152

INTRODUCTION: For simply supported span the end moments is zero ant the
2
maximum positive moments for uniformly load w /per ft. is given by 1/8 wl . For continues
beams and frames the end moments is not equals to zero and usually negative at the faces of
2, 2 2
the interior and exterior support (1/10wl 1/12wl , & 1/9 wl ). The end moments varying
upon the type of loadings thus for a uniform load of w Lbs/Ft Please refer figure below as
shown. Approximate moment diagram only.

Ma Mb Mc

W Lbs per Ft.

Lc

Va Shear Diagram

Mb (maximum moment) Vc

Moment Diagram

Ma Mc Neg steel

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● Pos steel
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BAR CUT OOF AND BEND POINTS

1) Every bar should be continued at least a distance equal to the effective depth of the
beam or 12 d bar diameter (whichever is the larger) beyond the point at which it is
theoretically no longer required to resist the stress.
2) At least one third (1/3) of the positive moment steel (one fourth in continuous span)
must be continued uninterrupted along the same face of the beam a distance at least
6” into the support.
3) At least one third (1/3) of the total reinforcement provided for negative moment at
the support must be extended beyond the extreme position of the point of inflection a
distance not less than one sixteen (1/16) the clear span or 12db,whichever is
greater.

BAR CUT OFF RECQUIREMENTS

If the positive bars are cut off, they must project past the point of theoretical maximum
moment, as well as d, or 12db beyond the cutoff point from the positive moment diagram.
The remaining positive bars must extend Ld past the theoretical point of cutoff bars and must
extend at least 6” into the face of the support.

Development length of deformed bars in Compression

a) Basic development length Ld -----------------0.02dbfy’’/fc’ but not less than 0.003dbld.

b) Modification factors to be applied to ld reinforcements in excess of that required by
analysis same as tension.

Development length of deformed bars and deformed wire in tension

A) basic development length ld

No 11 bars and smaller -----------------------------------0.045Abfy /fc’ but not to exceed

0.0004dbfy

No 14 bars --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------.0.85fy/fc’
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No 18 bars ------------------------------------------------------- 0.11fy/fc’

Deformed wire----------------------------------------------------------- 0.03dbfy/fc’

B) Modification factors to be applied to ld

Top reinforcements (horizontal reinforcement so placed that more than 12” of concrete is
cast in the member below the bar) -------------------------------------------- 1.4

Reinforcement with fy greater than 60,000 psi (2-60000)/fy

Lightweight aggregate concrete when fc’ is specified 6.7.fc’/fct

when fct is not specified

all lightweight concrete ---------------------1.33

Sand – Lightweight concrete ---------------1.18

Linear interpolation maybe used when partial sand replacement is used.

Reinforcement spaced laterally at least 6 inches on centers with at least 3 inch clear cover
from face of member to edge bar ---------------0.8

Reinforcement in flexural members in excess of that required by analysis ----As required/As

provide

Reinforcement enclosed within spiral reinforcement not less than 1/4” in diameter and not
more than 4” pitch ----------------------- 0.75

Programmer/Designer/ Structural Engineer : Bienvenido C. David Date: Jan

19, 1970 PRC NO: 10170

DESCRIPTION: Bending of steel reinforcements & inflection points

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SUBJECT: Reinforced Concrete Design (USD ALTERNATIVE) 1983 ACI

Code
TITLE: Inflection points CODE NAME: Bendi-flect
MACHINE LANGUAGE : BASICA COMPUTER: Tandy Computer
Program steps: 75
LIBRARY MODULE: Floppy Disk PROGRAM NAME: Bendi-flect
CODE NAME: Bendi flect

Ma A w Lbs per foot Mb 2.5” b

● ● ●

h stirrups

A Lc ● ● ●

● ● ● ● ● ● SECTION AA

Negative steel positive steel point of inflection bending of pos & neg steel

● ● ● ● ● ● ● ● ●

ELEVATION

REFERENCE TEXTBOOKS: Concrete Fundamentals by The Theory and Practice of

Design of Concrete Phil M. Ferguson Reinforced Concrete by
Structures by George Winter Simplified Design of Reinforced Clarence w. Dunham.
Concrete by Parker
PROGRAM DISCLAIMER: Any use of the programs to solve problems other than those
displayed is the role responsibility of the user as to whether the output is correct or correctly
interpreted.

Concrete Design by Dean

Peabody Jr.
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My first generation home computer

BEN-DIFLECT : Is a computer program that calculates the point of inflection of a continuous

reinforced concrete beams by the U.S.D. format method in English units. It plots on the monitor
screen bending of bars and determines whether the no. of bars at any section is adequate or
not. The program is written in Advance BASICA language and can be use in programmable
calculators . It can easily be integrated into the E _Review center of UC BCF.
BASIC COMPUTER SYMBOLS
+ ADDITION ^ RAISED TO THE POWER
- SUBTRACTION SQR SQUARE ROOT OF THE NUMBER
MULTIPLICATION * GOTO = JUMP LINE NUMBER

\ DIVISION GO SUB = GO SUB ROUTINE

A.B.S ABSOLUTE VALUE SGN = SIGNUM NOTATION
If true branch out

Branch out IF THEN ELSE STATEMENT

Main program
If false

COMPUTER INSTRUCTION CODE

LINE NO STATEMENT SAMPLE ONLY FOR DE-

BUGGING PURPOSES
10 CALL CLEAR
15 PRINT “This is computer program no. 14. Finding
point of inflection i.e. bending of bars from exterior
column face and interior faces of column
respectively”
20 Print” This program was developed by Bienvenido
C. David, a Civil/structural Engineer on July 1983 in
his hometown at Baguio City, Philippines”
25 PRINT” For legends and drawings and other data’s
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refer to program record”.

30 PRINT” Material unit’s specifications in Kips per
square inch, Linear dimension in inches, live and
dead load in pounds per foot & distance of column
to column in Ft.”
35 PRINT” If all data’s are in their respective units then
run line no 60”
50 STOP
60 CALL CLEAR
70 REM Let AS1,AS2,AS3 & AS4 required steel areas
Respectively at a distance Y1,Y2,Y3 & Y4 from
exterior column face
75 REM Let CA,CB & CC as coefficients of maximum
moment at exterior face, midspan and interior
faces of column
80 INPUT”FC,FY,CA,CB,CC”:FC,FY,CA,CB,CC FC=3.5, FY=50,
CA=1/14(0.0714285),
CB=1/16(0.0625) &
CC=1/9(0.11111)
85 INPUT”BW,H,HF,X,BF”:BW,H,HF,X,BF BW=6”,H=14”,HF=4”,X=12.5”
& BF=18”
90 INPUT”DL,LL”:DL,LL DL=275, LL=350, LC=25 Ft.
100 W1=1.4*DL+1.7*LL 980 Lbs/ft.
110 W1=W/1000 .980 Kips per ft.
120 MA=3/250*CA8W*LC^2 524.9735 Inch Kips
130 MC=3/250*CC*W*LC^2 816.64625 Inch Kips
140 REM Let XA & XB as distance from maximum
moment center line
145 XA=LC^2/4-(MA+MC)/W1
150 XB=(MA-MC)/(W1*LC)
160 XC=XB^2
170 XD=SQR(XA+XC) 145.36 Inches =12.114038 Ft.
180 REM with X0 & X10 as point of inflection and X as
point of maximum deflection then
190 X8-LC-X 12.5 Inches
200 X9= X-XD/12 0.385962 Inches
220 X10=X8-X9 0.385962
230 PRINT “Point of inflection from exterior column 0.385962 Inches
face =”X10;”Inches”
240 REM Determine required area of steel at Y1,Y2,Y3 &
Y4
250 REM At any point Y distance from column face
MX=W1/Y*(LC-Y)+(MA-MB)/LC*Y
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260 Y=Y1
270 GOSUB 470
280 AS1=AS
290 PRINT” Area of steel at Y1 distance from column
face=”;AS1;”Square Inches”
300 Y-Y2
310 GOSUB 450
320 AS2=AS
330 PRINT” Area of steel at Y2 distance from exterior
column face=”;AS2;”Square Inches”
340 Y=Y3
350 GOSUB 450
360 AS3=AS
370 PRINT “ Area of steel at Y3 distance from exterior
column face=”;AS3;”Square inches”
380 Y=Y4
390 GOSUB 450
400 AS4=AS
410 PRINT” Area of steel at Y4 distance from exterior
column face=”;AS4”Square Inches”
420 PRINT” Programmed by Bienvenido C. David on July
1983 at Baguio City”
430 PRINT” Designed by Bienvenido C. David a
Civil/Structural Engineer on July 1983 at Baguio
City, Philippines”
450 REM This is a sub routine one
580 M1=W1/2*Y*(LC-Y)*12+(MC-MA)*Y/LC-MC
585 M=ABS(M1) -734.41
590 D=H-2.5 11.5”
600 IFD^2-2.61*M/(FC*BW))<0 THEN 605 ELSE 615
605 PRINT “Dept of stress rectangular block a is
imaginary not possible review given data”
610 STOP
615 A= D-SQR(D^2-2.61*M/(FC*BW))
620 AST=M/(0.90*FY*(D-A/2))
625 P=AST/(BW*D)
630 PN=.2/FY
635 PM=0.541875*FC*87/FY/(87+FY)
640 IF P>=PN THEN 650 ELSE 680
650 PRINT” Actual steel reinforcement ratio governs”
660 P1=P
670 GOTO 700
680 PRINT” Minimum steel reinforcement ration from
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code governs”
690 P1=PN
700 IF P1<=PM THEN 710 ELSE 730
710 P2=P1
720 GOTO 750
730 PRINT” Maximum steel reinforcement ratio from
code governs”
740 P2=PM
750 P3=P2
760 AS=P3*BW*D
770 RETURN
780 END