Preprints of the 3rd IEEE conference on

Energy Internet and Energy System Integration

November 8-10, 2019. Changsha, China

Simulation Framework of Non-Technical Losses

Detection in Micro Grid Environment

Salman Salman* Ai Xin Amir Nizar Arsalan Masood

State Key Laboratory of
Alternate Electrical Power
System With Renewable
Energy Sources
North China Electric
PowerUniversity
Beijing, China
salman.ali1050@gmail.com
State Key Laboratory of Ministry of Energy State Key Laboratory of
Alternate Electrical Power Central Power Purchasing Alternate Electrical Power
System With Renewable Agency System With Renewable
Energy Sources Islamabad, Pakistan Energy Sources
North China Electric engramirnizar@gmail.com North China Electric
PowerUniversity PowerUniversity
Beijing, China Beijing, China
aixin@ncepu.edu.cn arsalanmasood@ncepu.edu.cn

Muhammad Hanan Mishkat Ullah Jan Salman Khan Sheeraz Iqbal1

State Key Laboratory of
Alternate Electrical Power
System With Renewable
Energy Sources
North China Electric
PowerUniversity
Beijing, China
mhanan@ncepu.edu.cn
State Key Laboratory of School of Automation State Key Laboratory of
Alternate Electrical Power Beijing Institute of Alternate Electrical Power
System With Renewable Technology System With Renewable
Energy Sources Beijing, China Energy Sources
North China Electric engrsalman4@yahoo.com North China Electric
PowerUniversity PowerUniversity
Beijing, China Beijing, China
engrmishkat@ncepu.edu.cn engrsheeraziqbal@gmail.com

Abstract—With the rapid increase of modern grid research,
Automatic Meter Reading (AMR) is used for automatically and
numerically collecting data from smart meter transferring it to
a required place for processing. The data is formerly processed
for billing and analysis of diverse tenacity depending on the
requisite. The parameters for analysis include voltage, current
etc. Besides, by using such a system, the billing of the consumers
will be on actual values obtained from smart meter afore on
estimated values that are based on previous 3-4 months’
consumption which are predicated without taking actual values
in the field. The most important concern related to smart grid
implementation is energy theft. The core objective of this paper
is to develop an environment which depicts automatic metering
infrastructure (AMI) and implement the required structure in
that environment in order to obtain the required result. The
result can be obtained with the help of smart meter deployed on
the consumer end.
Keywords—Smart Grid, Microgrid, Automatic meter reading
(AMR), automatic metering infrastructure (AMI), Power system,
theft detection
I. INTRODUCTION
Smart grid is also called new generation electric grid
technology whose key network is a wireless network. Micro
grid are small smart power grids. It is part of small
distribution grid, that can be operate in grid connected or
islanded mode. The existing grid system are facing problems,
such as gap between demand and supply, line losses and theft.
The electricity consists of three stages i.e. generation,
transmission and distribution [1]. There are some losses
which occur during the process i.e. technical, administrative
losses and theft [2]. The technical losses is obtained by
subtracting non-technical losses from total losses [3]. The
administrative losses are because of the administrative issues.
Theft losses become a huge losses occur in the power system
in many countries around the globe [4]. To counter these
issues, the automatic metering framework is used, which has
the advantages of systematic meter reading; decrease billing
errors and operation value [8]. Smart meter is a new
technology in the electric technology which are used by the
consumers, which gives the facility for the power provider to
take automatic reading of the energy consumed by the
consumer and it can also send that date to the required place
through communication.
Automated meter Reading (AMR) is used to acquire data
without any human intrusions at the consumer end [5-6].
Such system plays a vital role to identify the above said issue
in an actual way. It is an effective means of data collection
that allows substantial saving through the reduction of on
field meter reading, better data accuracy, frequent and regular
reading, improved billing and customer service, up to date
energy profiles and consumption trends updates [7]. The
technology is operative as it avoids workers trip to the site. It
ensures billing on actual values rather than on false values,
which may happen if the worker does not visit the site to take
.Fig 1 shows the basic architecture of such system.

1 2016 national key R & D program of China to support low-carbon

Winter Olympics of integrated smart grid demonstration project
(2016YFB0900500). Beijing Natural Science Foundation (3182037) Fig. 1. Power System Diagram Using AMR

978-1-7281-3137-5/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 2314

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November 8-10, 2019. Changsha, China
II. ADVANCED MERTERING SETUP
Advance metering plays a vital role in the metering
infrastructure [9-12]. After getting real time data from this
system, it can be controlled accordingly depending on
requirement. Theft can be traced out with the help of such
system in very efficient manner. AMR consist of terminal
smart meter (TSM) and a gateway smart meter (GSM), [13].
TSM and GSM are installed on each consumer end and on
the feeder level respectively. TSM and GSM simultaneously
disconnect from an electrical source for a short period of
time. In this method voltage with minimum. power send on
high frequency from TSM to GSM in the mean time when it
is disengaging, the signal is passed through it this offered
method detects the theft by measuring the total time of
disconnection. Fig 2 shows the structure of the proposed
detection method.
Fig. 2. Gateway and terminal smart meters for proposed detection method.
III. AUTOMATIC METER READING
AMR is used to measure, collect, store, analyze and use
power consumption information. It provides business
platform and technical support for bidirectional interaction
between customer and power grid. AMR is essential part in
the AMI as it is connected directly to the power system. All
the facts and figures of the system performance can be sent
and evaluated within minimum time. The measurement is
done on continuous instant of time. With the help of those
values power quality can be adjusted and controlled [14]. If
measurement of parameters of power system is considered,
real time values are required to achieve to keep the system
stable. In AMI system, the data is received by gateway
through smart metering interface. The gateway then sends the
collected data to control center wirelessly [15]. In such a
manner, theft can be traced [5].
A. Smart Meters
Energy theft has been a problem for utilities since the
beginning of energy billing. Addressing this issue has been
one of the motivations to invest in AMI. Theft become a
Fig. 4. Subsystem for calculating. current, voltage, power and Energy
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major problem in the power system so that power is available
for the use of consumer [16]. In order to cop out this issue,
smart meter can be reliable [17] setup which can be used. The
advantage of this kind of method over conventional detection
methods is because it can be controlled and detect it remotely
from control center which can be anywhere. Furthermore,
Human intervention is not involved for the detection hence
the chances for error is also less. Smart meter collects the
real time data [18] and also it improves the reliability of the
distribution grid by avoiding line congestion which exist in
the system [19]. It enables the electric power grid system to
distribute electricity in more efficient way and able dynamics
of the electricity demand and supply [20, 21]. These smart
meters particularly have much more data as compared to
traditional meter [22]. The objective of such system is to
improve the electricity distribution, manage load in the peak
hours and to reduce the overall energy consumption [23].
IV. SIMULATION FRAMEWORK USING AMR
The complete model from generation to consumer end is
presented and a theft is introduced in the system as shown in
Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. Simulation of Power System Using AMR
Herein, 132 Kv voltage is produced and step down to 11
Kv. This voltage is also transmitted to different consumers by
passing through AMR. A subsystem is introduced in the
system as shown in the Fig. 4, which take inputs from the
smart meters to calculate current, voltage, power and energy.
The current, voltage, power and energy are calculated for all
the loads including main load. The energy consumed by all
loads is subtracted from the energy being supplied from main
meter. When the obtained energy is not zero, shows such
energy is consumed by the theft as shown in the display. The
voltage and current across the grid station is measured first
then voltages across all four loads are measured. The graph
generated individually are shown in the Fig. 5.
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Fig. 5. I, V at the Grid station and V across the load

V. RESULTS
The graph showing in the Fig. 5 is current and voltage at
the grid and individual voltages at every load. All load are
same therefore the voltages across each load is same. If the
load varies then the voltage across that load also varies. V, I
and power are obtained from main smart meter so that it can
easily be examined that how much voltage and current is
being transmitted and utilizing by the load. The graph
generated of current power at main load is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig. 7. Voltage, current and power at all loads.

Fig. 6. V, I and power from main supply

To calculate (Kwh), the voltage, current and power are

calculated at every load. Power is synchronized with clock in
which it is multiplied with every instant of time and hence
being able to calculate the energy off all loads as shown in Fig.
7.
Energy is calculated at main supply through main smart
meter for all the loads through home smart meter shown in
Fig.8 and Fig 9 respectively. Fig. 8. Energy at main supply

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EI2 2019
November 8-10, 2019. Changsha, China

TABLE 1 RESULTS AND ENERGY THEFT CALCULATION

S No Tim Main Energy consumed by (kWh)
e Suppl
(sec) y single all four (04) all four
Energ load loads (04) loads
y
1 0.1 25.55 5.109 20.44 5.109
2 0.2 50.75 10.15 40.6 10.15
3 0.3 76.45 15.29 61.6 15.29
4 0.4 99.83 19.97 79.86 19.97
5 0.5 126.01 25.21 100.8 25.21

Fig. 9. Energy at main load
The energy used by all four loads is shown in Fig 10. The
energy supplied from main supply and total energy utilized by
all loads is subtracted which must be equal to zero. In this case
it is not zero as shown in Fig 11. Hence theft is being traced
in the system.
Fig. 10. Total energy at all loads
Fig. 11. Energy difference from main supply and loads
The power and energy is calculated across each load and
on the main supply with the help of smart meter which is
delivering the power to the consumers. Similarly, with the
help of this power we calculated the energy on the same load
and main supply. The difference in energy is shown which
means there is an external source, which is consuming the
energy (Theft) as shown in the table 1.
VI. CONCLUSION
Theft has detected in the power system by applying AMI.
Smart meter is deployed in the system in order to detect theft.
Smart meter is deployed on the main supply and at the
consumer end so, that difference can be calculated for theft
detection. Similarly, with the help of such system load
management and monitoring of whole system is achievable.
The result of the simulation in the paper are shown in the table
1 which clearly indicating that the energy being utilized by
the theft. In this way energy can be saved and gap between
demand and supply is manageable in a more efficient way.
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