Groundnut Harvesting Machine

ABSTRACT:

Groundnut cutting machine is mechanical device. It can be used for removing

a groundnut from plant .
In the groundnut cutting machine required less human effort and it for middle
class farmer complicated structure and it is easily operated by then by any worker
or unskilled person. In this cutting machine have the two brush one is right hand side and another
is left hand side. This machine is only applicable for the removing of groundnut.
It can reduce labor cost due to the only one person can handle. machine does
not required maintenance.

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INDEX:

SR.NO. NAME PAGE NO.

1 INTRODUCTION 3
2. DESIGN 4
3. MOTOR SELECTION 7
4. LITERATURE REVIEW 11
5. CONSTRUCTION 12
6. WORKING 14
7. SPECIAL PURPSE M/C 15
8. LIST OF MATERIALS 16
9. MANUFACTURING PROCESS 17
10. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES 19
11. CONCLUSION 20
12. REFERANCES 21

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1. INTRODUCTION

Agriculture forms the backbone of our country economy; about 55% of citizen is depending on
agriculture. Thus, developing our country means providing our farmers with more “Sophisticated” and
“Advanced Tool” which would decreases overall time required for the task and the task will become easier
and more convenient.
Groundnut harvesting is last stage in farming which takes maximum time of
farmer among all farming process. In India harvesting is generally done manually.
thus our intention is to provide farmer a “GROUNDNUT HARVESTER "IN this way
the ''AGRICULTURAL APPROACH”. This machine consists of simple mechanism make
to which will be economical to farmer and will take less time for harvesting operation.
Also, it is defined as a machine tool designed to perform specific operation the
only, so that all the items produced identical.
Spontaneous chromosome doubling restored its fertility, [citation needed] forming what is termed
an amphidiploid or allotetraploid. Genetic analysis suggests the hybridization event probably occurred only
once and gave rise to a. Monti cola, a wild form of peanut that occurs in a few restricted locations in
northwestern Argentina, and by artificial selection to a. Hypogea.[7][8][10][11] the process of domestication
through artificial selection made a. Hypogea dramatically different from its wild relatives. The domesticated
plants are bushier and more compact, and have a different pod structure and larger seeds. The initial
domestication may have taken place in northwestern Argentina, or in southeastern Bolivia, where the peanut
landraces with the most wild-like features are grown today.

from this primary center of origin, cultivation spread and formed secondary and tertiary centers of
diversity in Peru, Ecuador, brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay. Over time, thousands of peanut landraces
evolved; these are classified into six botanical varieties and two subspecies (as listed in the peanut scientific
classification table). Subspecies a. H. Fastigiata types are more upright in their growth habit and have shorter
crop cycles. Subspecies a. H. Hypogea types spread more on the ground and have longer crop cycles

The oldest known archeological remains of pods have been dated at about 7,600 years old. These
may be pods from a wild species that was in cultivation, or a. Hypogea in the early phase of domestication.

they were found in Peru, where dry climatic conditions are favorable to the preservation of organic
material. Almost certainly, peanut cultivation antedated this at the center of origin where the climate is
moister. Many pre-Columbian cultures, such as the mocha, depicted peanuts in their art.

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cultivation was well established in Mesoamerica before the Spanish arrived. There, the
conquistadors found the tlalcacahuatl (the plant's Nahuatl name, whence Mexican Spanish accurate,
Castilian Spanish achuete, and French achuete) being offered for sale in the marketplace of Tenochtitlan.
The peanut was later spread worldwide by European traders, and cultivation is now very widespread in
tropical and subtropical regions. In west Africa, it substantially replaced a crop plant from the same family,
the Bambara groundnut, whose seed pods also develop underground. In Asia, it became an agricultural
mainstay and this region is now the largest producer in the world

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2. DESIGN:

Design consists of application of scientific principles, technical information and

imagination for development of new or improvised machine or mechanism to perform a
specific function with maximum economy & efficiency Hence a careful design approach has
to be adopted. The total design has been split up into two parts; System design Mechanical
Design.

System design mainly concerns the various physical constraints and ergonomic space
requirements, arrangement of various components on main frame at system, man + machine
interactions, No. of controls, position of controls, working environment of machine, chances
of failure, safety measures to be provided, servicing aids, ease of maintenance, scope of
improvement, weight of machine from ground level, total weight machine lot of mechanical
design the components are listed down and stored on the basis of their procurement, design
in two categories namely produced designed parts detached design is done & distinctions thus
obtained are next highest dimensions which is readily available in
market This amplifies the assembly as well as postproduction servicing
work. The various tolerances on the works are specified. The process
charts are prepared and passed on to the manufacturing stage.

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The parts which are to be purchased directly are selected from various catalogues &
specified so that anybody can purchase the same from the retail shop with given
specifications.

SYSTEM DESIGN:
In system design we mainly concentrated on the following parameters: -

System Selection Based on Physical Constraints

While selecting any machine it must be checked whether it is going to be used in a
large-scale industry or a small-scale industry. In our case it is to be used by a small-scale
industry. So, space is a major constrain. The system is to be very compact so that it can be
adjusted to corner of a room.
The mechanical design has direct norms with the system design. Hence the foremost
job is to control the physical parameters, so that the distinctions obtained after mechanical
design can be well fitted into that.

Arrangement of Various Components

Keeping into view the space restrictions the components should be laid such that their
easy removal or servicing is possible. More over every component should be easily seen
none should be hidden. Every possible space is utilized in component arrangements.

Components of System
As already stated, the system should be compact enough so that it can be
accommodated at a corner of a room. All the moving parts should be well closed & compact.
A compact system design gives a high weighted structure which is desired.

Man, Machine Interaction

The friendliness of a machine with the operator that is operating is an important
criterion of design. It is the application of anatomical & psychological principles to solve
problems arising from Man – Machine relationship. Following are some of the topics
included in this section.

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Scope of Future Improvement

Arrangement should be provided to expand the scope of work in future.Such as to
convert the machine motor operated the system can be easily configured to required one
The die & punch can be changed if required for other shapes of notches etc.

Height of Machine from Ground

For ease and comfort of operator the height of machine should be properly decided so
that he may not get tired during operation. The machine should be slightly higher than the
waist level, also enough clearance should be provided from the ground for cleaning purpos

Weight of Machine
The total weight depends upon the selection of material components as well as the dimension
of components.
A higher weighted machine is difficult in transportation & in case of major breakdown, it is
difficult to take it to workshop because of more weight

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3. Motor Selection

Thus, selecting a motor of the following specification phase

AC motor Power = 60 watt Speed= 0-9000 rpm.

Power (P) = 2 NT
60
 100 = 2 x  x1400 x T
60
T = 60 x 100
2 x  x1400
T = 0.68 N.m = 0.68 × 103 N-mm.

TO CALCULATE INPUT TORQUE

POWER = 2  NT

60

T = 60 x P

2xxN

= 60 X 50

2XXN

Assuming operation speed = 800 rpm.

= 60 x 50

2 x  x 800

 T = 0.5968 N.m

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Assuming 100% overload.

 T design = 2 x T

= 2 x 0.5968 x 103

= 1.19 x 103 N.mm.

CHECK FOR TORSIONAL SHEAR FAILURE OF SHAFT.

Assuming minimum section diameter on input shaft = 25 mm

 d = 25 mm

Td = /16 x fs act x d3

 fs act = 16 x Td

 xd3

= 16 x 1.19 x 10 3

 x (25) 3

 fs act = 0.88 N/mm2

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As fs act < fs all

 I/P shaft is safe under torsional load

DESIGN OF SPUR GEAR PAIR:

SPEED = 1400 RPM

b = 20m

Tdesign = 1.22 Nmm

SPUR PINION = SPUR GEAR = 600 N/mm2

SERVICE FACTOR (Cs) = 1.5

dp = 70

Now, Cv = 3 / 3 + v

But, V = πdpN / 60

= π x 70x10-3 x 1400 / 60

= 5.1 m/sec.

Therefore, Cv = 0.36

CENTERE TO CENTERE DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO SHAFT = 55mm.

m = dp / T

= 70 / 28

= 2.5 mm

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4. LITERATUTRE REVIEW:

Mizrachi et al [1]
done a design of machine for digging, selecting up, and keeping apart peanut. The technique
of device used depended upon cutting the soil with peanut, plant and elevates all on display with
area equal 10.5 mm among the rods to loosen the soil. Eastern trade policy Inst. designed a
vibrating potato digger.

Ahmed and Shamsuddin [2]

evolved a prototype tractor - operated groundnut digger lifter. on this undertaking, they
increase a prototype that may dig the groundnut crop and lift the crop from the soil. Kang and
Halverson

[3] designed a two-row, three-factor-hitch vibrating digger. every row in comparison a couple of
four-bar linkages to which aspect plates are attached. A bottom plate for each row composed of a
soil-digging blade, accompanied by way of soil –sieving bars. these bars had been rigidly attached to
bottom of every pair of side plates to reduce and lift the soil and additionally to permit for soil
separation. The motion of the bottom plate becomes also designed to help with soil float

Ademilyi [4]
evaluated overall performance of a tractor drawn groundnut digger/shaker.

Kad et al [5]
evaluated a overall performance of a developed digger that could relieve the farmer from
fatigues work of hand pulling of groundnut pod and stored 11 to thirteen per cent pods. The test
results indicated that powerful area capacity of the digger as 0.256 ha/day, with 87.98 consistent with
cent digging performance.

Ibrahim et al. [6]

evolved a multipurpose digger for root vegetation. The machine turned into operated
efficiently for potato at 22 cm harvesting intensity, 2.6 km / h ahead pace and 0.31 rad (18 deg) tilt
attitude with the use of vibrating motion and for peanut 15 cm harvesting depth, 2. three km / h
forward speed and 0.21 rad (12 deg) tilt angle with the use of vibrating motion.

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5. CONSTRUCTION; -

The Groundnut harvester machine consists of the following parts

1. Motor:
Motor is a single-phase AC motor of 185-watt i.e.; 0.25 Hp power, 1440 rpm.
Motor is mounted on the machine frame using motor mounting bracket. Motor carries the motor
pulley mounted on the motor shaft.
2. Main spindle(shaft)-1:
Main spindle -1 is mounted in ball bearings on either end, and supports the driven gear at its
center and brush holders at either ends.

3. Main spindle(shaft) -2:

Main spindle -2 is mounted in ball bearings on either end, and supports the driven gear,
reduction pulley at its center and brush holders at either ends.
4. Brush holders:
Brush holders are steel elements that hold the de-leafer brushes on them. The brush holders
are mounted on the ends of the main spindle, and are provided with square flat ends for proper brush
holding.

5. Brushes:
Brushes are of polymerized rubber, with array of bristles along the periphery for de-leafing
action. Brushes have square bore to be mounted on the brush holders.

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Pedestal Bearing

Bearing housings are structural steel elements that house the ball bearings to support the main
spindles.
It is also called Plummer block. Figure shows half sectional front view of

the Plummer blocks. It consists of cast iron pedestal, phosphor bronze bushes or

steps made in two halves and cast-iron cap. A cap by means of two squares headed

bolts hold the halves of the steps together.

The steps are provided with collars on either side in order to prevent its

axial movement.

The snug in the bottom step, which fits into the corresponding hole in the

body, prevents the rotation of the steps along with the shaft. This type of bearing

can be placed anywhere along the shaft length.

The main function of a rotating shaft is to transmit power from one end of

the line to the other.

It needs a good support to ensure stability and frictionless rotation. The

support for the shaft is known as “bearing”.

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The shaft has a “running fit” in a bearing. All bearing are provided some

lubrication arrangement to reduced friction between shaft and bearing.

1. Gear train:
Gear train comprises of two spur gears keyed to the main spindle. Driver gear is mounted on
main spindle two along with reduction pulley whereas driven gear is mounted on main spindle one.
Gear train drives either spindles in opposite directions.
2. Frame:
Frame is the structural member that supports the entire assembly of machine, made from MS
square tube.

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6. Working:
Motor of the machine drives the main spindle-2 by means of the gear drive. When motor is
started the motor, gear drives the reduction pulley on main spindle-2 by means of belt. Main spindle-
2 carries the drive r gear which in turn rotates the driven gear on the main spindle -1 thus both shafts
are driven in the opposite directions. Brushes that are mounted on the spindle ends also rotate in
opposite directions.

Bunch of groundnut tree to be is inserted for removing groundnut between two opposite rotating
brushes in axial direction ie, along direction of spindle axis and is taken out in radial direction ie,
along direction of rotation of pulley.

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7. LIST OF MATERIALS:

SR. NO. DESCRIPTION QTY MATERIAL

1 MAIN SPINDLE – 1 01 EN – 8

2 MAIN SPINDLE – 2 01 EN – 8

3 GEAR – 1 01 M.S

4 GEAR – 2 01 M.S

7 PEDSTALBEARING 04 STD

8 BRUSH 04 STD

9 WASHER 04 STD

10 NUT & BOLT 20 STD

11 MOTOR 01 STD

12 FRAME 01 MS

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8. MANUFACTURE PROCESS

For different parts of machine there are different machining process which is described as per parts.
Operation Sheet:

Part No. GH – 01 Mechanical specification: EN8

Part Name: Main Spindle Raw Material size = 30 x 30 inch

Quantity: 2 Nos.

Sr. Description of Tools Time in minutes

No. operation

Jigs & M/C Cutting Measuring Setting M/c. Total

Fixture Tools Tools Instrument Time Time time

1 Clamp Stock Three Lathe - - 15 - 15

jaw
Chuck

2 Facing & Three Lathe Facing Vernier 5 10 15

Center jaw tool &
Drilling Chuck Center
drill

3 Job clamp bet Centre Lathe - - 20 - 20

nth e centre support
&
carrier

4 Turning OD Centre Lathe Turning Vernier - 960 960

30 to 25 support tool
through &
length carrier

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Performance evaluation of machine: -

• Pod stripping rate: -

Pod stripping rate kg/hr.

Pod stripping rate gram/sec.

Pod stripping rate gram/sec.

• Percentage of un-striped pod: -

Percentage of Un- stripping pod

Percentage of Un- stripping pod

Percentage of Un- stripping pod.

• Man hr. requirements: -

Man’s hr. requirements per 100grms pod

Man’s hr. requirements per 100grms pod 44.01 sec is required.

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9. Advantages:
Reduce the human effort: -
Groundnut harvester mostly designs for reduce the human
efforts in which only one operator can be operate or handle the machine. While the
machine will begin there is not required more than one or two workers.

Reduce the time: -

when worker is cutting the groundnut, they have more time for cutting
but when the use of the groundnut harvester they increase the capacity of the working
and cutting & it can possible the maximum groundnut cutting within minimum tim
Easy to handle: -
groundnut harvester machine is easy for handling we can easily start the machine.
Unskilled worker can operate: -
no skill person required for operating the machine.

Disadvantages: The disadvantages of mechanical harvesting were:

(I) For poor farmers machines brought misery. Machines reduced dependence on labor leading to
unemployment. For many a poor it became difficult to find jobs

(ii) Many farmers who bought machines on loans, thinking the boom would last, faced hard times
once the boom ended by1920s. They faced difficulty in paying backlog Some were driven to take the
extreme step of abandoning farms

(iii) Production had expanded so rapidly that during the post war years, when the export market
collapsed and wheat prices fell farmers were left with large surpluses and overflowing store houses

(iv) Extensive cultivation made feasible by machines resulted in the Great Agrarian, Depression of
the 1930s, which ruined wheat farmers everywhere.

(v) In discretionary use of machines ruined the entire landscape resulting in ecological disbalance.
Periods of plenty were followed by droughts. Ordinary dust storms became black blizzards. The American
dream of land of plenty turned into a nightmare.

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10. Conclusion:

Self-propelled groundnut harvesting machine was designed, fabricated and tested in sandy and clayey
sand soil. Computer simulation method was applied to select the optimum design of machine diggers before
been fabricated. The machine can be used to root crops other than groundnut. The drudgery of field work w
reduced and labor shortage problem in the State will be overcome by the machine. The field efficiency of the
machine in clayey sand so.

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11 .REFERANCES:

1. Mizrachi, A. Margolin, A., Feller, R. and Alper, Y. "Peanut salvage machine for sandy loam and
clay soils." Trans. ASAE, 26 (2): 389-391, 2013.

2. Ahmed, D. and Shamsuddin, V.G. “Development of a prototype tractor operated groundnut

digger” lifte. Patnaik, 10 (2): 219-223, 2017.

3. Kang, W.S., Halderson, J.L. “A vibratory two-row potato Digger” Applied Engineering in
agriculture. 7 (6): 683-687 2011.

4. Mahmoud, A. M. Mohamed, O. K. Mohamed, A. K. Abdel Moneim, B. E. Hassan, A. M. El

Tahir, I.M. “Crops of Sudan”. Country Report” FAO International Technical Conference on

5. Ademilyi, Y.S. James, D., Ozumba, I. C, Olowonibi, M. M. “Performance evaluation of a Tractor

Drawn Groundnut Digger/Shaker”. NCAM Research Publication, P: 115 - 122, 2014.

6. Kad, V.P., Nikam, S.P, Salve, V.A. “Performance evaluation of power tiller drawn groundnut
digger”. International journal of Agricultural Engineering, 1 (2):107-109, 2018.

7. Ibrahim, M. M., Amin, E., Farag, A. “Developing a Multi-Purpose Digger for Harvesting Root
Crops”. Misr J. Ag. Eng., 25 (4): 1225-1239, 2018

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