Change of State

Adding or removing the heat from a given sample or objects does not always lead to a change
in its temperature. But instead the object may change its state from solid phase to liquid phase or
from liquid phase to vapor phase when heat is added or it may change in other way around if the heat
is removed.

Change of state and change of temperature do not occur at the same time in the same
substance, thus they must be considered independently of each other in calorimeter. The melting
point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes from solid to liquid. The heat that is being
added to a substance at a melting point or at a boiling point is not manifested by any change in
temperature. Hence, it is said to be latent or hidden heat.

The latent heat of fusion of a substance is the amount of heat which must be added to a unit
mass of the substance to change from solid to liquid at the melting point. The latent heat of fusion of
ice is approximately 80 cal/g. The heat of fusion of a substance is also the amount of heat which
must be removed from a unit mass of the substance to change it from the liquid to the solid state at
freezing point temperature. The latent heat of vaporization of a substance is the amount of heat
which must be added to a unit mass of the substance at boiling point to change it from liquid to vapor.
The latent heat of vaporization for water is approximately 540 cal/g. The latent heat of fusion is
also known as the latent heat of solidification, and this is denoted by Lf . The latent heat of
vaporization is also the latent heat of condensation and is denoted by Lv .

1
Diagram

100℃ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

0℃ - - - - - - - - Q3 Q4 Q5

Q2

Q1

20 100 200 740

Heat (Q) in calorie

Example 5
How much heat is needed to change 1.5 kg of ice at -15℃ to steam at 100℃ ?
Solution:

Q 1=mc ∆ T Q2=m Lf
cal cal
(
¿ ( 1500 g ) 0.5
g℃ )
( 0−−15 ℃ )=(1 500 g) 80
g ( )
¿ 11 250 cal ¿ 120 000 cal

Q 3=mc ∆ T Q 4 =m L v
cal cal
(
¿ ( 1500 g ) 1
g℃ )
( 100 ℃−0 )=(1 500 g) 540
g ( )
¿ 150 000 cal ¿ 810 000 cal

Q T =Q 1+ Q 2+Q 3+Q 4

¿ 1 091250 cal∨1.09 Mcal

2
Example 6

How many grams of ice are needed at -10 ℃ to bring 500 grams of water temperature from 20 ℃ to 0
℃?
Solution:
Q g=Ql
Q i +Q L =Q w fi

mi ci ( T −t i ) +mi Lf =mw cw ( t w −T )
i

mw c w ( t w −T )
mi=
c i ( T −t i ) + Lf i

cal
mi=
( 500 g ) 1
g℃ (
( 20℃ −0 ) )
cal cal
(
0.5
g℃ )
( 0−−10 ℃ ) +80
g
m i=117.65 g

Example 7

The specific heat of mercury ( H g ) is 0.033 kcal/kg℃ . When 1.0 kg of solid mercury at its melting point
of -39℃ is placed in a 0.50 kg aluminum calorimeter filled with 1.20 kg of water at 20 ℃ . The final
temperature of the mixture is found to be 16.5 ℃ . What is the heat of fusion of mercury in cal/g?
Solution:
Q g=Q l
Q Hg+Q L =Qw +Qcal fH g

mH g c H g ( T −t Hg ) +m H g L f =mw c w ( t w −T ) + mcal c cal ( t cal−T )

Hg

mw c w ( t w −T ) + m cal c cal ( t cal−T )−m H g c H g ( T −t H g )

Lf =Hg
mH g

¿
[ mw c w +mcal c cal ( t cal−T ) ] ( tcal −T )−mH g c H g ( T −t H g )
mH g

¿
[( g℃ ( )
g℃ ( )) g℃ ]
(1200 g ) 1 cal + (500 g ) 0.212 cal ( 20 ℃−16.5 ℃ ) −( 1000 g ) 0.033 cal ( 16.5 ℃−−39 ℃ )
( )
1200 g

2 739.5 cal cal

Lf = =2.28
Hg
1 200 g g
 3

Example 8

A 20-g piece of aluminum at 90℃ is poured into a cavity in a large block of ice at 0 ℃ . How much ice does
the aluminum melt?
Solution:
Q g=Ql
Q i +Q L =Q Al
fi

mi ci ( T −t i ) +mi Lf =m Al c Al ( t Al−T )
i

m Al c al ( t Al −T )
mi=
c i ( T −t i ) + Lf
i

cal
¿
(
( 20 g ) 0.212
g℃ )( 90℃ −0 )
=4.77 g
cal cal
(
0.5
g℃ ) ( 0−0 ) +80
g

Example 9

A 3.0-g bullet ( c = 0.0305 cal/g℃ ) moving at 180 m/s enters a bag of sand and stops. By what amount
does the temperature of the bullet change if all its KE becomes thermal energy that is added to the bullet?
Solution:
KE=Q
1
m v 2=m Q c ∆ T
2 KE
1
m v2
2 KE
∆T=
mQ c
2
0.5 ( 3 ×10−3 kg ) ( 180 m/s )
∆T= =126.89℃
cal 4.186 J
(
( 3 g ) 0.0305
g℃ )(
cal )

Example 10. An ice cube at 0 ℃ is dropped on the ground and melts to water at 0 ℃ . If all kinetic energy
of the ice went into melting it, from what height did it fall?
Solution:
( mass of ice ) ( heat of fusion )=initial potential energy

Q L =PE
f

m Q Lf =m PE gh

cal 4.186 J
1000 g ×80 ×
mQ Lf g 1 cal
h= =
m PE g 2
( 9.8 m/ s ) (1 kg)
h=34,171.43 m∨34.17 km
Exercises

1. How much heat is needed to change 2.0 kg of ice at -10℃ to steam at 105℃ ? Ans. 1,455,000
cal

2. One hundred kilojoules of heat is added to 600 g of zinc at 20℃ , and 75 g of it melts. If the specific
heat capacity of zinc is 0.385 kJ/kg ℃ and it melts at 420℃ . What is its heat of fusion?

Ans. 3.03 cal/ g

3. How much ice at 0℃ must be mixed with 50 g of water at 75℃ to a final temperature of 20℃ ?
Ans. 27.5 g