hello and welcome to this presentation

and discussion about the article

white-collar criminologist and by

episode Island well first let's start by

introducing the author of this major

work at miss Sullivan's who can be seen

on the right picture and was born in the

USA in 1883 and Sturdevant earned his

PhD in sociology at the University of

Chicago and in the 20th century he

became one of the most influential

criminologists of office time and

because he graduated in Chicago much of

his study was influenced by the Chicago

School approach to the study of crime

which emphasized social and physical

environmental factors rather than

genetic or personal characteristics

first Sutherland provides the definition

of white-collar crime he states that it

is a crime committed by a person of

respectability or a person in position

of trust and high social status in a

course which occupation so white-collar

crime is not about rich people

committing all types of crime and an

example should make this definition

somewhat easy to cross because when a

lower level burglar takes money from a

third party in order to get that third

party some contract or something this

act is typically regarded as

white-collar crime although a lower

level work that aren't extremely rich or

they make but they make use of their

occupation and they make use of their

position of trust and respectability and

that is what Sutherland calls a

white-collar crime and this is of course

an an example of corruption or bribery

for for instance most Erland continues

by arguing that crime statistics don't

account for the white-collar crimes for

instance only 2% of people in prison

belong to the upper-class

crime statistics are drawn up by the

police and courts and account for crimes

such as murder burglary theft robbery

and so on but this type settlement says

are typically lower-class people type of

crime settlement argues that our

present-day crime statistics are biased

biased sample who really focus on the

lower-class crimes and who disregard a

major Feilding crime which is of course

white-collar criminal T and he states

that the difference in criminal behavior

between the lower and upper class

isn't as big as the statistics seems to

tell us and because all the crime

theories are developed printed by a

sample of statistics almost every Theory

disregards the field of white-collar

crime most Theory sees crime as a

product or result of poverty and seven

things that this is misleading and

incorrect and in order to prove that

white-collar crime actually exists

because it's quite hidden often he

touches upon a lot of different examples

and illustrations of it for example he

states that two-thirds of New York

surgeons participated fee splitting when

they don't assign the best surgeon to a

patient but one who provides the highest

fee for the person who signs it I think

it's quite a lot of other illustrations

to prove a white-collar crime is more

present as you might think and to

underline the statement that crime isn't

concentrated in a lower-class for

settlement continues his debate about

white-collar crime by explaining why

this type of crime should be regarded as

a real crime because some people tend to

think that it's harmless and victimless

but subtle and strongly disagrees

at first the financial cost of

white-collar crime are presumably much

bigger than the cost of all other crimes

for instance a million-dollar

million-dollar robbery is practically

never heard of but a song stolen by

President Kruger in Pretoria around 1900

equals roughly 250 million US dollars

but this financial loss as big as it may

be is less important than the social

damage done by white-collar crime

because it violates trust of people and

it creates distrust in organization and

in society and as much more harmful to

the society than all the financial loss

so white-collar crime is view prime and

therefore it should be included in the

criminal statistics not only to do right

through the lower-class but also to

provide a solid base for criminological

research and sutherland gives four kind

of changes to the statistics in order to

make them more fair but first ATC

stutters administrative boards and

commissions

and so on should be included in

statistics because sometimes they deal

with cases that are a violation of the

criminal law we had they never reached

it to the court and a lot of these cases

also include dishonesty which could have

easily been charged as fraud and

therefore a large proportion of these

cases were being handled by Commission's

or administrative boards should be

included in the criminal statistics

second reasonable expectations would be

enough to consider something criminal

a lot of white-collar crimes are ended

by civil courts because it's party

simply want their money back they're not

interested in punishment or prison

whatever but this case it shouldn't be

excluded from the crime crime statistics

third courts have class bias and a

settlement says and white collar

criminals have the power to influence

the course and when this happens now

this case shouldn't be excluded from the

crime statistics and finally about

popular types of crimes such as burglary

kidnapping or murder also punishes that

accessories to the crime is often

neglected in white-collar crime and

prosecution stops with one offender the

second but accessories to white-collar

crime were almost always there this

should also be prosecuted and convicted

but with this new improved statistics

you should be able to develop new

theories of crime that can explain every

type of crime and settlement introduces

in this respect his theory of

differential association and we will

look at this theory according to some

key principles the differential

association theory at first suggests

that criminal behavior just saw other

behavior is learned in interaction with

others in the process of communications

from the mountin individual is born they

are being shaped and conditioned to the

norms of society and criminal behavior

is then more likely in individuals who

associate and communicate with

individuals already who already have a

criminal mindset and behavior another

key principle is that this learning

process of criminal behavior takes place

within primary groups and individuals

Avia is privately influenced by their

family since that's the group they are

the most prone to and they are the most

close by additionally and individual

behaviors influenced by their peer group

and through intimate contacts with other

individuals also the learning of

criminal behavior involves learning the

techniques motives drives

rationalizations and attitudes surely

did because an individual as a criminal

in their group or in their family

doesn't make them an instant criminal

however it does mean that they are at

risk of being mum because criminals are

not deviant they learn to be deviant and

they were taught to maximize what they

once knew to be unacceptable behavior

into acceptable behavior and the

dominant premise in this differential

Association theory is that a person

becomes a criminal when there's an

excess of definitions favorable to

violation of the law over definitions

unfavorable to violation of the of the

law so because individual associates

with more members of a group who favor

deviance them as members of a group who

favor societal norms that individual is

more likely to act defiantly and finally

the assumptions that associations differ

in frequency duration and intensity and

this principle suggests that has a

direct relationship that affects how

often from what length of time how

important and how intense deviant

behavior occurs social disorganization

is the second general process where

Sutherland touches upon the process of

differential association can exist

because the society isn't organized to

counter a criminal behavior or a

learning process of criminal behavior

the law is being caught up by reality

for instance a businessman has to play

by the rules of the game in order to

compete with his competitors however

these rules of the game are often in

conflict with legal rules a businessman

wants to compete and he thinks only of

his own interests rather than the

broader societal norms and therefore he

has to break some legal rules in order

to be able to compete and therefore

crime and the process of differential

association

continues to exist while some scholars

have tried to test Sullivan's theory

crazy for example tested the

differential association theory in his

study on embezzlement he tried to

identify the techniques which

ambassadors learned and engaged in in

this criminal act but first sighted

teams at crécy Christie study confirms

the theory of differential Association

however Chris himself thought that the

theory was too vague to apply and to

vague to empirically test and as result

differential association wasn't proved

to disprove my fancy study on

embezzlement or differential Association

has also been used to explain youth

gangs an importance of definitions as

expressed by differential association is

very clear when assessing youth gang

culture because a criminal pair is one

of the strongest influences on youth

delinquency yet it is often very

difficult to be determined whether the

delinquency or the delinquent friends

are the primarily primary influence it

could be for example that young

criminals preferred to associate with

other young criminals from nature rather

than bears being the primary causal

factor of learning criminal behavior

well now we will look at some theories

that take some notion of the

differential association theory or maybe

derived or maybe contradict the

difference association one of the most

influential theories derived from

difference or association is the theory

of differential reinforcement Akers and

Burgess in 1966 extended surveillance

theory they specified some components of

the learning process and they suggest

for example that the application of

rewarding and punishment to behavior is

very dominant in this way they argue

that we will be behavior that is

rewarded and that we cease behavior

that's being punished that is their key

idea and another theory who actually

contradicts the difference of

Association theory is the theory of

Sykes a matza

they believe that the learning theory

was too simplistic and too deterministic

and he offered the theory of

neutralization and drift

in that story neutralization theory

states that the delinquents try to

justify their behavior with techniques

like denying responsibility and blaming

others and a third theory developed by

Albert bandura is also influenced by

differential Association

but Dora demonstrated the powerful

nature of learning experiences

particularly with regard to children who

are exposed to violence role models and

bandura all had really strong influences

from that differential association

theory and the last theory we will touch

upon is the theory of Glaser he extends

the difference for Association by

arguing that not all learning processes

take place in face-to-face contact it

recent ages social media and other

advances in communication techniques may

well have an influence on developing a

definition of crime and even in his time

in 1956 this was already the case

finally we will look at some pros and

cons of difference for association

theory and the first real big advantage

of the difference of association is that

this theory explains or tries to explain

all types of crime and you can make

sense of white-collar crime but it also

applies to murder orderly for instance

also the theory thrives in its in its

simplicity the notion that criminal

behavior is learned in interaction with

others is a very strong and simple idea

however the simplicity of the theory can

also be regarded as a weakness as square

sees embezzlement study illustrates the

theory is fairly hard to empirically

tests beside some scholars criticized

the vagueness of the definition of

white-collar crime misused by settlement

in this definition any person in a

position of respectability or trust

could be guilty of white-collar crime

for instance a car mechanic is a person

in position of trust

yet many disagree that a car mechanic is

capable of doing my collar crime another

criticism is that the first active crime

isn't explained because at some time

someone committed the first act of

embezzlement and yet by definition the

first leg can be learned from

also the way in which a society defines

what is criminal and what is not isn't

being discussed there's always a debate

in society going on about the law and

sages in the criminal law and there

isn't a general consensus regarding the

state of criminal law and this process

is being neglected in a differential

Association theory and the last

criticism contains the notion that crime

of crimes of passion can be explained

and they are not learned but they are an

outburst of anger and frustration and

difference of association as our time

explaining this particular type of

Friday now to wrap up differential

Association wants to be a general theory

of crime capable of explaining all types

of crime from burglary or murder to

white-collar crime and corruption

criminals are essentially no different

than other law abiding citizens as

differential Association suggests which

is typical for the Chicago School and

the interactionist approach a settlement

takes settlement makes a valuable

contribution to criminology in seeking

to explain criminal and non-criminal

behavior at the same time learning of

all behavior occurs the same way as

settlement says however to simply say

that criminal criminals engaged in

criminal behavior because they have

learned to do so isn't quite the

inspiring story and the theories on some

important aspects too vague and too too

broad to empirically test yet

Southerners theory remains an

exceptionally important work in a way in

which sociology psychology and

criminology is taught today

now finally we have a sheet of

references of all the sources are used

for this presentation I hope you enjoyed

this presentation and that you learn

something from this presentation thank

you for listening