Dept of EEE 2017-2021

CHAPTER - 1

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INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Electricity is a basic necessity to everybody in present days. We can obtain it in
many forms. It is important to understand how electricity is generated in different
manners. The sources of electricity were finite and vulnerable. Supplying sufficient
amounts of electricity to meet the load demand is the most important issue we have been
facing.
The shortage of supplying the load demand may lead to severe consequences and
affect the progress of national development, resulting in poverty, insecurity and restricted
economical development. Electricity is the main resource for many of the industries,
educational institutions, hospitals, households etc.
The increasing demand placed on the global power supply threatens industries
and other vital human needs. Power shortages already exist in many countries. Statistics
show that 67% of the developing world still goes without household electricity. Electric
power access brings many benefits, which include enjoying a range of social, economic,
and technological advances.
To meet the load demand Man had introduced many types of power generation
strategies and gone successful in it. But he unfortunately started polluting nature by the
byproducts formed from these methods. Most of our electricity comes from coal, nuclear,
and other non-renewable power plants. Producing energy from these resources takes a
severe toll on our environment, polluting our air, land, and water.
Renewable energy sources can be used to produce electricity with fewer
environmental impact. It is possible to make electricity from renewable sources without
producing CO2, the leading cause of global warming.
Now the real challenge is in front of us. We cannot supply the complete load
demand by using only renewable sources as the amount of energy produced from these
sources is finite and changes according to the climate. We cannot sustain these types of
power resources. Hence, there is a necessity to use both renewable and non-renewable
resources at the same time to meet the load demand.

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To use them at the same time, the concept of Microgrid is introduced. In this
chapter, we are going to discuss about the microgrid and the main objectives and
challenges in the microgrids.
1.2 MICROGRID
A microgrid is a decentralized group of electricity sources and load that normally
operates connected to and synchronous with the traditional wide area synchronous
grid(macrogrid), but is able to disconnect from the interconnected grid and to function
autonomously in “island mode” as technical or economic conditions dictate. In this way,
microgrids improve the security of supply within the microgrid cell, and can supply
emergency power, changing between island and connected modes.
Another use case is the off-grid application, it is called an autonomous,
stand-alone or isolated microgrid. These microgrids are best served by local energy
sources where power transmission and distribution from a major centralized energy
source is too far and costly to execute. They offer an option for rural electrification in
remote areas and on smaller geographical islands. As a controllable entity, a microgrid
can effectively integrate various sources of distributed generation (DG), especially
renewable energy sources (RES).
Control and protection are difficulties to microgrids, as all ancillary services for
system stabilization must be generated within the microgrid and low short-circuit levels
can be challenging for selective operation of the protection systems. An important feature
is also to provide multiple useful energy needs, such as heating and cooling besides
electricity, since this allows energy carrier substitution and increased energy efficiency
due to waste heat utilization for heating, domestic hot water, and cooling purposes (cross
sectoral energy usage).
1.2.1 BASIC COMPONENTS IN MICROGRID
The major important components of microgrid are:
1.2.1.1 LOCAL GENERATORS
A microgrid presents various types of generation sources that feed
electricity, heating, and cooling to the user. These sources are divided into two major

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groups: thermal energy sources (e.g,. natural gas or biogas generators or micro combined
heat and power) and renewable generation sources (e.g. wind turbines and solar).
1.2.1.2 CONSUMPTION
In a microgrid, consumption simply refers to elements that
consume electricity, heat, and cooling, which range from single devices to the lighting
and heating systems of buildings, commercial centers, etc. In the case of controllable
loads, electricity consumption can be modified according to the demands of the network.
1.2.1.3 ENERGY STORAGE
In microgrids, energy storage is able to perform multiple functions,
such as ensuring power quality, including frequency and voltage regulation, smoothing
the output of renewable energy sources, providing backup power for the system and
playing a crucial role in cost optimization. It includes all of chemical, electrical, pressure,
gravitational, flywheel, and heat storage technologies.
1.2.2 POINT OF COMMON COUPLING (PCC)
This is the point in the electric circuit where a microgrid is connected to a
main grid. Microgrids that do not have a PCC are called isolated microgrids which are
usually present in remote sites (e.g., remote communities or remote industrial sites)
where an interconnection with the main grid is not feasible due to either technical or
economic constraints.
1.2.3 TYPES OF MICROGRIDS
The microgrids are classified according to their usage. They are:
1.2.3.1 CAMPUS ENVIRONMENT MICROGRIDS
Microgrid systems are fully interconnected with a local utility grid,
but can also maintain some level of service in isolation from the grid, such as during a
utility outage. Typical examples serve university and corporate campuses, prisons, and
corporations.
1.2.3.2 COMMUNITY MICROGRIDS
A Community Microgrid is a coordinated local grid area served by
one or more distribution substations and supported by high penetrations of local

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renewables and other distributed energy resources (DER), such as energy storage and
demand response.
1.2.3.3 REMOTE OFF-GRID MICROGRIDS
These microgrids never connect to the macrogrid and instead
operate in an island mode at all times because of economic issues or geographical
position. Typically, an "off-grid" microgrid is built in areas that are far distant from any
transmission and distribution infrastructure and, therefore, have no connection to the
utility grid. Studies have demonstrated that operating a remote area or islands' off-grid
microgrids, that are dominated by renewable sources, will reduce the levelized cost of
electricity production over the life of such microgrid projects.
1.2.3.4 MILITARY BASE MICROGRIDS
These microgrids are being actively deployed with focus on both
physical and cyber security for military facilities in order to assure reliable power without
relying on the macrogrid.
1.2.3.5 COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL MICROGRIDS
These types of microgrids are maturing quickly in North America
and eastern Asia; however, the lack of well–known standards for these types of
microgrids limits them globally. Main reasons for the installation of an industrial
microgrid are power supply security and its reliability. There are many manufacturing
processes in which an interruption of the power supply may cause high revenue losses
and long start-up time.
1.2.4 PROTECTION ISSUES IN MICROGRID
Microgrids, and the integration of DER units in general, introduce a
number of operational challenges that need to be addressed in the design of control and
protection systems, in order to ensure that the present levels of reliability are not
significantly affected, and the potential benefits of Distributed Generation (DG) units are
fully harnessed. Some of these challenges arise from assumptions typically applied to
conventional distribution systems that are no longer valid, while others are the result of
stability issues formerly observed only at a transmission system level.
The most relevant challenges in microgrid protection and control include:

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1.2.4.1 BIDIRECTIONAL POWER FLOWS

The presence of distributed generation(DG) units in the network at
low voltage levels can cause reverse power flows that may lead to complications in
protection coordination, undesirable power flow patterns, fault current distribution, and
voltage control.
1.2.4.2 STABILITY ISSUES
Interactions between control systems of DG units may create local
oscillations, requiring a thorough small-disturbance stability analysis. Moreover,
transition activities between the grid-connected and islanding (stand-alone) modes of
operation in a microgrid can create transient instability. Recent studies have shown that
direct-current (DC) microgrid interfaces can result in a significantly simpler control
structure, more energy efficient distribution and higher current carrying capacity for the
same line ratings.
1.2.4.3 MODELING
Many characteristics of traditional schemes such as the prevalence
of three-phase balanced conditions, primarily inductive transmission lines, and
constant-power loads, do not necessarily hold true for microgrids, and consequently,
models need to be revised.
1.2.4.4 UNCERTAINTY
The operation of microgrids involves addressing much uncertainty,
which is something the economical and reliable operation of microgrids relies on. Load
profile and weather are two uncertainties that make this coordination more challenging in
isolated microgrids, where the critical demand-supply balance and typically higher
component failure rates require solving a strongly coupled problem over an extended
time horizon. This uncertainty is higher than those in bulk power systems, due to the
reduced number of loads and highly correlated variations of available energy resources
(the averaging effect is much more limited).
1.2.5 OBJECTIVES OF MICROGRID
Microgrids are a growing segment of the energy industry, representing a
paradigm shift from remote central station power plants toward more localized,

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distributed generation—especially in cities, communities and campuses. The power to

isolate from the larger grid makes microgrids resilient, and the ability to conduct flexible,
parallel operations permits delivery of services that make the grid more competitive.
By “islanding” from the grid in emergencies, a microgrid can both
continue serving its included load when the grid is down and serve its surrounding
community by providing a platform to support critical services from hosting first
responders and governmental functions to providing key services and emergency shelter.
Microgrids provide efficient, low-cost, clean energy, enhance local
resiliency, and improve the operation and stability of the regional electric grid. They
provide dynamic responsiveness unprecedented for an energy resource.
1.3 LITERATURE SURVEY
Dong-Uk Kim and Sungmin Kim have proposed a method for Islanding detection.
In this paper, a new islanding detection method using phase shifted feed-forward voltage
has been proposed. The proposed method achieves fast islanding detection and detection
performance at the large Qf load. Furthermore, in the grid frequency perturbation
condition, the proposed method does not generate reactive power unlike the previous
active method. To evaluate the performance of the proposed method, the comparison with
SMS method which is one of the SMS methods. Computer simulations with the PLECS
program and experiments using a 600W grid connected inverter were conducted. The
results have verified that the proposed method is suitable for islanding detection.
Daniel Motter and Jose C.M. Vieira has proposed a method to improve the
Islanding detection performance of passive protection. This paper presented a practical
methodology to set the undervoltage block function in the frequency-based anti-islanding
protections. An exhaustive search finds the best UVB for each pick-up of each
frequency-based function. This search uses actuation information from islanding and
non-islanding events. Consequently, the process would be impracticable to be executed
by repeated dynamic simulations, and this paper proposed the undervoltage block
methodology associated with the automatic setting map methodology proposed in, which
needs to run only one time for each dynamic simulation used to adjust the protection
system. Associated with the automatic setting map methodology and considering

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ride-through requirements of IEEE 1547-2018, the undervoltage block methodology

resulted in far superior islanding detections with a small number of incorrect trips (with
ride through requirements, 97.39% of correct islanding detection and 0.16% of incorrect
trips), which shows that passive techniques, if correctly adjusted, can be quite sensitive
for islanding detection and, at the same time, minimize the cases of incorrect actuation
and meet ride-through requirements.
Sheetal Chandak, Pritam Bhowmik, Manohar Mishra and Pravat Kumar Rout
have proposed an Autonomous Microgrid Operation. In this paper, an islanding detection
strategy to protect a complete microgrid ispresented. The proposed active islanding
detection scheme investigated here, uses a new intensified harmonic signal as an injecting
disturbance signal. Further considering the postislanding stability of the microgrid as a
prime issue, SAPI based master-slave controller is also proposed in this study.
Thiago Correia Vieira, Ahda Pionkoski Grilo, Julio Carlos Teixeira, Ricardo
Caneloi dos Santos have proposed a methodology for assessing the risk of unintentional
Islanding. The proposed methodology can be used to calculate a nondetection index for
anti-islanding protection scheme based on under/over-voltage and under/over-frequency
relays applied to distributed wind generators. Furthermore, the methodology is based on
the NDZ and on the daily wind speed and load profiles. As demonstrated during the
validation process, the proposed methodology can be used to evaluate the performance of
different passive anti-islanding schemes. According to the nondetection risk, the utility
can evaluate other relay settings or even increase the detection time. If these options were
not effective, a more sophisticated anti-islanding scheme should be used.
Soumesh Chatterjee and Biman Kumar Saha Roy have proposed a technique for
Anti-Islanding protection. The inclusion of renewables with proper protection and control
strategy will strengthen the future grid in an extensive way. Microgrids, being the
primary promoter of the renewable energy resources, need proper islanding detection
scheme for protecting the local loads as well as working professionals. In this paper, a
synchrophasor measurement based novel anti-islanding scheme for microgrids has been
proposed which can accurately detect islanding situations in very less time. A robust and
intelligent classification technique i.e. bagged tree classifier or bootstrap aggregation has

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been used to differentiate the islanding and non-islanding situations. The proposed
anti-islanding scheme can be compacted in IED which can be incorporated in DULR for
fast and effective islanding detection. Inclusion of DULR in the system will bring several
complementary benefits such as proper monitoring of the distributed microgrids over a
wide area, circuit breaker status, etc. The proposed scheme has been verified for all
possible adverse islanding situations. The six possible islanding environments, which
have been exploited to verify the bagged tree based anti-islanding scheme, can be
identified as variations of Qf , consideration of NDZ, different types of faults near PCC,
addition/rejection of large load, noisy measurements, and solar irradiance variations. The
bagged tree classifier has been trained with the data available from all these six case
studies. Detailed performance of the classifier has been depicted using a confusing matrix
and ROC to showcase the efficiency of the classifier during training. The trained
classifier has been simulated further with known test cases and it has been observed that
it is highly accurate in detecting islanding situations. Simulation results validate that the
proposed method is having zero NDZ and will not raise any power quality issues. The
comparison of simulation results shows broader acceptability of the proposed
anti-islanding scheme.
1.4 OBJECTIVE OF THE THESIS
The proposed work detects the Islanding of a microgrid and achieves
Anti-Islanding protection to the microgrid at all levels in a sustainable and self-sufficient
manner. It also delivers the information about the faults and improves the reliability of
the microgrid.
1.5 ORGANIZATION OF THESIS
CHAPTER: 1 In this chapter, introduction of the problem statement, literature
survey and the objectives of the project are explained.
CHAPTER: 2 In this chapter, introduction, objectives and applications of the
Anti-Islanding protection are explained.
CHAPTER: 3 In this chapter, Proposed methodology is explained.
CHAPTER: 4 In this chapter, we explained our test circuit, case studies and its
results.

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CHAPTER: 5 In this chapter, Conclusion and Future scope are explained.

1.6 CONCLUSION
In this chapter, the overview of the microgrid has been explained. The
introduction part explains the importance of microgrids. Some of the references have
been given in the literature survey of the project. Here, it contains the objective of the
thesis, which includes the main objective of the project has been briefly explained and the
thesis has been arranged in a particular form which is explained in the organization of the
thesis.

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