EE-102

ELECTRIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Mechatronics Engineering

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 Practice Questions

Home Work / Tutorial Work:

• Learn by doing, Example 1.7 (Page 26-27)
• After doing this you should be able to do/ solve similar questions

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 Fundamental Laws …

Open/ Short Circuits

• A circuit element having no resistance is considered to be a Short

Circuit (infinite conductance)

• A circuit element having infinite resistance is considered an Open

Circuit (zero conductance)

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 Fundamental Laws …

Series and Parallel

• Two (or more) elements (or branches) are in Series if they share a
single node and hence.
– Elements (or branches) in Series carry same current, exclusively

• Two (or more) elements (or branches) are in Parallel if they connect
to the same pair of nodes
– Elements (or branches) are in Parallel if they are subjected to
the same voltage

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 Types of Branches
• Branches that are a Source of Energy:

• Branches that are a Load (Dissipate Energy):

e.g. Resistor,

(Half-arrows may be replaced with full-arrows)

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 Counting Branches and Nodes
• The number of Branches in a circuit is the same as the
number of circuit elements
• The number of nodes is representative of all places in
the circuit where branches connect

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

Based on the Law of Conservation of Charge

(conservation of energy) : The algebraic sum of charges
within a closed system cannot change.
• KCL – Kirchhoff’s Current Law: at any instant of time, the
sum of all currents entering a node (n) must equal the
sum of all currents leaving that node.
∑n i IN = ∑n i OUT
or
The algebraic sum of currents entering a node (or any
closed boundary) is Zero.
∑n i IN - ∑n i OUT = 0, if incoming current is assumed +

∑n i OUT - ∑n i IN = 0, if outgoing current is assumed +

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

• KCL – Kirchhoff’s Current Law: forms

a) This form is more intuitive, all currents appear positive; chances of
sign errors are minimum.
∑n i IN = ∑n i OUT

b) The following two forms make mathematical manipulations more

straight forward; a feature advantages in the nodal analysis.
∑n i IN - ∑n i OUT = 0, if incoming current is assumed +

∑n i OUT - ∑n i IN = 0, if outgoing current is assumed +

To apply KCL successfully, we must first label all branch currents

of interest and indicate their reference directions by means of
arrows.

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 KCL
• Application of KCL is straightforward (Incoming current assumed + )
+)

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 Kirchhoff’s Laws

For Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL), we note that if go

around a loop (in a circuit), voltages across each of its
branches (or elements) may appear as a voltage rise or
a voltage drop.
• KVL – Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law: at any instant of time, the
sum of all voltage rises around a loop (l) must equal the
sum of all voltage drops around the loop.
∑l v RISE = ∑ l v DROP
or
The algebraic sum of voltages around a Loop (or any
closed path) is Zero.
∑l v DROP - ∑ l v RISE = 0
or ∑l v RISE - ∑ l v DROP = 0

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 KVL

• Use care in assessing each voltage as a drop or rise:

( ∑l v DROP - ∑ l v RISE = 0 )

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 RESISTORS IN SERIES

• Elements in series, each see the same current

• Resistors in series add directly:

Rac = Rab + Rbc

• Conductances in series add as the inverse, of the

sum-of-their-inverses:
1/Gac = 1/Gab + 1/Gbc , where
Gac = 1/Rac, Gab = 1/ Rab and Gbc = 1/ Rbc

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 VOLTAGE DIVISION
If VR is the voltage (to be found) across a resistor, and Vs is the total
voltage across all the resistor (in series), then

VR = Vs * (That Resistor Value /Sum of all resistor values in series)

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 RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
• Elements in parallel are each, impressed with the same voltage
• Resistors in parallel add as the inverse, of the sum-of-their-inverses

• Conductances in parallel add directly:

Gab = G1 + G2 Where, Gab = 1/ Rab, G1 = 1/R1, and G2 = 1/R2

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 CURRENT DIVISION

If IR is the current (to be found) through a Resistor, and IS is the total

current flowing into the two resistors in parallel, then:
(other than)
IR = IS * (Other Resistor Value / Sum Value of two resistors)

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 Delta-Wye Transform
Resistors in a delta-shaped-arrangement can be transformed into the
corresponding wye-shaped-arrangement/ circuit using the following
relations:
Rx = Adj*Adj/Sum

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 Wye-Delta Transform
• Resistors in a wye shaped arrangement
can be transformed into the corresponding
delta shaped circuit:
Rx = Sum of Product Terms/Opposite

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