Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Energies: Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Energies: Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems: A Comprehensive Review
Review
Fault Current Limiters in Power Systems:
A Comprehensive Review
Md Shafiul Alam ID
, Mohammad Ali Yousef Abido * ID
and Ibrahim El-Amin
Department of Electrical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; shafiul@kfupm.edu.sa (M.S.A.); imelamin@kfupm.edu.sa (I.E.-A)
* Correspondence: mabido@kfupm.edu.sa; Tel.: +966-508-757-838
Received: 6 March 2018; Accepted: 17 April 2018; Published: 24 April 2018
Abstract: Power systems are becoming more and more complex in nature due to the integration
of several power electronic devices. Protection of such systems and augmentation of reliability as
well as stability highly depend on limiting the fault currents. Several fault current limiters (FCLs)
have been applied in power systems as they provide rapid and efficient fault current limitation.
This paper presents a comprehensive literature review of the application of different types of FCLs in
power systems. Applications of superconducting and non-superconducting FCLs are categorized as:
(1) application in generation, transmission and distribution networks; (2) application in alternating
current (AC)/direct current (DC) systems; (3) application in renewable energy resources integration;
(4) application in distributed generation (DG); and (5) application for reliability, stability and fault ride
through capability enhancement. Modeling, impact and control strategies of several FCLs in power
systems are presented with practical implementation cases in different countries. Recommendations
are provided to improve the performance of the FCLs in power systems with modification of its
structures, optimal placement and proper control design. This review paper will be a good foundation
for researchers working in power system stability issues and for industry to implement the ongoing
research advancement in real systems.
1. Introduction
Nowadays, the transmission lines of power systems are being stressed to transfer larger amounts
of power, much closer to their thermal limit, than were considered when built. Power resources
are limited and are increasingly more uncertain and variable. The integration of several renewable
energy resources, including large-scale wind farms, into the existing grid is a great challenge for
power system researchers. It increases the complexity of the electric networks with an inherently high
short circuit rate. Generally, the electric networks are vulnerable to AC/DC faults and sophisticated
protection apparatus and procedures need to be developed to avoid costly or even irremediable
damage. Current limiting reactors are used in power systems for limiting short circuit currents and
avoiding damage to the power system due to excessive fault currents. However, current limiting
reactors have impedance during normal operation of the system [1].
The stability and security of electric power systems has become increasingly significant due to
their complex nature. The application of a fault current limiter is one of the promising solutions to
the stability and security issues of power systems. Different kinds of fault current limiters, such as
resistive, inductive, superconducting, non-superconducting, flux-lock, DC reactor and resonance
FCL, have been offered for limiting fault currents and improving the dynamic stability of power
systems [2–6]. Resistive-type and inductive-type FCLs provide nearly zero impedance under normal
operating conditions, whereas they provide high-impedance resistors or inductors in faulty conditions.
Recently, a number of practical superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) devices have been
effectively developed and verified by in-grid tests. The present focus on applied superconductivity
technology to build SFCL devices has been moving from the 10-kV distribution level [7,8] to the 100-kV
transmission level
Energies [8,9].
2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 25
This paper provides a broad view of the applications of several superconducting and
operating conditions, whereas they provide high-impedance resistors or inductors in faulty
non-superconducting FCLs in different branches of power networks. Structure and control techniques
conditions. Recently, a number of practical superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) devices
for several FCLs
have beenareeffectively
discussed. Several and
developed optimal parameter
verified by in-gridselection
tests. Theandpresent
optimal placement
focus on applied techniques
for FCLssuperconductivity
are provided.technology Practical implementation
to build SFCL devices has cases
beenin different
moving countries
from the with field tests
10-kV distribution
level [7,8]Lastly,
are discussed. to the 100-kV transmission
current level [8,9].
challenges for FCL application are addressed and future works
This paper provides a broad view of the applications of several superconducting and
are recommended.
non-superconducting FCLs in different branches of power networks. Structure and control
The techniques
paper is organized
for several as follows:
FCLs Section Several
are discussed. 2 provides
optimala general
parameter overview
selection of theoptimal
and application of
FCLs in several branches of power systems; the structure and working principles
placement techniques for FCLs are provided. Practical implementation cases in different countries of superconducting
with field tests are discussed.
and non-superconducting FCLs areLastly, currentin
discussed challenges
Sectionsfor3 and
FCL application are addressed
4 respectively; optimaland placement
future works are recommended.
techniques for FCLs are provided in Section 5; the practical implementation issues for FCLs in
The paper is organized as follows: Section 2 provides a general overview of the application of
different FCLs
countries and field-testing results are discussed in Section 6; stability augmentation in
in several branches of power systems; the structure and working principles of
different branches
superconductingof power systems with FCLsFCLs
and non-superconducting are presented
are discussedin Section
in Sections7; current challenges for FCLs
3 and 4 respectively;
application and some
optimal placement future works are
techniques recommended
for FCLs are provided in in
Section
Section8;5;and
the finally,
practicalSection 9 highlights the
implementation
issues for FCLs in
major conclusions of this survey. different countries and field-testing results are discussed in Section 6; stability
augmentation in different branches of power systems with FCLs are presented in Section 7; current
2. challenges for and
Superconducting FCLsNon-Superconducting
application and some futureFCLs
works are recommended in Section 8; and finally,
Section 9 highlights the major conclusions of this survey.
Fault current limiters (FCLs) are considered serious candidates to be inserted into electrical
2. Superconducting and Non-Superconducting FCLs
grids in order to prevent short-circuit damage and the inevitable upgrading of the system equipment.
Fault current
Mainly, two types of FCLslimiters (FCLs) are considered
are extensively applied serious candidates
in power systems:to be inserted into electrical [10–13]
non-superconducting
grids in order to prevent short-circuit damage and the inevitable upgrading of the system
and superconducting [14–19]. Superconducting FCLs have been applied in different parts of the
equipment. Mainly, two types of FCLs are extensively applied in power systems:
power network such as renewable
non-superconducting power
[10–13] and generation, [14–19].
superconducting distribution generation,
Superconducting transmission
FCLs have been system,
distribution network [18,20–30]. Also, non-superconducting types FCLs have been employed
applied in different parts of the power network such as renewable power generation, distribution
in several branches of power system such as generation, transmission, distributiontypes
generation, transmission system, distribution network [18,20–30]. Also, non-superconducting network for
improving FCLs have been
dynamic employed in by
performance several branches
limiting of current
fault power system such as generation,
[10,12,31–35]. The treetransmission,
diagram shown in
distribution network for improving dynamic performance by limiting fault current [10,12,31–35].
Figure 1 summarizes the different applications of superconducting and non-superconducting FCLs in
The tree diagram shown in Figure 1 summarizes the different applications of superconducting and
power systems.
non-superconducting FCLs in power systems.
FCL
Non-superconducting
Superconducting FCL FCL
SFCL
LOAD
Source
Figure 2. Basic circuit diagram of non-inductive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) with
Figure 2. Basic circuit diagram of non-inductive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) with
single phase circuit.
single phase circuit.
A current limiting coil and a trigger coil are connected in anti-parallel and are magnetically
coupled well. Different types of configurations like a coaxial coil arrangement and a bifilar winding
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 25
Energies 2018, 11, 1025limiting coil and a trigger coil are connected in anti-parallel and are magnetically
A current 4 of 24
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 4 of 25
coupled well. Different types of configurations like a coaxial coil arrangement and a bifilar winding
arrangementA were compared.
current The bifilar
limiting coil winding
coil arearrangement was found and
to be superior to have a
arrangement were compared. Theand a trigger
bifilar winding connected in anti-parallel
arrangement was found to arebe magnetically
superior to have a
high impedance ratio
coupled well. [60]. types of configurations like a coaxial coil arrangement and a bifilar winding
Different
high impedance ratio [60].
arrangement were compared. The bifilar winding arrangement was found to be superior to have a
high impedance
3.2. Inductive Type SFCLratio [60].
3.2. Inductive Type SFCL
Inductive typeType
3.2. Inductive SFCL has two coaxial windings and an optional magnetic core [61]. Primary
SFCL
Inductive type SFCL has two coaxial windings and an optional magnetic core [61].
winding is made up type
Inductive of copper
SFCL (Cu),
has whereas
two coaxial secondary
windings andwinding is made
an optional up of
magnetic a high
core temperature
[61]. Primary
Primary winding is made up of copper (Cu), whereas secondary winding is made up of a high
superconductor
winding is(HTS).
made upThe SFCL(Cu),
of copper is cooled
whereasinsecondary
a liquidwinding
nitrogen bath.upThe
is made electrical
of a high connection
temperature
temperature superconductor (HTS). The SFCL is cooled in a liquid nitrogen bath. The electrical
diagramsuperconductor
of inductive SFCL
(HTS).isThe
shown
SFCLinisFigure
cooled3.in a liquid nitrogen bath. The electrical connection
connectiondiagram
diagram of inductive
of inductive SFCL isSFCL
shown isinshown in Figure 3.
Figure 3.
Circuit Breaker
Circuit Breaker
Cu HTS
Cu HTS
Cu HTS
Cu HTS
Cryostat
Cryostat
Figure 3. 3.15 kV class inductive SFCL.
Figure 3. 3.15 kV class inductive SFCL.
Figure 3. 3.15 kV class inductive SFCL.
During the steady state mode of the power system, nearly zero impedance is shown by
Duringinductive SFCL state
the steady as the mode
zero impedance of the secondary
of the power superconducting
system, nearly winding isisreflected
zero impedance shown to bythe
inductive
During theHowever,
primary. steady state
duringmodesystemofcontingencies,
the power resistance
system, nearly zero impedance
in the secondary is reflected is inshown
the by
SFCL as the zero impedance of the secondary superconducting winding is reflected to the primary.
inductive SFCLcircuits
primary as the to
zero
limitimpedance of the secondary superconducting winding is reflected to the
the fault currents.
However, during system contingencies, resistance in the secondary is reflected in the primary circuits
primary. However, during system contingencies, resistance in the secondary is reflected in the
to limit the fault
primary3.3. currents.
Transformer
circuits Type
to limit SFCL
the fault currents.
Enhancement of supply reliability and power system stability have been observed with the
3.3. Transformer Type SFCL
transformer type SFCL [52,62–68]. The primary side of the transformer type SFCL is connected in
3.3. Transformer Type SFCL
series with the load whereas the secondary side is connected in series with superconductors. The
Enhancement
Enhancement ofofsupply
supply reliability
reliability and power
and vacuum system stability
power interrupter
system stabilityhavehave beenobserved
observed with the
transformer type fault current limiter with is shown in thebeen Figure 4. In Figurewith
4, the
transformer
transformer typeL2SFCL
L1 andtype SFCL
are
[52,62–68].
[52,62–68].
the inductance
The
in The
primary
primary
primary
side of the
side
and secondary
transformer
of the transformer
respectively.
typethe
M istype
SFCL is connected
SFCL
mutual is connected
inductance
in series
in
with the load whereas
between the the
primarysecondary
and secondaryside is connected
coils of the in series
transformer. with superconductors.
series with the load whereas the secondary side is connected in series with superconductors. The The transformer
type fault current
transformer typelimiter with vacuum
fault current limiter with interrupter is shown inisthe
vacuum interrupter shownFigure 4. Figure
in the In Figure4. In4,Figure
L1 and4,L2
CT i1
areLthe inductance
1 and L2 are the in primary and
inductance secondary
in primary and respectively. L M is the mutual
secondary respectively.
1
R-Load
M is theinductance between the
mutual inductance
Switch-1 R0
primary
between and thesecondary
primary andcoils of the transformer.
secondary coils of theM transformer.
L2 Switch-2
i2 b-switch
V1 CT i1 L1 R-Load
Switch-1 R0 Solenoid Valve
M SCR
SCR
Control
Circuit
L220V,
2 60Hz Switch-2
i2 b-switch
V1
N
Solenoid Valve
Figure 4. Transformer type SFCL with load in single phase circuit.
SCR
Control SCR
Circuit
220V, 60Hz
Figure4.4.Transformer
Figure Transformertype
type SFCL
SFCL with
with load
load in
in single
singlephase
phasecircuit.
circuit.
Upon the occurrence of faults, superconductors in the secondary side of the transformer are
quenched, consequently, fault current in the secondary is limited to a lower value. Due to the current
limiting in the secondary, fault current in the primary side is limited as well.
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 25
Upon the occurrence of faults, superconductors in the secondary side of the transformer are
Energies 2018, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 25
quenched, consequently, fault current in the secondary is limited to a lower value. Due to the current
Energies
limiting 2018,
in 11,
the1025
secondary, fault 5 of 24
Upon the occurrence of current in the primary side
faults, superconductors in theissecondary
limited asside
well.of the transformer are
quenched, consequently, fault current in the secondary is limited to a lower value. Due to the current
3.4. Resistive
limiting inType SFCL
the SFCL
secondary, fault current in the primary side is limited as well.
3.4. Resistive Type
Resistive type SFCL can improve the transient stability of the power system by suppressing the
Resistive
3.4. type
Resistive TypeSFCL
SFCLcan improve the transient stability of the power system by suppressing the
level of fault currents in a quick and efficient manner [5,69–79]. A very simple structure of resistive
level of fault currents
Resistiveintype in a quick
SFCL and efficient manner [5,69–79].
of theA very system
simple by
structure of resistive
SFCL is shown Figure 5 can improve
consisting ofthe transient
nth units ofstability
stabilizing power
and suppressing
superconducting the in
resistances
SFCL is shown
level of faultin Figurein5 aconsisting
currents quick and of nth units
efficient of stabilizing
manner [5,69–79]. Aand superconducting
very resistances
simple structure of resistive in
parallel [5]. Coil inductance with nth units is connected in series with the parallel resistive branch.
parallel
SFCL [5].
is Coil
shown inductance
in Figure 5with nth units
consisting is connected
of nth in seriesand
units of stabilizing with the parallel resistive
superconducting branch.
resistances in
parallel [5]. Coil inductance with nth units is connected in series with the parallel resistive branch.
Rns(t)
Rns(t)
Rnc(t)
Rnc(t)
Figure 5. A
Figure 5. A simple
simple structure
structure of
of resistive
resistive SFCL.
SFCL.
Figure 5. A simple structure of resistive SFCL.
the normal
In the normal steady
steady state
state condition,
condition, thethe values
values of ofstabilizing
stabilizing(R (Rnsns)) and
and superconducting
superconducting (R (Rnc
nc)
In the normal steady state condition, the values of stabilizing (R ns) and superconducting (Rnc)
resistances are
resistances arezero.
zero. However,
However, during during fault conditions,
fault conditions, these resistances
these resistances become nonzero become nonzero
time-varying
resistances are zero. However, during fault conditions, these resistances become nonzero
time-varying
parameters parameters
to maintain to maintain states
superconducting superconducting
according to their states according
unique to theirTheunique
characteristics. value
time-varying parameters to maintain superconducting states according to their unique
characteristics.
of the coil The
inductance value
is of
kept the
as coil
smallinductance
as possibleis kept
in as
order small
to as
have possible
minimal inAC
characteristics. The value of the coil inductance is kept as small as possible in order to have minimal order
lossto have
during minimal
normal
AC loss
operation. during
AC loss duringnormal
Therefore, theoperation.
normal effect of the
operation. Therefore,
inductorthe
Therefore, effect
during
the of the
effectsteady
of theinductor
inductor
state during
operation
during is steady
ignored.
steady state
state operation
operation
is ignored.
A long length
is ignored. of the superconductor is needed to make a high voltage and high current system in
A long
case of length
resistive andof the superconductor
inductive type SFCLs. is needed
However, to make
this a high
required voltage
length
A long length of the superconductor is needed make a high voltage and high current system is and high current
significantly system
reduced in
in case
hybrid of resistive
SFCL,
in case whichand
of resistive inductive
makes
and type
typeSFCLs.
it commercially
inductive SFCLs. However,
applicable
However, thisrequired
[80].
this requiredlength
length is is significantly
significantly reduced
reduced
in hybrid
in hybrid SFCL,
SFCL, which
which makes
makes it itcommercially
commercially applicable
applicable [80].
[80].
3.5. Hybrid SFCL
3.5. Hybrid
3.5. Hybrid SFCL
Due toSFCLthe slight critical current differences between the several units, resistive SFCL faces
DueDue
difficulty to to the slightsimultaneously
in the
quenching critical current differences
slight critical between the
current differences between
units;the
between several units,
however,
the severalthis resistive can
problem
units, SFCLbefaces
resistive SFCLsolved
faces
with difficulty
hybrid in
SFCL quenching
[81]. simultaneously
Hybrid SFCL is between
proposed the
forunits; however,
limiting fault this problem
current and can be solved
improving with
dynamic
difficulty in quenching simultaneously between the units; however, this problem can be solved with
hybrid SFCL [81]. Hybrid SFCL is proposed for limiting fault current and improving dynamic
performance
hybrid SFCL of power
[81]. Hybrid systemSFCL [80–83].
is proposed A hybrid for type
limitingSFCL hascurrent
fault a primaryandwinding
improving anddynamic
several
performance of power system [80–83]. A hybrid type SFCL has a primary winding and several
secondary
performance windings as shown in Figure 6 [81]. Each of the secondary windings is connected in series
secondary of power assystem
windings shown [80–83].
in Figure A hybrid
6 [81]. Eachtype
of theSFCL has awindings
secondary primaryis winding
connectedand several
in series
with a
secondarysuperconducting resistive unit. In Figure 6, L is inductance in the primary winding of the
with a windings as shown
superconducting in Figure
resistive unit. 6In[81]. Each
Figure 6, of
LPP the secondaryinwindings
is inductance is connected
the primary winding ofintheseries
transformer
withtransformerandandLSAL, SA
a superconducting LSB, L,resistive
L LSCand
SB,SC andIunit.
ISA,, IISB
SA In
SB , ,IISB arethe
Figure
SBare the Linductances
6,inductances
P is inductance and
and currents of secondary
in theofprimary
currents secondary windings
winding
windings of the
A, B and
transformerC respectively.
A, B and and LSA, LSB, LSC and ISA, ISB, ISB are the inductances and currents of secondary windings
C respectively.
A, B and C respectively.
RL IP
Switch-1 R0 RL IP
ISA LN2
Switch-1 R0
Switch-2
LSA SFCLA
ISA LN2
Switch-2
LSA SFCLA
LP ISB
LSB SFCLB
LP ISB
LSB SFCLB
ISC
LSC SFCLC
ISC
Cryostat
LSC SFCLC
During normal operation, resistance of the superconducting units connected in series with the
In this way, hybrid SFCL has almost no effect on the system performance during normal operation
secondary windings is zero. Therefore, current (IP) flows through the power system without any
and limits fault
loss. When faultduring
current appearscontingencies.
on the system, superconducting unit is quenched and fault current is
limited. In this way, hybrid SFCL has almost no effect on the system performance during normal
3.6. Flux-Lock Type SFCL
operation and limits fault current during contingencies.
Among 3.6.several
Flux-Lock of
Typethe
SFCL SFCLs, the flux-lock type SFCL has less power burden of the high
temperature superconducting
Among several of the (HTSC)
SFCLs, element
the flux-lock[53].
typeShort circuit
SFCL has current
less power in power
burden system can be
of the high
limited with the flux-lock
temperature type fault
superconducting current
(HTSC) limiter
element [53]. during different
Short circuit current contingencies
in power system can[36,41,53,84–88].
be
limited with
The configuration the flux-lock
of the flux-lock type faultSFCL
type currentwith
limiterover
during different
current contingencies
relay is shown [36,41,53,84–88].
in the Figure 7 where
The configuration of the flux-lock type SFCL with over current relay is shown in the Figure 7 where
N1 , N2 , N3 and i1 , i2 , i3 represent coil-1, coil-2 and coil-3 and their currents, respectively. ORC stands
N1, N2, N3 and i1, i2, i3 represent coil-1, coil-2 and coil-3 and their currents, respectively. ORC stands
for over current
for overrelay.
current relay.
Circuit Breaker
if i1
N1
HTSC
N3 N2
R3 i3
ORC
i2 iSC
Figure 7. Configuration of the flux-lock type SFCL.
Figure 7. Configuration of the flux-lock type SFCL.
As shown in Figure 7, the flux-lock type SFCL has two main parts— the current limiting part
and the current interrupting part. The current limiting part consists of two parallel-connected coils
As shown in Figure 7, the flux-lock type SFCL has two main parts— the current limiting part
and a high temperature superconductor (HTSC) connected in series with one of the coils. The
and the current
currentinterrupting part.
interrupting part Theofcurrent
consists limiting
an over current part
relay consists
driven ofthe
by one of two parallel-connected
parallel coils and a coils
and a high circuit
temperature superconductor
breaker. During (HTSC)
normal operation, zeroconnected in series
voltage is induced with
across the one of the
coil as themagnetic
coils. The current
fluxes
interrupting partgenerated
consists in of
twoan
coils are cancelled
over currentout. In faulty
relay drivenconditions,
by onefault current
of the is limited
parallel by the
coils and a circuit
voltage generations across the coils.
breaker. During normal operation, zero voltage is induced across the coil as the magnetic fluxes
generated in
3.7.two coilsShield
Magnetic are Type
cancelled
SFCL out. In faulty conditions, fault current is limited by the voltage
generations across the shield
Magnetic coils.type SFCLs have been reported in References [50,51,89,90–94]. They consist of a
primary copper coil and secondary high temperature superconductor (HTS) tube wound around a
3.7. Magnetic Shieldiron
magnetic Type SFCL
core [93] as shown in Figure 8. In the magnetic shield SFCL, screen currents thwart
flux penetration into the iron core during standard operation as the HTS tube is fixed in between the
Magnetic shield
primary coppertype SFCLs
winding and have been core.
the magnetic reported in References [50,51,89–94]. They consist of a
primary copper coil and secondary high temperature superconductor (HTS) tube wound around a
magnetic iron core [93] as shown in Figure 8. In the magnetic shield SFCL, screen currents thwart
flux penetration into the iron core during standard operation as the HTS tube is fixed in between the
primary copper
Energies 2018, winding andREVIEW
11, x FOR PEER the magnetic core. 7 of 25
Superconductor Tube
Symmetry Axis
Magnetic Core
(a) (b)
Figure 8. Magnetic Shield SFCL (a) Full structural view (b) Cross sectional view.
Figure 8. Magnetic Shield SFCL (a) Full structural view (b) Cross sectional view.
During fault conditions, superconducting to a normal transition value is increased as the
current exceeds critical value of HTS elements. Therefore, the resistance of the HTS tube is replicated
in the primary circuit and magnetic flux infiltrates into the iron core augmenting impedance of the
limiter.
Table 2 summarizes superconducting FCLs in terms of cost, advantages, limitation and
applications and so forth.
process in
Symmetry detail.
2018, by performing SWOT
10, x FOR PEER REVIEW analysis, which will help it examine its perfo 8o
The phases for implementing a N-AHP
external factors. in SWOT
Once analysis
SWOT are shown
analysis is in Figurea4.company wil
complete,
Symmetry
in order2018, 10, x FOR its
to measure PEER REVIEW
presumptive success. A company can appr
in order to measureFigure its presumptive
4. Thecapabilities.
phases success. ForA company
for implementing the evaluation can appraise
a N-AHP process,
in SWOT itself honestly and
aanalysis.
multi-criteria effectiv
decision-m
Symmetry 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW by performing SWOT Figureanalysis,4. The which
phases will
for help it examine
implementing a its perfo
N-AHP 8ino
by performing SWOT analysis,
Figure 4. TheIn which
in this research,
phases
order will
for
to help we it examine
implementing
measure used
itsSWOT a aN-AHPits performance
neutrosophic
presumptive in SWOT AHP.
success. byAanalyzing
Acompany
analysis. case study internal offea
canisappr
external factors. Once analysis is complete, a company wil
external
Starbucks factors.Company
Once SWOT
Figure is4. the
The analysis
phases
Symmetry
most is
for complete,
2018,
widely x FOR aPEER
implementing
10,
prolific company
a N-AHP
marketer REVIEW will
and gain
in retailer
SWOT more
analysis. itinformation
of coffee in the about
world.
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 in order to measure its presumptive
process
by performing
Starbucks
capabilities.
in detail.
success.For ASWOTtheFigure
company
Company analysis,
evaluation is4.
canthe which
Theappraise
phases
most
process, will
for help
implementing
itself
widely honestly
7prolific
aanalysis. examine
multi-criteria
of 24 and
marketer its perfo
a decision-m
N-AHP
effectiv
andinT
Starbucks
capabilities.
company has branches in 75 countries, For Company
the Figure
evaluation 4.
is The
the phases
most
process,
The factors. for
widelya implementing
with prolific
multi-criteria
phases more a
marketer
for implementing
than N-AHP and
decision-making
254,000 in SWOT
retailer
a N-AHP
employees. of coffee
technique
inTheSWOT in the
should
company world.
analysis be use
alsoare seT
by performing SWOT analysis, external
which
company
In thiswidely will has
research,help itOnce
branches
we examine
used SWOT
ina 75 analysis
itscountries,
performance
neutrosophic iswith
complete,
AHP.byA analyzing
more
Acompany a company
than
case study internal
254,000 wil
isappr
offe aT
em
Starbucks
company Company
has branches usedin is
a 75 the in order
most
countries, to
withmeasure
prolific
more its
a than presumptive
marketer 254,000 and success.
retailer
employees. of coffee
The in
companythe can
world.
also
In this research,
different
external
types
factors.
ofwecoffee
Once SWOT
and neutrosophic
tea products
Starbucks
capabilities.
analysis
different
process is
AHP.
and
types
inwith For
complete,
detail.
A case
has
Company
ofthe
study
licensed
aevaluation
coffee company
andis the is offered
trademark.
most
process,
teaandwill
productsgain
inaThe
widely this section
company
prolific
multi-criteria
more
and has
tooffers
illustrate
marketer
information
acompany decision-m
licensed andse
food,
about
tradem
t
Starbucks
company
different
process
addition superconducting in has
types
detail. Company
branches
of coffee
to coffee, and this in
andis75 the most
by performing
countries,
tea products widely and prolific
SWOT
more
has a marketer
than analysis,
licensed 254,000 which retailer
will
employees.
trademark. Theof
help coffee
The it
company in
examine the world.
its
offers perfo
also
food,seT
During fault conditions,
capabilities. For the evaluation to makes
a normal
company
In it an
this
process,
addition
attractive
transition
ahas
research,
to wevalue
branches
multi-criteria
coffee,
spot
used isinfor snacks
increased
a 75neutrosophic
decision-making
and
aas
countries, breakfast.
thewithcurrent
AHP. more
A
technique
The
than
case company
study
should254,000
isbeoffeem
use
h
company
exceeds critical valuedifferent
addition
of The phases
different
HTS
has
types
to branches
offor
coffee,
competitors,
elements. coffee
and in
and
this
implementing
such
Therefore,
75makes
countries,
tea
as external
the a
The
products
it
Caribou
resistance an
N-AHP
phases
with
factors.
and more
has
attractive
Coffeein
of
for
Once
SWOT
the aand
than
spot
Company,
Figure
HTS
this
implementing
SWOT
licensed 254,000
for
analysis
4.
tube
makes
analysis
trademark.
snacksare
Costa
Theis
itN-AHP
phasesand
an
employees.
shown is
Coffee,
replicated for
attractive
inThe
complete,
The
breakfast.
in
in
SWOT
company
Figure
Green
implementing
the
spot
company
The4. a
for
analysis
aMountain
company
offers
company
N-AHP
snacks
also are
wil
food,
Cofse
in h
In this research, we used aREVIEW different
process inAHP.
neutrosophic
different types of
competitors, coffee
detail.A case study and
such tea
is
as products
offered
Caribou and has
inbreakfast.
this
Coffeesection a licensed
tooffers
Company, tradem
illustrate
Costa th
different
addition
Symmetry
different types
to
2018, 10, of
coffee,
x
competitors, coffee
FOR andPEER and
this
such tea
makes
as products
capabilities.
it
Caribou an and For has
attractive
Coffee the a licensed
evaluation
spot
Company, for trademark.
process,
snacks and
Costaperform aThe company
multi-criteria The decision-m
company food,
8 o
Roasters and
primary circuit and magnetic
process influx
many
detail.
others.
infiltrates
Figure into 4.To the
The face competition,
iron
addition
phases
RoastersThe core
fortoaugmenting
coffee,
phases
and
afor
implementing
many
group
and
others. aofN-AHP
impedance
this
implementing experts
To makes
face ofitCoffee,
the
aSWOTan limiter.
N-AHP
incompetition,
Green
Starbucks
attractive
in SWOT
analysis.a group
Mountain
spotSWOT forexperts
analysis
of snacksCof
analys
arep
addition
different
Roasters
as shown to
and coffee,
competitors,
many and
others.
in Figure 5. Depending this
such To makes
as In
face it
this
Caribou
competition,
Starbucks
onterms
Symmetry
an
the2018,attractive
research,
Coffee
SWOT awe spot
used
Company,
Figure
group
Company
xfactors
10,cost,FORadvantages,
PEER
for
of
and a 4.
is snacks
neutrosophic
Costa
The
experts
the phases
most and
Coffee,
perform
sub-factors,
REVIEW for
widelybreakfast.
AHP. A
Green
implementing
Starbucks
prolific
a Coffee
set and The
case
of alternatives a
SWOTcompany
study
MountainN-AHP
marketer is
analys
and
strateg inh
offe
Cof
Table 2 summarizes The superconducting
phases for FCLs
implementing in
different
as a
shown N-AHP inof
competitors,
in
FigureSWOT 5. such
analysis
Depending as limitation
Caribou
are
on shown
the SWOTin Figure Company,
factors 4. and Costa
sub-fac
in order
different
Roasters
as shown toinmeasure
competitors,
and many
Figure itsDepending
others.
5. presumptive
such To as Caribou
process
face competition,
on success.
the in Coffee
detail.
SWOT A afactors
company
Company,
group of can
and expertsappraise
Costa perform
sub-factors, itself
Coffee,
awith honestly
Green
Starbucks
set of and
Mountain
SWOT effectiv
Cof
analys
applications and so forth.is developed.
Starbucks
Symmetry 2018, 10, Our
x FORaim
Company PEERwas is to
REVIEW
company
theprioritize
most
Roasters
is developed.
has
the
widelyand branches
strategies
prolific
many
Our others.
aim
in
suggested
marketer
was
75
To
to
countries,
and
face by company
retailer
competition,
prioritize the of moreaalternatives
coffee
strategies
than
indicators.
group insuggested
the strateg
of254,000
world.
experts em
8byoTp
by
as
is performing
Roasters
shown
developed. and SWOT
many
instrategies
Figure
Our analysis,
others.
5. were:
aim Depending
was To
to which
face
in on Starbucks
competition,
The
order
prioritize
different will
the to SWOT
the help
phases
measure
types ait examine
Company
group
for
factors
strategies
of its
coffee of
implementing
and is
suggested
and its
the performance
experts most
sub-factors,
presumptivetea by widely
perform
a N-AHP a set
success.
company
products andby
of
A analyzing
prolific
Starbucks
in SWOT marketer
SWOT
alternatives
company
indicators.
has a licensed internal
analysis
can and
analys
are
strateg
appr
tradem a
These
company has branches in 75 countries, as shown with
in more
Figure than
5. 254,000
Depending employees.
on the SWOT The company
factors and also
sub-fac se
external
as shown factors.
instrategies
Figure Once SWOT
5. were:
Depending analysis
company
on These the isthe
has
SWOTstrategies
complete,
branches
factors awere:
company
in
and will
75sub-factors,
countries, gain more
awith
set more
of itinformation
than for
alternatives about
254,000
strateg em
Table 2.is
in developed.
These
Comparisons
order
different to ofOur
measure
types of
aimits was
different
coffee SFCLs to in
presumptive
and tea
prioritize
by performing
addition
terms
isproducts
developed. to
success.and
strategies
SWOT
coffee,
application, Ahas
Our aand
cost,
company
aim
suggested
analysis,
this
pros
licensed
was tomakes
and
can byitcompany
which
cons.
appraise
trademark.
prioritize will
an help
itself
The
the
indicators.
attractive
honestly
company
strategies examine
spot and its
offers
suggested perfo
snacks
effectiv
food,
by
SO
capabilities.
is developed.
These strategies strategies
ForOur theaimevaluation
was to prioritize
were: process,
different acompetitors,
the multi-criteria
types of coffeesuggested
strategies decision-making
and tea products
by company technique
and has should
a alicensed
indicators. be wil
trademuse
by performing
addition to SWOT
coffee, and analysis,
this makes external
different
which itSO
These factors.
will
an help itOnce
strategies
attractive
strategies examine
spot SWOT
were:such asanalysis
foritssnacks andis breakfast.
Caribou
performance complete,
Coffee
by analyzing The company
Company, Costa
internal
company ah
In SO
research,
this
These strategies
Amplifying we
strategies usedglobal
were: a stores
neutrosophic
addition AHP.
to A
coffee, case
and study
this is
makesoffered
it an in this section
attractive spotto illustrate
for snacks t
SFCL Types external
different Advantages
factors.
competitors,Once SWOT
such as capabilities.
Roasters
analysis
Caribou is and For
many
Disadvantages
Amplifying
complete,
Coffee the evaluation
others.
Company, global
a company To process,
face
storeswill
Costa a
competition,
References multi-criteria
gain analysis.
Coffee, moreGreena group
information decision-m
of experts
Mountainabout Cofp
SO
in
process strategies
Amplifying
Seeking
detail. higher global
Figure 4. The
growth storesphases
markets for implementing a N-AHP in SWOT
different
In thisSO
research, competitors,
strategies such as Caribou Coffee Company, Costa
capabilities.
SO
Roasters
WO For the
strategies
Lowand costmany
Amplifying
Seeking
strategies evaluation
others.
higher global Tostores
growth
as shown
process,
face competition,
markets
Figure
aSeeking awe
inmulti-criteria used
5.
higher
group a experts
Depending neutrosophic
growth
ofdecision-makingon the SWOT
markets
perform AHP. A
technique
Starbucks caseshould
factors study
SWOT is
and sub-facbeoffe
use
analys
The phases for implementing a
Roasters
process
is
developed.
WO N-AHPin
Volume
and in
many
Amplifying
detail.
Our
strategies
of
SWOT others.
aim
cryogenic
analysis
global
was To
to face
storesare shown
competition,
prioritize the in Figure
a
strategiesgroup 4. of experts
suggested by p
In
as this
shownWO
Starbucks
Less strategies research,
Amplifying
in Figure
Seeking
recovery
Adding we used
higher
Company
time global
5. Depending
different a neutrosophic
growth stores
isforms,
the on
markets
mostnew the
widely AHP.
SWOT
categories A
prolificcase
factors
and study
marketer
diverse is
and sub-factors,offered
and in
retailer
channels this
aofset
ofofsection to
alternatives
coffee
products in the illustrate
strateg
world. t
T
as shown
The
is higher
These in Figure
Seeking
phases
strategies
Adding 5.
higher
for Depending
growth
implementing
Figure
were:
different 4.forms, on
The phases the
markets
a company
new N-AHP
forSWOT factors
inindicators.
SWOT diverse
implementing
categories and
analysis
a N-AHPsub-facare
in
Non-inductive process
is
company Lessinstrategies
WO
developed. detail.
Seeking
has
AC
Adding
Trying Our
losses higher
aim
branches
todifferent
minimize ingrowth
was 75
forms,
theis
markets
to countries,
prioritize
new
coffee
developed.
WO
the
with strategies
categories
Higherprice more
Our
strategies
leakage and
aimthan suggested
254,000
diverse
was
inductance to
by
employees.
channels The and
of products
[60,95,96]
prioritize the strategies company
suggested alsochanse
by
differentThe
WO
These
It canphases
strategies
withstand
Adding
types of for
strategies implementing
were:
different
coffee and forms,
tea a
new N-AHP
products Trying
categories
and inhas toand
SWOT aminimize analysis
diverse
licensed the coffee
are shown
channels
trademark. price
of
Thein Figure
products
company 4. offers food,
ST strategies Trying to minimize the coffee
SO
These
strategies
Starbucks and price
strategies
circulating
strategies
Adding Company current
Figure
were:
different is4.forms,
Themost
the phases
new for implementing
categories
widely prolific and a N-AHP
diverse
marketer in
chan
and
addition high voltage todifferent
Adding
Trying
to coffee, minimize
and thisforms, the
makes coffee
itST
new ancategories
price
attractive andspot diverse
for channels
snacks andpriceof productsThe company h
breakfast.
ST SO strategies Taking
strategies precautions to company
mitigate
Amplifying
economic
Trying
has branches to global
crises
minimize and stores
maintain
the
in 75 countries, coffee profitability
with more crises than 254,000 em
Trying to minimize themitigateSOfor
coffee Taking
strategies
price precautions to mitigate economic and main
ST
different WT
strategies
strategies
competitors,
Taking
Amplifying
Figure
precautionssuch
global
4. Theas
to
stores
phases
Caribou
different ST strategies
Starbucks implementing
Coffee
economic
Seeking
types of
Company,
crises
higher
Company
coffee
a growth
N-AHP
and and
is theCosta
tea
in
maintainSWOT
Coffee,
markets
most
productswidely analysis.
Green
profitability
and prolific
has a
Mountain
marketertradem
licensed
Cof
and
mitigate WT strategies
Amplifying global stores
ST
Roasters WT
and
strategies
Takingmany
strategies
Competing
Seeking
precautions
others.
higherwithgrowth To to
other face
competition,
company
companies
markets
addition WO
Lossto
economic
strategies
has
in bybranches
stand-by
Taking offering
coffee,
crises
aprecautions
group
andmode of
in
this
and
due
different maintain
experts
75 perform
countries,
coffee
it anand
to mitigate
makes
profitability
withStarbucks
more spot
creating
economic
attractive thanSWOT
brand
crises 254,000
and
for
analys
loyalty
main
snacks em
shown
as Starbucks
WT Taking
strategies
in Company
Figure precautions
5. is
Depending theto most
mitigate
on widely
to
the Competing
Seekingprolific
economic
leakage
SWOT higher
reactance
factors with
marketer
crises and other
growth
and companies
and
maintain
sub-factors,retailer
markets a by
of offering
coffee
profitability
set of in
alternatives different
the world.
strateg coT
WO Weight Competing
and devicewith
Diversifying
strategies stores
size other companies
different
around
different WT byof
Adding
types
thestrategies
world offering
competitors,anddifferent
coffee different
and
minimizing
such forms,
tea
as coffee
products
raw
Caribou and
newmaterials andcreating
categories
Coffee has and brand
diverse
a licensed
prices
Company, loyalty
chan
tradem
Costa
company
is developed. WT
can be has branches
strategies
Competing aimwith
Ourdifferent in
wasother75
countries,
toaround companies
prioritize
WO Diversifying
with more
strategies
Conventional
the strategies than
circuit
by offering stores
254,000
breaker
different
suggested around coffee
by the
employees. world
and The and
creating minimizing
company
brand also
loyalty raw
se
Diversifying
significantly
Adding stores forms, addition
new the world
Trying
to coffee,
categories and
toand
andminimizing
minimize this the
makes raw itcompany
coffee materials
anprice byindicators.
attractiveaprices spot forexperts
snacks
By applying ourwere: proposed Roasters
model Competing
and
to bymany
Starbucks todiverse
with
others. other
To
Company, channels
facecompanies of
competition,
the products
offering
evaluation group different
of
process and co p
in t
Inductive different reduced types
Competingoftocoffee with and tea
other products
companies is neededand
Adding in
hasordera
offering licensed
different switch trademark.
forms,
different new
coffee The
categories
[42–45]
and company
creating and offers
diverse
brand food,
chan
loyalty
These Diversifying
strategies
due stores around
different ST
By the world
strategies
applying
competitors,and our minimizing
Figure 4.
proposed
such The
as raw
phases
model
Caribou materials
for to prices
implementing
Starbucks
Coffee Company, a N-AHP
Company, Costa
selection
By Trying
applying
of to
different minimize
our proposed
strategies theas
was coffee
shown
model off price
Diversifying
in
toFigure
short circuit
Starbucks 5.
to stores
Depending
avoid Company, around onand the
the world
SWOT
evaluation and
factors minimizing
and
process sub-fac raw
and ht
addition coreless to coffee,
Diversifying and
construction this makes
stores around itanticipated
selection
Roasters the anand attractive
Trying
world
Taking
of
toto
and
different
many
become
spot
minimize forTo
minimizing
precautions
strategies
others.
simpler
snacks
the
to raw and
coffee
mitigate
was
face
more
materials valuable.
breakfast.
price
economic
anticipated
competition, aprices
togroupThe
crises
become company
of and main
simpler
experts pt
selection ST
By
SO strategies
applying
strategies
of different our proposed
strategies is
was model
developed.
anticipated maximum to HTS
Starbucks
Our to aim
become wasCompany,
to prioritize
simpler the
and evaluation
the
more strategies
valuable. process
suggested and by
different
Step 1 competitors,
Perform SWOT such as
analysis. Caribou ST
Starbucks
By
WT Coffee
strategies
applying
windingstrategies Company,
Company
our
temperature. is the
proposed Costa
most Coffee,
modelwidely to Green
prolific
Starbucks Mountain
marketer
Company, Cof
and
selection By applying Taking
of different our
precautionsproposed
strategies as
toStep shown
model
mitigate
was anticipated in
to Figure
Starbucks
economic 5. Depending
crises Company,
and on
maintain the SWOT
evaluation factors
profitability and
process sub-fac
andin t
Roasters
Step 1 and
Amplifying
PerformmanySWOT global
others. 4.To
Figureanalysis.
stores
The face
selection
company
phases
These
1 forof
competition, Perform
Taking
has ato
strategies
different
branches
implementing
Competing
become
SWOT
group were:
Figure
precautions
strategies
with in 75
N-AHP
simpler
4.experts
The
aofanalysis.
other to was
andfor
phases
inperform
mitigate
countries,
SWOT
companies
more valuable.
implementing
Starbucks
economic
anticipated
with bymore
analysis.
offering crises
to become
than a N-AHP
SWOT and
254,000
differentanalys
main
simpler em
co
selection
WT
of different
strategies
Seeking strategies
higher growth is
was developed.
anticipated
markets Our to aim
become was to prioritize
simpler and the
more strategies
valuable. suggested by
as
Stepshown in FigureSWOT
1 Perform 5. Dependinganalysis. onSO
different WT
Starbucks
These the SWOT
strategies
types
strategies factors
of
Diversifying
strategies coffee and
and
stores
were: sub-factors,
tea products
around the a set
and
worldof hasalternatives
a licensed
and minimizing strateg
tradem raw
It canstrategies
WO Competing
regulate faultwith otherStep companies 1 Perform byCompany
offeringFigure
SWOT is4. the
differentThe
analysis. phases
most
coffee for
widely implementing
and prolific
creating a N-AHP
marketer
brand and
loyalty in
Step
is developed. Starbucks 1 Perform Company
Our SWOT
aim was isto theprioritize
analysis. mostwidely
addition the
to prolific
strategies
Competing
coffee,
Amplifying and marketer
suggested
with thisother
global and
makes
stores byretailer
itcompany
companies of
bycoffee
an attractive indicators.
offering in the
spot forworld.
different
snacks coT
These currentDiversifying
limiting
Adding rangestores
Figure
different around
4.forms,
The company
phases
new By
SO thefor world
has and
branches
implementing
categories
applying
strategies and
our minimizing
in
a N-AHP
diverse
proposed raw
75 countries,
inmodel
SWOT
channels materials
with
of more
analysis.
toproductsprices
Starbucks thanCompany,
254,000 em
company has
according
branches
strategies
to impedancewere:in 75 countries,
different
Starbucks with more
Diversifying
competitors,
Seeking than
higher
Company such254,000
stores
growth
is the around
as employees.
Caribou
markets
most the world
widely CoffeeThe and
prolific company
minimizing
Company, also
marketertrademCosta
and se
raw
Trying different types of coffee and tea products and has abecome
licensed
different By
ratio types
applying
of ofto
transformer
minimize
coffee
our and tea
proposed
and
the
coffee
selection
products
model
Roasters WO price
Current
ofand
to
and different
Amplifying
has
Starbucks
many
strategies
limiting a strategies
Figureglobal
licensed
others.
time 4.To
Company, The was
storesphases
trademark.
face anticipated
the forevaluation
competition,The togroup
implementing
company
a process
of simpler
aoffers
N-AHP
experts inpt
food,
and
SO
Starbucks
ST strategies
strategies Company is the company mostBy
addition iswidely
has
applying
to
Seeking
branches
prolific
coffee, our
and
higher
in
marketer
this 75makes
proposed
growth
countries,
and it an with
model
retailer
markets
more
toofStarbucks
coffeespot
attractive than
in the 254,000
Company,
for world.
snacks emT
addition
selection hence to coffee, and
ofapplicable
different in this makes
the
strategies was
as
Step it
anticipated
shown
different 1 an attractive
higher
in Figure
Adding
Perform
types ofto spot
become
5.
SWOT
coffee for
Depending
different snacks
simpler
forms,
analysis.
and tea on
newand
and
the
products breakfast.
more
SWOT
categories
and valuable.
hasfactors
and
a The company
and
diverse
licensed sub-fac
chan
tradem h
Transformer company casesAmplifying has
Taking
of branches
wide global
precautions
range ofin 75stores to selection
countries,
different
mitigate Starbucks
WO Power
of
with different
economicmore
competitors,
strategies
burden Company
of
strategies
than
crises
SFCL such254,000
and
is the was
most anticipated
employees.
asmaintain
Caribou [65]
widely CoffeeThe toCompany,
profitability
prolific become
company
marketer simpler
also
Costa
and se
different competitors, such asis Caribou
developed. to Coffee
Trying OurtoCompany,
aim
minimizewas Costa
tomakes itCoffee,
prioritize
the coffee the
anprice Green spot
strategies Mountain
suggested Cof
by
Step
different
WT 1currentSeeking
Perform
typeslimiting
strategies higher
SWOTand
of coffee growth teaaddition
analysis. markets
products
Roasters
company These and
and
is higher
has
coffee,
Addingmany
branches aand
hasdifferent
others. thisTo
licensed
in 75 trademark.
face competition,
countries,
forms, new
attractive
The company
with
categoriesmorea group
andthan
forexperts
offers
of snacks
254,000
diverse food,
chanem p
Roasters and many others. To face Step
competition,
different ST 1 Perform a
strategies
strategies
competitors, SWOT
group were: of
suchanalysis.
experts perform
as Caribou Starbucks
Coffeefactors SWOT
Company, analys
Costah
WO
addition strategies
to
Shortest coffee,
recovery
Competing and time
with thisother makesas it
shown
companies
different an attractive
in
types Figure
by
Trying offering
offactorsspot
5.
coffee
to minimize for
Depending
differentsnacks
andsub-factors,
tea on and
the
coffee
products
themitigate
coffee pricebreakfast.
SWOT
and creating
andofhas The
acrises company
and
brand
licensed sub-fac
loyalty
tradem
as shown inbeFigure 5. Depending onthe and
Roasters SWOT
Takingmany precautions
others. and To to
face aeconomic
competition, set aalternatives
group ofand strateg
expertsmain p
different couldAdding achieved
competitors,
Diversifying
with
different such
stores forms,
as
is
around new
Caribou
developed.
addition SO the categories
Coffee
strategies
world
to Our
coffee, and and
Company,
aim
and diverse
was
minimizing
this channels
Costa
tomakes
prioritize
raw itCoffee,of
the
materials
an products
Green
strategies
attractive prices Mountain
spot suggested
for snacksCof
by
is developed. neutral lines Figure 4.
Our aim was to prioritize The
phases ST
WT for implementing
strategies
the strategies
strategies a N-AHP
suggested in
by SWOT
company analysis.
indicators.
Roasters and Tryingmany to others.
minimize To the as coffee
face shown
competition, instrategies
price Figure 5. were:
aprecautions
group Depending
of experts on the SWOT
perform factorsSWOT
Starbucks and sub-fac
These
By strategies
applying our were:
proposed different
model
These
Amplifying
competitors,
Taking
Competing
to Starbucks Figure
global
withsuch 4.
stores
other
Company, as Caribou
to mitigate
The phases
companies
the for Coffee
economic
implementing
by Company,
offering
evaluation crises andanalys
adifferent
processN-AHP Costa
main
and in
cot
shown
as ST strategies
Starbucks in FigureCompany5. Depending is
is the Roastersdeveloped.
on
most the
widelySWOT
SeekingOur
prolific aim
factors
higher was
and
marketergrowthto prioritize
sub-factors,
andmarkets
retailerthe
a setstrategies
ofof alternatives
coffee in suggested
the strateg
world. by T
selection of different strategies
was anticipated WT
SO
and many
strategies
strategies
Diversifyingto others.
become stores To face
around
simpler competition,
andthe world
more aandgroup
valuable. of
minimizingexperts raw p
is developed. SO
strategies
Taking Our Figure
precautions
aim was 4. The
to to phases
mitigate
prioritize These
WO Longfor
the strategies
implementing
economic
strategies
strategies
length of were:
crises a N-AHP
and
suggested in
maintain
by SWOT
company analysis.
profitability
indicators.
company has branches in 75 countries, as shown with
Starbucks in more
Figure
Competing Company than
5. with 254,000
Dependingisother
the employees.
on the
companies
most widelySWOT by The
offering
prolific company
factors and
marketer also
sub-fac
different and se
co
Amplifying
superconductor global stores
Step These
different WT Amplifying
1 strategies
strategies
Perform
types SWOT
of coffee global
were: stores
analysis.
and tea
isproducts
developed.
company
By
SO
Adding
applying
andOur
strategies
Diversifying
has branches aislicensed
hasdifferent
our
aim
required
proposed
was
stores
ingrowth
75
forms, new
model
trademark.
toaround
prioritize
countries, thecategories
tostrategies
The
the
world
with Starbucks
company
more and and diverse
Company,
offers
suggested
minimizing
than
chan
food,
by
raw
Starbucks
to Seeking
CompetingCompany
higherwith isother
growth the most markets
companies
These widely
for Seeking
high by prolific
voltage
Trying
higher
offering
to marketer
application
minimize different and
the
markets
retailer
coffee
coffee and
priceofcreating
coffee the254,000
inbrand world.
loyalty
emT
addition
SO coffee,
strategies and this makesselection
it
different an of different
attractive
Amplifying
strategies
types of coffee strategies
spot global
were: for
and was
snacks
stores
tea anticipated
and
products breakfast.
and hasto abecome
The simpler
company
licensed tradem h
company has branches in 75 WO
countries, By Large strategies
dissipated
with
applying more our power
than and
254,000
proposed employees.
model to The
Starbucks company Company,also se
different WO
strategies
Diversifying
Automatic recovering
competitors,global stores
and
such stores around
as Caribou ST the world
strategies
Coffee and minimizing
Company, Costaraw materials prices
fastertypes Amplifying teaaddition
1longto Seeking
coffee,
recovery
Adding higher
aand
time
different growth
this makes
forms, itCoffee,
markets
new
Green spot
ancategories
attractive Mountain
for snacks Cof
different
Roasters and Adding of coffee
excessive
many
current
different
others.
andforms,
To
Step
face
products
selection
new
competition,
SO
Shortest
Perform
and
strategies
of
categories
Taking has
different
a
SWOT
and licensed
precautions
group
analysis.
strategies
diverse
of
trademark.
was
tochannels
experts mitigate
perform
The
anticipated
of products
economic to and
company
Starbucks becomediverse
crises
SWOT
offers
and
chan
food,
simpler
main
analys
By applying
Seeking our proposed
higher growth
different
model
markets WO strategies
recovery
competitors,
to Starbucks
Trying time
to minimize such could
Company, as
theCaribou the price
coffee Coffee Company,
evaluation process Costa
and ht
Resistive addition limiting to
Tryingcapability
coffee, to and
minimize this makes
the itWT
coffee anprice
attractive
Amplifying
strategies spot globalfor snacks
stores and breakfast.
[5,69–80,97] The company
as shown indifferent
Figure 5. Depending Steponanticipated 1not
the be SWOTachieved
Adding
Perform factors even
different
SWOT with
and sub-factors,
forms,
analysis. new a set of
categories alternatives
and diverse strateg
chan
selection
different WO of
strategies
Smaller strategies
competitors, such asCaribou
in size, less costly Roasters
was ST and many
strategies
Coffee
Seeking to others.
become
Company,
higher To
growth face
simpler
Costa competition,
and more
Coffee, by
markets a group
valuable.
Green of
Mountain experts Cof p
is developed. ST and strategies
very Our
simple aim was
structure to prioritize neutral the lines
Competing
strategies
Trying to with
suggested
minimize other the companies
by company
coffee price offering
indicators. different co
Roasters and Addingmany different
others.analysis.forms,
To as
face shown
new
competition,
mitigate WO in Figure
categories
Taking
strategies
Simultaneous 5. Depending
and
aprecautions
group
quenching diverse
ofand experts
isaround on
tochannels the SWOT
mitigate
perform of products
economic factors
Starbucks crisesand
SWOT andsub-fac
main
analys
Step 1 Perform
These Taking
strategies SWOT
precautions
were: to ST economic
Diversifying crises stores maintain theprofitability
world and minimizing raw
Trying to minimize the
is developed.
coffee
onWT not strategies
price Our
strategies aim was to prioritize the strategies suggested by
as
shown WT strategiesin Figure 5. Depending the possible
SWOT
Adding due
factors to critical
different andforms, sub-factors, a set of alternatives
new categories and diverse strateg
chan
ST strategies
These
By current Taking
strategies
differenceprecautions
were:
between to mitigate economic crises and main
developed.
is SO
strategies Our aimwith
Competing wasother to prioritize
companies applying Competing
the toour
strategies
Trying
by offering
withproposed
suggested
minimize other
different bymodel
thecompanies
company
coffee
coffee
to by
price Starbucks
indicators.
and creating
Company,
offering different
brand loyalty
co
These Taking precautions to mitigate
selection WT
severalstrategies
units
economic
of different
Diversifying crises
strategies
stores and maintain
was
around profitability
anticipated
the world to
and become
minimizing simpler raw
Amplifying
strategies were:
Diversifying global
storesstores SO
around ST strategies
strategies
WT the Competing
world and minimizing with other companies raw materials prices different co
by offering
strategies
Seeking higher growth Stepmarkets 1 Taking
Amplifying
Perform precautions
SWOT global to
stores
analysis. mitigate economic crisesCompany,
and main
SO strategies By applying
Diversifying our proposed
stores around modeltheand to
worldStarbucks
and minimizing
WO By applying
Competing
strategies
Simultaneous ourwith
quenching proposed model
othercompanies to byStarbucks
offering Company,
different the
coffee evaluation
creating process
brand andraw
loyalty t
Amplifying global selection
stores WT strategies
Seeking
of different higher growth
strategies markets
was anticipated to become simpler
selection of
is possible different
Diversifying
which strategies
is stores
Adding different forms,not was
around anticipated
new Bythe world
categories
applying
Competing to
and become
and
our minimizing
diverse simpler raw
otherchannels
proposed and more
materials
modeloftoproducts valuable.
prices
Starbucks Company,
possibleSeeking higher growth markets WO strategies
Replenishment of with
liquid companies by offering different co
in resistive SFCL Step 1nitrogen
Perform SWOT analysis.
Step Trying
1Lessapplying
Perform to minimize
SWOT the coffee
selection price
of different
Diversifying
is needed strategies
stores
if outage was
around anticipated
the world to
and become
minimizing simpler raw
Hybrid By WO strategies
superconductor isanalysis.model Adding
our proposed to Starbucks different forms, new
Company, thecategories
[80–83,98]evaluation and diverseand
process chant
ST strategies period is relatively long.
selection of
required different
for high strategies
voltage
Adding different forms, was
Step anticipated
new Trying
1 categories
By Perform SWOT
applying toto minimize
become
and
our diverse analysis.
proposed the
simpler coffee
and
channels price
more
modeloftoproducts valuable.
Starbucks Company,
Takingapplications
and current precautions tomitigate ST economic crises and maintain profitability
strategies
Step Trying
1 strategies to minimize
Perform SWOT analysis. the coffee price
selection of different strategies was anticipated to become simpler
WT Taking precautions to mitigate economic crises and main
ST strategies
Competing with other companies
Step 1 strategies
WT by offering
Perform SWOTdifferent analysis.coffee and creating brand loyalty
Taking precautions to mitigate economic crises and maintain profitability
Diversifying stores around the Competing world and minimizing with other companies raw materials prices different co
by offering
WT strategies
By applying
Competing ourwith proposed model
other companies Diversifying
to by offeringstores
Starbucks Company,
different around theand
the
coffee world
evaluation and minimizing
creating process
brand loyalty andraw t
selection of different strategies
Diversifying stores around was anticipated the world to
and become
minimizing simpler
By applying our proposed model to Starbucks Company, raw and more
materials valuable.
prices
Step By
1 applying
Perform SWOT selection
analysis.
our proposed modeloftodifferent strategies
Starbucks was anticipated
Company, to become
the evaluation simpler
process and t
different types of coffee and teacompany productshas andbranches
has a licensedin 75 trademark.
countries, with more thanoffers
The company 254,000 em
food,
company has
addition to coffee, and branches Figure
in
this 75
4. The
countries,
different
makes it an
phases
with
types more
of
forattractive
implementing
than
coffee
spotafor 254,000
and
N-AHP tea employees.
products
snacks and The
and breakfast.
in SWOT has company
a licensed
analysis. The company h
also se
tradem
different types of coffee and tea products
addition to and has
coffee, a
different competitors, such as Caribou Coffee Company, Costa Coffee, Green Mountain Cof licensed
and this trademark.
makes it an The company
attractive spot offers
for food,
snacks
addition
Starbucks
Roasters to coffee,
and Company
many and
others.this
isTo makes
the most
face it widely
different an competitors,
competition, attractive
prolific
a groupspot
Figure for
such
marketer
of snacks
4.experts
The phases
asand andforbreakfast.
Caribou
retailer
perform implementing
Coffee
of coffee
Starbucks The
Company, acompany
inSWOT
the N-AHPCosta
world.
analysh
inT
different
as shown competitors,
company hasFigure
in branches such
in 75 as
5. Depending Caribou
Roasters
on the and
countries, Coffee
with
SWOT many
more Company,
others.
factorsthan and To
254,000Costa
sub-factors,Coffee,
a setGreen
faceemployees.
competition, The
of Mountain
aalternatives
group
company of expertsCof
also p
se
strateg
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 Roasters and many others. To face Starbucks
competition, Company
a group ofis the
experts most widely
perform 8prolific
of 24
Starbucks marketer
SWOT and
analys
different typesOurof coffee andtotea asproducts
shownthe in Figure
and has a5. Depending
licensed on company
trademark.the SWOT factors and sub-fac
is developed. aim was prioritize strategies suggested
Figure 4. The by
phases forThe company
indicators.
implementing aoffers
N-AHP food,
in
as shown
addition instrategies
to Figure and
coffee, 5. Depending
this company
onitthe
isphases
makes developed.
an has Our
SWOT branches
factors
attractive aimspot infor
and
was 75 to countries,
sub-factors,
prioritize
snacks awith
andthe set more
of
breakfast. than
alternatives
strategies The 254,000
suggested em
strateg
company by
h
These were:
Figure 4. The for implementing a N-AHP in SWOT analysis.
is developed. Our
different competitors, such aim was to different
prioritize
These types
the of coffee
strategies
strategies and
suggested
were: tea products
by companyand has a licensed
indicators. tradem
Table as Caribou
2. Cont. Starbucks Coffee Company,
Company is the Costa
mostCoffee,
widely Green
prolificMountain
marketer and Cof
SO These strategies
strategies were:
Figure addition fortoimplementing
coffee, and this makes it an attractive spot forworld.
snacks
Starbucks
Roasters and Company
many others. is4.ToThe
thefacephases
most widely
competition,
company prolific
a group aofN-AHP
marketer expertsandinperform
SWOT
retailer analysis.
of coffee
Starbucks
has branches in 75 countries, with more than 254,000 em in the
SWOT analysT
Amplifying global stores SO strategies
different competitors, such as Caribou Coffee Company, Costa
SFCL Types company
as
SOshown has
in branches
Advantages
Figure 5. in 75
Depending countries,
on
different the with
SWOT
types more
Disadvantages
factorsthan
of coffee and 254,000
and tea employees.
References
sub-factors, a set The
of company
alternatives
products and has a licensed tradem also se
strateg
strategies
Starbucks Seeking higher growth
Company isto the widely
markets
most
Roasters Amplifying
and prolific
many global
marketer
others. Tostores
and
face retailer of company
competition, coffee
a groupin the world.
of experts T
p
different
is developed.
types of coffee
Our
Amplifying aimglobal
wasand tea products
prioritize
addition
stores the
to and has aand
strategies
coffee, licensed
suggested
this trademark.
makes by The
itcompany spotoffers
indicators.
an attractive food,
for snacks
companyWO strategies
Operational
has current
branches could
in 75 as
countries,
shown Seeking
with
in more
Figure higher
than
5. growth
254,000
Depending markets
employees.
on the SWOT The company
factors and also
sub-facse
addition
These
be variedto coffee,higher
strategies
Seeking and this
were: growth makes it an competitors,
different
markets attractive spotsuch for snacks and breakfast.
aschannels
Caribou Coffee The company
Company, Costah
different Adding
types different
of coffee andforms,tea WO
new
isproducts
developed. strategies
Bigcategories
size,
andheavy aweight
and
hasCompany,
Our aim licensed
was and
diverse totrademark.
prioritize of products
The
the company
strategies offers food,
suggested by
Flux-lock different
WO competitors,
strategies
Lessstrategies
power burden such
on as Caribou
Roasters andCoffee
cost.many
highprice others. To Costa Coffee,
[36,41,86,99]
face competition, Green Mountain
a group of expertsCofp
additionSO
Trying
to coffee, to minimize
and thisTomakes the
coffee
itThese Adding
an attractive
strategiesdifferent
spot
were: forms,
forexperts new
snacksperform categories
and breakfast. and
The diverse
company chanh
Roasters and many
superconducting
Adding differentothers.
modules face
forms, as competition,
shown
new in a
Figure group
5. of
Depending on the SWOTStarbucks
factors SWOT
and analys
sub-fac
ST strategies
different Amplifying
competitors, global
such stores
as categories
Caribou Trying
Coffee
and
toCompany,diversethe
minimize channels
Costa coffee of products
price
Coffee, Green Mountain Cof
as shown in Figure
Trying to 5. Depending
minimize the onSO
markets
is thestrategies
developed.
coffee SWOT
price Ourfactors
aim and to
was sub-factors,
prioritize a setstrategies
the of alternatives
suggestedstrateg
by
Roasters Seeking
Taking
and many higher
precautions
others. growth
To to
face ST strategies
mitigate
competition, economica groupcrises ofand
expertsmaintain
perform profitability
Starbucks SWOT analys
is
developed.
ST Our
strategies aim was to prioritize
These the strategies
Amplifying
strategies suggested
global
were: storesby company indicators.
as shown WO
WT strategies
strategies
Magnetic shielding
instrategies
Figure body
5. were:
Depending onthe SWOT Takingfactors
precautions to mitigateaeconomic
and sub-factors, crises and
set of alternatives main
strateg
These Taking
is automatically precautions
heated to mitigate Seeking
WTcategories
economic higher
crises growth
and marketsprofitability
maintain
is developed. Adding
Competing different
Our aimwith wasother forms, new
companies
to prioritize strategies
SO strategies and
by offering
the strategies diverse channels
different by
suggested coffee of products
and creating
company indicators.brand loyalty
WT when fault occurs and
strategies coffee
WO
Itthe strategies
experiences
Competing undesirable
with other companies by offering
SO
These strategies
Trying to minimize
Diversifying
strategies stores around
were: the price
world and minimizing
Amplifying global storesraw materials prices different co
henceCompeting
does not requirewith other voltage
companies drop
Adding during
different
by offering forms,
different new
coffee categories
and creatingand diverse
brand chan
loyalty
ST Amplifying
strategies
additional fault global stores normal
Diversifying
Seeking
operationhigher stores
growth around the
markets world and minimizing raw
SO By applying
strategies
Diversifying
detection our proposed
stores around model
the to
Trying
worldStarbucks
to
and minimizeCompany,
minimizing the the
coffee
raw evaluation
price
materials prices process and t
Seeking
Taking higher
circuit growth
precautions tomitigate markets
WOIt has economic
strategies
magneticour crises
field and maintain profitability
Magnetic Shield selection of different
Amplifying strategies
global stores was
ST By applying
anticipated
strategies to become proposed
simpler model
and to
[91,93,100,101]
more Starbucks
valuable. Company,
WO WT strategies
strategies
It has greater design interference
Adding which affects
different forms, newthecategories
By
applying
Seeking
our proposed
higher growth
model
selection
markets
of todifferent
Taking
Starbucks
precautions
Company,
strategies was evaluation
anticipated
tochannels
mitigate economic to and
becomediverse
process
crises
chant
and
simpler
and main
Step flexibility
1 Adding
Performdue
Competing to turn
different
SWOT with ratio forms,
analysis.
other new thecategories
companies operation
by ofand
nearby
offering diverse
different coffee of
andproducts
creating brand loyalty
selection of different strategies was anticipated Tryingto tobecome
minimize the coffee
simpler and price
more valuable.
WO strategies
It provides
Trying isolation
to minimize
Step
the WT strategies
1sensitive devices
Perform SWOT analysis.
Diversifying
between SFCL and
stores around coffeeST the price
world and
strategies minimizing raw materials prices
Step
ST 1 Adding
Perform
strategies different
SWOT forms,
analysis. new categories
Competing and diverse
with otherchannels
companies of products
by offering different co
power networkour proposed model Taking precautions to mitigate economic crises andand
maint
By
applying
Trying to minimize
Taking precautions tomitigate the coffee
to Starbucks
price
Diversifying Company,
stores around the
economic crises and maintain profitabilitythe evaluation
world process
and minimizing raw
selection of different strategies was WT
anticipatedstrategies to become simpler and more valuable.
ST WTstrategies
strategies By applying
Competing ourwithproposed model to by
other companies Starbucks Company,
offering different co
Step Taking
1 Perform
Competing precautions
SWOT with analysis.
other to mitigate
companies economic
by crises
offering and maintain
different coffee profitability
and creating brand loyalty
4. Non-Superconducting FCLs selection of different strategies
Diversifying stores around was anticipated
the world and to become
minimizingsimplerraw
WT strategies
Diversifying stores around the world and minimizing raw materials prices
Generally, superconducting Competing
fault current otherStep
withlimiters 1 been
By
companies
have Perform
applying
by SWOT
offering
extensively analysis.
our proposed
different
used in power modeland
coffee to creating
Starbucks
systems. Company,
brand loyalty
However, non-superconducting By
applying
Diversifying our
fault current proposed
stores
limiters around model
selection
could of
theplay to
worldStarbucks
different
an and Company,
strategies
minimizing
important rolewas
inraw the evaluation
anticipated
materials
reducing faultprices process
to become and t
simpler
current and improving selection
the dynamic of different strategies
stability was anticipated
of power systems with to become
minimal simpler
cost and more valuable.
compared to
By applying our proposed Stepmodel1 Perform SWOTCompany,
to Starbucks analysis. the evaluation process and t
superconducting fault current
Step 1 limiters
Perform [10,34,97].
SWOT There are several types of non-superconducting fault
analysis.
selection of different strategies was anticipated to become simpler and more valuable.
current limiters as follows.
Step 1 Perform SWOT analysis.
4.1. Series Dynamic Braking Resistor (SDBR)
SDBR is a non-superconducting FCL that has been extensively used in power systems,
especially for the fault ride through capability enhancement of wind farms [54–59]. SDBR consists of a
resistor in parallel with a switch. The switch is turned on and off based on the occurrence of a fault in
the system.
Energies Due
2018, 11, to fast
x FOR PEERresponse,
REVIEW IGBT is used as a switch as shown in Figure 9. 9 of 25
Control
IGBT
Iline
Rsh
Figure
Figure 9.
9. Series
Series dynamic
dynamic breaking
breaking resistor (SDBR) Configuration.
resistor (SDBR) Configuration.
During normal operation, IGBT is turned on and the braking resistor is bypassed. Therefore, the
During normal operation, IGBT is turned on and the braking resistor is bypassed. Therefore, the
SDBR has no effect on the system during normal condition of the grid. At the inception of grid fault,
SDBR has no effect on the system during normal condition of the grid. At the inception of grid fault,
voltage at the point of common coupling (Vpcc) decreases and becomes lower than the predefined
voltage at the point of common coupling (Vpcc ) decreases and becomes lower than the predefined
reference voltage (Vref). IGBT is turned off at this condition and braking resistor comes in series with
reference voltage (Vref ). IGBT is turned off at this condition and braking resistor comes in series with
the line to limit the sharp increase in line current. Braking resistor continues to be in series with the
the line to limit the sharp increase in line current. Braking resistor continues to be in series with the
line until Vpcc becomes greater than Vref. When Vpcc surpasses Vref, IGBT is turned on and system
returns to its normal operation.
During normal operation, IGBT is turned on and the braking resistor is bypassed. Therefore, the
SDBR has no effect on the system during normal condition of the grid. At the inception of grid fault,
voltage at the point of common coupling (Vpcc) decreases and becomes lower than the predefined
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 9 of 24
reference voltage (Vref). IGBT is turned off at this condition and braking resistor comes in series with
the line to limit the sharp increase in line current. Braking resistor continues to be in series with the
line until
line untilVVpcc becomes greater
pcc becomes greater than
thanVVref
ref.. When
When V
Vpcc ref,, IGBT
pcc surpasses Vref IGBT is turned on
on and
and system
system
returnsto
returns toits
itsnormal
normaloperation.
operation.
4.2.
4.2. Bridge
BridgeType
TypeFault
FaultCurrent
CurrentLimiter
Limiter(BFCL)
(BFCL)
BFCL
BFCLhas
hastwo
twomain
mainparts—the
parts—thebridge
bridgepart
part and
and the
the shunt
shunt branch
branch [102,103],
[102,103], as
as shown
shown in
in Figure
Figure 10.
10.
LDC
D5
Iline
RDC
D3 D4
Themain
The mainfunction
functionofofBFCL BFCL is to
is to insert
insert resistance
resistance andand induction
induction at inception
at the the inception of a fault.
of a fault. It doesIt
does not require superconductive characteristics for its operation, thus it has less
not require superconductive characteristics for its operation, thus it has less application costs compared application costs
compared
to other faulttocurrent
other fault current
limiting limiting
devices. The devices.
bridge partTheisbridge
composedpart of
is composed of a diode
a diode rectifier, a veryrectifier,
small dca
very small dc limiting reactor (L DC), a small DC resistance (RDC), a commercially available
limiting reactor (LDC ), a small DC resistance (RDC ), a commercially available semiconductor (IGBT)
semiconductor
switch (IGBT) switch
(CM200HG-130H) and (CM200HG-130H)
a freewheeling diode. and The
a freewheeling
main shuntdiode.
branchThe main shunt
is connected inbranch
parallelis
connected
with in parallel
the bridge part. Itwith the bridge
consists part.of
of a series It connected
consists of resistance
a series of and
connected
reactanceresistance and reactance
(Rsh + jωL sh ).
(Rsh +During
jωLsh). normal operation, the IGBT switch is turned on and current flows through the path
D1 - LDuring normal operation, the IGBT switch is turned on and current flows through the path D1-
DC - RDC -D4 for positive half cycle of the signal. Then, current conducts through the path
L DC- RDC-D4 for positive half cycle of the signal. Then, current conducts through the path D2- LDC- RDC
D2 - LDC - RDC -D3 for negative half cycle of the signal. As the current through the LDC has unified
-D3 for negative
direction during half cycle of operating
this normal the signal.condition
As the current
LDC isthrough
chargedtheto L DC has unified direction during
the peak of the line current and
this normal operating condition L DC is charged to the peak of the line current and essentially behaves
essentially behaves like short circuit and it has negligible voltage drop. Consequently, BFCL has no
like short
impact circuit
on the systemandin itnormal
has negligible
operating voltage
conditions.drop. Consequently,
During BFCL
contingencies, thehas
IGBT noswitch
impact on the
is turned
system in normal operating conditions. During contingencies, the IGBT switch
off and essentially the bridge behaves like an open circuit. So, the shunt path of the BFCL comes into is turned off and
essentiallyand
operation thelimits
bridge
thebehaves like an
fault current. open
At the circuit.
same time,So,
thethe shunt path
freewheeling of the
diode BFCL acomes
provides discharge into
operation and limits the fault current. At the same time, the freewheeling diode
path for reactor (L ). It is worth mentioning that during fault initiation L the line current tends provides a discharge
DC DC
to increase drastically; however, LDC limits this current. Therefore, the IGBT switch is saved from
high di/dt.
D1 D2
Ld
Rd
D3 D4
4.5.
4.5. Transformer
Transformer Coupled
Coupled BFCL
BFCL
A
A transformer
transformer coupled
coupled bridge
bridge type
type fault
fault current
current limiter
limiter is
is presented
presented [105]
[105] for for low
low voltage
voltage ride
ride
through
through (LVRT) capability enhancement of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The schematic
(LVRT) capability enhancement of a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The schematic
diagram
diagram of of the
the fault
fault current
current limiter
limiter is
is shown
shown inin Figure
Figure 12.
12. A
A bypass
bypass resistor
resistor (R
(Rbb)) is
is used
used to
to absorb
absorb the
the
majority
majority of the
Energiesof2018,
current
the 11,
current harmonics
harmonics
x FOR PEER REVIEW
during normal operation and to reduce voltage
during normal operation and to reduce voltage spikes. spikes. 11 of 25
Rb
Phase a
Rb Phase b
Rb Phase c
Thyristor Bridge
Current Limiting
Reactor and
Freewheeling
Diode
Figure
Figure 12. Transformer
12. Transformer coupled
coupled bridge
bridge faultfault current
current limiter
limiter (BFCL).
(BFCL).
In a steady state system, all the thyristors are kept turned on and limiting reactors are bypassed.
In a steady state system, all the thyristors are kept turned on and limiting reactors are bypassed.
During system disturbances, gate signals of the thyristors are removed and a limiting reactor is
During system disturbances, gate signals of the thyristors are removed and a limiting reactor is inserted
inserted to limit fault current.
to limit fault current.
Table 3 summarizes different types of non-superconducting fault current limiters.
Table 3 summarizes different types of non-superconducting fault current limiters.
Table 3. Non-superconducting fault current limiter summary.
check whether it is within or above the tolerance value [47]. Determination of operational cost by
measuring power consumption is one of the main requirements during long term operation tests of
SFCL. However, only operational cost of hybrid SFCL [1,47] has been determined and compared with
circuit breaker replacement cost and other damages to the power system equipment due to high fault
currents. More discussion and feasibility analysis of other types of SFCLs are required with rigorous
filed tests. Furthermore, non-superconducting solid state FCLs grid operation and field tests with
feasibility analysis should be done in future work before real time grid integration.
Resistive FCL
SFCL, MgB2 SFCL,
SISFCL
Super capacitor
tim
DF
BFCL, MBFCL
IG
Wind d
Spee
Fixed
SDBR,
em
DC
superconducting
HV
FCL Mic d
rog ute
rid trib ion
Dis nerat Saturated iron core
MTDC Ge
FCL, SFCL
Resistive SFCL
DC link adjustable
FCL, SFCL
Hybrid SFCL
Different types of non-superconducting FCLs like bridge type fault current limiter (BFCL),
parallel resonance bridge type fault current limiter (PRBFCL) have been examined in DFIG based
wind integration, multimachine system and fixed speed wind system. Application of these
non-superconducting FCL could be investigated in HVDC, smart grid, microgrid and multi-terminal
HVDC (MTDC). Till date, some of the SFCLs have been practically implemented in some power
systems in the world. However, non-superconducting fault current are yet to be implemented in real
power system. Diodes and IGBT switches are mainly required for non-superconducting FCLs which
can be implemented easily [104]. Moreover, required inductor and resistor for current limiting part
are non-superconducting in nature which will reduce implementation cost excessively compared to
superconducting fault current limiter for future in power system.
4. Lim, S.-H.; Choi, H.-S.; Chung, D.-C.; Jeong, Y.-H.; Han, Y.-H.; Sung, T.-H.; Han, B.-S. Fault Current Limiting
Characteristics of Resistive Type SFCL Using a Transformer. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2005, 15, 2055–2058.
[CrossRef]
5. Sung, B.C.; Park, D.K.; Park, J.W.; Ko, T.K. Study on a series resistive sFCL to improve power system transient
stability: Modeling, simulation, and experimental verification. IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron. 2009, 56, 2412–2419.
[CrossRef]
6. Sahebi, A.; Samet, H.; Ghanbari, T. Evaluation of power transformer inrush currents and internal faults
discrimination methods in presence of fault current limiter. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 68, 102–112.
[CrossRef]
7. Noe, M.; Hobl, A.; Tixador, P.; Martini, L.; Dutoit, B. Conceptual Design of a 24 kV, 1 kA Resistive
Superconducting Fault Current Limiter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2012, 22, 5600304. [CrossRef]
8. Elschner, S.; Kudymow, A.; Fink, S.; Goldacker, W.; Grilli, F.; Schacherer, C.; Hobl, A.; Bock, J.; Noe, M.
ENSYSTROB—Resistive Fault Current Limiter Based on Coated Conductors for Medium Voltage Application.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2011, 21, 1209–1212. [CrossRef]
9. Lee, S.; Yoon, J.; Yang, B.; Moon, Y.; Lee, B. Analysis model development and specification proposal of 154kV
SFCL for the application to a live grid in South Korea. Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2014, 504, 148–152. [CrossRef]
10. Hasan, M.; Rashid, G. Fault ride through capability improvement of DFIG based winds farm by fuzzy logic
controlled parallel resonance fault current limiter. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2016, 146, 1–8. [CrossRef]
11. Tarafdar, M.T.; Jafari, M.; Naderi, S.B. Transient stability improvement using non-superconducting fault
current limiter. In Proceedings of the 1st Power Electronic & Drive Systems & Technologies Conference
(PEDSTC), Tehran, Iran, 17–18 February 2010; pp. 367–370.
12. Hossain, M.E. Performance analysis of diode-bridge-type non-superconducting fault current limiter in
improving transient stability of DFIG based variable speed wind generator. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2017, 143,
782–793. [CrossRef]
13. Hagh, M.T.; Abapour, M. Nonsuperconducting fault current limiter with controlling the magnitudes of fault
currents. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2009, 24, 613–619. [CrossRef]
14. Jo, H.C.; Joo, S.K. Superconducting fault current limiter placement for power system protection using the
minimax regret criterion. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2015, 25. [CrossRef]
15. Blair, S.M.; Elders, I.M.; Booth, C.D.; Burt, G.M.; McCarthy, J.; Singh, N.K. Superconducting fault current
limiter application in a power-dense marine electrical system. IET Electr. Syst. Transp. 2011, 1, 93–102.
[CrossRef]
16. Kim, M.H.; Kim, J.S.; You, I.K.; Lim, S.H.; Kim, J.C. A study on practical impedance of superconducting fault
current limiter on bus tie in a power distribution system. J. Int. Counc. Electr. Eng. 2011, 1, 54–59. [CrossRef]
17. Lee, J.-G.; Khan, U.A.; Hwang, J.-S.; Seong, J.-K.; Shin, W.-J.; Park, B.-B.; Lee, B.-W. Assessment on the
influence of resistive superconducting fault current limiter in VSC-HVDC system. Phys. C Supercond. Appl.
2014, 504, 163–166. [CrossRef]
18. Jo, H.C.; Joo, S.K.; Lee, K. Optimal placement of superconducting fault current limiters (SFCLs) for protection
of an electric power system with distributed generations (DGs). IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23, 3–6.
[CrossRef]
19. Ye, L.Y.L.; Lin, L.L.L.; Juengst, K.-P. Application studies of superconducting fault current limiters in electric
power systems. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2002, 12, 900–903. [CrossRef]
20. Hatta, H.; Muroya, S.; Nitta, T.; Shirai, Y.; Taguchi, M. Experimental study on limiting operation
of Superconducting Fault Current Limiter in double circuit transmission line model system.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2002, 12, 812–815. [CrossRef]
21. Li, B.; Li, C.; Guo, F.; Xin, Y.; Wang, C.; Pang, X. Coordination of superconductive fault current limiters with
zero-sequence current protection of transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2014, 24. [CrossRef]
22. Llambes, J.C.H.; Hazelton, D.W.; Weber, C.S. Recovery under load performance of 2nd generation HTS
superconducting fault current limiter for electric power transmission lines. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
2009, 19, 1968–1971. [CrossRef]
23. Elmitwally, A.; Gouda, E.; Eladawy, S. Optimal allocation of fault current limiters for sustaining overcurrent
relays coordination in a power system with distributed generation. Alexandria Eng. J. 2015, 54, 1077–1089.
[CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 18 of 24
24. Hemmati, S.; Sadeh, J. Applying superconductive fault current limiter to minimize the impacts of Distributed
Generation on the distribution protection systems. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on
Environment and Electrical Engineering, Venice, Italy, 18–25 May 2012; pp. 808–813.
25. Mardani, M.; Fathi, S.H. Fault current limiting in a wind power plant equipped with a DFIG using
the interface converter and an optimized located FCL. In Proceedings of the 6th Power Electronics,
Drive Systems & Technologies Conference, Tehran, Iran, 3–4 February 2015; pp. 328–333.
26. Zhao, Y.; Krause, O.; Saha, T.K.; Li, Y. Stability enhancement in distribution systems with DFIG-based wind
turbine by use of SFCL. In Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference,
Hobart, Australia, 29 September–3 October 2013; pp. 1–6.
27. Chen, L.; Zheng, F.; Deng, C.; Li, Z.; Guo, F. Fault Ride-Through Capability Improvement of DFIG-Based
Wind Turbine by Employing a Voltage-Compensation-Type Active SFCL. Can. J. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2015,
38, 132–142. [CrossRef]
28. Mordadi-Bidgoli, M.; Heydari, H. Comprehensive FEM analysis for saturable core fault current limiters in
distribution network. In Proceedings of the 22nd Iranian Conference on Electrical Engineering, ICEE 2014,
Tehran, Iran, 20–22 May 2014; pp. 665–670.
29. Gunawardana, S.M.; Perera, S.; Moscrop, J.W. Application of saturated core fault current limiters to
interconnected distribution networks. In Proceedings of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering
Conference: Challenges for Future Grids, Wollongong, Australia, 27–30 September 2015; pp. 1–6.
30. Xue, S.; Gao, F.; Sun, W.; Li, B. Protection principle for a DC distribution system with a resistive
superconductive fault current limiter. Energies 2015, 8, 4839–4852. [CrossRef]
31. Li, B.; Li, Q.; Liu, H.; Han, M.; Huang, Z.; Wang, J. The overvoltage of interrupting off-load transmission
line with series-resonant type fault current limiter. In Proceedings of the 7th Asia-Pacific International
Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Shenzhen, China, 17–21 May 2016; pp. 84–87.
32. Abapour, M.; Jalilian, A.; Hagh, M.T.; Muttaqi, K.M. DC-link fault current limiter-based fault ride-through
scheme for inverter-based distributed generation. IET Renew. Power Gener. 2015, 9, 690–699. [CrossRef]
33. Naderi, S.B.; Negnevitsky, M.; Jalilian, A.; Hagh, M.T. Efficient fault ride-through scheme for three phase
voltage source inverter-interfaced distributed generation using DC link adjustable resistive type fault current
limiter. Renew. Energy 2016, 92, 484–498. [CrossRef]
34. Marei, M.I.; El-Goharey, H.S.K.; Toukhy, R.M. Fault ride-through enhancement of fixed speed wind turbine
using bridge-type fault current limiter. J. Electr. Syst. Inf. Technol. 2016, 3, 119–126. [CrossRef]
35. Radmanesh, H. Distribution Network Protection Using Smart Dual Functional Series Resonance based Fault
Current and Ferroresonance Overvoltages Limiter. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2016, 8, 1. [CrossRef]
36. Ko, S.; Lim, S. Analysis on magnetizing characteristics due to peak fault current limiting operation of
a modified flux-lock-type SFCL with two magnetic paths. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2016, 26, 4–8.
[CrossRef]
37. Radmanesh, H.; Fathi, S.H.; Gharehpetian, G.B. Novel high performance DC reactor type fault current limiter.
Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2015, 122, 198–207. [CrossRef]
38. Alam, M.S.; Abido, M.A.Y. Fault ride-through capability enhancement of voltage source converter-high
voltage direct current systems with bridge type fault current limiters. Energies 2017, 10, 1898. [CrossRef]
39. Alam, M.S.; Hussein, A.; Abido, M.A.; Al-Hamouz, Z.M. VSC-HVDC system stability augmentation with
bridge type fault current limiter. In Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Clean Electrical
Power, Santa Margherita Ligure, Italy, 27–29 June 2017; pp. 531–535.
40. Nourmohamadi, H.; Nazari-Heris, M.; Sabahi, M.; Abapour, M. A Novel Structure for Bridge-Type Fault
Current Limiter: Capacitor Based Nonsuperconducting FCL. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2017, 33, 3044–3051.
[CrossRef]
41. Ko, S.C.; Han, T.H.; Lim, S.H. Study on peak current limiting characteristics of a flux-lock type SFCL with
two magnetically coupled circuits. Phys. Procedia 2013, 45, 305–308. [CrossRef]
42. Majka, M.; Kozak, J.; Kozak, S.; Wojtasiewicz, G.; Janowski, T. Design and numerical analysis of the 15 kV
class coreless inductive type SFCL. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2015, 25. [CrossRef]
43. Kozak, J.; Majka, M.; Kozak, S.; Janowski, T. Comparison of inductive and resistive SFCL.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23, 6–9. [CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 19 of 24
44. Chen, L.; Chen, H.; Shu, Z.; Zhang, G.; Xia, T.; Ren, L. Comparison of inductive and resistive
SFCL to robustness improvement of a VSC-HVDC system with wind plants against DC fault.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2016, 26. [CrossRef]
45. Naderi, S.B.; Jafari, M.; Tarafdar Hagh, M. Controllable resistive type fault current limiter (CR-FCL) with
frequency and pulse duty-cycle. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2014, 61, 11–19. [CrossRef]
46. Xin, Y.; Gong, W.Z.; Sun, Y.W.; Cui, J.B.; Hong, H.; Niu, X.Y.; Wang, H.Z.; Wang, L.Z.; Li, Q.; Zhang, J.Y.; et al.
Factory and field tests of a 220 kV/300 MVA statured iron-core superconducting fault current limiter.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23. [CrossRef]
47. Hyun, O.B.; Yim, S.W.; Yu, S.D.; Yang, S.E.; Kim, W.S.; Kim, H.R.; Lee, G.H.; Sim, J.; Park, K.B. Long-term
operation and fault tests of a 22.9 kV hybrid SFCL in the KEPCO test grid. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2011,
21, 2131–2134. [CrossRef]
48. Kim, H.R.; Yang, S.E.; Yu, S.D.; Kim, H.; Kim, W.S.; Park, K.; Hyun, O.B.; Yang, B.M.; Sim, J.; Kim, Y.G.
Installation and testing of SFCLs. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2012, 22, 704–707. [CrossRef]
49. Rashid, G.; Ali, M.H. Nonlinear control-based modified BFCL for LVRT capacity enhancement of DFIG
based wind farm. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2017, PP, 284–295. [CrossRef]
50. Kaiho, K.; Yamaguchi, H.; Arai, K.; Umeda, M.; Yamaguchi, M.; Kataoka, T. A current limiter with
superconducting coil for magnetic field shielding. Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2001, 354, 115–119. [CrossRef]
51. Hekmati, A.; Vakilian, M.; Fardmanesh, M. Proposed flux-based optimization method for determination of
minimum superconductor material in shield-type superconducting fault current limiters. Sci. Iran. 2012, 19,
1843–1849. [CrossRef]
52. Jung, B.I.; Choi, H.W.; Choi, H.S. Reduction of the power burden of a transformer-type SFCL using a vacuum
interrupter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2015, 25, 4–7. [CrossRef]
53. Kim, J.S.; Lim, S.H.; Kim, J.C. Study on protection coordination of a flux-lock type SFCL with over-current
relay. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2010, 20, 1159–1163. [CrossRef]
54. Ji, T.; He, X.; Li, X.; Liu, K.; Zhang, M. Performance analysis and research on LVRT of PMSG wind power
systems with SDBR. In Proceedings of the 33rd Chinese Control Conference, Nanjing, China, 28–30 July 2014;
pp. 6953–6958.
55. Okedu, K.E.; Muyeen, S.M.; Takahashi, R.; Tamura, J. Wind farms fault ride through using DFIG with new
protection scheme. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2012, 3, 242–254. [CrossRef]
56. Shawon, M.H.; Al-durra, A.; Caruana, C.; Muyeen, S.M. Small signal stability analysis of doubly fed
induction generator including SDBR. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference on Electrical
Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Sapporo, Japan, 21–24 October 2012; pp. 31–39.
57. Okedu, K.E. Enhancing DFIG wind turbine during three-phase fault using parallel interleaved converters
and dynamic resistor. IET Renew. Power Gener. 2016, 10, 1211–1219. [CrossRef]
58. Ali, M.H.; Hossain, M.M. Transient stability improvement of doubly fed induction generator based variable
speed wind generator using DC resistive fault current limiter. IET Renew. Power Gener. 2015, 18, 803–809.
[CrossRef]
59. Hussein, A.A.; Hasan Ali, M. Comparison among series compensators for transient stability enhancement
of doubly fed induction generator based variable speed wind turbines. IET Renew. Power Gener. 2016, 10,
116–126. [CrossRef]
60. Hoshino, T.; Muta, I.; Nakamura, T.; Salim, K.M.; Yamada, M. Non-inductive variable reactor design and
computer simulation of rectifier type superconducting fault current limiter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
2005, 15, 2063–2066. [CrossRef]
61. Kozak, S.; Janowski, T.; Wojtasiewicz, G.; Kozak, J.; Kondratowicz-Kucewicz, B.; Majka, M. The 15 kV class
inductive SFCL. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2010, 20, 1203–1206. [CrossRef]
62. Shirai, Y.; Noda, S.; Yamabe, K.; Hattori, K.; Baba, J.; Nishihara, T.; Nitta, T.; Kobayashi, S.; Sato, K. Current
limiting performance of three-phase concentric transformer type SFCL at unbalanced fault conditions.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23, 3–7. [CrossRef]
63. Choi, S.G.; Choi, H.S.; Ha, K.H. Analysis of recovery characteristics of three-phase transformer type SFCL
per types of faults according to reclosing system. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2012, 22, 4–7. [CrossRef]
64. Cho, Y.S.; Choi, H.S.; Jung, B.I. Current limiting and recovering characteristics of three-phase
transformer-type SFCL with neutral lines according to reclosing procedure. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
2011, 21, 2205–2208. [CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 20 of 24
65. Choi, H.S.; Lee, J.H.; Cho, Y.S.; Park, H.M. Recovery behaviors of the transformer-type SFCL with or without
neutral lines. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2009, 19, 1793–1796. [CrossRef]
66. Yamabe, K.; Yonemura, N.; Shirai, Y.; Baba, J. Current limiting and recovery tests under load of three-phase
transformer type coaxial SFCL in a model power system. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2014, 24. [CrossRef]
67. Choi, H.S.; Cho, Y.S. Critical current equalization via neutral lines in a transformer-type SFCL.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2008, 18, 733–736. [CrossRef]
68. Fushiki, K.; Nitta, T.; Baba, J.; Suzuki, K. Design and basic test of SFCL of transformer type by use of Ag
sheathed BSCCO wire. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2007, 17, 1815–1818. [CrossRef]
69. Moghadasi, A.; Sarwat, A.; Guerrero, J.M. Multiobjective optimization in combinatorial wind farms system
integration and resistive SFCL using analytical hierarchy process. Renew. Energy 2016, 94, 366–382. [CrossRef]
70. Sung, B.C.; Park, J. Optimal parameter selection of resistive SFCL applied to a power system using eigenvalue
analysis. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2010, 20, 1147–1150. [CrossRef]
71. Ahn, M.C.; Park, D.K.; Yang, S.E.; Kim, M.J.; Chang, H.M.; Yoon, Y.S.; Seok, B.Y.; Park, J.W.; Ko, T.K.
Recovery characteristics of resistive SFCL wound with YBCO coated conductor in a power system.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2007, 17, 1859–1862. [CrossRef]
72. Zou, Z.C.; Xiao, X.Y.; Liu, Y.F.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, Y.H. Integrated protection of DFIG-based wind turbine with
a resistive-type SFCL under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2016, 26.
[CrossRef]
73. Zou, Z.C.; Xiao, X.Y.; Ou, R.; Li, C.S. Low-voltage ride-through capability enhancement of DFIG-based
wind turbine with a resistive-type SFCL connected in series with rotor winding. In Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Applied Superconductivity and Electromagnetic Devices, Shanghai, China,
20–23 November 2015; pp. 42–43.
74. Morandi, A.; Imparato, S.; Grasso, G.; Berta, S.; Martini, L.; Bocchi, M.; Fabbri, M.; Negrini, F.; Ribani, P.L.
Design of a DC resistive SFCL for application to the 20 kV distribution system. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
2010, 20, 1122–1126. [CrossRef]
75. Kim, H.; Lee, J.Y.; Kim, H.R.; Yang, S.E.; Yu, S.D.; Kim, W.S.; Hyun, O.B.; Ko, J.; Yeom, H. An effect of HTS
wire configuration on quench recovery time in a resistive SFCL. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23, 7–10.
[CrossRef]
76. Zhu, J.; Zheng, X.; Qiu, M.; Zhang, Z.; Li, J.; Yuan, W. Application simulation of a resistive type
superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) in a transmission and wind power system. In Proceedings of
the 7th International Conference on Applied Energy, Abu Dhabi, UAE, 28–31 April 2015; pp. 716–721.
77. Didier, G.; Bonnard, C.H.; Lubin, T.; Leveque, J. Comparison between inductive and resistive SFCL in
terms of current limitation and power system transient stability. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2015, 125, 150–158.
[CrossRef]
78. Mafra, G.R.F.Q.; Sotelo, G.G.; Fortes, M.Z.; Sousa, W.T.B.D. Application of resistive superconducting fault
current limiters in offshore oil production platforms. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2017, 144, 107–114. [CrossRef]
79. Behzad, S.; Negnevitsky, M.; Jalilian, A.; Tarafdar, M.; Muttaqi, K.M. Low voltage ride-through
enhancement of DFIG-based wind turbine using DC link switchable resistive type fault current limiter.
Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2017, 86, 104–119.
80. Lee, S.; Yoon, J.; Lee, B. Analysis model development and specification proposal of hybrid superconducting
fault current limiter (SFCL). Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2010, 470, 1615–1620. [CrossRef]
81. Choi, H.S.; Cho, Y.S.; Lim, S.H. Operational characteristics of hybrid-type SFCL by the number of secondary
windings with YBCO films. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2006, 16, 719–722. [CrossRef]
82. De, S.K.; Raja, P. A study on relay coordination in a distribution system with distributed generation
and hybrid SFCL. In Proceedings of the IEEE AFRICON Conference, Pointe-Aux-Piments, Mauritius,
9–12 September 2013; pp. 1–6. [CrossRef]
83. Kim, W.S.; Hyun, O.B.; Park, C.R.; Yim, S.W.; Yu, S.D.; Yang, S.E.; Kim, H.S.; Kim, H.R. Dynamic
characteristics of a 22.9 kV hybrid SFCL for short-circuit test considering a simple coordination of protection
system in distribution networks. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2012, 22, 3–6. [CrossRef]
84. Lim, S.H. Operational characteristics of a flux-lock-type SFCLWith an uninterruptible power supplying
function. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2014, 24, 1404–1407.
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 21 of 24
85. Lim, S.H.; Ko, S.; Han, T.H. Analysis on fault current limiting and recovery characteristics of a flux-lock type
SFCL with an isolated transformer. Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2013, 484, 263–266. [CrossRef]
86. Han, T.H.; Ko, S.C.; Lim, S.H. Current limiting characteristics of a flux-lock type SFCL using two triggered
HTSC elements. Phys. Procedia 2013, 45, 297–300. [CrossRef]
87. Lim, S.H.; Moon, J.F.; Kim, J.C. Improvement on current limiting characteristics of a flux-lock type SFCL
using E-I core. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2009, 19, 1904–1907. [CrossRef]
88. Lim, S.H. Analysis on current limiting characteristics of a transformer type SFCL with two triggering current
levels. Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2013, 484, 253–257. [CrossRef]
89. Morandi, A.; Fabbri, M.; Ribani, P.L. Coupled electromagnetic-thermal model and equivalent circuit of a
magnetic shield type SFCL. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23. [CrossRef]
90. Hekmati, A.; Hosseini, M.; Vakilian, M.; Fardmanesh, M. A novel method of flat YBCO rings development
for shield-type superconducting fault current limiters fabrication. Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2012, 472, 39–43.
[CrossRef]
91. Onishi, T.; Kawasumi, M.; Sasaki, K.I.; Akimoto, R. An experimental study on a fast self-acting magnetic
shield type superconducting fault current limiter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2002, 12, 868–871. [CrossRef]
92. Fabbri, M.; Morandi, A.; Negrini, F.; Ribani, P.L. Temperature dependent equivalent circuit of a
magnetic-shield type SFCL. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2005, 15, 2078–2081. [CrossRef]
93. Heydari, H.; Abrishami, A.A.; Bidgoli, M.M. Comprehensive analysis for magnetic shield superconducting
fault current limiters. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23. [CrossRef]
94. Fabbri, M.; Morandi, A.; Negrini, F.; Ribani, P.L. Magnetic-shield-type fault current limiter equivalent circuit.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2004, 14, 1966–1973. [CrossRef]
95. Liang, F.; Yuan, W.; Zhu, J.; Zhang, M.; Venuturumilli, S.; Li, J.; Patel, J.; Zhang, G. Experimental
test of two types of non-inductive solenoidal coils for superconducting fault current cimiters use.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2017, 27, 1505–1509. [CrossRef]
96. Furuse, M.; Yamasaki, H.; Manabe, T.; Sohma, M.; Kondo, W.; Yamaguchi, I.; Kumagai, T.; Kaiho, K.; Arai, K.;
Nakagawa, M. Current limiting properties of MOD-YBCO thin films stabilized with high-resistivity alloy
shunt layer. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2007, 17, 3479–3482. [CrossRef]
97. Firouzi, M.; Gharehpetian, G.B.; Mozafari, B. Improvement of power system stability by using new switching
technique in bridge-type fault current limiter. Electr. Power Components Syst. 2016, 43, 234–244. [CrossRef]
98. Kim, M.J.; Chang, H.M.; Sim, J.; Yim, S.W.; Hyun, O.B. Emergency blackout operation of cryogenic system
for hybrid SFCL. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2011, 21, 1284–1287. [CrossRef]
99. Zhao, Y.; Saha, T.K.; Krause, O.; Li, Y. Performance analysis of resistive and flux-lock type SFCL in electricity
networks with DGs. In Proceedings of the IEEE Power and Energy Society General Meeting, Denver, CO,
USA, 22–26 July 2015; pp. 1–5.
100. Kado, H.; Ickikawa, M. Performance of a high-Tc superconducting fault current limiter-design of a 6.6 kV
magnetic shielding type superconducting fault current limiter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 1997, 7, 993–996.
[CrossRef]
101. Janowski, T.; Kozak, S.; Malinowski, H.; Wojtasiewicz, G.; Kondratowicz-Kucewicz, B.; Kozak, J. Properties
comparison of superconducting fault current limiters with closed and open core. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
2003, 13, 2072–2075. [CrossRef]
102. Alam, M.S.; Abido, M.A.Y. Fault Ride Through Capability Enhancement of a Large-Scale PMSG Wind System
with Bridge Type Fault Current Limiters. Adv. Electr. Comput. Eng. 2018, 18, 43–50. [CrossRef]
103. Jafari, M.; Naderi, S.B.; Hagh, M.T.; Abapour, M.; Hosseini, S.H. Voltage sag compensation of point of
common coupling (PCC) using fault current limiter. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 2011, 26, 2638–2646. [CrossRef]
104. Rashid, G.; Ali, M.H. Bridge-type fault current limiter for asymmetric fault ride-through capacity
enhancement of doubly fed induction machine based wind generator. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE
Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA, 14–18 September 2014; pp. 1903–1910.
[CrossRef]
105. Guo, W.; Xiao, L.; Dai, S.; Xu, X.; Li, Y.; Wang, Y. Evaluation of the performance of BTFCLs for enhancing
LVRT capability of DFIG. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2015, 30, 3623–3637. [CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 22 of 24
106. Zhang, X.; Ruiz, H.S.; Geng, J.; Coombs, T.A. Optimal location and minimum number of superconducting
fault current limiters for the protection of power grids. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2017, 87, 136–143.
[CrossRef]
107. Yu, P.; Venkatesh, B.; Member, S.; Yazdani, A.; Member, S. Optimal location and sizing of fault current
limiters in mesh networks using iterative mixed integer nonlinear programming. IEEE Trans. POWER Syst.
2016, 31, 4776–4783. [CrossRef]
108. Zare, S.; Ali, A.H.K.; Hashemi, S.M.; Katebi, F.; Khalili, R. Fault current limiter optimal placement by
harmony search algorithm. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Electricity Distribution,
Stockholm, Sweden, 10–13 June 2013; pp. 10–13.
109. Kim, S.-Y.; Kim, W.-W.; Kim, J.-O. Determining the location of superconducting fault current limiter
considering distribution reliability. IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2012, 6, 240–246. [CrossRef]
110. Teng, J.-H.; Lu, C.-N. Optimum fault current limiter placement with search space reduction technique.
IET Gener. Transm. Distrib. 2010, 4, 485–494. [CrossRef]
111. Sung, B.C.; Member, S.; Park, D.K.; Park, J. Study on optimal location of a resistive SFCL applied to an
electric power grid. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2009, 19, 2048–2052. [CrossRef]
112. Chantachiratham, P.; Hongesombut, K. PSO based approach for optimum fault current limiter placement in
power system. In Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics,
Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Phetchaburi, Thailand, 16–18 May 2012;
pp. 1–4.
113. Didier, G.; Lévêque, J.; Rezzoug, A. A Novel approach to determine the optimal location of SFCL in electric
power grid to improve power system stability. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 978–984. [CrossRef]
114. El Moursi, M.S.; Hegazy, R. Novel technique for reducing the high fault currents and enhancing the security
of ADWEA power system. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 140–148. [CrossRef]
115. Hongesombut, K.; Mitani, Y.; Tsuji, K. Optimal location assignment and design of superconducting fault
current limiters applied to loop Power systems. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2003, 13, 1828–1831. [CrossRef]
116. Mahmoudian, A.; Niasati, M.; Khanesar, M.A. Multi objective optimal allocation of fault current limiters in
power system. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2017, 85, 1–11. [CrossRef]
117. Sadi, M.A.H.; Ali, M.H. Transient stability enhancement by bridge type fault current limiter considering
coordination with optimal reclosing of circuit breakers. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2015, 124, 160–172. [CrossRef]
118. Seo, S.; Kim, S.J.; Moon, Y.H.; Lee, B. A hybrid superconducting fault current limiter for enhancing transient
stability in Korean power systems. Phys. C 2013, 494, 331–334. [CrossRef]
119. Kim, H.; Yang, S.; Yu, S.; Kim, H.; Park, B.; Han, Y.; Park, K.; Yu, J. Development and grid operation of
superconducting fault current limiters in KEPCO. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2014, 24, 2504–2507.
120. Angeli, G.; Bocchi, M.; Ascade, M.; Rossi, V.; Valzasina, A.; Martini, L. Development of superconducting
devices for power grids in Italy: Update about the SFCL project and launching of the research activity on
HTS cables. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2016, 27, 406–411. [CrossRef]
121. Martini, L.; Bocchi, M.; Angeli, G.; Ascade, M.; Rossi, V.; Valzasina, A.; Ravetta, C.; Fratti, S.; Martino, E.
Live grid field-testing final results of the first Italian superconducting fault current limiter and severe 3-phase
fault experience. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2015, 25. [CrossRef]
122. Hyun, O.B.; Park, K.B.; Sim, J.; Kim, H.R.; Yim, S.W.; Oh, I.S. Introduction of a hybrid SFCL in KEPCO grid
and local points at issue. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2009, 19, 1946–1949. [CrossRef]
123. Martini, L.; Bocchi, M.; Ascade, M.; Valzasina, A.; Rossi, V.; Ravetta, C.; Angeli, G. Live-grid installation and
field testing of the first Italian superconducting fault current limiter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2013, 23,
3–6. [CrossRef]
124. Alam, M.S.; Razzak, A.; Hasan, N.; Chowdhury, A.H. Transmission Capacity Enhancement of East-West
Interconnectors Using Series-Shunt Compensation. In Proceedings of the International Conference on
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 20–22 December 2012; pp. 579–582.
125. Alam, M.S.; Chowdhury, A.H.; Hasan, M.N. Comparison of series and combined series-shunt compensation
on East-West Interconnectors of Bangladesh Power System. In Proceedings of the 3rd International
Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering, Dhaka, Bangladesh, 17–19 December 2015; pp. 280–283.
126. Hossain, M.A.; Pota, H.R.; Issa, W.; Hossain, M.J. Overview of AC microgrid controls with inverter-interfaced
generations. Energies 2017, 10, 1300. [CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 23 of 24
127. Rana, J.; Alam, M.S.; Islam, S. Continuous Wavelet Transform Based Analysis of Low Frequency Oscillation
in Power System. In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Advances in Electrical Engineering,
Dhaka, Bangladesh, 17–19 December 2015; pp. 320–323.
128. Hossain, M.K.; Ali, M.H. Transient stability augmentation of PV/DFIG/SG-based hybrid power system by
parallel-resonance bridge fault current limiter. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2016, 130, 89–102. [CrossRef]
129. Alaraifi, S.; El Moursi, M.S.; Zeineldin, H.H. Optimal allocation of HTS-FCL for power system security and
stability enhancement. IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2013, 28, 4702–4711. [CrossRef]
130. Sjostrom, M.; Cherkaoui, R.; Dutoit, B. Enhancement of power system transient stability using
superconducting fault current limiters. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 1999, 9, 1328–1330. [CrossRef]
131. Generation, W.P.; Fereidouni, A.R.; Vahidi, B.; Member, S.; Mehr, T.H. The impact of solid state fault current
limiter on power network with wind-turbine power generation. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2013, 4, 1188–1196.
132. Emhemed, A.S.; Tumilty, R.M.; Singh, N.K.; Burt, G.M.; McDonald, J.R. Analysis of transient stability
enhancement of LV-connected induction microgenerators by using resistive-type fault current limiters.
IEEE Trans. Power Syst. 2010, 25, 885–893. [CrossRef]
133. He, H.; Chen, L.; Yin, T.; Cao, Z.; Yang, J.; Tu, X.; Ren, L. Application of a SFCL for fault ride-through capability
enhancement of DG in a microgrid system and relay protection coordination. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
2016, 26, 608–615. [CrossRef]
134. Khan, U.A.; Seong, J.K.; Lee, S.H.; Lim, S.H.; Lee, B.W. Feasibility analysis of the positioning of
superconducting fault current limiters for the smart grid application using Simulink and SimPowerSystem.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2011, 21, 2165–2169. [CrossRef]
135. Ahmed, S.; Khaliq, A.; Uddin, S.M.; Uddin, S. Stability enhancement in smart grid by using superconducting
fault current limiter. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering (RAEE),
Islamabad, Pakistan, 19–20 October 2015; pp. 1–6.
136. Chen, Y.; Liu, X.; Sheng, J.; Cai, L.; Jin, Z.; Gu, J.; An, Z.; Yang, X.; Hong, Z. Design and application of a
superconducting fault current limiter in a multiterminal HVDC systems. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2014,
24, 805–809. [CrossRef]
137. Chen, L.; Chen, H.; Yang, J.; Zhu, L.; Tang, Y.; Koh, L.H.; Xu, Y. Comparison of superconducting fault
current limiter and dynamic voltage restorer for LVRT improvement of high penetration microgrid.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2017, 27, 607–613. [CrossRef]
138. Manohar, P.; Ahmed, W. Superconducting fault current limiter to mitigate the effect of DC line fault in
VSC-HVDC system. In Proceedings of the 2012 International Conference on Power, Signals, Controls and
Computation, Thrissur, India, 3–6 January 2012; pp. 1–6.
139. Li, B.; Jing, F.; Jia, J.; Li, B. Research on Saturated Iron-Core Superconductive Fault Current Limiters Applied
in VSC-HVDC Systems. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2016, 26. [CrossRef]
140. Moghadasi, A.; Sarwat, A.I. Optimal analysis of resistive superconducting fault current limiters applied to a
variable speed wind turbine system. In Proceedings of the IEEE SoutheastCon, Fort Lauderdale, FL, USA,
9–12 April 2015; pp. 1–7.
141. Ashraf, M.; Sadi, H.; Ali, M.H. Transient Stability Enhancement of Multi- Machine Power System By Parallel
Resonance Type Fault Current Limiter. In Proceedings of the North American Power Symposium (NAPS),
Charlotte, NC, USA, 4–6 October 2015; pp. 1–6.
142. Sadi, M.A.H.; Ali, M.H. Combined Operation of SFCL and Optimal Reclosing of Circuit Breakers for Power
System Transient Stability Enhancement. In Proceedings of the IEEE Southeastcon, Jacksonville, FL, USA,
4–7 April 2013; pp. 1–6.
143. Firouzi, M.; Gharehpetian, G.B. Improving fault ride-through capability of fixed-speed wind turbine by
using bridge-type fault current limiter. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2013, 28, 361–369. [CrossRef]
144. Hossain, M.K.; Ali, M.H. Transient Stability Augmentation of PV/DFIG/SG-Based Hybrid Power System by
Nonlinear Control-Based Variable Resistive FCL. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2015, 6, 1638–1649. [CrossRef]
145. Singh, N.K.; Tumilty, R.M.; Burt, G.M.; Bright, C.G.; Brozio, C.C.; Roberts, D.A.; Smith, A.C.; Husband, M.
System-Level Studies of a MgB2 Superconducting Fault-Current Limiter in an Active Distribution Network.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2010, 20, 54–60. [CrossRef]
146. Li, B.; Li, C.; Guo, F.; Xin, Y. Overcurrent Protection Coordination in a Power Distribution Network with the
Active Superconductive Fault Current Limiter. IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2014, 24, 3–6. [CrossRef]
Energies 2018, 11, 1025 24 of 24
147. Liang, C. Winding Technology and Experimental Study on 500 kV Superconductive Fault Current Limiter.
IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond. 2018, 28, 5601105–5601109. [CrossRef]
148. Qiu, D.; Li, Z.Y.; Gu, F.; Huang, Z.; Zhao, A.; Hu, D.; Wei, B.G.; Huang, H.; Hong, Z.; Ryu, K.; et al.
Experiment study on an inductive superconducting fault current limiter using no-insulation coils.
Phys. C Supercond. Appl. 2018, 546, 1–5. [CrossRef]
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access
article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution
(CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).