CREATED BY :- Nilesh Sarkar

CONTENT
 Technical Terms Of Irrigation
 Reservoir And Dams
Hygroscopic Water
When an oven-dried sample is kept open in the atmosphere, it absorbs some amount of water
known as hygroscopic water and is not capable of movement by the gravity or capillary forces.
Capillary Water
It is that part in excess of hygroscopic water which exists in the pore space of the soil by
molecular attraction.

Gravitational Water
It is that part in excess of hygroscopic and capillary water which will move out of the soil if
favorable drainage is provided.
Kharif Season
It is a season in which the crops are sown by the beginning of south west-monsoon and they are
harvested in autumn.
Rabi Season
Season in which the crops are sown in autumn and they are harvested in spring(1st October to
31st March).
Crop Ratio
Its the ratio of the area irrigated in Rabi season to the area irrigated in Kharif season.

Duty and Delta

The maturing capacity of one cumec(𝒎𝟑 per sec) of irrigation water when it is supplied to the crop
continuously throughout its base period is called Duty.
Delta is the total depth of water in centimeter required by a crop during the entire a crop during the
entire period of the crop is in the field.

Base period
The time between first watering of a crop at the time of sowing to its last watering before
harvesting, is called base or base period of the crop and is usually expressed in days.

Relation between duty and delta

Δ = Delta for crop in metres.
D = Duty for this crop in hectres/cumec Δ = 8.64 (B/D) metres
B = Base period of this crops in days
Crop period
The time that a crop takes from the instant of its sowing to that of its harvest is called its period
of growth or crop period.

Gross commanded Area (G.C.A)

An area is usually divided into a number of watersheds and drainage valleys. The canal usually
turns of the watershed and water can flow from it, on both sides, due to gravitational action only
up to drainage boundaries.

Cultivable Commanded Area (C.C.A)

The gross commanded area also contains unfertile barren land, alkaline soil, local ponds,
villages and other areas as habitation.

G.C.A. = C.C.A. + Uncultivable area

Intensity or Irrigation
The entire cultivable commanded area is not proposed to be irrigated at one time cause irrigation (i.e.
irrigation of all the fields of the same area at the same time) causes over irrigation and water logging.
Time factor
It is the ratio of the number of the days the canal is actually to run to the base period in days. Water
requirement of the channel (i.e. its capacity) should be divided by the time factor, so as to obtain the
design capacity.
Capacity factor
It is the ratio of the mean supply discharge to the full capacity discharge.

Hydrology
Hydrology deals with the behavior and distribution of water in atmosphere and on earth. Engineering
hydrology deals with the distribution and behavior of water on earth. Hydrology is a deals with rainfall,
losses, surface runoff and other water surveys.

Rainfall and runoff

Rainfall on an area during a certain interval of time (i.e. day, month, season or year) is expressed as
mm and cm of water-depth over the entire area.
We can therefore find out its quantity in cubic meters, if we know the area on which it falls.
Runoff
It is the quantity of water flows through the surface of the earth a rainfall.

Runoff = Quantity of rainfall - Rainfall losses

Paleo
It is the first watering before sowing the crop, done in
order to add sufficient moisture to the unsaturated zone
of the soil and is required for the initial growth of the crop.
Kor - Watering
The first watering given to a crop, when the crop is
a few centimetres height is called Kor-Watering.

Isohyets
It is a line on rainfall map, joining places
having the same average annual rainfall. Isohyets
From these isohyets or isohyetals marked
on the rainfall map of a country.
Rain gauges
It is an instrument for measuring the rainfall in millimetres, falling on an area during an interval of time.
The extent of area will be that which is in charge of a rain gauge.
There are two types of rain gauges.
 Non-recording or non-automatic rain gauge
 Recording or automatic rain gauge
Non-recording
Non recording rain gauge is more common in India and the one
that is most used in India is called the Simon’s rain gauge.

Hydrograph
Defined as a graph showing
discharge, velocity or other feature
of flowing water with respect to
time. Discharge hydrograph is
commonly known as flood
hydrograph or runoff hydrograph.
Unit Hydrograph
defined as a hydrograph which represents 1cm of runoff from a rainfall of some duration falling over the
specified area of the catchment.
Catchment Area
It is an area of land where surface water from rain, melting snow, or ice converges to a single point
at a lower elevation, usually the exit of the basin, where the waters joins another water body.
 Pan shaped catchment
It gives greater runoff because tributaries are
nearly the same size, and therefore time of
flow is nearly the same and is smaller.
 Fern leaf catchments
the time of concentration is more since the
discharge is distributed over a long period, as
is evident from the figures.
Dam
It is a fairly impervious barrier constructed across the river or a natural drainage to create an artificial
lake or reservoir behind it.
The main difference between a storage weir and a dam is only in height and the duration for which
the water is stored. A dam stores the supply for a comparatively longer duration with a higher
elevated barrier than a weir.
Selection of Site for Reservoir
The final selection of site for a reservoir depends upon the following factors:
 The geological condition of the catchment area should be such that percolation losses are
minimum and maximum run-off is obtained.
 The reservoir site should be such that quantity of leakage through it is a minimum.
 Suitable dam site must exist. The dam should be founded on sound watertight rock base. and
percolation below the dam should be minimum.
 The reservoir basin should have narrow opening, in the valley so that the length of the dam is
less.
 The cost of real estate for the reservoir, including road, rail road, dwelling re-location etc. must
be as less as possible.
 The topography of the reservoir site should be such that it has adequate capacity without
submerging excessive land and other properties.
 The site should be such that a deep reservoir is formed.
 The reservoir site should avoid water from those tributaries which carry a high percentage of
silt in water.
Classification of Dams
On the basis of use of dams:
 Storage dam
 Diversion dam
 Detention dam
Storage dam
This is the most common type of dam normally constructed. Storage dam is constructed to impound
water to its upstream side during the periods of excess supply in the river (i.e. during rainy season)
and is used in periods of deficient supply.
Diversion dam
The purpose of a diversion dam is essentially different.
While a storage dam stores water as its upstream for
future use, a diversion dam simply raises water level
slightly in the river and thus provides head for carrying
or diverting water into ditches, canals.
Detention dam
It is constructed to store water during floods and release it
gradually at a safe rate, when the flood recedes. When
seepage water is sufficient for growth of crop and if no addition
surface watering is necessary then its water spread dam.

Classification according to hydraulic design

 Non-overflow dam
 Over flow dam

Non-overflow dam
A non-overflow dam is the one in which the top the dam is
kept at a higher elevation than the maximum expected high
flood level. Water is not permitted to overtop the dam.

Overflow dams
An overflow dam is the one which is designed to carry surplus discharge (including floods) over its
crest. An overflow dam is commonly known as spillway.
Classification according to material
 Rigid dams
 Non-rigid dams
TIMBER DAM
Rigid dams
Rigid dams are those which are constructed of rigid materials such as masonry, concrete, steel or timber
 Solid masonry
 Arched masonry or concrete dam
 Concrete buttress dam
 Steel dam
 Timber dam
Non-rigid dams
constructed of non-rigid materials such as earth and/ or rock fill
 Earth dams
 Rock fill dams
 Combined earth and rock fill dams
EARTH DAMS
Gravity Dams
It is the one in which the external forces (such as water
pressure, waver pressure, silt pressure, uplift pressure etc.)
are resisted by the weight of the dam itself. A gravity dam
may be constructed either of masonry or of concrete.
Masonry gravity dams are now-a- days constructed of only
small heights.

Arch Dams
The dam curved in plan
and carries manor parts of
its water load horizontally
to the abutment by arch
action.
Buttress Dam
consists of a number of buttresses or piers dividing the space to
be dammed into a number of spans to hold up water and retain
the water between these buttresses, panels are constructed of
horizontal arches or flat slabs

Earth dams and Rock fill dams

Earth dams are made of locally available soils and gravels and
therefore, are most common types of dams used up to moderate
heights. Their construction involves utilization of materials in the
natural stage requiring minimum equipment

Purpose of reservoirs
 Flood control.  Recreation
 Irrigation.  Navigation.
 Development of hydroelectric power.  Development of fish wild life.
 Water supply for domestic and industrial use.  Soil conservation
Spillway
A spillway is the overflow portion of dam, over which surplus
discharge flows from the reservoir to the downstream. A spillway
is, therefore, called a surplus sing work.

Various types of spillways

 Straight Drop Spillway  Side Channel Spillway
 Overflow Spillway(Ogee Spillway)  Syphon Spillway
Capacity of reservoir
Capacity of reservoir can be calculated by the details of contour survey at the time of construction
and applying the volume calculation using prismoidal formula or by trapezoidal formula..
TRAPEZOIDAL FORMULA PRISMOIDAL FORMULA

Where d is depth and A is catchment area