LIÊN TỪ (CONJUNCTIONS)

- được dùng để nối các từ, cụm từ, mệnh đề hoặc câu.
CÁC LOẠI LIÊN TỪ
1. Liên từ kết hợp (co-ordinating conjunctions): dùng để nối các từ, nhóm từ có chức năng giống
nhau (N-N, V-V, Adj-Adj, …) hoặc các mệnh đề độc lập về mặt ngữ pháp.
a. Nhóm AND: CHỈ SỰ THÊM VÀO
Gồm: and, both… and, not only… but also, as well as, besides, furthermore, moreover, in addition...
E.g 1: Lili has a yacht and a helicopter. In addition, she has five cars.
Both she and her sister now live in New Orleans.
Nam is not only handsome but also kindful.
She is a talented musician as well as being a professional photographer.
I don’t want to go shopping. Besides, I haven’t got any money.
b. Nhóm BUT: CHỈ SỰ MÂU THUẪN HOẶC TRÁI NGƯỢC
Gồm: but, yet, still, however, nevertheless, on the other hand…
E.g 2: He is intelligent but lazy.
We thought that Emma should accept the offer. Nevertheless, she turned it down.
I don’t want to be late for the meeting. On the other hand, I don’t want to get there too early.
c. Nhóm OR: CHỈ SỰ LỰA CHỌN HOẶC ĐOÁN CHỪNG
Gồm: or, or else, otherwise, either … or, neither … nor…
E.g 3: Which color do you want -red, green, blue or grey?
I left it either at home or in the car.
I neither know nor care what happened to him.
d. Nhóm SO: CHỈ HẬU QUẢ, KẾT QUẢ
Gồm: so, therefore, for, consequently, as a result, …
E.g 4: There were not enough beds, so we had to sleep on the floor.
All the shops were closed, and consequently we could not buy any food.
Profits have declined as a result of the recent drop in sales
2. Liên từ phụ thuộc (Subordinating conjunctions): dùng để mở đầu một mệnh đề phụ (mệnh đề
danh từ hoặc mệnh đề trạng từ).
a. Nhóm WHEN: CHỈ MỐI QUAN HỆ VỀ THỜI GIAN
Gồm: when, whenever, while, as, as soon as, after, before, until / till, since, by the time…
E.g 5: When he saw me, he waved.
 Whenever I hear that song, I think of you.
I’ll phone you as soon as I get home from work.
We are going to tidy up after everyone has gone.
b. Nhóm BECAUSE: CHỈ NGUYÊN NHÂN HOẶC LÝ DO
Gồm: because, as, since, now (that), seeing (that/ as), …
E.g 6: Because/ As/ Since I liked him, I tried to help him.
Now/ Seeing (that) it’s your money, I suppose you can buy whatever you want.
c. Nhóm IF: CHỈ ĐIỀU KIỆN
Gồm: if, unless, in case, provided (that), supposing (that)…
d. Nhóm THOUGH: CHỈ SỰ TƯƠNG PHẢN
Gồm: although, though, even though, even if, whether …or not, no matter what, whatever, whenever,
whoever, however + Adj/ Adv, …
E,g 7: Although/ Though I don’t agree with him, I think he is honest.
I’m not opening the door, whoever you are.
They’ll find out the truth whether you tell them or not.
e. Nhóm IN ORDER THAT: CHỈ MỤC ĐÍCH
Gồm: in order that, so that, for fear that, …
E.g 8: Send the letter express, so that/ in order that they’ll get it before Tuesday.
f. Nhóm SO… THAT: CHỈ KẾT QUẢ
 So + adj/ adv + that
E.g 9: Peter was so angry that he couldn’t speak.
 Such + (a/ an) + adj + Noun + that
E.g 10: It was such a boring speech that I fell asleep.
g. Nhóm THAT: ĐƯA RA MỘT LỜI TUYÊN BỐ, Ý KIẾN, SỰ KIỆN HOẶC LÝ DO
E.g 11: It’s possible that he hasn’t received the letter.
I. Combine the sentence with not only ... but also or both …and.
1.The city suffers from air pollution. The city suffers from water pollution. (both... and)
_____________________________________________________
2.He is interested in gardening. He is interested in collecting stamps.
(not only... but also)
_____________________________________________________
3.Solar energy is free. Solar is inexhaustible. (both... and)
_____________________________________________________
4.In the summer school he studied writing. He studied how to increase his vocabulary. (not only... but.
also)
_____________________________________________________
5.I was usually tired when I arrived home from school. I was usually hungry too. (both ... and)
_____________________________________________________
6.My sister can sing beautiful. She can play the guitar very well. (not only... but also)
_____________________________________________________
7.On the trip you can enjoy spectacular scenery. You can have a lot of outdoor activities. (both ... and)
_____________________________________________________
8.He is good at math. He is good at English. (not only... but also)
_____________________________________________________
9.Joanna enjoys listening to rock music, so does her brother. (both ... and)
_____________________________________________________
10.She cleaned the house and she cooked the dinner. (not only... but also)
_____________________________________________________
II. Write the sentences with either... or or neither ... nor.
1.The library doesn't have the book I need. The bookstore doesn't have the book I need.
_____________________________________________________
2.We can fix dinner for them here or we can take them to a restaurant
_____________________________________________________
3.I'll never speak to you again if you don't apologise.
_____________________________________________________
4.Brian doesn’t play sports and he doesn't watch them on TV.
_____________________________________________________
5.Did Mrs Michael feed Lulu? Did Mrs Michael feed Archie?
_____________________________________________________
6.We didn't hear the window break. We didn't hear the thief come in.
_____________________________________________________
7.You may begin working tomorrow or you may begin next week.
_____________________________________________________
8.I suppose we could watch TV this evening or we could go out for a snack.
_____________________________________________________
9.My cousin can't draw well. He can't paint well, too.
_____________________________________________________
10.I haven't seen him. I haven't heard him speak.
_____________________________________________________
III. Complete the sentences with both... (and); neither... (nor) or either...(or).
1.I tried twice to phone George, but ______ times he was out.
2.Do you want tea or coffee? - ______. I really don't mind.
3.I was invited to two parties last week, but I couldn't go to ______ of them.
4.Where is Liz? Is she at work or at home? - ______. She's away on holiday.
5.To get to the town center, you can go along the footpath by the river or you can go along the road.
You can go ______ way.
6.I saw an accident this morning. One car drove into the back of another. Fortunately, ______ driver
was injured, but ______ cars were badly damaged.
7.I can meet you next Monday or: Friday. Would ______ of those days be convenient for you?
8.John and I couldn't get into the house because ______ of us had a key.
9.When shall I phone, in the morning or afternoon? - ______. I’ll be in all day.
10.Sarah and I play tennis together regularly, but ______ of us can play well.
11.Where did you go for your holiday - Scotland or Ireland?
- ______. A week in Scotland and a week in Ireland.
12.I tried two bookshops for the book I wanted, but ______ of them had it.
13.______ the boat with the white sails and the one with the blue sails are in the harbour today.
14.I'm not sure where Maria's from. She's ______ Spanish ______ Italian.
15.Tom said he would contact me, but he ______ wrote ______ phoned.
IV. Rewrite the following as indicated, making any other changes necessary.
1.I haven't seen him and I haven't heard him speak either.
Neither _________________________________________________
2.Is the man's name Richard? Or is it Robert? It's one of the two.
That man's name _________________________________________
3.Tom arrived late .and started complaining.
Not only ________________________________________________
4.Thanks to your help, I finished it in time.
But for __________________________________________________
5.I did not know what would happen, and I did not care what would happen.
I neither _________________________________________________