Metabolic Regulation

Including Catabolism of Other Fuels

With Georgina Cornwall

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Learning Objectives
After this Lecture You Will Be Able to:

• Identify entry points of fats and proteins in

cellular respiration.

• Describe key intermediates.

• Recognize key regulators of cellular

respiration.

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Proteins and Fats
Metabolize Carbohydrates

Proteins and fats are also

important sources
of energy.
Although clearly we are set
up to metabolize
carbohydrates
primarily.
JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com
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 A Review of The Macromolecule Building Blocks
And Where They Fit into Cellular Respiration

Deamination
Nucleic acids Nucleotides

NH3
Proteins Amino acids

H2O
Krebs
Pyruvate Cycle
Polysaccharides Sugars
Glycolysis CO2

Lipids and fats Fatty acids Acetyl-CoA

β-oxidation

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 The Catabolism of Fats
Broken into Glycerol and Fatty Acids (Small Intestine)

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Protein Catabolism
Broken into Amino Acids (Small Intestine)

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Proteins Must First Be Deaminated
Glutamate becomes α-Ketoglutarate

HO O HO O
C Urea
C

H2N C H NH3 C O

H C H H C H

H C H H C H

C C
Proteins enter HO O HO O
glycolysis and
Krebs cycle as Glutamate α-Ketoglutarate
intermediates.

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Proteins Must First Be Deaminated

Proteins enter glycolysis and Krebs cycle as intermediates.

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Amino Acids as Intermediates
Amino Acid Catabolism

Phospoenolpyruvate Alanine Glycine Threonine

Cysteine Serine Tryptophan
Pyruvate
Tryptophan Tyrosine
Acetyl-CoA
Amino acids enter as Glucose Phenylalanine
Threonine Isoleucine
intermediates of Aspartate
Oxaloacetate Citrate
Lysine
Asparagine Leucine
glycolysis and Krebs
cycle.
Malate Isocitrate Arginine Proline
Histidine Glutamine

Fumarate α-Ketoglutarate Glutamate

Tyrosine
Phenylalanine Succinyl-CoA Threonine Methionine
Succinate Isoleucine Valine
Aspartate

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Key Intermediates Connect Metabolic Pathways
Acetyl CoA

Acetyl CoA is at the center of catabolism and anabolism.

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Key Intermediates Connect Metabolic Pathways
Acetyl CoA
Proteins Glycogen Triglycerides
Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis
Amino acids Glucose Glycerol + Fatty acids

R NH2 NH3 Urea

Glycolysis
ATP

Pyruvate
CO2

Acetyl CoA

Ketones
Krebs CO2
cycle
ATP

Coenzyme 2H

O2 Oxidative phosporylation H2O

Acetyl CoA is at the center of
catabolism and anabolism. ATP

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Key Intermediates Connect Metabolic Pathways
Acetyl CoA

Proteins Glycogen Triglycerides

Glycogenesis Glycogenolysis
Amino acids Glucose Glycerol + Fatty acids

R NH2 NH3 Urea

Glycolysis
ATP

Pyruvate
CO2

A-CoA
Acetyl CoA

Ketones
Krebs CO2
cycle
ATP
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 Intermediates Allow for Regulation Too

Negative feedback keeps it all under control glycolysis.

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 Intermediates Allow for Regulation Too
Negative Feedback Keeps It All Under Control - Glycolysis

Glucose ADP
Activates
Fructose 6-phosphate

Phosphofructokinase

inhibits inhibits
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate

Pyruvate

Pyruvate Oxidation
Pyruvate dehydrogenase

ATP Acetyl-CoA

Krebs Citrate
cycle
NADH

Electron Transport Chain and

Chemiosmosis

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 This Is Where We Have Been
Energy Production and Storage
Key intermediates of cellular respiration help in
energy production and storage.
Proteins and fats are broken down and enter
cell respiration as intermediates.
Acetyl CoA is pivotal in catabolism and
anabolism.
Products of cell respiration are involved in
its regulation.

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 Learning Outcomes
Now You Are Able to:

 Identify entry points of fats and proteins in

cellular respiration.

 Describe key intermediates.

 Recognize key regulators of cellular

respiration.

JULIUS P. FRONDA, suifronda25@gmail.com

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 This document is a property of: JULIUS P. FRONDA

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