ARCHITECTURAL STRUCTURES:

FORM, BEHAVIOR, AND DESIGN

ARCH 331
DR. ANNE NICHOLS
SUMMER 2014
lecture
four

rigid body
equilibrium
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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Equilibrium
• rigid body
– doesn’t deform C
B
– coplanar force systems A

Rx   Fx  0
• static:

R y   Fy  0
M  M  0
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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Free Body Diagram
• FBD (sketch)
• tool to see all forces on a body or a
point including
– external forces
– weights
– force reactions
– external moments
– moment reactions
– internal forces
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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Free Body Diagram
• determine body 100 lb

• FREE it from: + weight

– ground
– supports & connections
• draw all external forces 100 lb

acting ON the body mg

– reactions
– applied forces
– gravity

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Free Body Diagram
• sketch FBD with relevant geometry
• resolve each force into components
– known & unknown angles – name them
– known & unknown forces – name them
– known & unknown moments – name them
• are any forces related to other forces?
• for the unknowns
• write only as many equilibrium equations as
needed
• solve up to 3 equations

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Free Body Diagram
• solve equations
– most times 1 unknown easily solved
– plug into other equation(s)

• common to have unknowns of

– force magnitudes
– force angles
– moment magnitudes

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Reactions on Rigid Bodies
• result of applying force
• unknown size
• connection or support type
– known direction
– related to motion prevented

no translation
no vertical motion no translation no rotation

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Supports and Connections

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Supports and Connections

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
FBD Example
• 500 lb known
• pin – Ax, Ay
• smooth surface –
B at 4:3
• 3 equations
• sum moments at
– A?
– B? (Bx)

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Moment Equations
• sum moments at intersection where the
most forces intersect
• multiple moment equations may not be
useful
• combos:
F x 0 F  0 M 1 0

F y 0 M  0 1 M
2 0

M 1
0 M  0 2 M 3
0

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Recognizing Reactions
F F

3
unknowns

3
unknowns
weight mg

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Recognizing Reactions
3
mg unknowns

weight

F1 F2 F1 F2
6
unknowns for
not independent 2 bodies

2
weight mg unknowns

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Constraints
• completely constrained
– doesn’t move
– may not be statically determinate
• improperly or partially constrained
– has  unknowns
– can’t solve

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Constraints
• overconstrained
– won’t move
– can’t be solved with statics
– statically indeterminate to nth degree

60 lb 60 lb
200 lb-ft 200 lb-ft
A B 55 Ax A B 55
C C
5’ 9’
MRA
Ay Cy

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Partial Constraints

B B
0.75 m 0.75 m

A 30 A 30

1m 1m
100 N 100 N

500 mm
200 mm
B
A B

W
W

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Cable Reactions
• equilibrium:
– more reactions (4) than equations
– but, we have slope relationships
– x component the same everywhere

A 4m 6m B
2m

C
45 kN
45 kN

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Two Force Rigid Bodies
• equilibrium:
– forces in line, equal and opposite

F1 F1
B B F1
d d B
A F2 A A
a
F2 F2

A (no) B (no) C

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Three Force Rigid Bodies
• equilibrium:
– concurrent or parallel forces
beams!

F2 F3 F2 F2
F3 F3
B d1 B B
A C A C d2 A Ca
F1 F1
F1

A (no) B C

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Concentrated Loads

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Distributed Loads

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Beam Supports
• statically determinate

L L L
simply supported overhang cantilever
(most common)

• statically indeterminate

L L L L

continuous Propped Restrained

(most common case when L1=L2)

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Equivalent Force Systems
• replace forces by resultant
• place resultant where M = 0
• using calculus and area centroids
L
W   wdx   dA  A loading
0 loading

y
w(x)

x dx
x
x el
dx L
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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Load Areas
• area is width x “height” of load
• w is load per unit length
• W is total load

w x W 2w
w x W w 
2 2 w w
0
x x x
W W
W/2 W/2

x/2 x/2 2x/3 x/3 x/2 x/6 x/3

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Method of Sections
• relies on internal forces being in
equilibrium on a section
• cut to expose 3 or less members
• coplanar forces  M = 0 too
P P
C
AC
F D
A E B .
A AB
By

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331
Method of Sections
• joints on or off the section are good to
sum moments
• quick for few members
• not always obvious where to cut or sum
P P .
C
AC
F D
A E B . B
A AB
By

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Lecture 4 ARCH 331