MAJOR PROJECT REPORT

ON
ANALYSIS OF C-D ROCKET NOZZLE BY VARYING THE
DESIGN PARAMETERS USING ANSYS FLUENT
submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
by
K. JASWANTH 17011A0307
M. VARUN KUMAR 17011A0339
P. VIVEK 17011A0341
P. LAXMAN 18015A0317

Under the esteemed guidance of

Dr. E. RAMJEE
PROFESSOR OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)
KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD - 500085

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

i
 JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
HYDERABAD

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD-500085

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE
We hereby declare that the major project report entitled as ANALYSIS OF C-D ROCKET
NOZZLE BY VARYING THE DESIGN PARAMETERS USING ANSYS FLUENT
is carried out by us during the academic year 2020-2021 in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD.

We have not submitted the same to any University/Institute for the award of any degree or
diploma.

K. JASWANTH 17011A0307

M. VARUN KUMAR 17011A0339

P. VIVEK 17011A0341

P. LAXMAN 18015A0317

ii
 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

HYDERABAD

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING (AUTONOMOUS)

KUKATPALLY, HYDERABAD – 500085

This is to certify that the major project report entitled ANALYSIS OF C-D ROCKET
NOZZLE BY VARYING THE DESIGN PARAMETERS USING ANSYS FLUENT
submitted by K. JASWANTH (17011A0307), M. VARUN KUMAR (17011A0339),
P.VIVEK (17011A0341), P. LAXMAN (18015A0312) in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY in
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING at JAWAHARLAL NEHRU TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY HYDERABAD COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, HYDERABAD is a
work carried out by them under the supervision and guidance of DR. E. RAMJEE. This
work has not been submitted to any other University/Institute for the award of any degree
or diploma.

Dr. E. RAMJEE Dr. A.V.S.S.K.S. GUPTA

Professor of Mechanical Engineering Professor & Head of the Department

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering Dept. of Mechanical Engineering

JNTUHCEH JNTUHCEH

iii
 ACK NO W LE DG ME NT

We write this acknowledgment with great honor, pride, and pleasure to express our special
thanks of gratitude to all people who enabled us either directly or indirectly in doing this
major project.

We wish to express our sincere thanks to our guide Dr. E. RAMJEE, Professor, Jawaharlal
Nehru Technological University Hyderabad College of Engineering Hyderabad for his
suggestions, guidance, and inspiration in carrying out the major project. We sincerely thank,
Dr. A.V.S.S.K.S. GUPTA, Professor and Head of the Department of Mechanical
Engineering, for his immense support and motivation.

We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to all the staff members of the
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University
College of Engineering Hyderabad for providing us with all the facilities that were required
for the successful completion of the major project.

We are immensely thankful to each and every faculty member of the Mechanical
Engineering Department for their relentless contribution toward the successful completion
of our course.

iv
 AB ST RACT

A rocket needs a lot of thrust to go through the sky and into space, which is provided
by a convergent-divergent nozzle. A convergent-divergent nozzle is an important component
of a rocket that provides optimal thrust to propel it into the sky at high speeds. The exhaust
gases exiting the nozzle have supersonic flow, which means their Mach number is greater than
one.

The occurrences of shocks for conical nozzles, as well as other parameters at various divergent
angles, were noted. The shock phenomena was observed, and the results revealed that the
development of the Mach disc and its reflection patterns were quite similar to those described
in several experimental studies on expansion in conical C-D nozzles with smaller divergence
angles.

v
 C ONT ENTS

1. INTRODUCTION 1-3
1.1. Objective 3

2. LITERATURE SURVEY 4-5

3. METHODOLOGY 6-15
3.1. Geometry 6-11
3.2. Computational Fluid Dynamics Analysis 11-12
3.3. Mesh 12-14
3.4. Design Parameters 15
3.5. Boundary Conditions 15

4. ANALYSIS PROCEDURE 16

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS 17-38

5.1 Results Of Conical Nozzle 17-30

5.2 Results Of Contour Nozzle 30-34

5.3 Calculations 35-36

5.3 Comparison between Conical Nozzle and Contour Nozzle 37

6. CONCLUSIONS 38

7. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK 39

REFERENCES

vi
LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 1.1: C-D Nozzle Of A Jet Engine [10] 2

Fig 3.1: Basic Terminology of C-D Nozzle [8] 6

Fig 3.2: Geometry of C-D Nozzle 7

Fig 3.3: Fusion 360 sketch of Contour Nozzle Geometry 8

Fig 3.4: Rao design of Contour Nozzle [9] 10

Fig 3.5: Cone and Bell Shape Design [9] 10

Fig 3.6: RAO Nozzle angles vs. Expansion Ratio Plot [9] 11

Fig 3.7: Meshing of Conical Nozzle Models 14

Fig 3.8: Meshing of Contour Nozzle 15

vii
LIST OF TABLES

Table 3.1: Design Specifications of Nozzles 15

Table 4.1: Analysis Setup In Ansys Fluent 16

Table 5.1: Results Obtained from Fluent 36

LIST OF GRAPHS

Graph 5.1: Thrust vs Throat Diameter Of Conical Nozzle 36

Graph 5.2: Comparison Of Thrust Between Conical And Contour Nozzle 37

viii
NOMENCLATURE

P Pressure, bar
T Temperature, K

ṁ mass-flow rate,

F Thrust, KN
V Velocity,

𝐷 Throat diameter, mm
M Mach number
A Area, 𝑚𝑚
Greek symbols

ꝭ Density,

𝛳 Angle, degree
Subscript
i inlet
e exit

ix
 1. I NT RO DUCT ION

Nozzle: A nozzle is a device that controls the speed, direction, and stream quality of a liquid
stream. The nozzle's structure is considered as a conduit with shifting cross-sectional zones
running the length of it for modifying and managing mass stream rate, speed, stream course,
weight proportion, and other parameters. The difference in stream quality is due to the weight
contrast at the channel and outflow of the nozzle area. Convergent, divergent, or combined
convergent and divergent nozzles are the three types of nozzles. In the year 1878, a German
engineer named Ernst Korting constructed the first ever nozzle, which was named after Gustaf
de laval, a Swedish inventor.

Convergent-Divergent Nozzle: This type of nozzle was invented in 1888 by a Swedish

engineer named Carl Gustaf De Laval, and it is also known as a De Laval Nozzle. It consists
of three sections

i. Converging Section
ii. Throat Section
iii. Diverging Section

It is connected to the combustion chamber in which the fluid existing in the convergent
part of De Laval Nozzle is present. Due to Bernoulli's principle and the law of conservation of
mass, the fluid acquires kinetic energy and loses pressure energy in this portion. The fluid
accelerates from the convergent to the throat portion. The rate of flow from the convergent
section grows fast when the force of incoming flow exceeds the throat mass flow rate. The
throat portion is located between the convergent and divergent sections and is the smallest of
the two. This section explains why the engine's velocity changed. The rise in fluid velocity is
exactly proportional to the decrease in duct area to give subsonic flow (0<M<1), supersonic
flow, and sonic flow.

Convergent divergent supersonic nozzles are commonly used in rocket nozzles and
rapid rockets. Various forms are used depending on the nozzle use. The one-of-a-kind nozzle
plays a crucial role in the creation of qualities. The CD nozzle's capability is to convert warm
vitality into dynamic vitality, resulting in rapid fumes.

1
 Fig 1.1: C-D Nozzle Of A Jet Engine [10]

The primary function of a CD nozzle in the industry is to increase the motor vitality of
the streaming medium at the expense of interior vitality and weight. For the structure of the
nozzle, most rockets use a fixed unified segment followed by a fixed dissimilar segment. A
focalized special, or Album, nozzle is the name for this type of nozzle arrangement. The hot
fumes escape the burning chamber and join down to the nozzle's base territory, or throat, in a
Compact disc rocket nozzle. To gag the stream and set the mass stream rate through the
framework, the throat size is chosen. Since the stream in the throat is sonic, the Mach number
in the throat is equal to one.

The geometry veers downstream of the throat, and the stream is isentropically expanded
to a supersonic Mach number, which is determined by the zone proportion of the exit to the
throat. Because the static weight and temperature of a supersonic stream decrease as it moves
from the throat to the exit, the length of the extension also determines the left weight and
temperature. The leave temperature determines the leave speed of sound, which in turn
determines the leave speed. The amount of push supplied by the nozzle is determined by the
speed, weight, and mass of the leaves as they pass through the nozzle.

2
1.1 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this project is to determine and analyse how the throat diameter of a
convergent divergent nozzle affects thrust, as well as to numerically simulate expansion via
convergent-divergent Conical and Contour rocket nozzles using FLUENT in order to better
understand various physical phenomena such as thrust. Using a commercially accessible
computational fluid dynamics (CFD) programme, this study calculates the flow of gases inside
the convergent divergent nozzle. ANSYS FLUENT is an ANSYS product .

3
 2. L IT E RAT UR E S URVE Y

• Hussain et al, have worked on “Design and Flow Analysis of various Convergent-
Divergent Nozzles by Using CFD” which concentrates at the parameters like speed,
static pressure and temperature in Divergent nozzle of three distinct shapes utilizing 3D
model. The overall temperature at the convergent section of the nozzle remains constant
until the throat section, then rises slightly as it reaches the outlet of the bell-shaped
nozzle. The total temperature in the triangular shaped nozzle varies linearly from the
inlet at a slightly moderate rate and rapidly at the divergent section's wall. As a result
of this research, it can be concluded that a triangular nozzle produces the best results.

• Srinivas M et al, have worked on “Thrust Enhancement of a Convergent-Divergent

Nozzle by Using CFD” which concentrates on increasing exit velocity by changing
nozzle geometry i.e., increasing divergent angle and throat radius. By changing the
divergent angle i.e., by changing divergent length without the change in divergent
diameter the thrust produced by the nozzle is improved. Furthermore, the thrust
produced by the nozzle is enhanced by incorporating throat radius at the throat section
of the nozzle.

• Wei et al, have worked on “Effect of Nozzle Throat Diameter on Performance of

Hybrid Rocket Motor” which compares the propulsion performance and pressure drops
for different throat diameters of the nozzle. Since tremendous volumes of exhaust gas
containing a high temperature emitted by combustion, flow through the throat-area
where erosion occurs. Experiments are carried out with a variety of materials in order
to minimize the rise in throat area caused by erosion. In order to maintain a steady
thrust, oxidizer and fuel flow rate is adjusted. As a result, the material selection can be
compromised to a certain extent.

• K.P.S.S. Narayana and K.S. Reddy have worked on the topic of “Simulation of
Convergent-Divergent Rocket Nozzle using CFD Analysis” in which it had been
observed that by changing the quality of mesh and number of divisions i.e., with
refinement in mesh Mach number is increased and also pressure, temperature, velocity,
density and also shockwave is varied.

4
• BijuKuttan P et al, conducted numerical analysis to determine an optimum divergent
angle for the nozzle which would give the maximum outlet velocity. The divergent
angles are varied in order to understand how the variation in divergent angle affects the
flow pattern through the nozzle.

• Madhu B P et al, have studied, experimented and compared the performance of contour
nozzles with respect to conical nozzle on basis of various parameters like Mach number,
static pressure and shocks which were observed in divergent portion of the nozzles by
using ANSYS FLUENT 14® software.

• Rao, developed a method for designing the wall contour of an exhaust nozzle to yield
optimum thrust. For the shape of the Contour nozzle, nozzle approximation method was
utilized

5
 3. ME T HO DO LOGY

There has been a thorough review of the literature on experimental and numerical
analysis of expansion by convergent–divergent nozzles. Based on the literature review, nozzle
geometry, expansion ratios, flow, and boundary conditions were drawn. The nozzle's two-
dimensional geometry and meshing are performed on the ANSYS 20® Workbench. ANSYS
FLUENT 20®software is used to simulate expansion using various levels of grid refinement
and turbulent models. For each of the cases analysed, a grid independence test is performed to
determine the appropriate number of elements for the computational domain.

The numerical method, which resulted in acceptably proximate predictions, is adopted

for further analysis of the cases taken in this work after validation of simulated results with
experimental results. For all cases, ANSYS FLUENT post processing features are used to
generate static strain, total pressure, and velocity contours, as well as Mach number plots.

3.1 GEOMETRY

For Conical Nozzle Models:

Workbench ANSYS 20 was used to create a two-dimensional model of the nozzle. For all of
the situations investigated in this study, the inlet and exit diameters were kept the same.

Fig 3.1: Basic Terminology of C-D Nozzle [8]

6
 Fig 3.2: Geometry of C-D Nozzle

For Contour Nozzle:

Fusion 360: Fusion 360 is the only tool that connects the entire product development process
into a single CAD/CAM/CAE cloud-based platform. It provides all the support you need as
you guide your students in advancing their engineering and manufacturing skills. Fusion 360
is leading software used by organizations in numerous industries extending from aerospace,
automobile to consumer products. Fusion 360 can be used at various stages of the design -
ideate, draw, test and iterate. The software comes with various workbenches (“modules”) that
tolerate Fusion 360 to be used across varied industries – from parts design, surface design and
assembly to sheet metal design. Fusion 360 can also be used for CNC.

Autodesk Fusion 360 has been used to create the geometry of the C-D Contour Nozzle

7
 Fig 3.3: Fusion 360 sketch of Contour Nozzle Geometry

Contour Nozzle Design Methodology:

Previous nozzle designs used a conical shape with a 15-degree half angle. Because a
higher or lower angle will lose thrust, this half angle is commonly utilised in conically shaped
nozzles. When it comes to the throat and exit area, the Contour design is conical, but it has a
parabolic contour from the throat to the exit, as the name suggests. The difference is that the
Contour has been shown to reduce thrust losses in a way that a conical contour cannot.

For the shape of the nozzle, the Rao nozzle approximation method was utilized.

A TOP (Thrust-Optimised Parabola) nozzle is made up of three curves: a large circle from the
intake to the throat, a smaller circle from the throat to the exit plane, and a parabola to extend
the approximated contour to the exit plane. The length of the nozzle is determined by

K is a number determined by the percent of the length of a conical nozzle with a 15° half angle,
the flow deflection angle at the exit, 𝛳 , and the throat radius, 𝑅 . A coordinate system is
created with the axial (x) axis running through the line of symmetry and the radial (y) axis

8
crossing through the throat's centre to further describe the nozzle. The first and second curves,
which are based on circular shapes, determine the entry and exit of the nozzle's throat.

The equation of the parabola, curve 3, takes the form

The derivatives at the point where the circle from the throat meets the beginning of the
parabola, 𝑋 , and the length of the nozzle define the coefficients. The angle, 𝛳 , must first be
determined before the derivative of the second curve may be equal to its tangent.

This completes the linear system of equations. In matrix form, the system is which can then
be solved for the coefficients.

Usually, the contour nozzle is constructed to around 80% of the length of the cone length
because you hardly lose any efficiency doing so. In addition to decreasing length, you are
decreasing weight and material cost. In this application, the choice was made to make a

9
compact Contour Nozzle design with improved thrust compared to conical nozzle, therefore a
60% bell nozzle is the configuration moving forward

Fig 3.4: Rao design of Contour Nozzle [9]

Fig 3.5: Cone and Bell Shape Design [9]

10
 Fig 3.6: RAO Nozzle angles vs. Expansion Ratio Plot [9]

3.2 COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMICS ANALYSIS

CFD (computational fluid elements) is a numerical technique that is commonly used to

settle fluid element administration circumstances. Today, we may find applications for all types
of controls, such as heat transfer, fluid elements, and in any event, for normal science, and so
on. Issues that are extremely difficult to decipher using standard diagnostic techniques can be
efficiently fathomed by CFD.

A Navier-stroke condition is defined as an arrangement of conditions of coherence,

force, and vitality of fluid constituents. Although there are several techniques in CFD by which
we can obtain a good result, the limited volume methodology is the most commonly used. The
conditions are illuminated throughout the volume, and the outcomes are recorded. As a result,
after the cycles are completed, each point expresses some value. As a result of these findings,
we can draw a conclusion about the fluid stream's conduct. We are using ANSYS for this
project. The topics of delta temperature, gulf weight, and outlet temperature and weight are all
covered in this exam.

11
3.3 MESHING

Mesh is the method of forming small grids on a model's surface in order to transform
an infinite domain into a finite domain using nodes and elements. The meshing of the model
was done with Fluid Fluent in this case. The following are the equations that control the mesh:

This is a simplified co-ordinates and physical coordinates expression:

The governing equations are then transformed into partial derivate in the following
way: -

The predefined functions P and Q govern grid clustering. Meshing is a vital aspect of
simulation in this case because without it, the results would be incorrect and inaccurate. The
meshing performed here is simple and systematic, and the face mesh is used to shape the mesh .

12
[a] Throat diameter = 10 mm

[b] Throat diameter = 15 mm

13
 [c] Throat diameter = 20

Fig 3.7: Meshing of Conical Nozzle Models

There is only one change between the mesh models listed above, namely the throat
diameters. Sizing is done on the walls of the nozzle, which are oriented in such a way that fine
meshing is obtained around the throat, because we're interested in the areas around the neck
since changes in neck diameter affect sonic flow.

[d] Throat diameter 15 mm

Fig 3.8: Meshing of Contour Nozzle

14
3.4 DESIGN PARAMETERS

All the design parameters had been considered in millimetres

PARAMETERS CONICAL CONICAL CONICAL 60 %

NOZZLE NOZZLE NOZZLE CONTOUR
MODEL -1 MODEL -2 MODEL -3 NOZZLE
INLET 30 30 30 30
DIAMETER
THROAT 10 15 20 15
DIAMETER
OUTLET 40 40 40 40
DIAMETER
TOTAL LENGTH 120 120 120 61.5
OF NOZZLE
Table 3.1: Design Specifications of Nozzles

3.5 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

1. Inlet
2. Wall of Nozzle
3. Outlet

Boundary zone specifications must be done in WORKBENCH solely, as there is no

way to do it in FLUENT. As a result, when creating boundary criteria in WORKBENCH,
extreme caution must be exercised. The mesh is exported to the solver once all of the zones
have been appropriately defined. ANSYS FLUENT was utilised to address this problem. Fluent
is used to solve the problem by interpreting the exported mesh file.

15
 4 . ANAL YSIS PROCE DURE

When the commands are given in the setup feature of fluid fluent, the mesh is solved.
The following are the input parameters: The mesh is solved using a density-based method .

PROCEDURE DETAILS

Problem Setup Type: Density based

General-Solver Velocity: Absolute
Time: Steady
2D space: Planar

Models Energy: On
Viscous: Realizable k-e, Enhanced wall treatment

Materials Fluid: Air

Density: Ideal Gas
Viscosity: Sutherland

Boundary conditions Inlet: Pressure Inlet

Gauge Total Pressure (pa): 300000
Outlet: Pressure Outlet

Reference Values Compute from: Inlet

Reference Zone: Solid Surface body

Initialization Standard Initialization

Compute from Inlet

Solution Run Calculation: Enter the number of iterations,

Click Calculations

Table 4.1: Analysis Setup In Ansys Fluent

16
 5. RE SUL TS A ND DI SCU SSI ON

A computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is performed on the Convergent-

Divergent nozzle using various boundary conditions and material properties to identify the
fluctuation in properties such as total temperature, Mach number, and static pressure by
coupling the corresponding plots.

5.1 RESULTS OF CONICAL NOZZLE

MODEL 1: Throat Diameter: 10 mm

Scaled Residuals Plots

A. Velocity Contour:

(a) Velocity Contour

17
 (b) Velocity plot

The velocity reduces and remains constant with a value of 1.4×10 in the intake
region, then progressively increases at the throat region, as seen in the above figures. As a
result, the flow at the convergent section is subsonic, with a Mach number less than unity
(M<1). The flow is sonic (M=1) at the throat. The flow is supersonic (M>1) at the outlet section,
with a maximum velocity of 2.97. As a result, the supersonic conditions are met.

B. Pressure Contour:

(a) Static Pressure contour

18
 (b) Static Pressure plot

The pressure measured when the fluid is at rest is known as static pressure. The pressure is
highest at the convergent region of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 2.96×10 Pa, as shown in
the above figures. It varies with 1.02×10 Pa at the neck. In the diverging portion, however,
the drops linearly to -9.01×10 Pa.

C. Static Temperature:

(a) Static Temperature Contour

19
 (b) Static Temperature Plot

The temperature is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 300
K, as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 204 K. However, the drops
linearly to a value of 109 K in the divergent section.

D. Density:

(a) Density Contour

20
 (b) Density Plot

The density is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of
4.62×10 , as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 2.44×10 ,.

However, the drops linearly to a value of 2.55×10 , in the divergent section.

MODEL 2: Throat Diameter: 15 mm

Scaled Residuals Plots

21
 A. Velocity Contour:

(a) Velocity Contour

(b) Velocity plot

The velocity reduces and remains constant with a value of 2.50×10 in the intake region,
then progressively increases at the throat region, as seen in the above figures. As a result, the
flow at the convergent section is subsonic, with a Mach number less than unity (M<1). The
flow is sonic (M=1) at the throat. The flow is supersonic (M>1) at the outlet section, with a
maximum velocity of 2.55. As a result, the supersonic conditions are met.

22
 B. Pressure Contour:

(a) Static Pressure Contour

(b) Static Pressure Plot

The pressure measured when the fluid is at rest is known as static pressure. The pressure is
highest at the convergent region of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 2.84×10 Pa, as shown in
the above figures. It varies with 1.02×10 Pa at the neck. In the diverging portion, however,
the drops linearly to -7.97×10 Pa.

23
 C. Temperature:

(a) Static Temperature Contour

(b) Static Temperature Plot

The temperature is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 296
K, as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 213 K. However, the drops
linearly to a value of 130 K in the divergent section.

24
 D. Density:

(a) Density Contour

(b) Density Plot

The density is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of
4.55×10 , as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 2.55×10 ,.

However, the drops linearly to a value of 5.60×10 , in the divergent section.

25
MODEL 3: Throat Diameter 20 mm

Scaled Residual Plots

A. Velocity:

(a) Velocity Contour

26
 (b) Velocity Plot

The velocity reduces and remains constant with a value of 3.76×10 in the intake region,
then progressively increases at the throat region, as seen in the above figures. As a result, the
flow at the convergent section is subsonic, with a Mach number less than unity (M<1). The
flow is sonic (M=1) at the throat. The flow is supersonic (M>1) at the outlet section, with a
maximum velocity of 2.23. As a result, the supersonic conditions are met.

B. Static Pressure:

(a) Static Pressure Contour

27
 (b) Static Pressure Plot

The pressure measured when the fluid is at rest is known as static pressure. The pressure is
highest at the convergent region of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 2.64×10 Pa, as shown
in the above figures. It varies with 1.32×10 Pa at the neck. In the diverging portion, however,
the drops linearly to -6.57×10 Pa.

C. Static Temperature:

(a) Static temperature Contour

28
 (b) Static Temperature Plot

The temperature is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 292
K, as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 235 K. However, the drops
linearly to a value of 150 K in the divergent section.

D. Density:

(a) Density Contour

29
 (b) Density Plot

The density is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of
4.39×10 , as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 2.96×10 ,.

However, the drops linearly to a value of 8.14×10 , in the divergent section.

5.2 RESULTS OF CONTOUR NOZZLE

Scaled Residuals

30
 A. Velocity Contour:

(a) Velocity Contour

(b) Velocity plot

The velocity reduces and remains constant with a value of 1.01×10 in the intake
region, then progressively increases at the throat region, as seen in the above figures. As a
result, the flow at the convergent section is subsonic, with a Mach number less than unity
(M<1). The flow is sonic (M=1) at the throat. The flow is supersonic (M>1) at the outlet section,
with a maximum velocity of 2.51. As a result, the supersonic conditions are met.

31
 B. Pressure Contour:

(a) Static Pressure contour

(b) Static Pressure plot

The pressure measured when the fluid is at rest is known as static pressure. The pressure is
highest at the convergent region of the C-D nozzle, with a value of 2.98×10 Pa, as shown in
the above figures. It varies with 1.1×10 Pa at the neck. In the diverging portion, however, the
drops linearly to -7.84×10 Pa.

32
 C. Static Temperature:

(a) Static Temperature Contour

(c) Static Temperature Plot

The temperature is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of
300 K, as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 250 K. However, the
drops linearly to a value of 132 K in the divergent section.

33
 D. Density:

(a) Density Contour

(b) Density Plot

The density is highest at the convergent portion of the C-D nozzle, with a value of

4.64×10 , as seen in the preceding figures. At the throat, it varies around 2.61×10 ,.

However, the drops linearly to a value of 5.73×10 , in the divergent section.

34
5.3 CALCULATIONS:
The thrust is calculated using the parameters obtained from the simulation of a
convergent-divergent nozzle by altering the throat diameter to determine the model that
produces the highest thrust.
For Conical Nozzle:

The outlet thrust of the three models is calculated and analyzed

To find thrust,
F = ṁVe+ ( Pe –Pa ) Ae [8]

For max. Thrust, Pe = Pa

F = ṁ Ve

For Model 1, Throat Diameter, 𝐷 = 10 mm

Throat Area, 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 78.5398 𝑚𝑚

Mass flow rate, ṁ = ꝭAeVe = 0.19899 kg/sec

Thrust, F = ṁVe

F = 0.19899 × 620.994 = 123.57279 N

For Model 2, Throat Diameter, 𝐷 = 15 mm

Throat Area, 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 176.7145 𝑚𝑚

Mass flow rate, ṁ = ꝭAeVe = 0.41026 kg/sec

Thrust, F = ṁVe

F = 0.41026 × 583 = 239.1855 N

For Model 3, Throat Diameter, 𝐷 = 20 mm

Throat Area, 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 314.1592 𝑚𝑚

Mass flow rate, ṁ = ꝭAeVe = 0.56157 kg/sec

Thrust, F = ṁVe

F = 0.56157 × 549.0 = 308.303 N

Model 3 generates 149.6% more thrust compared to model 1 and 28.8% more thrust
compared to model 2.

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 PARAMETERS MODEL-1 MODEL-2 MODEL-3
Throat Diameter ( mm ) 10 15 20

Density ( ) 0.255 0.56 0.814

Throat Area ( 𝑚𝑚 ) 78.5398 176.7145 314.1592

Mass Flow Rate ( kg/sec ) 0.19899 0.592177 0.56157

Exit Velocity ( m/s ) 620.994 583 549.0

Mach Number 2.97 2.55 2.23

Pressure ( Pa ) -9.01×10 -7.97×10 -6.57×10
Thrust ( N ) 123.57279 239.1855 308.303

Table 5.1: Results Obtained from Fluent

Graph:

The following Graph has been drawn from the results obtained

Graph 5.1: Thrust vs Throat Diameter Of Conical Nozzle

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5.4 COMPARISON BETWEEN CONICAL AND CONTOUR NOZZLE:

For Contour Nozzle:

For Contour Nozzle, Throat Diameter, 𝐷 = 15 mm

Throat Area, 𝐴 = 𝐷 = 176.7145 𝑚𝑚

Mass flow rate, ṁ = ꝭAeVe = =0.417630

Thrust, F = ṁVe

F = 0.417630 × 580 = 242 N

Model 2 of Conical Nozzle and the Contour Nozzle model has same diameter but the thrust
produced by the Contour Nozzle is more than the Conical Nozzle.

Graph 5.2: Comparison Of Thrust Between Conical And Contour Nozzle

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 6. C ONCLU SI ONS

A nozzle is basically used to vary the flow characteristics of fluid or air.

 During the simulation of the convergent- divergent nozzle by varying its throat diameter
the parameters like Mach number, Static Pressure, Density and temperature are
obtained and analyzed.
 By optimizing the nozzle and using the above data, better results can be obtained, such
as increased thrust, a high thrust-to-weight ratio, and improved efficiency and
performance.
 As the nozzle's throat erodes, the input parameters can be modified based on the
simulation results, retaining the thrust output and extending the nozzle's life cycle.
 The analysis results of this experiment show that as the throat diameter of the three
conical nozzle models increases, the highest value of thrust is found in model 3. As a
result, model-3 is recommended among the other models for the maximum thrust.
 The comparison between the model 2 of conical nozzle and the 60% contour nozzle of
the same diameter of conical nozzle model 2 shows that the thrust is improved under
the same input and surrounding conditions.
 The contour nozzle is usually designed to be roughly 80% of the length of the conical
nozzle length as the reduction in efficiency is negligible. Along with the length drop,
the weight and material costs are also decreased.

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 7. F UT U RE S COPE OF WOR K

 Using E-D (Expansion-Deflection) type nozzle. The nozzle wall contour in the form of
a shroud would turn the expanding exhaust gases into a nearly axial direction.
 The turbulence that occurs in the divergent portion of the nozzle is converted into
stream lined flow and thus thrust is increased by using self-adjustable type nozzle which
uses self-adjusting divergent walls.

39
 8 . R EFER ENCE S

[1] Hussain, M.Satya, S. Nagakalyan, (2019).Design and flow analysis of various

convergent – Divergent Nozzles by using Computation fluid dynamics - IJIRAE::International
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doi://10.26562/IJIRAE.2019.MYAE10087.

[2] Srinivas M, Suresh A L, G. Harish, “Thrust Enhancement of a Convergent-Divergent

Nozzle by Using CFD” International Journal for Research in Applied Science & Engineering
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5 Issue X1, November 2017.

[3] S.S. Wei, M.C. Lee, Y.H. Chien, T.H. Chou, J.S. Wu “Experimental investigation of
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injection of high concentration hydrogen- peroxide ” Acta Astronautica 164 (2019), PP 334–
344.

[4] K.P.S. Surya Narayana, K.Sadhashiva Reddy, “Simulation of Convergent Divergent

Rocket Nozzle using CFD Analysis” IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering
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2016), PP 58-65

[5] BijuKuttan P, M Sajesh :“Optimization of Divergent Angle of a Rocket Engine Nozzle

Using Computational Fluid Dynamics” The International Journal Of Engineering And Science
(Ijes),Volume 2,Issue2, Issn: 2319 – 1813 Isbn: 2319 – 1805, 2013, PP 196-207.

[6] Madhu B P, Syed Sameer, Kalyana Kumar M and Mahendra Mani G, CFD Analysis of
Convergent-Divergent and Contour Nozzle, International Journal of Mechanical Engineering
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[7] Rao.G.V.R.,“Exhaust Nozzle Contour for Optimum Thrust”. ARS J. 30,561,1960.

[8] Sutton, George P. (1992). Rocket Propulsion Elements: An Introduction to the

Engineering of Rockets (6th ed.). Wiley-Inter science. PP 62-74.

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[9] Rao, G. V. R. “Recent Developments in Rocket Nozzle Configurations.” ARS Journal
, vol. 31, no. 11, 1961, pp. 1488–1494., doi:10.2514/8.5837.

[10] Yesu Ratnam. Maddu, Shaik. Saidulu , Md. Azeem & S. Jabiulla, “Design and Fluid
Flow Analysis of Convergent-Divergent Nozzle” International Journal of Engineering
Technology Science and Research IJETSR www.ijetsr.com ISSN 2394 –3386 Volume 5, Issue
4 April 2018, PP 903-909.

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