MEGAKARYOPOIESIS ➢ 70% in circulation and 30% is sequestered by the

spleen which can be released in case of trauma or

➢ Production of platelets bleeding
➢ Reference value: 150 – 400 x 109/L
Thrombopoietin (TPO) ➢ MPV: 8 – 10 fl
➢ A glycoprotein hormone that is mainly produced by
the liver and the kidney Major Structural Feature of Platelet
➢ Important in the production and identification of
platelets 1. Peripheral Zone
➢ Composed of membranes which is rich in platelet
Features of Terminal Megakaryocyte Differentiation receptor and is responsible for platelet adhesion
(plt. to non plt.) and aggregation (plt. to plt.)
Point of MKI MKII MKIII
➢ Originates from plasma membrane of the
Difference Megakar Promegakaryocyte Megakaryocyte
megakaryocytes
yoblast
1. %Precursor 20 25 55 Divisions:
2. Diameter 14 – 18 15 – 40 µm 30 – 50 µm
µm a. Glycocalyx
3. Nucleolus Round Indented Multilobed - Composed of glycoprotein including:
4. Nucleoli 2–6 Variable Variable • Factor V – Labile Factor; Proaccelarin
5. Chromatin Homogen Condensed Deeply • Factor VIII – Anti-hemophilic Factor
ous Condensed • Factor I – Fibrinogen; Blood Clot
6. N:C Ratio 3:1 1:2 1:4 Formation
7. Mitosis Absent Absent Absent
8. Cytoplasm Basophili Basophilic and Azurophilic and b. Plasma Membrane
c Granular Granular - Composed of bilayer phospholipid embedded
9. α-granules Present Present Present with integral for surface receptors
10. d-granules Present Present Present
11. DMS Present Present Present Phospholipid – maintain the fluidity of plasma
membrane and maintains the structure
DMS – Demarcation System
• GPIb – serves as the binding and receptor
Cytokine/ Diff. to Diff. to Late Thrombop site for vWF (vonWillebrand Factor)
Hormone Progeni Megakaryo Maturati oietin necessary for platelet adhesion
tor cyte on
TPO + + + 0 • GPIIb-IIIa – calcium dependent membrane
IL-1 0 + + + protein complex for fibrinogen receptor
IL-3 + + 0 – necessary for platelet aggregation
IL-6 0 0 + +
KL/SCF/ + 0 0 0 Platelet adhesion is mediated by:
MCGF 1) vWF
CFU-GEMM + 0 0 0 2) GPIb
3) Collagen
MCGF – Mast Cell Growth Factor
SCF – Stem Cell Factor Platelet aggregation is mediated by:
CFU-GEMM – Colony Stimulating Factor-GEMM 1) Calcium
2) Fibrinogen
Megakaryocyte 3) GPIIb-IIIa
➢ 1% 4) vWF
➢ Responsible for the production of matured platelets
➢ 2 – 4,000 platelets released 2. Sol-Gel / Framework of Platelets Cytoskeleton
➢ The only cell line where the cells become bigger as ➢ Lies directly beneath the platelets and is
they mature composed of:
➢ Do not undergo mitosis
➢ Do not increase in number as they mature a. Microtubules
- Composed of protein tubulin which maintains
Platelets the platelet disc shape
➢ Anucleate cells b. Microfilament
➢ 2.5 µm in size - Contains actin and myosin which upon
➢ Disc shape or irregular shape stimulation of the platelets will interact to
➢ Dark purple or blue or lavender in wright stain form actomyosin (thrombosthenin) for clot
➢ 10 days life span retraction
 Platelet Function
Actin - for platelet contraction  Participates in a sequence of events that leads to the
formation of platelet plug and ultimately to formation
3. Organelle Zone / Centromere of stable fibrin clot at the site of vessel interruption
➢ The part where the secretory products of platelets
come from a. Primary hemostasis by adhesion, secretion, and
aggregation with the end view of hemostatic plug
a. α-granules – lack of this results to Gray Plate b. Blood coagulation by releasing Platelet Factor 3 that
Syndrome (GPS) plays a big role in forming fibrin clot
• Platelet Factor 4 – anti-heparin or c. Clot retraction by actomyosin
heparin neutralization d. Helps in localization of bacteria and other small
• -thromboglobulin – fibroblast chemotaxis objects and producing aggregates too large to pass
• Platelet-derived Growth Factor - mitosis through capillaries
• Fibrinogen/ Factor I – blood clot formation
• Factor V – labile factor or proaccelarin Platelet Role on Hemostasis
• vonWillebrand Factor – for adhesion
• Thrombospondin – for adhesion Platelet Factor Activity
• Fibronectin – for adhesion PF1 Accelerate the conversion of PT to thrombin
Accelerates the clotting of purified
• Protein C – for coagulation PF2
fibrinogen by thrombin
• A2-Antiplasmin – for fibrinolysis
Phospholipid needed in the intrinsic
PF3
coagulation pathway
b. Dense-granules
PF4 Antiheparin
• ADP – for aggregation and activation of
platelets PF5 Necessary for normal fibrin formation
PF6 Anti-fibrinolysis
• ATP – source of energy
PF7 Formation of intrinsic thromboplastin
• Calcium and Magnesium – bivalent cations
for platelet activation
3 Pathways:
• Serotonin – vasoconstrictor that binds
endothelial cells and platelet membranes • Extrinsic
• Intrinsic
c. Mitochondria • Common – where intrinsic and extrinsic meet (Factor
- For ATP synthesis used for platelet X)
metabolism
Historical Review
d. Lysosomal Granules
• Acid Phosphatase 2nd Century A.D Hemophilia was first recognized
• Hydrolytic Enzyme Moises Maimonides described 2 male
12th Century A.D siblings who died because of excessive
4. Membranous System bleeding after circumcision
➢ Serves as the canal for secretory products Clinical description of families with
hemophilia; the disorder was given the
a. Dense Tubular System 1803
name hemophilia which means “love
- Derived from smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hemorrhage” by Schoenlein
and sequesters calcium for platelet activation
process The hemophilia was first described in
1828
- It is also the site of platelet cyclooxygenase thesis published by Hoff
and of prostaglandin synthesis 1842 Platelets were described
Paul Morawitz theory on blood
Cyclooxygenase – an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 1905
coagulation was accepted
arachidonic acid to prostaglandins
Lee and White whole blood
1913
coagulation time was performed
Arachidonic Acid – unsaturated fatty acid; precursor of
prostaglandins Prothrombin time determination was
1930
introduced by Quick
b. Open Canalicular System Other test for evaluating hemostatic
- Surface connecting system 1940 mechanism like platelet count bleeding
- An invagination of the bone marrow time were introduced
- Acts as a canal for the release of granule “Cascade and Waterfall” theory was
constituents and cytoplasm to the exterior of 1964
introduced
the platelet