999
Lissodelphis Northern Right characteristic whistles ? 1.100 1.800 3.000 4.000 h Leatherwood & Walker 1979
borealis Whale Dolphin
AM whistles 2 9.000 > 16.000 x Leatherwood & Walker 1979
no whistles 0 Rankin et al. 2007
whelps & moans (appear 0 Fish & Turl 1976
as whistles, but turned Fish & Turl pers. com. 1977 cited in
out to be series of high- Leatherwood & Walker 1979
repetition-rate click
trains)

Lissodelphis peronii Southern Right ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Whale Dolphin

Orcaella brevirostris Irrawaddy Dolphin whistles (in Mahakam) 281 0.800 5.800 7.400 18.400 0.02 0.23 3.09 Kreb & Borsani 2004

whistles (in Balipapan) 24 1.600 8.700 9.400 16.100 0.05 0.18 0.35 Kreb & Borsani 2004

Orcaella heinsohni Australian snubfin whistles 51 1.100 3.200 4.200 6.000 0.10 0.31 Van Parijs et al. 2000
dolphin species assignment by Beasley et al.
2005

Orcinus orca Killer Whale whistles 189 0.175 7.500 0.25 1.50 5.00 Poulter 1968
whistles > 50 0.500 8.900 0.05 1.85 Steiner et al. 1979
whistles ? 1.500 6.000 12.000 18.000 0.05 12.00 Ford 1989
whistles 889 1.500 18.000 0.02 18.00 Thomsen et al. 2002
whistles 390 2.400 4.190 9.050 18.500 0.06 1.11 18.00 Riesch et al. 2006
whistles 200 2.400 5.400 9.900 16.700 0.06 1.86 18.30 Thomsen et al. 2001
whistles 200 4.268 6.608 2.30 Dahlheim & Awbrey 1982
Peponocephala Melon-headed whistles 110 0.890 23.500 0.09 0.59 2.28 Frankel & Yin 2007
electra Whale
whistles 26 5.500 12.750 12.750 24.500 c 0.10 0.90 Watkins et al. 1997
Pseudorca False Killer Whale whistles 296 1.220 17.891 0.03 2.07 Nester et al. 2001
crassidens
whistles 2 186 1.870 5.430 8.290 18.100 0.33 0.81 a Rendell et al. 1999
 whistles 69 3.500 4.700 6.100 7.600 a 0.20 0.40 0.60 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 148 3.812 6.282 7.457 13.631 0.09 0.76 2.86 Sanino & Fowle 2006
whistles 340 4.050 5.280 6.950 8.780 a 0.22 0.44 0.66 a Oswald et al. 2007a
Sotalia fluviatilis riverine Tucuxi / LF-whistles 76 0.220 2.540 2.970 5.160 0.16 1.14 4.42 Wang et al. 2001
freshwater ecotype

whistles ? 2.714 13.140 21.320 38.250 May-Collado et al. 2007

HF whistles 155 3.650 10.210 15.410 23.860 0.06 0.41 1.04 Wang et al. 2001; 1995a
whistles 50 6.130 9.180 15.650 18.140 a 0.31 0.63 0.95 Podos et al. 2002
whistles class 1 33 < 10.000 20.000 May-Collado & Wartzok 2007
whistles class 2 33 10.000 25.000 May-Collado & Wartzok 2007
whistles ? 15.800 15.800 21.700 Diazgranados & Trujillo 2002
Sotalia guianensis coastal Tucuxi / whistles 5 086 0.500 7.600 13.000 18.000 0.01 0.10 0.85 Azevedo & Simão 2002
(or S. f. marine ecotype
guiannensis)

whistles 1 294 1.000 7.970 14.460 17.900 0.04 0.23 0.63 Pivari & Rosso 2005
whistles 3 350 1.031 10.521 13.312 17.490 0.01 0.79 2.28 Erber & Simão 2004
whistles 696 1.340 9.220 19.050 23.890 0.04 0.31 1.06 Azevedo & Van Sluys 2005
whistles 542 7.000 18.000 0.17 0.33 Rossi-Santos & Podos 2006
gargles 15 0.300 0.300 c, x 2.10 20.00 Monteiro-Filho & Monteiro 2001
whistles 94 2.500 6.000 c 0.07 0.21 Monteiro-Filho & Monteiro 2001
Sousa chinensis Indo-Pacific grunts (narrow band) 70 0.500 0.900 1.400 2.600 0.06 0.09 2.00 Van Parijs & Corkeron 2001
Humpback Dolphin

whistles 329 0.900 22.000 0.01 1.30 Van Parijs & Corkeron 2001
whistles 127 1.200 > 16.000 0.04 0.36 Schultz & Corkeron 1994
whistles 215 4.300 17.400 a 2.20 9.50 Van Parijs 2001
Sousa plumbea Indian Humpback whistles 360 ? 3.000 < 28.000 0.04 0.15 1.20 Zbinden et al. 1977
Dolphin 20.000

Sousa teuszii Atlantic Humpback ? ? ? ? ? ? ? n/r

Dolphin

Stenella attenuata Pantropical whistles 144 3.130 8.730 15.720 21.400 0.09 0.53 1.95 Wang et al. 1995a
Spotted Dolphin
whistles ? 4.000 28.000 0.60 0.80 Evans 1967
whistles 399 6.020 8.410 17.990 22.680 a 0.37 0.75 1.13 a Oswald et al. 2007a
whistles 97 6.500 8.200 18.700 21.700 a 0.50 0.90 1.30 a Oswald et al. 2003
Stenella clymene Clymene Dolphin whistles 20 6.330 19.220 0.61 Mullin et al. 1994
Stenella Striped Dolphin whistles 138 1.100 6.840 11.530 22.990 0.06 0.54 1.02 a Smythe P (unpublished)
coeruleoalba (styx) (Gray's Dolphin) cited in Matthews et al. 1999

whistles 1 738 1.424 7.689 16.235 24.000 0.00 0.34 1.20 Gitter et al. 2008
whistles 401 6.270 8.480 14.980 18.590 a 0.34 0.69 1.04 a Oswald et al. 2007a
whistles 91 6.500 8.100 14.800 18.300 a 0.50 0.80 1.10 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 336 4.200 4.200 c 0.40 Brossard & Gannier 2005
Stenella frontalis Atlantic Spotted whistles 146 4.000 18.000 0.50 8.00 Herzing 1996
(plagiodon) Dolphin
whistles 1 580 4.000 16.000 s 0.10 2.60 Caldwell et al. 1973
whistles 567 4.374 6.532 13.302 16.743 a 0.16 0.46 0.76 a Steiner 1981
whistles 80 5.000 7.910 16.040 19.790 0.08 0.82 2.07 Wang et al. 1995a
whistles 220 6.900 7.100 14.500 14.900 0.14 0.44 0.74 a Lammers et al. 2003
whistles 51 7.290 7.500 15.840 16.160 a 0.41 0.69 a Baron et al. 2008
Stenella longirostris Spinner Dolphin whistles 8 611 0.850 9.990 15.850 24.000 0.01 0.49 4.49 Bazúa-Durán & Au 2002

whistles 6 462 0.850 25.250 0.02 3.35 Bazúa-Durán & Au 2004

whistles 702 2.030 9.030 14.480 23.080 0.00 0.50 1.80 Camargo et al. 2006
whistles 271 3.910 9.030 15.200 22.460 0.10 0.75 1.82 Wang et al. 1995a
whistles 965 4.000 10.190 16.800 23.040 0.04 0.66 1.87 Driscoll 1995
cited in Bazúa-Durán & Au 2002
and in Camargo et al. 2006

whistles 2 088 6.148 8.764 14.317 17.080 a 0.10 0.43 0.76 a Steiner 1981
whistles 112 6.600 9.100 13.700 17.200 a 0.20 0.60 1.00 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 259 6.810 9.990 15.090 19.660 a 0.19 0.61 1.03 a Oswald et al. 2007a
whistles 167 9.700 10.100 17.400 17.900 0.30 0.66 1.02 a Lammers et al. 2003
Steno bredanensis Rough-toothed whistles ? 3.000 16.000 0.10 1.00 Evans 1967
Dolphin
whistles ? 3.000 12.000 0.50 Watkins et al. 1987a
whistles 68 3.800 6.300 9.100 12.100 a 0.20 0.60 1.00 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 192 4.130 6.460 9.530 12.500 a 0.28 0.64 1.00 a Oswald et al. 2007a
Tursiops aduncus Indian Ocean / LF narrow-band sounds 200 0.260 0.560 0.601 1.280 0.01 0.05 0.41 Schultz et al. 1995
Indo-Pacific
Bottlenose Dolphin

whistles 404 0.800 > 16.000 0.01 1.62 Schultz & Corkeron 1994
whistles 658 0.940 3.570 10.570 21.020 0.10 0.68 2.41 Wang et al. 1995b
whistles 1 613 2.900 5.940 11.200 18.360 a 0.05 0.96 a Morisaka et al. 2005
whistles 215 3.200 7.370 11.620 15.550 0.06 0.62 1.76 Wang et al. 1995b
whistles 16 440 ? 10.401 10.401 47.000 a, p 0.78 0.86 0.94 a Boisseau 2005
Tursiops truncatus Atlantic Bottlenose whistles 591 0.320 22.000 Frohoff et al. 1996
Dolphin

whistles 22 278 1.000 4.260 14.980 > 24.000 d 0.06 0.96 5.50 Caldwell et al. 1990
whistles 110 1.170 5.910 13.650 17.110 0.18 1.14 Wang et al. 1995b
whistles 788 1.200 5.960 12.210 22.300 0.05 0.55 2.46 Azevedo et al. 2007
whistles 151 1.600 5.520 16.500 28.480 0.06 1.00 3.81 May-Collado & Wartzok 2008
whistles 1 977 1.860 5.743 11.237 21.610 e 0.05 0.68 3.20 e Wang et al. 1995b
whistles 735 2.000 5.400 15.000 21.000 0.26 0.86 4.13 dos Santos et al. 2005
whisles ? 4.000 18.000 0.80 1.00 Evans 1967
upsweep whistles 177 / 31 ? 4.800 16.000 Herzing 1996
whistles 858 5.674 7.332 16.235 18.923 a 0.67 1.30 1.93 a Steiner 1981
whistles 47 7.670 7.870 16.190 16.590 a 0.56 0.93 a Baron et al. 2008
gulps (in brays) 96 0.300 0.300 c 0.10 0.18 dos Santos et al. 1995
Tursiops truncatus Pacific Bottlenose whistles 110 3.170 6.910 13.680 17.420 0.19 0.66 1.59 Wang et al. 1995b
gillii Dolphin

whistles 157 5.200 7.400 17.200 20.300 a 0.70 1.40 2.10 a Oswald et al. 2003
whistles 306 5.430 7.920 17.070 21.620 a 0.42 1.11 1.80 a Oswald et al. 2007a
Tursiops truncatus Black Sea moans 132 0.039 0.153 0.238 0.406 0.20 2.08 8.67 this study
ponticus Bottlenose Dolphin

gulps 109 0.210 0.354 0.810 1.010 0.05 0.14 0.23 Veit 2002
whistles 2 406 1.000 > 28.000 3.50 Veit 2002
whistles ? 3.000 22.000 0.01 2.00 Kaznadzei et al. 1976
whistles 560 3.700 7.240 12.050 18.350 0.52 2.00 Bojanowski 2002
whistles 1 662 4.000 24.000 s 0.10 8.00 Burdin et al. 1975
whistles 437 5.300 21.400 a Dokukin et al. 2004

Abbreviations:

a: only one or two mean values (range) and their standard deviation (SD) were reported. The here listed values are calculated as follows: "min D =
mean duration minus 1 SD", "max D = mean duration plus 1 SD"; and "mean min F0 = mean frequency minus 1 SD", "mean max F0 = mean
frequency plus 1 SD", or "abs min F0 = mean minimum frequency minus 1 SD", "abs max F0 = mean maximum frequency plus 1 SD".
AM: amplitude modulated
c: only one or two values (range) were reported (i.e. as "average frequency", "center frequency", "centroid frequency", "concentrated energy",
"dominant frequency", "major energy", or "midpoint frequency") and are here listed as mean values.
CF: constant frequency
d: mean min F0 and mean max F0 were calculated by Santos et al. 2005.
D: duration
D*: notes on duration values
e: mean values are calculated means of 3 populations (from Texas).
f: mean values are calculated from 16 contour types (i.e. 16 mean minimum frequencies, 16 mean maximum frequencies, and 16 mean durations).
F0: fundamental frequency
F0*: notes on fundamental frequency values
FM: frequency modulated
g: other authors suspected the reported vocalizations to origin from Globicephala melas.
h: values referring to given spectrograms indicate that they were taken from the first overtone (H1), i.e. not from the fundamental frequency (F0).
HF: high-frequency
LF: low-frequency
m: listed mean values were given as median values.
MF: mid-frequency
n/r: not reported, i.e. no reports on (tonal) vocalizations were found in the literature.
p: mean values are mean peak frequencies.
s: values are gauged from given spectrograms.
v: the authors reporting on low-frequency "whistles" in Phocoena phocoena were contacted for clarification of sound measures, but would not call the
sounds 'whistles' anymore. The definition of sound category and measures are currently personally communicated.
w: the author reporting on "low-frequency time continuous signals" in Neophocaena phocaenoides was contacted for clarification of sound measures.
The indicated person replying per pro explained that the reported signals could have been artificially produced by the recording system.
x: author/s did not emphasize the vocalization's tonal quality.

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