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5-Aminolevulinic Acid From Photosynthetic Bacteria and Its Applications
5-Aminolevulinic Acid From Photosynthetic Bacteria and Its Applications
5-Aminolevulinic Acid From Photosynthetic Bacteria and Its Applications
Abstract
Tangprasittipap, A. and Prasertsan, P.
5-aminolevulinic acid from photosynthetic bacteria and its applications
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol., 2002, 24(4) : 717-725
This paper gives an overview on ALA production by photosynthetic bacteria concerning biosyn-
thesis and regulation as well as its application as herbicide, insecticide and growth stimulator. Recent
medical applications in the field of photodynamic therapy, cancer treatment, tumor diagnosis and other
clinical uses are described.
5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) or 5-amino- and causes of high expenditure. Biological pro-
4-oxo-pentanoic acid, is an aliphatic precursor duction of ALA by algae, anoxygenic photo-
of tetrapyrrole biosynthesis present in all living synthetic bacteria and chemotrophic bacteria
cells. ALA is the natural photodynamic com- (Table 1) is an alternative approach as it is a
pound effective as a biodegradable herbicide and less expensive method than chemical synthesis.
insecticide harmless for crops, humans and ani- Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (APB) can
mals (Sasikala et al., 1994) as well as having accumulate and excrete high concentration of
promotive effect on the growth and photosynthe- ALA into the medium, hence it is suitable for
sis of crops and vegetables (Sasaki et al., 1993). commercial exploitation (Sasikala et al., 1994)
Further applications of ALA are now in the area and it now commercially produces from Rhodo-
of medicine and pharmacy products (Levy, 1995). bacter sphaeroides.
Commercial ALA is produced by chemical This paper gives an overview on the bio-
synthesis, which involves many complex reactions synthesis and regulation of ALA by photosynthe-
Phototrophs
Algae
Agmemnellum quadruplicatum Glutamate + 0.225 Kipe-Nolt and Steven, 1980
Cyanidium caldarium Glutamate + 0.483 Jugenson et al., 1976
Bacteria, oxygenic phototrophic
Anacystis nidulans Glutamate + 0.38 Anderson et al., 1983
Anabaena variabilis Glutamate + 0.019 Avisser et al., 1983
Bacteria, anoxygenic phototrophic
Rhodobacter. sphaeroides Succinate and glycine + 0.75 Anderson et al., 1983
R. sphaeroides Succinate and glycine + 2-4 Sasaki et al., 1991
R. sphaeroides Succinate and glycine + 160.0 Ishii et al., 1990
R. sphaeroides Swine waste (VFA) + 4200 Sasaki et al., 1990
R. sphaeroides Mandarin orange peel + 16000 Sasaki et al., 1993
(modern synthetic
waste water)
R. sphaeroides Sewage sludge + 9300 Tanaka et al., 1983
Chlorobium limicola Glutamate + 3,950 Anderson et al., 1983
Chemotrophic bacteria
Aerobes
Pseudomonas riboflavina L-alanine + 0.2 Rhee et al., 1987
Propionicbacterium shermanii Succinate and glycine + 0.04 Menon and Shemin, 1967
Anaerobes
Clostridium thermoaceticum Glucose and L-lysine + 155.0 Sjoji et al., 1989
Methanosarcina barkeri Methanol, 2-oxoglutarate + 0.4 Lin et al., 1989
Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum H2 + CO2 + 0.2 Lin et al., 1989
12203, but above 80 mM of precursors resulted not produced during the cultivation without the
in a negative effect on ALA formation. The supply addition of LA. The amount of LA should be as
of succinate is sufficient but the glycine supply small as possible since LA is expensive com-
might limit ALA formation in this culture system pared with glycine and 30 mM LA are recom-
(Sasaki et al., 1990). ALA synthetase and ALA mend for use to save cost (Sasaki et al., 1990).
dehydratase activities in the cells are not influ- At LA concentration over 50 mM, growth ceased
enced by the simultaneous addition of precursors completely and ALA was not excreted (Sasaki
compared with these activities in the control et al., 1987).
(no addition of precursor) but the growth is 4. Metal ions
2+ 2+
excessively suppressed by the addition of glycine Metal ions particularly Fe and Co are
(Sasaki et al., 1991). important elements for regulating tetrapyrrole
The growth and ALA production of biosynthesis in R. sphaeroides. ALA synthetase
Chlorella sp. strain 4S is enhanced by glutamate is regulated by heme compound as feedback
addition, whereas the addition of succinate and inhibition or repression under iron- sufficient con-
glycine suppresses both (Sasaki et al., 1995). ditions. Therefore, ALA production medium
However, the addition of glutamate to the heter- should contain neither cobalt nor iron to enhance
otropic medium culture of Chlorella regularis ALA accumulation (Sasikala et al., 1994).
YA-603 does not enhance ALA production and 5. Light intensity
Shermin pathway is suggested to contribute to Light intensity is an important factor
ALA production of this strain (Ano et al., 1999). for enhancing ALA formation. Growth of photo-
3. Levulinic acid synthetic bacteria is found to be independent of
Levulinic acid (LA), analog of ALA, is light intensity (1-5 klux), while the amount of
an inhibitor of ALA dehydratase which enhances ALA is reached the maximum value at 3 klux.
extracellular ALA formation (Sasaki et al., 1987). High illumination (over 5 klux) was not effective
In photoheterotrophic culture of R. sphaeroides, for ALA production and low illumination (below
repeated addition of LA results in moderate cell 1 klux) produced quite a low growth rate and
growth suppression while extracellular ALA is virtually no formation of ALA (Sasaki et al.,
Songklanakarin J. Sci. Technol. 5-aminolevulinic acid from photosynthetic bacteria
Vol. 24 No. 4 Oct.-Dec. 2002 722 Tangprasittipap, A. and Prasertsan, P.
damage and the leave die within a few of hours molecules) that are activated by light caused the
while the cotyledons, stem and growing point formation of active forms of oxygen which is
remain unaffected. Dicotyledonous weeds such as resulted in the killing of cell in which the photo-
redroot pigweed, purslane and lambquarter are sensitizers are present, while sparing the normal
highly susceptible to the tetrapyrrole induced surrounding tissue (Levy, 1995).
photodynamic damage. Monocots such as core, Kennedy et al (1990) proposed the use
wheat, oats and barley were not adversely af- of tropically ALA based PDT for selected cuta-
fected by the spray (Rebriz et al., 1984). The death neous disease. The cosmetic results of ALA-
of plants depended on the ages of plant, ALA PDT treatment are very good and with a minimal
concentration, type of modulators, ratio of ALA effect on the normal skin (Sveanberg et al., 1994).
and modulator, light intensity and kinds of plant Promising clinical results have been obtained in
treated (Kobayashi and Haque, 1971). photosensitizing superficial skin tumors. In con-
2. Insecticide trast, non-superficial and tumors of morpheaform
Rebriz and his co-worker (1988) devel- histologic pattern have shown minor response
oped a novel porphyrin insecticide consisting of rates only (Martin et al., 1995, Szeimies et al.,
modulator of porphyrin, 3.0 mM of ALA plus 1994).
30 mM of DP at pH 3.5. When this solution was
sprayed on the larvae of Trichoplusia ni (Hubner References
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