Data Measurements

Chapter 5 Lesson 2
Practical Research 2
 Data in quanti research
should be measurable

numerical?

statistical? instrument?

scales?
Data Measurement
VALUE

Red,
Blue,
Green
Good,
Fair,
Poor
9:30AM,
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
7 hours,
4 days
Data Measurement
MEASURE VALUE

Red,
Color Blue,
Green
Good,
Rating Fair,
Poor
9:30AM,
Time of
Noon,
Day
7PM
32 mins,
Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
< >
Are the values of
Red,
the measurement Color Blue,
ordered? Green

Can we compare Good,

Rating Fair,
which is value Poor
is greater? Time of
9:30AM,
Noon,
which value comes Day
7PM
first/last? 32 mins,
Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
< >
Are the values of
Red,
the measurement No Color Blue,
ordered? Green

Can we compare Good,

Rating Fair,
which is value Poor
is greater? Time of
9:30AM,
Noon,
which value comes Day
7PM
first/last? 32 mins,
Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
< >
Are the values of
Red,
the measurement No Color Blue,
ordered? Green

Can we compare Good,

Yes Rating Fair,
which is value Poor
is greater? Time of
9:30AM,
Noon,
which value comes Day
7PM
first/last? 32 mins,
Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
< >
Are the values of
Red,
the measurement No Color Blue,
ordered? Green

Can we compare Good,

Yes Rating Fair,
which is value Poor
is greater? Time of
9:30AM,

which value comes Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
first/last? 32 mins,
Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
< >
Are the values of
Red,
the measurement No Color Blue,
ordered? Green

Can we compare Good,

Yes Rating Fair,
which is value Poor
is greater? Time of
9:30AM,

which value comes Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
first/last? 32 mins,
Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
Is the DISTANCE ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
- < >
difference
Red,
between No Color Blue,
the values Green

defined? Good,
Yes Rating Fair,
Can we Poor
subtract Time of
9:30AM,

one value Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
from 32 mins,
another? Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
Is the DISTANCE ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
- < >
difference
Red,
between No No Color Blue,
the values Green

defined? Good,
Yes Rating Fair,
Can we Poor
subtract Time of
9:30AM,

one value Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
from 32 mins,
another? Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
Is the DISTANCE ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
- < >
difference
Red,
between No No Color Blue,
the values Green

defined? Good,
No Yes Rating Fair,
Can we Poor
subtract Time of
9:30AM,

one value Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
from 32 mins,
another? Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
Is the DISTANCE ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
- < >
difference
Red,
between No No Color Blue,
the values Green

defined? Good,
No Yes Rating Fair,
Can we Poor
subtract Time of
9:30AM,

one value Yes Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
from 32 mins,
another? Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
Is the DISTANCE ORDER
MEASURE VALUE
- < >
difference
Red,
between No No Color Blue,
the values Green

defined? Good,
No Yes Rating Fair,
Can we Poor
subtract Time of
9:30AM,

one value Yes Yes Day

Noon,
7PM
from 32 mins,
another? Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
Red,
Can No No Color Blue,
math’l Green
operations Good,
be No Yes Rating Fair,
applied Poor
to the 9:30AM,
Time of
values? Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
Red,
Can No No No Color Blue,
math’l Green
operations Good,
be No Yes Rating Fair,
applied Poor
to the 9:30AM,
Time of
values? Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
Red,
Can No No No Color Blue,
math’l Green
operations Good,
be No No Yes Rating Fair,
applied Poor
to the 9:30AM,
Time of
values? Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
Red,
Can No No No Color Blue,
math’l Green
operations Good,
be No No Yes Rating Fair,
applied Poor
to the 9:30AM,
Time of
values? No Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
Red,
Can No No No Color Blue,
math’l Green
operations Good,
be No No Yes Rating Fair,
applied Poor
to the 9:30AM,
Time of
values? No Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
More Restrictive Red,
No No No Color Blue,
Green
Good,
No No Yes Rating Fair,
Poor
9:30AM,
Time of
No Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
More Restrictive Red,
No No No
More Restrictive

Color Blue,
Green
Good,
No No Yes Rating Fair,
Poor
9:30AM,
Time of
No Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
Yes Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement
TRUE
DISTANCE ORDER
SCALE ZERO MEASURE VALUE
- < >
CX X /
Red,
NOMINAL No No No Color Blue,
Green
Good,
ORDINAL No No Yes Rating Fair,
Poor
9:30AM,
Time of
INTERVAL No Yes Yes Day
Noon,
7PM
32 mins,
RATIO Yes Yes Yes Duration 7 hours,
4 days
 Data Measurement

More Examples
Nominal — color, gender, ethnicity, residence, SSS
Ordinal — rating scales, rank order (1st, 2nd)
Interval — time of day, year, IQ, Likert scales
Ratio - age, height, weight, speed, rates
 Data Measurement
True Zero vs. False Zero
ratio value have a true zero
(absolute absence of the measured property)
e.g. Fahrenheit temperatures have false zero

What should we care?

More powerful statistical techniques are available
for more powerful scales (ratio as most
powerful)
 Data Measurement
Nominal Scale
classifies elements into two or more classes or
categories.
e.g. Distribution of Patients According to Gender
e.g. Distribution of Students Grouped into Religion

Ordinal Scale
ranks individuals in terms of the degree to which
they possess a characteristic
e.g. Anxiety Level of Mentally Retarded Patients
0=not anxious 1=low anxiety level
2=moderate anxiety level 3=high anxiety level
 Data Measurement
Interval Scale
in addition to ordering from highest to lowest,
establishes a uniform unit in the scale so that
any distance between two consecutive scores is of
equal magnitude
e.g. aptitude scores from 80 to 90 are of equal
difference as that of the aptitude scores from 90 to
100
no absolute / true zero
Ratio Scale
in addition to the interval scale, has an absolute/
true zero
e.g. volume, rate of doing work, amount of money
 RE 3 p. 107 (A)
RE 4 p. 107 (B)
RE 5 p. 107-108 (C)
RE 6 p. 108 (D)