Name: Dizon, Pablito, P.

Subject: ADT 121 Graphics 2

Date/time: 3/25/2021 (5:34 PM)

Instructor: Rommel R. Montaus, LPT.

Pictorial Drawing

Being an essential part of graphic language, pictorial drawings/sketches are

representation or view of an object, whether it's actual or imagined, which are
designed to allow the viewers to see all three primary dimensions of the object in the
projection. Pictorial drawings are used to reveal information depicting a three-
dimensional view of an object, enabling inexperienced person to easily visualize and
interpret the shape of the various parts and components of the subject, especially in
complicated mechanisms.

There are various kinds of pictorial drawing describing different views and
construction of a subject namely; isometric, oblique, and perspective (which are the
fundamentals) ; and axonometric and planometric (additionals). The figure below
shows the different kinds of pictorial drawings.
Axonometric

Axonometric means "to measure along axes". This is a type of projection

which uses three axes at angles to show three sides of an object. The object is
rotated along its axes with respect to the plane of projection to reveal multiple sides.
The advantage of this projection is it gives a pictorial view of the object with
measurable dimensions. It is a generic term that includes different subcategories
such as isometric, dimetric, and trimetric projections. Figure 1 tells that for every
subcategory of axonometric projection, there are differences in the measurement of
angles in relation with their axes.

Figure 1a: Axonometric projection

Figure 1b: Three different subcategories of axonometric projection

● Isometric

Isometric drawing/projection is one of the subcategories of axonometric

projection. It differs from other subcategories because when the object
relative to the plane projection is aligned with isometric axes, three axes
spaced at equal angles which measure 120 degrees. The term isometric
came from a Greek word which means "equal measure".

Figure 2: Isometric projection of a cube

Isometric axes

Isometric axes are the three principal axes that meet at a point (edge)
of an object forming equal angles between them, horizontally or vertically, and
appears equally foreshortened. Figure 3 below shows the standard positions
of isometric axes in a sample object (cube). As can be seen in the illustration,
the spaces (angles) between axes are equal in measurement.

Figure 3. Different positions of isometric axes on an object

 In isometric projection, the rule is that the measurements can be made
only along isometric lines. Isometric lines, however, are object lines which are
parallel to the isometric axes. This means that isometric lines are coordinated
to the isometric axes. On the other hand, non isometric lines are not parallel
to any of the isometric axes as can be seen on the figure 4. They cannot be
measured because they do not appear in their true length.

Figure 4: Non isometric lines

Steps in drawing Isometric drawings:

In isometric drawing, the object is drawn in a way that the original

dimension or measurement of a specific object is present irrespective of its
position in the projection. There are different steps when drawing an isometric
projection of an object due to the fact that objects vary in shape and
dimension. The following steps will be helpful.

Step 1: Analyze first the object, especially on its orthographic view. Locate
the principal edges, corners, and surfaces of the object figure.

Step 2: Using triangles, draw the isometric axes with light lines (pencil will be
advisable). Make sure that the angle of cross axes of the triangles with
respect from the lower edge of the paper (or a horizontal line drawn) are
about 30 degrees.

Step 3: From the measurement in the orthographic views, plot the dimension
of the object. Height (H) will be on the vertical axis, width (W) is on the left 30°
axis, and depth (D) is on the right 30° axis.
 Step 4: Using light lines, draw the crate lines. This will be a guide of where
the object will fit in. It can be a "box".

Step 5: Draw the details of the object through determining the points as
represented by the corners, surfaces, and edges.

Step 6: Check if your drawing is accurate or not.

Step 7: Trace the object with heavier lines. Inked pens will do. Make sure that
correct isometric labels are present.

● Dimetric

Figure 5: Dimetric projection of an object in different positions.

Dimetric projection is an axonometric projection in which the two of its

axes relative to the plane of projection have equal angles and the other axis
makes an angle either smaller or greater. The two axes are equally
foreshortened.
● Trimetric

Trimetric projection is the third subcategory of the axonometric

projection. This category only shows that the three axes appear unequally
foreshortened, thus creating angles which are different from each other. The
figure below shows a trimetric projection with axes unequally foreshortened
having different spaces and angles between them.

Figure 6: Trimetric projection

Oblique Drawing

Oblique drawing, perhaps, is a type of projection which is way more easier to

do than the isometric. With the help of it, a three dimensional object can easily be
drawn in a two dimensional plane. Oblique drawings are plotted on three axes in the
same way as isometric drawings are. In oblique drawing, however, two axes, rather
than one, are parallel to the picture plane. As a result, oblique drawings depict an
object as though it were being seen from the front. Since it is parallel to the picture
plane, one side of the object is seen squarely and without distortion. The two axes
are perpendicular to each other while the receding axis is set to a certain angle. The
receding axis with respect to the two axes (horizontal and vertical) creates an angle
from 30° to 60° as described in the figures below.

Figure 7: Oblique drawings and axes

Figure 8: Oblique projection with different angles formed and types of oblique
drawing
Kinds of Oblique Drawing

There are actually three kinds of Oblique drawing which were classified
according to the length of their receding axis comprising of the cavalier oblique,
normal oblique, and cabinet oblique.

Figure 9: Kinds of oblique drawing

Cavalier

In Cavalier oblique, receding lines are drawn to their true length or the
receding side is scaled to its actual size which implies that if an object is seen to be
10 cm deep, for example, we would draw the object 10 cm deep using the cavalier
process. This kind is commonly used in oblique projection construction because it
resembles closely to the actual object. Cavalier drawing consists of three principal
axes, one is the vertical axis, the second is the horizontal axis, and the third axis is at
45 degree with respect to the horizontal line of the plane.

Figure 10: Cavalier oblique

Steps in drawing cavalier drawing:

Step 1: Draw the front face of the object (box as an example) parallel to the plane of
projection.

Step 2: At an angle of 45 degree, draw the side of the object (either on the right side
or left side). This will be the depth.

Step 3: Draw the remaining sides of the object but make sure that the
measurements of the front face of the object is the same as the actual up to its
receding sides.

Cavalier axes

Referring to the figure below, cavalier axes are simply the principal axes composed
of a horizontal and vertical axis perpendicular to each other and an axis 45 degree to
the horizontal line. Figure 11 shows an easy to understand axes labeled as letters x
(horizontal axis), y (third axis creating a 45 degree angle), and z (vertical axis).

Figure 11: Cavalier axes represented by letters x, y, and z

Cabinet

Cabinet oblique is a type of an oblique drawing in which the receding line

(third axis) is drawn one-half of its actual length so that the projection resembles
much as the actual image. Cabinet oblique get its name because it is commonly
used in furniture industry. Just like the cavalier, this kind of oblique drawing is also
composed of three axes, two of which are parallel to the plane, but the only
difference is that the third axis is shortened here. For example, the depth of the
original object is 4”, you’ll draw it 2” deep.

Figure 12: Cabinet Oblique

Steps in drawing Cabinet drawing:

Step 1: Draw the front face of the object (box as an example) parallel to the plane of
projection.

Step 2: At an angle of 30 degree (or 60 degree), draw the side of the object (either
on the right side or left side). This will be the depth.

Step 3: Draw the remaining sides of the object but make sure that the
measurements of the front face of the object is the same as the actual, but the
receding side is reduced to half of its original depth.
Cabinet axes

Cabinet axes are no far different from the cavalier axes since the horizontal
axis and vertical axis are also perpendicular to each other and are parallel to the
plane revealing the true length of the object. The only difference is that the third axis
(receding line) is shortened and reduced to half of its true length creating an angle
from 30 degree to 60 degree with respect to the horizontal line. Figure 13 shows the
three cabinet axes represented by letters x (horizontal axis with a 1:1 scale), y (third
axis with a 1:2 scale which means it was shortened), and z (vertical axis with a 1:1
scale).

Figure 13: Cabinet axes represented by letters x, y, and z

Reference:

● https://www.mac-h-creative.com/post/the-3-types-of-pictorial-view-in-drawing-
for-beginners
● https://www.northernarchitecture.us/building-codes/pictorial-drawings.html
● https://www.peachpit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=2873372&seqNum=10
● https://www.definitions.net/definition/axonometric+projection
● https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/438749188669648780/
● https://byjus.com/maths/isometric-sketch/
● https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/RodAquino1/steps-in-constructing-an-
isometric-drawing
● https://www.northernarchitecture.us/building-codes/dimetric-projection.html
● https://slideplayer.com/amp/16127002/
● https://www.quora.com/What-is-trimetric-projection
● https://www.northernarchitecture.us/building-codes/trimetric-projection.html
● https://civiljungle.com/oblique-drawing/
● http://dossin.weebly.com/uploads/7/9/8/6/7986350/chapter_17-
_power_point.pdf
● https://slideplayer.com/slide/14675043/
● https://www.coursehero.com/file/21838569/Ch-12/