Week 1 & 2

Notes: Pakistan Studies

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
1 DEFINITION OF IDEOLOGY
2 IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
3 TWO NATION CONCEPT
4 FACTORS CREATING THE IDEA OF A SEPARATE HOMELAND
5 1.Anti-Muslim Campaign
6 2.Inacceptance of British Rule
7 3.Hindus Betrayed Muslims
8 4.Refusal of Muslim identity
9 5.War of 1857
10 6.Sir Syed's Idea
11 BASIC POINTS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
12 IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY IN NATIONAL LIFE 13 CONCLUSION
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DEFINITION OF IDEOLOGY
Science of ideas, visionary speculations, manner of thinking, and characteristic of a class or
individual, ideas on the basis of some economic, social or political theory or system is called
Ideology. It contains those ideals, which a nation strives to accomplish in order to bring stability
to its nationhood .Defining ideology, George Lewis says:
"Ideology is a plan or program which is based upon philosophy".

IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN
Pakistan is an Ideological state and the ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic ideology. Its basic
principle being:
"The only sovereign is Allah".
Islam acted as a nation building force before the establishment of Pakistan. Ideology of Pakistan
basically means that Pakistan should be a state where the Muslims should have an opportunity to
live according to the faith and creed based on the Islamic principles. They should have all the
resources at the disposal to enhance Islamic culture and civilization. Quid-e-Azam once said:
"Pakistan was created the day the first Indian national entered the field of Islam".
From the above statement, it is clear that Ideology of Pakistan is an Islamic one.

TWO NATION CONCEPT

The fundamental concept of Ideology is that Muslims should get a separate identity. They should
have a separate state where they could live according to Islamic rules and principles, profess
their religion freely and safeguard Islamic tradition .On one occasion Quid-e-Azam said:
"The Muslims demand Pakistan where they can rule in accordance with their own system of life,
their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic laws."
Thus, this fundamental concept of Ideology led to the concept of two nations in the Sub

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Continent and resulted in the formation of Pakistan.

FACTORS CREATING THE IDEA OF A SEPARATE HOMELAND

Ideology of Pakistan was created when Muslims of Indo-Pak Sub Continent developed a specific
attitude of mind that they are different from Hindus. This was due to the injustices done to the
Muslims by British and Hindus. Some of these are:

1.Anti Muslim Campaign

The Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the faith, belief, customs and national importance
of Muslims because Muslims rebellion was creating much problem for both.

2.Inacceptance of British Rule

Muslims had been ruling the Sub Continent for ages. Therefore, they could not resist any power
over them, When British came to rule the Sub Continent, and Muslims were the only nation who
opposed them. Thus, in order to gain power, British had to crush the Muslims collectivity.

3.Hindus Betrayed Muslims

In the beginning ,Hindus appeared to be on Muslim's side, but later on their hostility was
exposed as they opposed various steps taken by British Government which purely benefited for
Muslims.

4.Refusal of Muslim identity

British wanted to implement parliamentary system in Sub Continent in which the majority was
the power and authority. Due to Hindu majority it was probable that if British left India
undivided, it would fall under the Hindus rule. Furthermore , Hindus did not accept the separate
identity of Muslims and thus, there were no chances of freedom even after the British rule.

5.War of 1857
In 1857,Muslims and Hindus tried to expel the British out of India but failed .Later due to Hindu
conspiracies, Muslims were held responsible for it and hence were crushed further by British.

6.Sir Syed's Idea

Sir Syed for the first time put down the idea that Muslims are a separate nation. He convinced
Muslims to unite themselves in order to have a separate social and political identity.

BASIC POINTS OF IDEOLOGY OF PAKISTAN

1.Muslims are different Hindus in every aspects, their culture, civilization; customs and religion
all are entirely different.

2.The Muslims need a free state for protection of their separate where they can live in
accordance with their faith, belief and follow the Islamic codes.

IMPORTANCE OF IDEOLOGY IN NATIONAL LIFE

Ideology is a motivating force for a nation, which is striving hard to bring stability and
homogeneity to its nation hood. Its provide the binding force to the scattered groups in a society

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and bring them close to each other on a common platform. Ideologies impel their adherence to
follow a joint linked action for the accomplishment of their goal. Ideologies give shape to the
revolutions and create new cultures and civilizations. They stress on their adherents to insist on
the realization of their ideal through total transformation of society. An urgent agreement with
each other on the ideals is most vital pre-requisite of an ideology.

CONCLUSION
The fundamental concept of ideology of Pakistan is that Muslims are a separate nation having
their own culture, literature, religion and way of life. They cannot be merged in any other nation.
They should be able to develop their culture and religious traditions in an Islamic State and they
should be able to create a true Islamic society for themselves.
Thus the ideology of Pakistan which developed through the period of Mohammad Bin Qasim
and others and followed by political leaders like Quid-e-Azam was materialized in 1947.

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 WAR OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE SUBSEQUENT ROLE OF SIR
SYED AHMED KHAN
Early Biography Details
Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was born in 1817 in Delhi. He came from a wealthy family and his father
gave him high quality education. When he was 18 Sir Syed was skilled in Arabic, Persian,
Mathematics and Medicine. He was also introduced as Sub-continent most able writer. In 1838
his father died so he became a judge in Delhi in 1846. When the war of Independence broke out
in 1857 he was working as Chief Judge in Bijnaur and had saved the life of British women and
children during the fighting. In return for his loyalty the British gave him estate with large
income but he refused.  His Belief that armed uprising against the British was pointless made
him unpopular to many Muslims. He was appointed Chief justice in Muradabad and was later
transferred to Ghazipore. In 1864 he was transferred to Aligarh where he played an important
part in establishing the college. In 1876 he retired from his work to concentrate on running the
college and devoting himself to improve the position of Muslims through education. He died on
27 March 1898.

Beliefs

Sir Syed was extremely unhappy about the position of Muslims in the subcontinent. Since the
days of the Mughal declined the social and economic status of Muslims had declined sharply and
the role of Muslims in the war of Independence had left further decline as British took measures
to ensure that their control was unchallenged. Sir Syed Ahmed felt that the poor status of
Muslims was due to they were treated as second-class citizen by British and Hindus and they had
to take some responsibilities themselves. Most Muslims thought that British were no more than
just invaders and they had nothing to do with them. Sir Syed Ahmed believed that Muslims had
to accept that the British were there rulers and could only improve if they have a positive
approach towards them. They needed to accept the British idea and their education if they
wanted to improve. Sir Syed wanted to see Muslims untied and prospering in their social,
economic and religious fortune. He made this his Life’s ambition and founded Aligarh
movement.

Aligarh Movement

Sir Syed was interested in Muslims. He wanted to improve relations with British and the
positions of Muslims.

The central aims of the Aligarh Movement were to:

- improve relations between the British and Muslims communities by removing British doubts
about Muslim loyalty and Muslim doubts about the British intentions.

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- improve the social and economic position of Muslims by encouraging them to receive Western
education and take up posts in the civil service and army.

- increase their political awareness to make them aware of the threat to from the Hindu policy of
cooperation with the British.

Work

1. Improving Relation between the British and Muslim Communities

Sir Syed believed that the position of the Muslims in the subcontinent could only be improved if
relations with the British were improved by the Muslims gained higher-quality education. There
were two major obstacles to good relations.

A. The British had put the entire responsibility for the War of Independence in 1857 on the
Muslims.

Sir Syed wanted to ensure that this false view was corrected.

B. There was a deep-seated resentment of the British among many in the Muslim
community.

Sir Syed wanted to ensure that the benefits and advantages of British rule, in particular in the
areas of science and technology were embraced by the Muslim community to improve the lives
of the masses.   

Convincing the British

In 1860 Sir Syed wrote “The Loyal Mohammedans of India”. In this work he defended Muslims
and listed the name of those Muslims who remained Loyal to the British during the uprising. In
order to convince that the British were wrong to fully blame the Muslims for the uprising so he
wrote a pamphlet “Essay on the Causes of the Indian Revolt”. In this he pointed the reasons for
the uprising. He told that British were unable to understand the Indians. This Pamphlet was
circulated freely among the British officials in India and the copies were also sent to England
were it was studied carefully. Many British thought that he was blaming them for uprising but
others sympathetic and accepted the truth in his words. He also cleared the misunderstanding that
Muslim called the British “Nadarath”, He told that this was no insult but the word came from
Arabic word “Nasir” which means helpers.

Convincing the Muslims

Sir Syed was aware that the British knew very little about Islam. Indeed, on a visit to England he
was so offended by an English book on the life of the Prophet (PBUH) that he immediately
wrote his own work correcting the many errors. Sir Syed was aware that Muslim in India knew

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 very little about Christianity. He tried to overcome this by writing “Tabyin-ul-Kalam” in which
he pointed out the similarities between Islam and Christianity.

2. Encouraging the growth of Western education

●      He also supported the idea of western education as he knew that Muslims could not succeed
until they had high quality education which was received by the Hindus. He believed that the
acceptance of Western scientific and technological ideas was necessary as this could only make
Muslim advance in the world of science. He related this with Holy Quran that it was written in
Quran that the study and that an understanding of modern scientific belief actually helped reveal
the full majesty of God. He established scientific society at Ghazipore and its main purpose was
making Scientific Writing available to more people. When he visited England he was impressing
by the quality of education the student received there so in 1875 he founded Mohammedan
Anglo-Oriental College its main purpose was to provide the education to the Muslims like the
people in England received. The subjects were Mathematics, Modern Science and Agricultural
Science. (In 1920 the college became the University of Aligarh).

3. Increasing Political Awareness

Syed Ahmed also wanted Muslims to have a good relation with the Hindus but he found out that
Hindus did not want good relations.

●      In 1885 Indian Nation Congress was found which claimed to speak for Indians but later it was
found out that it was a body dominated by Hindus.

●      Sir Syed wanted Muslims to stay away from Democracy as the Muslims were in minorities in
India and every election would be won by the Hindus.

●      A further cause of concern to Syed Ahmed was the “Hindi-Urdu Controversy”. In 1867 the
Hindus demanded that Hindi should be the next official language. The Muslims were struck by
this as Urdu had special place in their hearts. This was another factor guiding him towards his
two nation theory.

Hindi-Urdu Controversy

Hindi-Urdu Controversy was started in 1867. Hindus demanded Hindi to be official language but
Muslims wanted Urdu to be official language. Sir Syed supported Urdu in this thing. Due to this
reason Sir Syed started “Two Nation Theory” telling that Muslims and Hindus were two separate
kinds of people. Muslims opposed this and supported Urdu as it was the sign and united the
Muslims of the India under one language.

                                                                                                             

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Two-Nation Theory

Urdu was the national language for many years. But Hindus opposed it in Urdu Controversy.
This provoked Sir Syed to make his Two Nation Theory to tell that Urdu had place in hearts of
Muslims and was supported by them and can’t be replaced by Hindu which was the language of
the Hindus. It was important because Sir Syed had realized that Muslims and Hindu couldn’t
work together as the Hindus were not with the Muslims.

Another reason was that the parliamentary system was not supported by Sir Syed was Hindus
were in more number so they always outnumbered the Muslims and due to this Sir Syed opposed
it. Sir Syed realized that separate electorate was the possible solution to this so in view of his
Two Nations Theory. He made this decision of separate electorate demand for elections for the
good of the Muslims.

Another reason it was important was that congress spoke of competitive examinations for jobs
and good posts while Muslims were always not given good education so they were also not able
to take good posts as Hindu won all the seats and passed the examinations always. According to
Two Nation Theory Sir Syed suggested it as two separate groups of Muslims and Hindus were
not working for the Muslims at that time so Two Nation Theory was important here as well.

Importance

He worked tirelessly to improve the relation of British and Muslims and wrote several books and
pamphlets so that British might be convinced and trust Muslims once again. He played a major
role in educating Muslims so that they can take up good jobs and their condition was improved.
He is known as “Father of the Pakistan Movement” As he was the first one to express the Idea of
treating Muslims and Hindus separately.

Contribution of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan

1. Attempts to achieve a better understanding between the British and the Muslims

Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was one of the Muslim reformers. He carefully studied and analyzed the
decline of Muslims in political power, social status and economic well-being. He came to the
conclusion that Muslims were being handicapped because of the misunderstanding which had
cropped up between the British and Muslim rulers, the Muslims opposed and hated the British
and everything associated with the British. Muslims kept away from modern education and
English language which the British were trying to enforce in India. On the other hand the British
held the Muslims responsible for the revolt of 1857 and considered them (Muslims) to be their
real enemies. The result of this mistrust was that Muslims were being crushed in every way.

Therefore, Sir Syed tried to remove this misunderstanding by addressing both the British and
Muslims. Sir Syed wrote books and explained to the British that the real cause of 1857 uprising
was the wrong policies and altitude of the British themselves. To Muslims Sir Syed explained

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that Christians and Christianity should not be hated. He specially stressed that Muslims should
came towards modern education, the lack of which was causing continual set back to the
Muslims of India.

2. Education

Sir Syed gave much importance to modern education and his efforts and contribution to Muslim
education and his efforts and contribution to Muslim education is very important. He opened
schools at several places where he was posted. He established Scientific Society and printed the
Aligarh Institute Gazette. He was visited England in 1869 on his own expenses to observe the
working of British Universities. Most important achievement in education sector was the
founding of M.A.O College at Aligarh in 1877. Sir Syed founded the Mohammadens
Educational Conference whose objective was to discuss and solve the education problems of
Muslims in the sub-continent. His efforts for Muslim education served double purpose. It helped
the Muslims to get good jobs and raised their status in society. It also helped in removing the
mistrust between the British and the Muslims. Therefore education was the most important
aspect of Sir Syed’s services in the Muslims of India.

  3. Politics

Sir Syed’s advice to Muslims in the political field is also important. He believed   that under the
European system or democratic government the Muslims of India would always be at the mercy
of Hindu majority. He suggested separate electorate for Muslims. He advised the Muslims not to
join Congress. He opposed the system of competitive examinations for government posts
because Muslims were much behind the Hindus in education. Sir Syed strongly opposed the
replacement of Urdu with Hindi as court and official language.  

4.Religion

In Religion Sir Syed united the Muslims by supporting the “Two Nation Theory” and the Hindi-
Urdu controversy of 1867 in which Hindus wanted Hindi to be the official language while the
Muslims wanted Urdu. He realized the threat to Muslims so united them and gave them good
education.       

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 SERVICES OF ALLAMA IQBAL IN PAKISTAN MOVEMENT

Allama Muhammad Iqbal was born on 9th November 1877 in Sialkot. After seeking early
education, he was admitted to the Government College Lahore, where he obtained the degree of
MA in the subject of philosophy. He left for England for higher studies in 1905. He obtained the
degree of philosophy of ethics in 1907; he obtained the degree of doctorate (Ph.D.) from Munich
University.

Services of Iqbal in Pakistan Movement

Iqbal and Pakistan Movement

Although his main interests were scholarly, Iqbal was not unconcerned with the political
situation of the country and the political fortunes of the Muslim community of India. Already in
1908, while in England, he had been chosen as a member of the executive council of the newly-
established British branch of the Indian Muslim League. In 1931 and 1932 he represented the
Muslims of India in Round Table Conference held in England to discuss the issue of the political
future of India. And in a 1930 lecture Iqbal suggested the creation of a separate homeland for the
Muslims of India. Iqbal died (1938) before the creation of Pakistan (1947), but it was his
teaching that spiritually ... has been the chief force behind the creation of Pakistan.

Iqbal's Idea about Nationhood

Allama Iqbal is the greatest philosopher and poet of the present era. Along with this, he
possessed the view about political affairs. He awakened the feeling of Muslim nationhood among
the Muslims of India through his poetry and told them about the propaganda of West about the
Muslim nationhood.

When the Hindu philosophers presented this philosophy that a nation is born throughout the
country and when Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madni seconded it, then Iqbal reacted strongly
towards it. His thinking and poetry reflect the Two Nation Theory and his poetry awakened the
feeling of Islamic Nationality among the Muslims of India. This feeling was a milestone in the
created of Pakistan.

Iqbal's Political Life

Allama Iqbal made his debut in politics then he was elected as the member of Punjab's
Legislative Assembly in 1926. During the elections of 1937, when Quaid-e-Azam started re
contructioning of the Muslim League, Allama Iqbal was along with him. He always supported
Quaid-e-Azam and the Muslim League. He always respected Quaid-e-Azam's point of view.

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Iqbal and Two Nation Theory

Allama Iqbal firmly believe that the Muslims of India have a separate identity and to protect his
identity, the establishment of a separate homeland for the Muslims of India was necessary. On
28th March, 1909, he excusing the invitation from the secular party "Minsva Lodge" said

I have been a keen supporter of this theory that religious differences in the country should end
and even now I practise the principle. But, now I think that separate national identity for the
Muslims and the Hindus is necessary for their survival.

At his Presidential address in 1930, on the occasion of the annual session of Muslim League at
Allahbad, Iqbal said

India is a continent of human groups belonging to different races, speaking different languages
and professing different religions. There behaviour is not at all determined by a common race
conciousness. I therefore, demand the formation of consolidated Muslim state in the best interest
of India and Islam

Pakistan's Sketch

Allama Iqbal's Presidential Address at Allahbad in 1930 determined the political path of the
Muslims of sub-continent. In his address, he in clear words said

I would like to see the Punjab, North-West Frontier Province, Sindh and Balochistan be
amalgamated into a single state.

He further stated that

The formation of a consolidated North-West Indian Muslim State appeares to be the final destiny
of the Muslims, at least of North-West India.

Thus, Iqbal demanded a sovereign independent Muslim state even before the Muslim League
demanded it in Pakistan's Resolution.

Round Table Conference

During 1930-1932 three sessions of Round Table Conference were held. Iqbal attended Second
and Third Round Table Conference. Having attended the Second Round Table Conference in
September, 1931 in London, he was keenly aware of the deep-seated Hindu and Sikh prejudice
and unaccommodating attitude. He had observed the mind of the British Government. Hence he
reiterated his apprehensions and suggested safeguards in respect of the Indian Muslims

In so far then as the fundamentals of our policy are concerned, I have got nothing fresh to offer.
Regarding these I have already expressed my views in my address to the All India Muslim
League. In the present address I propose, among other things, to help you, in the first place, in

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arriving at a correct view of the situation as it emerged from a rather hesitating behavior of our
delegation the final stages of the Round Table Conference. In the second place, I shall try,
according to my lights to show how far it is desirable to construct a fresh policy now that the
Premier's announcement at the last London Conference has again necessitated a careful survey of
the whole situation.

I must be keep in mind that since Maulana Muhammad Ali had died in January 1931 and Quaid-
e-Azam had stayed behind in London, the responsibility of providing a proper lead to the India
Muslim had fallen on him alone. He had to assume the role of a jealous guardian of his nation till
Quaid-e-Azam returned to the sub-continent in 1935.

During the Third Round Table Conference, Iqbal was invited by the London National League
where he addressed and audience which included among others, foreign diplomas, members of
the House of Commons, Members of the House of Lords and Muslim members of R.T.C
delegation. In that gathering he dilated upon the situation of the Indian Muslims. He explained
why he wanted the communal settlement first and then the constitutional reforms. He stressed the
need for provincial autonomy because autonomy gave the Muslim majority provinces some
power to safeguard their rights, cultural traditions and religion. Under the central Government
the Muslims were bound to lose their cultural and religious entity at the hands of the
overwhelming Hindu majority. referred to what he had said at Allahabad in 1930 and reiterated
his belief that before long people were bound to come round to his viewpoint base on cegent
reason.

Iqbal's letter to Quaid-e-Azam

The seed sown, the idea to began to evolve and take root. It soon assumed the shape of Muslim
state or states in the western and eastern Muslim majority zones as is obvious from the following
lines of Iqbal's letter, of June 21, 1937, to the Quaid-e-Azam, only ten months before the
former's death

A separate federation of Muslim Provinces, reformed on the lines I have suggested above, is the
only course by which we can secure a peaceful India and save Muslims from the domination of
Non-Muslims. Why not the Muslims of North-West India and Bengal should be considered as
nations entitled to self-determination just as other nations in India and outside India are.

Ideology of Pakistan and Iqbal

Iqbal was strictly against nationalism. He considered all the Muslims to be a part of One Umma.
For him, a Muslim whether he belonged to any part of the world was the part of brotherly
relation. He considered nationalism to be a coffin for the Muslim Umma.

Thus, opposing the limitation and disadvantages of nationalism, Iqbal gave the philosophy of a
"Millat-e-Islamia" and this philosophy is the basis of Pakistan ideology.

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Conclusion

In short, personality of Allama Iqbal has left indelible marks in history. He tried to awaken the
Muslims of India through his philosophy, poetry and politics and he brought the ideas of
independence among the Muslims of India. Iqbal died on 21st April, 1938. He was buried in
front of the "Badshahi Mosque" in "Huzori Bagh".

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 NEED FOR A SEPARATE HOMELAND
Hindus and Muslims had lived peacefully together in India for centuries, but after the British
invasion in South Asia and their undue support to Hindus, life became very difficult for Indian
Muslims. In fact, the Muslims were a separate nation who always adhered to their religious
identity. The British and the Hindus in spite of their great efforts could not put a wedge into the
Muslim unity and their love for the national character. The creation of Pakistan owes much to
this feeling of adherence to their national image and religious identity.

The Muslims of Indo Pak Sub Continent demanded a separate homeland on the following
grounds.

1. Desire to establish an Islamic State

Islam is a complete code of life for the Muslims and they are eager to implement it in their
personal and collective life. Islamic code of Life or Islamic Ideology cannot be implemented
until a pure Islamic Society free from all other unIslamic influences is established. The desire to
establish an Islamic State was also one of the factors to demand a separate homeland.

2. Two Nation Theory

The Two Nation Theory played an important role for demanding a separate homeland according
to which Hindus and Muslims are the two nations and therefore they cannot live together. Quaid-
e-Azam once said,

Hindus and Muslims though living in the same towns and villages had never been blended into
one nation. They were always two separate entities.

So the Muslims should have a separate State where they could lead their individual and
collective life in accordance with the Islamic principles.

3. Historical Collusion

Hindu and Muslim historical collusion started when Muhammad Bin Qasim, defeating Raja
Dahir, founded Islamic government in the subcontinent. Many battles were fought between
Hindus and Muslims under Muslim Rule. The historical collusion continued also during the
British Regime. Hindus, cooperating with British, tried to diminish Muslim culture and their way
of life but they remained futile. The future of Muslims was obvious in such condition; therefore
they decided to demand for the separate homeland.

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4. Hindus and British

Since the British snatched power from Muslims, they were doubtful about the faithfulness of
Muslims. So, Hindus and British joined hands to destroy the Muslims morally, socially,
economically and politically. They reserved all higher civil, judicial and military appointments
for British only while Muslims were debarred from all official positions. The Islamic educational
system was replaced by British one. Then Muslims were forced to change their religion to
Christianity and were compelled to send their children to co educational institutes and abandon
purdha. This was the reason that Muslims became fed up with both British and Hindus and
decided to have a separate homeland.

5. British Parliamentary System

Indian National Congress demanded the British Parliamentary system of government in India
which meant majority rule. The implementation of this simply meant the Hindus slavery of
Muslims since they were in majority. This was the reason that Muslims stressed on separate
electorates and got it accepted. Separate electorate was the first brick in the foundation of
demand for separate homeland.

6. Shuddi and Sangathan Movement

Hindu Muslim Unity evaporated in the year after the Khilafat Movement and Hindu Muslim
Riots began. The poison of differences between the two nations aggravated with the passage of
time. The differences reached to the peak when Shuddhi and Sangathan movements began. The
Shuddhi Movement aimed at the mass conversion of certain backward groups of Muslims into
Hindus by force whereas the Sangathan Programme sought to organize the Hindus into a Militant
force to flight with the Muslims.

7. Activities of Maha Sabha

Maha Sabha was established in 1900. It was a non political party until the Shuddhi and
Sangathan Movement started. These movements motivated Maha Sabha to be involved in
politics. It proved to be the worst enemy of Muslims. The party declared Muslims as outsiders
and said that Muslims have no relation with India. If they want to leave it then they could leave it
happily but if they want to leave it then they could leave it happily but if they want to live in
India, they will have to accept Hindu Mut. So it was impossible for Hindus and Muslims to live
in a country together.

8. Protection of Urdu Language

Urdu was considered to be the language of Muslims in the subcontinent. In 1867, the Hindu-
Urdu controversy began with some outstanding Hindus of Banaras demanding replacements of

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Urdu by Hindi as the court language. The supporters of Hindi claimed for it a national status
whereas the Muslims hotly denied it. As the controversy spread, the two languages became more
and more exclusive. Muslims got very disappointed when in April 1900 UP Governor Sir
Antony Mac Donnell gave Hindi the status of National language with Urdu. That's why Muslims
felt the need to set a political party. Then after a detailed discussion at last All India Muslim
League was established in 1906. Maulvi Abdul Haque (1870-1961) has rightly said, Urdu
Language placed the first brick in the foundation of Pakistan. It is a reality that it was one of the
major reasons for demanding a separate country.

9. Protection of Muslim Culture

Hindus, with the consent of British during the Congress Ministries, burnt and looted the
properties and houses of Muslims, Moreover, the signs of Muslims, past glory were damaged.
Educational Syllabus was changed. Urdu was replaced by Hindi and the Muslim students were
forced to worship statues of Gandhi in their schools. The Muslims of India, therefore, decided
that the Muslim culture could be protected in a free and separate Muslim State.

10. Narrow mindedness of Hindus

Hindu is a narrow-minded nation who does not believe the philosophy of equality. They
considers themselves superior and used to call Muslims 'Maleech' (impure). There was no
concept of eating and drinding together. Furthermore Muslims were not allowed to touch
the food items of Hindus. There was only way out for the Muslims to demand a separate
homeland.

11. Economic Hardships

During the period of British Government, Hindus practically threw out Muslims from the fields
of trade and industry. All the business, industrial, and services opportunities were occupied by
Hindus and some degraded jobs were left for the Muslims. Muslims of India became the political
slave of British and economic slave of Hindus. To come out from this vicious circle, at last,
Muslims decided to demand for a separate homeland.

12. Congress Ministries

During the period of Congress Ministries (1937-1939). Hindus did worst possible injustice with
Muslims. The Hindu-Muslim riots were usual during the Congress rule. Band-e-Mataram, three
coloured flag and statue of Gandhi were introduced at national level. Urdu was replaced by Hindi
and slaughtering cow was banned. Muslim leaders showed their resentment before Gandhi and
Jawahar lal Nehru. Gandhi showed his helpless while Nehru plainly and openly said that there
were only two nations in India, Congress and British and the rest should follow them. After this
statement, nothing for left for Muslims but to present Pakistan Resolution in 1940.

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Conclusion

On the basis of above mentioned factors and bitter attitude of British and Congress the Muslims
apprehended that they would lose their identity if they remained a part of Hindu society.
Therefore they quitted Congress and demanded separate land on the ground that they were
different nation from Hindus. According to Quaid-e-Azam

The Muslims demanded Pakistan were they can rule in accordance with their own system of life,
their cultural development, their traditions and Islamic law.

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