Ms.

Amna Riaz
Lecturer, Department of Statistics, UOG
Email: amna.riaz@uog.edu.pk

Chapter 2: Presentation of Data

Sher Muhammad Ch.

Graphical Display:
The visual display of statistical data in the form of points, lines and area and other geometrical
forms is known as graphical representation.
It is divided into two main parts: Graphs and Diagrams.
The basic difference between graphs and diagrams is that a graph is a representation of a data by
a continuous curve, usually shown on a graph paper while a diagram is any other one, two or
three dimensional form of Visual Representation
Diagrams:
Diagrammatic representation is best suited for the data split into different categories. Whenever a
comparison of the same type of data at different places is to be made, diagram will be the best
way to do that. Diagrammatic representation is excessively used in business and administration.
Diagrammatic representation has several advantages over tabular representation of figures.
 Beautifully and neatly constructed diagrams are more attractive than simple figures.
 Comparison is made easier with diagrams.
Diagrams have some disadvantages too.
 Diagrams are less accurate than tables
 Diagrams cost money and time
 Diagrams convey the limited amount of information
Basic diagrams are:
1- Simple Bar Chart
2- Multiple Bar Chart
3- Component Bar Chart
4- Pie diagram
5- Pictogram
While drawing diagrams, the following points should be kept in mind:
 i. An appropriate scale consistent with the size of paper available and size of the data to be
represented, should be chosen and indicated either at the side or at the bottom of the
diagram. This scale must start at zero.
ii. A diagram like a table must have a title, which should be brief and self-explanatory. A
key, footnote and source will be necessary.
iii. A diagram should be shaded, colored to show the different parts, if any.
iv. Lettering should be shown horizontally.
Simple Bar Chart
A simple Bar Chart Consists of horizontal or vertical bars of equal width and lengths proportional
to the values they represents. A simple bar chart is used to represent data involving only one
variable. As the basis of comparison is linear or one-dimensional, the widths of these bars have
no significance but are taken to make the chart look attractive.

In a simple bar chart, we make bars of equal width but variable length, i.e. the magnitude of a
quantity is represented by the height or length of the bars. The following steps are used to draw a
simple bar diagram:
 Draw two perpendicular lines, one horizontally and the other vertically, at an appropriate
place on the paper.

 Take the basis of classification along the horizontal line (X– axis) and the observed variable
along the vertical line (Y– axis), or vice versa.
 Make bars of equal width but variable length, i.e. the magnitude of a quantity is represented by the
height or length of the bars for each class.
The vertical bar chart is an effective way for presenting a time series and qualitatively classified
data.

Example:
Draw simple bar diagram to represent the profits of a bank for 5 years.

Years 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993

Profits (million $) 10 12 18 25 42
 A simple bar chart showing the profits of a bank for 5 years:

Multiple Bar Chart

A Multiple Bar chart shows two or more characteristics corresponding to the values of a
common variable in the form of grouped bars, whose lengths are proportional to the values of
the characteristics and each of which is shaded differently to aid identification. This is good
representation for the comparison of two or three kinds of information. For example imports are
exports of a country can be compared from year to year by grouping the two bars together.

Example: Draw a multiple bar chart to represent the imports and exports of Canada (values in $)
for the years 1991 to 1995.

Years Imports Exports

1991 7930 4260
1992 8850 5225
1993 9780 6150
1994 11720 7340
1995 12150 8145

A multiple bar chart of the imports and exports of Canada for the years 1991 to 1995
Component Bar Chart
A component bar chart is an effective technique in which each bar is divided into two or more
sections, proportional in size to the component parts of a total being displayed by each bar. The
various component parts shown as sections of the bar are shaded differently for identification. It
is also known as subdivided bar chart.

In this diagram, first we make simple bars for each class taking the total magnitude in that class
and then divide these simple bars into parts in the ratio of various components. This type of
diagram shows the variation in different components within each class as well as between
different classes.

Example: The table below shows the quantity in hundred kg of wheat, barley and oats produced
in a certain form during the years 1991 to 1994. Construct a component bar chart to illustrate
data.

Years Wheat Barley Oats Total

1991 34 18 27 79
1992 43 14 24 81
1993 43 16 27 86
1994 45 13 34 92
Pie Diagram
It is a graphic device consisting of a circle divided in sectors or pie shaped pieces whose areas are
proportional to the various parts into which the whole quantity is divided. The sectors are shaded
differently to identify the parts. A pie diagram is also known as sector diagram. If space permits,
the descriptive titles of the constituent parts should be placed horizontally on each sector,
otherwise a key becomes necessary.
A pie chart can used to compare the relation between the whole and its components and therefore
is used as an alternative to a component bar chart.
To construct a pie chart (sector diagram), we draw a circle of any convenient radius. The total
o
angle of the circle is 360 . The angles of each component are calculated by the formula.

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = ∗ 360
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡
These angles are made in the circle by means of a protractor to show different components.
Example:
The following table gives the details of monthly budget of a family. Represent these figures by a
suitable diagram.

Item of Expenditure Food Clothing House Rent Fuel and Lighting Miscellaneous Total

Family Budget 600$ 100$ 400$ 100$ 300$ 1500$

Solution:
Item of Expenditure Family Budget ($)
600
Food 600 ∗ 360𝑜 = 144𝑜
1500
100
Clothing 100 ∗ 360𝑜 = 24𝑜
1500
400
House Rent 400 ∗ 360𝑜 = 96𝑜
1500
100
Fuel and Lighting 100 ∗ 360𝑜 = 24𝑜
1500
300
Miscellaneous 300 ∗ 360𝑜 = 72𝑜
1500
Total 1500

Pictogram
A pictogram is a popular device for portraying statistical data by means of small pictures or
symbols. It is said that a picture is worth than ten thousand words. It is customary to present a
unit value of the data by standard symbol or a picture. The larger quantities should be
represented by larger no. of symbols and not by larger symbol.
Practice Questions Chapter # 2 by Sher Muhammad ch.
Diagrammatic representation:
Examples 2.9, 2.10, 2.11 & 2.14 (page # 30, 31, 34)
Exercise questions 2.19, 2.20, 2.21, 2.22, 2.24, & 2.25, 2.26 (page # 49-50)