Modern History

01 May 2021 07:52

Feudalism to Capitalism

Increased demand was the reason for the expansion of factories in the Europe. The workers no
longer worked at home but in the factories.
The use of machines first began in England.

American Revolution

People in American colonies were settlers came from England. on July 4th 1776 the colonies
England in America got independence and Bill of Rights which described the fundamental rights
was adopted.

Chapter- 1
India in the 18th Century

Turanis- Nobles who came from Trans- Oxiana in Central Asia

Jizya was abolished during the reign of Jahandar Shah who was the successor of
bahadur Shah

Chauth- Tax realized by the Marathas from the areas outside their domain equal
to the 1/4th revenue paid to the Mughal empire

Sardeshmukhi- another tax realized by the Marathas equal to 1/10th of the land
revenue

The weaknesses of the Maratha empire

1. They were unable to develop political system which could help them to
consolidate their conquests and establish a stable administration.
2. A fixed part of revenue in the form of Chauth and Sardeshmukhi was sent to
the central government and the rest was kept by the sardars, this helped
them to manage their armies and ultimately they desired to shake off the
allegiance they owned to the central government

Chapter- 1
The Rise and Growth of British Rule in India

1740- Alvardi Khan became the Nawab of Bengal

Siraj-ud-Daula became the Nawab (Grandson of Alvardi Khan)
1757- Siraj-ud Daula was killed in the Battle of Plassey
Mir Jafar (Commander in chief of Siraj ud daula) was made the Nawab
Mir Qasim (Son in law of Mir Jafar) was made the Nawab

Battle of Buxar (1764)

Mir Qasim (Nawab of Bengal)

Shuja-ud-daulah (Nawab of Awadh) Vs English
 Shah Alam II (Mughal Emperor)

Ijaradars- They were the revenue farmers and allowed to collect the taxes
from the peasants of a particular area by entering into a contract with the
Jagirdars to pay him it fixed amount of money.

Diwani- The revenue collecting Department of the state

Treaty of Allahabad, 1765

1. Between Shuja- ud- Daula and Shah Alam and Robert Clive
2. The English company secured the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa

Anglo-Maratha Wars
1. First Anglo-Maratha War (1775-82)
2. Second Anglo Maratha War (1803-1805)- According to the Treaty of Bassein
(1802), Young Peshwa Baji Rao 2 entered into subsidiary alliance and agreed
to receive from the Company a native infantry to be permanently stationed
in his territories
3. Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817-19)

Maratha Family
1. Gaekwad of Baroda
2. Bhonsle of Nagpur
3. Holkars of Indore
4. Sindhias of Gwalior
5. Peshwa of Poona

1809-1848

Lord Minto
Laid the foundations of the Britain's naval supremacy

Pindaris- Bands of plunderers who were carrying on the raids on the many parts
of the country. British wanted to use Maratha army to suppress them but many
Maratha leaders were helping the Pindaris and this led to 3rd Anglo Maratha war
(1817)

1848-56

Anglo-Sikh Wars
1. First Anglo-Sikh War (1845-46)
• Dilip Singh defeated and Treaty of Lahore was signed. Kashmir was sold to
Gulab Singh who would pay 75 Lakhs Rupees to the Company.
• Governor General was Henry Hardinge

2. Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848-49)-

Lord Dalhousie, was Governor General of India at that time. A Three-member
board was setup to govern Punjab including Lawrence brothers (Henry and
John) and Charles Mansel.

British Policies
1. Policy of Ring Fence- Warren Hastings
 2. Policy of Non- Intervention- Cornwallis
• Subsidiary Alliance- Lord Wellesley (allying Indian state’s ruler was
compelled to accept the permanent stationing of a British force within his
territory and to pay a subsidy for its maintenance. Bharatpur was the last
state to subsidized under Subsidiary Alliance in 1818)
• Doctrine of Lapse- Lord Dalhousie (territory who had no legal heir was
annexed by the British. Jhansi, Nagpur and Satara were annexed under this
doctrine. Awadh was the last state annexed under this doctrine in 1856)
3. Forward policy- Auckland
4. Policy of Masterly Inactivity- John Lawrence (1864-69)
5. Policy of Proud Reserve- Lytton

• Tripartite Treaty (1838) was signed between British, Sikhs and Shah Shuja
led to the Anglo-Afghan Wars

Why Indian states collapsed?

1. incapacity of Indian rulers to devise a stable and efficient political order
which could retain the loyalty of the people.
2. divide and rule policy of the British
3. Internal weaknesses and fear of attack by their their neighbors made the
rulers to seek the protection of British which they offered through subsidiary
system.
4. Backwardness of technology and economy

Chapter- 4

The regulation Act, 1773

• For the regulation of East India company
• First direct interference by the government of Britain in the affairs of India
Features:
1. company directors were asked to lay before the British government all
correspondence and documents regarding civil, military and revenue affairs
of the company
2. Governor General (GG) of Bengal was made the Governor General of India
3. Supreme Court at Calcutta was established

Limitations:
1. Relation between Supreme Court and the company
2. Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
3. Quarrels between GG and his council members

Pitts India Act, 1784

This act was brought to rectify the limitations of the regulation at 1773.
1. Board control in Britain to control the civil, military and revenue affairs of the
company in India
2. Governor General to be commander in chief of all the British troops in India
both company and British government
3. Provisions forbade the policy of conquest

Civil Service in India

• Cornwallis separated revenue and administration branch
 • Open competition through exam introduced in 1853

Fort William college was set up in 1801 to train the Indian civil servants

Administration of justice

Bengal regulation Act, 1793

Charter act 1833

1. Company lost its monopoly to trade with China.
2. Entire civil and military affairs were transferred in the hands of Governor
General council which included Governor General and members of the
council.
3. No Indian would be debarred for only any kind of employment under the
company.

Economic policies of Britain and their impact

1. Impact on Village economy

Permanent Settlement 1793

• Introduced by Cornwallis in Bengal and Bihar
• Land revenue was fixed from zamindars and they also held ownership rights

Ryotwari system
• Introduced in Madras
• Revenue was fixed for not more than 30 years on the basis of quality of soil
and the nature of the crop

Mahalwari System
• Introduced in western UP
• Village maintained a common ownership of the land

Reasons for inequitable ownership of land and growth of poverty

• British policies- where cultivators were forced to mortgage or dispose of
their lands in order to pay their debts

2. Industry and trade

Ship building yards in 17th and 18th century:

• Goa
• Surat
• Masulipatnam
• Satgaon
• Dhaka
• Chittagong

Reason of decline
1. Mechanization and industrialization in England
2. High import duty on Indian goods in Britain

1853- Railways
1853- Telegraph
 Social legislation
1829- Banning of Sati.
William Bentik was the Governor General. Raja Ramohan Roy played an
important role

1856- Widows Remarriage Act

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar played a significant role

Beginning of modern education

1781- calcutta Madarsa
1791- Bernars Sanskrit college

These institutions were set up so that Indians could help the British
administration

Nabobs- The name given to the officials of the East India company in the late 18th
century because they followed the style of life of the Indian aristocracy

Charter Acts- through charters the British government define the powers and
position of the company. The first charter was issued by Queen Elizabeth 1 and
the last charter act was passed in 1853

Chapter- 5

Poligars- Feudal lords who were appointed as military chiefs and

administrative governors from the time of the Vijayanagara Empire in parts
of Southern India. (They were given the charge of a Palayam or a group of
villages).

Carnatic Treaty of 1801

signed between British and Nawab of Arcot which gave the British direct
control over Tamil Nadu. With this, the authority of the Polygars also ended
Wahabis
Founded by Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi

Reasons for revolt of 1857

1. Conquests pursued by the British had created unrest among many Indian
rulers and Chiefs
2. Doctrine of lapse by Dalhousie added to the discontent
3. The handicrafts of were ruined by the influx of manufactured British goods
led to the misery of the artisans
4. Nobles and zamindars were deprived of their lands and under the new
system demand for increased land revenue caused the havoc among the
peasantry.
5. Fear among people regarding forced conversion into Christianity and
destruction of culture
6. Social reform policies such as abolition of sati and legalization of widow
remarriage
 Chapter- 6
Act of 1858
• End of company rule in India
• Secretary of State that is a minister was appointed for India
• Lord Canning was the Governor General
• Governor General was made viceroy

1869 Suez Canal opened connecting Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea

Executive council of the Governor General consisted of Governor General+ four

members+ commander in chief of the army

Legislative council consisted of executive council members+ six more members

Act of 1861

Indian council act 1892

• Number of members in Imperial legislative council and provincial legislative
council were increased
• Indirect elections of members
• No direct elected member
• Power to ask questions and discuss budget was granted to the members
• Legislative councils were empowered to make new laws an repeal old laws
with the permission of the Governor General

Financial administration
• Revenue from the railways, post offices, sale of opium and salt and custom
duties was kept by central government
• Land revenue, stem duties, excise was divided between center and
provinces

Civil Services
1853- Recruited through the competitive exam in England

Age for Civil Service:

1853-23
1866-21
1876-19

Ilbert bill
• Under the Governor General Ripon
• Indian could try Europeans if the case fell within their jurisdiction

1886- three different types of services were introduced

1. Indian civil service
2. provincial service
3. education service

Act of 1876
• Queen Victoria assumed the title of Empress of India
• Paramountcy of Britain was stated

• All the territories under the British control had uniform administration and
laws
 Chapter- 7

• Under British rule either Ryotwari system or the Zamindari system was
prevalent

Q. Why the situation of cultivators was worse?

• High burden of revenue collection by the zamindars.
• Smallholdings- Between 1771 to 1915 average landholding in deccan was
reduced to 7 acres from 40 acres
• Shifting in the commercial crops like cotton, jute and oilseeds
• Indebtness- almost three fourth of the total peasants were indebted
• Famines- high dependence upon the monsoons

Census in India
• Mentioned in Rig Veda- 800- 600 BC
• Ain-I-Akbari- 10th century Mughal King Akbar
• 1872- population census of India during Lord Mayo
• 1881- first synchronous census of India
• 2011- 15th census of India conducted by registrar general and census
commissioner of India under Ministry of Home Affairs

Famines Committees during British rule

1. Stretchy Commission 1880
2. Lyall Commission 1896
3. McDonnel Commission 1900
4. Woodhead Commission/ famine Enquire Commission 1944

Stretchy Commission 1880

• Suggested to employ excess population of agriculture into alternative
sectors
• Expansion of irrigation facilities

Machine industries in India

Started in the second half of the 19th century
1st cotton mill started in 1853 in Bombay

Development of modern industries in India

• Only few industries till the second half of the 19th century
• Can be classified into plantation and machine industries
• In early days most of the industries were owned by British but Swadeshi
movement and two world wars encouraged and give opportunities for
starting modern industries to Indians
• World War had increased the demand for industrial goods for both military
and civil use which could not be met through imports so government started
promoting the domestic industries but large scale development started only
after the independence

Plantation
• Indigo and Tea was the major plantation industries which developed in initial
days
• Indigo was used for the manufacture of dyes in the closing years of the 18th
century but in the 19th century introduction of synthetic dye led to the
decline in the indigo production
 • Tea industries were developed in the 19th century and within short period
tea became the major plantation industry in India. By 1940, 80% of the total
tea produced in India was exported. It was mainly grown in Bengal, Assam
and southern India

Machine industries
Machine industry started in second half of 19th century
Major machine industries were cotton and jute

Cotton
• First cotton mill started in 1853 in Bombay
• In the initial days Indian cotton industry faced a tough competition from the
British and later by Japan. Despite this Indian industry developed.
• Major location were:
○ Bombay
○ Ahmedabad
○ Madras

Jute
• 1st spinning machine was set up in 1855 in Bengal
• Faced strong competition from jute Mills of Dundee in Scotland but from the
last of 19th century Indian jute industry enjoyed monopoly

Coal
• Started in 1845
• Demand grew with the expansion of industries and railways

Iron-Steel
• Feeble start in the initial days
• Smelting of iron started in 1874
• 1905- Tata iron and steel company was established

Cement
Started developing in 1930s

Sugar
1930s

Factories Act, 1881

• First act to improve the working conditions of the laborers

• Children below 7 years were prohibited
• Children between 7 to 12 years were allowed a maximum of nine hours a
day
• Lord Reagan was Governor General

Chapter- 8
Religious and social reform movements

Brahmo Samaj and Raja Ram Mohan Roy

Raja ram Mohan Roy

 • Advocated English education and abolition of polygamy
• Translated Vedas and Upanishads into Bengali
• Condemned Idol worshipping, rites and rituals

Brahmo Samaj
1828- Brahmo Sabha
1830- Brahmo Samaj

• Forbids Idol worshipping

• Forbid its members from attacking any religion

1829- Abolition of sati

Other leaders of Brahmo Samaj:

• Debendranath Tagore
• keshab Chandra Sen

Young Bengal
• Students of Henry Lui Vivian Derozio
• He promoted radical ideas among his students through lectures, debates and
discussions and encouraged them to think freely and question all authority

Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar

• Principal of Sanskrit College, Calcutta
• He introduced modern western thought in Sanskrit and admitted students
from so called lower caste

Achievements:
1. Widows upliftment through remarriage of widows
2. Girls education

Religious movement in western India

Prarthana Samaj 1867

• Founded by M.G. Ranade and Ramakrishna Bhandarkar in Bombay
• Advocated for improving status of women and widow remarriage

Indian national social conference 1887

• Founded by M.G. Ranade
• Met every year to discuss the social problems and to bring social reforms

Gopal Hari Deshmukh

• Also known as Lokahitwadi
• Started the weekly Prabhakar
• Against caste, dowry, child marriage, polygamy etc

Social reform movements in southern India

Veda Samaj 1864

• Established by keshab Chandra Sen and C. Shridhalu Naidu
• In 1871 Veda Samaj was renamed as the Brahmo Samaj of South India

Objective:
 1. To promote widow remarriage
2. Discarding caste distinctions
3. To promote girls education

Sri Narayan Guru

• Social reformer of Kerala
• Advocated for "One Caste, one religion and one god"

Mannathu Padmanabhan
Social reformer and freedom fighter from Kerala
Founder of Nair Service Society

Dayanand Saraswati
• Founded Arya Samaj in 1875
• Rejected Idol worship
• Advocated Vedas
• Book- Satyarthi Prakash
• Vedas were infalliable

• Members of Arya Samaj were guided by 10 principles

Reform movements among Parsi and Sikhs

• Rast Goftar- Journal started by Dadabhai Naoroji and Naoroji Furdoongi

• Khalsa College was started in 1892 in Amritsar

Progress of social reform in India

• After the revolt of 1857 British were very cautious and unwilling to introduce
any reforms. British mainly supported the Orthodox upper sections of the
society.
• Only two important laws were passed in the second half of the 18th century

1. The special Marriage Act,1872 amended in 1954

It's sanctioned Inter caste and inter-communal marriage

2. Age of Consent, 1891

It increased the age of consent for sexual intercourse for girl from 10 to 12 years

Criminal law amendment Act 2013

"Sexual intercourse or sexual acts by a man with his own wife, the wife not being
under 15 years of age, is not rape"

Sharda Act 1929

It increased the legal age of marriage for girls to 14 and for boys to 18.

Women's role in freedom struggle

Gandhiji made the fight against untouchability as the fight for freedom struggle
therefore all the women associated with fight against untouchability can be
added here for example Savitribai Phule

Savitribai Phule
She opened a school in Pune in 1848 with her husband
Worked against untouchability
Est. Mahila Seva Mandal- to raise the issues concerning the women

Education
1813- rupees one lakh for the development of education
1835- Governor General Bentick decided to promote the western education
1854- Wood's despatch

Wood's Despatch1854
Recommendations:
1. To create Department of Public Instructions in each of the five provinces
Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Punjab and NWP and submit its report to the
government
2. Mass education
3. Establishment of universities at Madras, Bombay and Calcutta
4. Language of teaching English + Indian language
5. Stressed on female education
6. Grant-in-aid for private schools and college
7. Indian education services

Cultural Awakening

Asiatic Society 1784

Est. by William Jones at Calcutta

It encouraged the study of India's ancient and medieval past
William Jones translated Kalidasa's Abhijanashakuntalam into English

Q. Role of art and literature in arousing the patriotism among the people.
A. Before the 19th century most of the literary works were composed in verse
but now prose writing became important. The theme of literary writing in
this new form was humanistic that is they were concerned with the life of the
people, their problems, aspirations and struggles

Literature in their respective languages:

Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar
Gopal Hari Deshmukh
Veeresalingam

Bhartendu Harishchandra- Pioneer of modern Hindi literature and spread ideas of

reform and condemnation of social injustice

Bengali
Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay
Rabindra Nath Tagore

Telugu
Gurarada Appa Rao

Marathi
Hari Narayan Apte

Malyalam
Kumaran Asan
Vallathol K. Narayan Menon

Tamil
Subramania Bharti

Oriya
Fakirmohan Senapthi

Assamese
Hema Chandra Barua

Kannada
K Venkatappa Gowda

Udru
Mohammad Iqbal (Composed Sare Jahan Se Acchcha in 1913)

Art

• Abindranath Tagore- Tried to revive classical Indian tradition of painting

• Raja Ravi Verma- Painted legends from Indian epics and myths

• Amrita Shergill- Painter of later British rule. She and others gave expression
to the everyday life of people in their paintings in western tradition

• Nandalal Bose- He painted scenes from the ancient legends and struggle for
freedom

Growth of press
• Most of the early newspapers in the late 19th century which were owned by
the British were supporters of the British rule. Many many English as well as
local language nespapers supported freedom struggle

• Thehindu
• The Indian mirror- Devendra Nath Tagore

• The Tribune- Dayal Singh Majthia

• Amrita Bazar Patrika- Sisir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh

• the Kesari- Bal Gangadhar Tilak

• the Mahratta- Bal Gangadhar Tilak

• The Swadeshimitran (Tamil)- G. Subramania Iyer

• the Prabhakar- Gopal Hari Deshmukh Lokahitwadi

• The Indu-Prakash- Gopal Hari Deshmukh Lokahitwadi

Science
Indian Association for cultivation of science 1876
• Founded by Mahendra Lal Sircar
Indian Science Congress Association 1914
• First meeting held at the premise of the Asiatic Society, Calcutta
• 1st President was Sir Ashutosh Mukerjee
• Objective-To advance and promote the cause of science in India

Indian Scientists:
• BC Ray
• JC Bose
• CV Raman
• Satyendra Bose
• Meghnad Saha
• D N Wadia
• Birbal Sahni
• S Ramanujan
• S Visvesvarya

Chapter- 9
Kuka Movement
• Founded in 1840 by Guru Ram Singh and Bhagat Jawahar Mal (also called
Sian Saheb) in western Punjab
• They advocated wearing hand-woven clothes and boycott of English laws and
education and products

Rampa Rebellion
Andhra Pradesh

Formation of political Association

1. British Indian Association 1851

• Founded by amalgamating landholders society and British India society
• First the president- Raja Radha Kanta Deb
• First secretary- Devendra Nath Tagore
• Newspaper of this Association- Hindu Patriot

Hindu Patriot- Edited by Harish Chandra Mukherjee

editor harish Chandra moji

2. Bombay Association (1852)

Jaganath Shankar Sheth

3. Madras Native Association (1852)

Gazulu Lakshminarasu Chetty
It had the same objective as above 2 associations that is Indians be allowed
to hold higher positions in the administration

4. Poona Sarvajanik Sabha (1876)

Mahadev Govind Ranade, Ganesh Vasudev Joshi andS. H. Chiplunkar

5. The Indian Association of Calcutta (1878)

Also known as the Indian National Association
Surandranath Banerjee and Ananda Mohan Bose
 6. Madras Mahajan Sabha (1885)
M. Veeraraghavachariar, G. Subramania Iyer and P. Anandacharlu

7. Bombay Presidency Association (1885)

Badrudin Tyabji, Pherozshah Mehta, K. T. telang

▪ 1st All India national conference held in 1883

Surendra Nath Banerjee convened the following conferences:

1. All India national conference 1883
2. National conference 1885

Dada Bhai Naroji

▪ Presided Congress session of 1886 at Calcutta
▪ Presided Congress session thrice
▪ Called as the "Grand old man of India"

Chapter-10

V.O.C. Pillai
▪ Started Swadeshi Steam Navigation Company 1906

▪ Swadeshi Sangam was organized by V.O.C. Pillai and Subramania Iyer

▪ Indian National Congress at its 1906 Calcutta session declared the attainment
of Swaraj as its objective. Session was headed by Dadabhai Naoroji

Congress Sessions

• 1905- Gave support to the movement against partition of Bengal

• 1906- Declared the attainment of Swaraj or self-government as its objective
• 1907- Split into moderates and extremists

Morley-Minto Reforms/ Councils act 1909

• Membership of central and provincial legislative councils was increased. But
number of elected members were less than the half of total membership.
• Elected members were elected by the landlords, organization of traders and
industrialists, universities and local bodies.
• Communal electorates were introduced

▪ Congress session of 1909 welcome to the Morley-Minto reforms but strongly

opposed the creation of separate electorates on the basis of religion

Satyendra Prasad Sinha was the first Indian to made a member of the
governor general's executive council

Imperial durbar of 1911

1. Annulment of the partition of Bengal
2. Shifting of capital from Calcutta to Delhi

The revolutionaries
Abhinav Bharat Society

Anushilan Samiti

Nationalist movements during First World War

1. Home Rule League 1916

• Founded by Annie Besant

2. All India home rule League 1916

• Founded by Tilak
• Change to its name to Swaraj Sabah in 1920

• Both the leagues were merged into Congress in 1921

The Theosophical Movement

• H.P. Blavatsky and Colonel M.S. Olcott founded Theosophical Society in
New York City in the year 1875
• Theosophists advocated the revival and strengthening of the ancient
religions of Hinduism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism
• It opposed child marriage and advocate the abolition of caste
discrimination, uplift of outcastes, improvement in the condition of
widows
• Annie Besant was elected as its president

Lucknow Pact 1916

• Muslim League and Congress joined hands to work together
• Congress accepted its separate representation of Muslims in the councils

Congress session of 1916 (Surat)

• Extremist and moderates united

• Montego Chelmsford Report

Simon Commission
• Recommended the abolition of dyarchy and est. of representative govt
in the provinces
• Number of provincial legis. council members should be increased
• Rejected parliamentary responsibility at the center
• Government of India would have complete control over the high court
• Separate communal electorates be retained
• Burma should be separated from India because it was not a natural part
of the Indian subcontinent
• Dr Ambedkar and Periyar E V Ramaswamy supported the Commission.

Montagu- Chelmsford Reforms/ Government of India act 1919

• Dyarchy (Executive councilors and ministers) was introduced
• Provincial subjects divided into 'reserved' and 'transferred'
• Bicameral system was introduced at the Central govt.
• Secretary of State for India was henceforth to be paid out of the British
exchequer
• "The Montford Reforms...were only a method of further draining India
of her wealth and of prolonging her servitude"- Gandhi
 • Annie Besant termed the reforms as “unworthy of England to offer and
India to accept”

Rowlett Act 1919

• Activists could be deported or imprisoned without trial for two years
• All the elected Indian members of the Imperial Legislative Council—who
included Mohammed Ali Jinnah, Madan Mohan Malaviya and Mazhar
Ul Haq – resigned in protest.
• The law of habeas corpus, the basis of civil liberty, was sought to be
suspended
• Rabindranath Tagore renounced his knighthood in response to the
Jallianwala Massacre
• Gandhi gave up the title of Kaiser-i-Hind
• Hunter Commission was formed to investigate the matter. Commission
justified the Dyer's firing at the mob.
• INC formed it own enquiry committee consisted of Motilal Nehru, C.R.
Das, Abbas Tyabji, M.R. Jayakar and Gandhi

• Rowlatt Act was based on the Simon Commission report

Satyagraha Sabha 1919

• Set up by Gandhi ji against the Rowlatt Act

Chapter- 11

Swaraj Party 1923

• Founded by C.R. Das and Motilal Nehru
• It was formed by CR Das because in the 1922 Indian National Congress
session CIA does presided the session and moved it proposal to enter the
legislature but it was defeated

All India spinners Association

• Founded by Gandhi
• It was an integrated part of Congress

Movements of peasants and workers

Important leaders who helped in organizing the peasants:

• Baba Ramchandra
• Vijay Singh Pathik
• Sahajnanda Saraswati
• N.G. Ranga

The movements of peasants had two aspects:

1. Their participation in the struggle for freedom which was necessary for the
mass base and support
2. To address their own grievances- oppression to the zamindars, the
government and moneylenders, high rent and landlessness

All India kisan Sabha 1936

• It was formed in the Congress session of 1936
• Swami Sahajanand Saraswati was the 1st president
• N.G. Ranga was the secretary
 • it is a forum representing peasants and agricultural and other rural laborers

Industrial workers

Madras labor union 1918

• Founded by B.P. Wadia, Thiru V. Kalyansundaram

All India trade union Congress(AITUC) 1920

• It was formed in Bombay
• Founded by NM Joshi, Lala Lajpat Rai, Joseph Baptista and Diwan Chaman
Lall
• Lala Lajpat Rai was the 1st president of the All India trade union Congress

Congress Socialist Party 1934

• Founded by Jay Prakash Narayan and Acharya Narendra dev
• It worked within the Congress

Revolutionary movements

Subhash Chandra Bose

• He was given the title "Rai Bahadur" which he renounced

Lala Lajpat Rai

• Sher-I-Punjab

Movements in princely states

Praja Mandals
• These were formed to fight for the rights of the people in princely states

All India States' People Conference 1927

• Also known as praja mandals
• It demanded that Indian states should be regarded as parts of a common
Indian nation
• Jawahar Lal Nehru became president in 1939

Communal parties and their role

• Muslim League and Congress were held session at the same venue and same
time until 1924

• 1932- communal award extended to Sikhs

• 1940- Lahore section of Muslim League demanded the creation of Pakistan

Movements of the depressed classes

Self-respect movement 1925

• It was started by E.V. Ramaswamy Naicker in Tamil Nadu
• It was an egalitarian movement against the Brahminical hegemony, equal
rights for the backward classes and the women

All India anti untouchability League 1932

• Founded by Gandhi
 • Renamed to Harijan Sevak Sangh

• Harijans- Journal of Gandhi

• 1932- British announced separate electorates for the untouchables

Act of 1935
• No dominion status was granted
• Ministers of provincial governments were to be responsible to the
legislature
• Governor General and governors were not responsible to the legislatures
• Demand of constituent assembly not accepted
• An All India Federation
• Provincial autonomy in the provinces replaced dyarchy
• Women got the voting rights
• Congress opposed
• Hindu Mahasabha and National Liberation Foundation supported

▪ S.C. Bose was elected as president of Congress in 1938 and 1939.

▪ But in 1939 he resigned and joined forward bloc

Chapter-12
Achievements of independence

1914
• Congress launched individual Satyagraha movement
• Satyagrahis would come and give speech and would get arrested
• Vinoba Bhave was the 1st Satyagrahi who was arrested

1942- Cripps mission

• Refused to have truly national government in India
• British government to form a constituent assembly
• Constituent Assembly would have nominated members by the princes

1942- Quit India movement

Rani Jhansi Regiment

• It was a regiment of Azad Hindu Fauz
• Under the command of captain Lakshmi Swaminathan

• 1946- Revolt of Royal Indian Navy ratings

1946- Cabinet mission

• Proposed for an interim government and convening of a constituent
assembly
• Constituent assembly would have members elected by provincial legislatures
and the nominees of the rulers of the Indian states