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Design and Detailing of Retaining Walls: SIL211 MEKANIKA TANAH, 3 (2-3)
Design and Detailing of Retaining Walls: SIL211 MEKANIKA TANAH, 3 (2-3)
Learning Outcomes:
• After this class students will be able to do the
complete design and detailing of different types of
retaining walls.
2
RETAINING WALL
GL2
3
Cantilever Retaining wall
with shear key
Batter
Drainage Hole
Toe
4
Photos of Retaining walls
5
Classification of
Retaining walls
6
Classification of Retaining walls
Backfill Backfill
Tile
Gravity RW drain L-Shaped RW
T-Shaped RW
Backfill
Counterfort Buttress
Weep
hole
Counterfort RW Buttress RW
7
Earth Pressure (P)
8
Factors affecting earth pressure
Earth pressure depends on type of backfill, the
height of wall and the soil conditions
9
Analysis for dry back fills
10
Where, ka= Coefficient of active earth pressure
= (1-sin)/(1+sin)=tan2
= 1/kp, coefficient of passive earth pressure
= Angle of internal friction or angle of repose
=Unit weigh or density of backfill
11
Backfill with sloping surface
12
Stability requirements of RW
13
Check against overturning
As per IS:456-2000,
MR>1.2 MO, ch. DL + 1.4 MO, ch. IL
0.9 MR 1.4 MO, ch IL
14
Check against Sliding
As per IS:456:2000
1.4 = ( 0.9W)/Pa Friction W
SLIDING OF WALL
15
Design of Shear key
In case the wall is unsafe
against sliding
C R=Total passive
A R pp resistance=ppxa
a
B W ka(H+a)
=45 + /2
16
Design of Shear key-Contd.,
If W= Total vertical force acting at the key base
= shearing angle of passive resistance
R= Total passive force = pp x a
PA=Active horizontal pressure at key base for H+a
W=Total frictional force under flat base
17
Maximum pressure at the toe
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
18
Let the resultant R due to W and Pa
lie at a distance x from the toe.
X = M/W,
M = sum of all moments about toe.
19
Depth of foundation
Rankine’s formula:
2
Df =
SBC 1 sin
1 sin
SBC 2 Df
= ka
γ
20
Preliminary Proportioning
(T shaped wall)
200
Stem: Top width 200 mm to 400 mm
Base slab width b= 0.4H to 0.6H, 0.6H
to 0.75H for surcharged wall
Base slab thickness= H/10 to H/14 H
b= 0.4H to 0.6H
21
Behaviour or structural action
Behaviour or
structural action and
design of stem, heel and
toe slabs are same as that
of any cantilever slab.
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Design of Cantilever RW
Stem, toe and heel acts as cantilever slabs
Mu=0.87 fy Ast[d-fyAst/(fckb)]
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Curtailment of bars
1. Heel slab and toe slab should also be designed as cantilever. For this
stability analysis should be performed as explained and determine
the maximum bending moments at the junction.
2. Determine the reinforcement.
3. Also check for shear at the junction.
4. Provide enough development length.
5. Provide the distribution steel
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Design Example Cantilever retaining wall
Solution
Data: h' = 4m, SBC= 200 kN/m2, = 18 kN/m3, μ=0.6, φ=30°
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Depth of foundation
To fix the height of retaining wall [H]
200
H= h' +Df
Depth of foundation
h1 h
H
2
SBC 1 sin
Df = 1 sin
Df
b
= 1.23m say 1.2m ,
Therefore H= 5.2m
27
Proportioning of wall
Thickness of base slab=(1/10 to1/14)H 200
Dist.
Actual point of cutoff from
top
h1 Every
Ldt
Spacing of bars = 180 mm c/c < Ast
300 mm and 3d ok h2
Ast/2 Ast
Provid
Ast ed
30
Design of stem-Contd.,
Development length (Stem steel)
200
Ld=47 φbar =47 x 12 = 564 mm
450
Distribution steel
b= 3000 mm
= 0.12% GA = 0.12x450 x 1000/100 =
540 mm2
#10 @ 140 < 450 mm and 5d ok
31
Check for shear
200
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Stability analysis
Distance BM about A
Load Magnitude, kN
from A, m kN-m
Stem W1 0.2x4.75x1x25 = 23.75 1.1 26.13
½ x0.25x4.75x1x25 0.75 + 2/3x0.25
Stem W2 13.60
= 14.84 =0.316
B. slab W3 3.0x0.45x1x25=33.75 1.5 50.63
Back fill, 1.8x4.75x1x18
2.1 323.20
W4 = 153.9
Total ΣW= 226.24 ΣMR=413.55
Earth Pre.
PH =0.333x18x5.22/2 H/3 =5.2/3 MO=140.05
=PH
33
W4 H
x1 W1
h
W
W2
x2 Pa
R
H/3
W3
T
e b/6
x b/2
b
Forces acting
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
Pmin. on the wall
Pmax 30.16 and the
kN/m2
120.6 24.1 pressure
kN/m2 97.99
22.6 below the wall
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
34
Stability checks
Check for overturning
FOS = ΣMR/ MO= 2.94 >1.55 safe
35
0.75m 0.45m 1.8m
30.16 kN/m2
120.6 kN/m2
24.1
97.99
22.6
Pressure below the Retaining Wall
Development length:
Ld=47 φbar
=47 x 16 = 752mm
H=5200 mm
Distribution steel
Same, #10 @ 140
< 450 mm and 5d ok x
Ldt=752
x
38
Design of heel slab-Contd.,
200
Check for shear at junction (Tension)
Maximum shear =V=105.17 kN,
VU,max= 157.76 kN,
39
Design of toe slab
Bending
Distance
Load Magnitude, kN moment,
from C, m
MC, kN-m
Toe slab 0.75x0.45x25 = 0.75/2 -3.164
Pressure distribution,
97.99x0.75 0.75/2 27.60
rectangle
Pressure distribution, ½ x22.6
2/3x1=0.75 4.24
triangle x1.0.75
Total Load at Total BM
ΣM=28.67
junction at junction
40
Design of toe slab
200
Mu= 1.5 x 28.67 =43 kN-m
Mu/bd2= 0.27< 2.76, URS
41
Design of toe slab-Contd.,
Check for shear: at d from junction (at xx as wall is
in compression) 200
42
Other deatails
Construction joint
Drainage
100 mm dia. pipes as weep holes at 3m c/c at bottom
Also provide 200 mm gravel blanket at the back of the stem for back
drain.
43
Drawing and detailing
#12 @ 180
#10 @ 140
#12 @ 90
#16 @ 190
BOTTOM
STEEL
TOP
STEEL
45
Important Points for drawing
Note
1. Adopt a suitable scale such as 1:20
2. Show all the details and do neat drawing
3. Show the development length for all bars at the junction
4. Name the different parts such as stem, toe, heel,
backfill, weep holes, blanket, etc.,
5. Show the dimensions of all parts
6. Detail the steel in all the drawings
7. Lines with double headed arrows represents the
development lengths in the cross section
46
Design and Detailing of
Counterfort Retaining wall
CRW
47
Parts of CRW
• Same as that of Cantilever Retaining wall Plus Counterfort
Stem Counterforts
Toe Heel
Base slab
Cross section Plan
48
Design of Stem
• The stem acts as a continuous slab
• Soil pressure acts as the load on the slab.
• Earth pressure varies linearly over the height BF
• The slab deflects away from the earth face
between the counterforts
• The bending moment in the stem is
maximum at the base and reduces towards
top.
• But the thickness of the wall is kept constant
and only the area of steel is reduced.
p=Kaγh
49
Maximum Bending moments for stem
50
Design of Toe Slab
The base width=b =0.6 H to 0.7 H
The projection=1/3 to 1/4 of base width.
The toe slab is subjected to an upward soil
reaction and is designed as a cantilever slab fixed H
at the front face of the stem.
Reinforcement is provided on earth face along
the length of the toe slab.
In case the toe slab projection is large i.e. >
b/3, front counterforts are provided above the
toe slab and the slab is designed as a continuous b
horizontal slab spanning between the front
counterforts.
51
Design of Heel Slab
52
Design of Counterforts
• The counterforts are subjected to outward
reaction from the stem.
• This produces tension along the outer sloping
face of the counterforts.
• The inner face supporting the stem is in
compression. Thus counterforts are designed
as a T-beam of varying depth.
• The main steel provided along the sloping C T
face shall be anchored properly at both ends.
• The depth of the counterfort is measured d
perpendicular to the sloping side.
53
Behaviour of Counterfort RW
-M
+M Important points
•Loads on Wall
COUNTERFORT •Deflected shape
STEM
•Nature of BMs
•Position of steel
-M
•Counterfort details
HEEL SLAB
TOE +M
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