GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND

DESIGN
SONIPAT 131001

DISSERTATION REPORT -I

August 2018

ARCHITECTURE FOR ELDERLY

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:

(SAGARIKA GUPTA) (AR ASHOK GROVER)
(GCAD/14/329)

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 GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN

DECLARATION

I, SAGARIKA GUPTA, Roll Number, GCAD/14/329 hereby declare that the dissertation
titled ARCHITECTURE FOR ELDERLY submitted by me, in partial fulfilment of the
requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture as per the university norms, to
Gateway College of Architecture and Design, is a record of my original work with credits
given for information collected from any other source.

_________________________________
(SAGARIKA GUPTA)

2
 GATEWAY COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGN

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the dissertation titled ARCHITECTURE FOR ELDERLY, submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirement of the curriculum of Bachelor of Architecture is the
work of SAGARIKA GUPTA, Roll Number GCAD/14/329, who carried out research work
under our supervision in Gateway College of Architecture and Design, Sonipat, Haryana.

We recommend that the dissertation report be placed before the examiners for their
consideration.

______________________________ ______________________________
(AR. ASHOK GROVER) (Ar. Bikramjit Chakraborty)
Signature of the Guide Signature of the Coordinator

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 Abstract

This document is dedicated to the study of the needs of elderly and derive design guidelines
that can promote the care for the elderly. The aim is to open horizons for thought in creating
geriatric friendly architecture and hence explore ways of providing accessible, affordable,
quality of life and dedicated care services to ageing population. It is further hoped to add
direction and enable an environment for conversation around the theme of ‘Inclusivity in
Architecture’ and specifically promote the concept of age inclusiveness via promotion of
active and healthy ageing.

The process followed for the same first explores the various ways of design which aid care
for elderly through various tweaks such as grab rails, stair-free environment to name a few
and then tries to summarize the same to derive a set of basic guidelines when designing for
the elderly

The elderly population is rising at a steady rate, and along with it comes a rise of age specific
issues with solutions which are yet to be explored. Hence, the main idea behind this study is
to learn and get aware of the physical problems of the elderly people which can be taken
care of through thoughtful designing, it does not address the social and behavioral needs of
the elderly.

The dissertation draws upon different policies that are made by government and then does
an anthropometric study of various standards to compare these to help address the needs of
elderly and help a wider public. It presents different aspects of everyday life of elderly with
problems that are observed and ways of finding solutions are formed.

Literature case studies are taken up in order to understand and evaluate the approach that has
been implemented till now. And finally establish conclusions based on the above studies for
an ideal design for the elderly. The final outcome expected is to develop design criteria to
promote care for elderly.
Keywords: ageing, quality of life (accessibility, safety, privacy, and independence), age-
inclusive architecture

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 Acknowledgements

Firstly I would like to thank my college “Gateway College of Architecture and Design” for

providing me the opportunity to conduct this study.

My gratitude goes to my family as well, whose encouragement and motivation throughout

my times of difficulty has been unparalleled. Special thanks go to: my grandfather Mr

Omprakash Gupta, who inspired me to take up this topic.

I wish to sincerely thank my guide Ar. Ashok Grover for his constant support and guidance

and my dissertation coordinator Ar. Bikramjit Chakraborty for sharing his knowledge and

helping me move forward with this topic.

I'd like to pay special thanks to my sister Ar. Akansha Gupta for instilling discipline in me

to always strive for perfection and for always offering valuable insight and assistance

towards my endeavors. Lastly I'd like to thank all my friends who helped and impelled me

to keep striving.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................................................8

INTRODUCTION ..............................................................................................................................9
RELEVANCE IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES ...............................................................................13
CHAPTER 1 .....................................................................................................................................15
1.0 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ELDERLY: AN INTRODUCTION ........................................15
1.1 Physical Health .................................................................................................................15
1.1.1 Morbidity .........................................................................................................................15
1.1.2 Disabilities .......................................................................................................................16
1.2 Mental Health ....................................................................................................................17
1.3 Elderly Abuse ....................................................................................................................17
1.4 Social Issues ......................................................................................................................18
CHAPTER 2 .....................................................................................................................................19
2.0 POLICY RESPONSE TO AGEING ...........................................................................................19
2.1 Main initiatives taken by the policy ........................................................................................19
2.1.1 Annapurna Scheme ..........................................................................................................20
2.1.2 The Ministry of Social Justice..........................................................................................20
2.1.3 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare ...........................................................................20
2.2 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................21
CHAPTER 3 .....................................................................................................................................22
3.0 ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE ..............................................................................................22
3.1 Floors ......................................................................................................................................22
3.2 Staircase ..................................................................................................................................23
3.3 Bathrooms ...............................................................................................................................24
3.4 Lighting ...................................................................................................................................25
3.5 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................25
CHAPTER 4 .....................................................................................................................................26
4.0 STANDARDS FOR DESIGN FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE BY CPWD ......................................26
4.1 Mobility Devices- Recommendation: .....................................................................................26
4.1.2 Range of Reach ................................................................................................................27
4.2 Site Planning ...........................................................................................................................28
4.2.1 Walks and Paths ...............................................................................................................28
4.2.2 Levels and Grooves ..........................................................................................................29
4.2.3 Entrance Landing .............................................................................................................30
4.2.4 Corridor connecting the entrance / exit for elderly people ...............................................31
4.2.5 Required width for passage of Wheelchair ......................................................................31
4.2.6 Entrance / exit doors.........................................................................................................32
4.3 Lifts .........................................................................................................................................33

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 4.4 Toilet .......................................................................................................................................34
5.0 LITERATURE STUDY ..............................................................................................................36
5.1 TSUKAGUCHI SENIOR HOUSING COMMUNITY, OSAKA, JAPAN ............................36
5.1.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................36
5.1.2 Locations ..........................................................................................................................36
5.1.3 Circulation and Planning ..................................................................................................36
5.1.4 Amalgamation of spaces ..................................................................................................37
5.1.5 Contact with Nature .........................................................................................................38
5.1.6 Enhancing the experience through the building ...............................................................38
5.2 PAINSWICK RETIREMENT VILLAGE NEAR STROUD, GLOUCESTERSHIRE ..........40
5.2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................40
5.2.2 Background ......................................................................................................................40
5.2.3 Services ............................................................................................................................41
5.2.3 Facilities ...........................................................................................................................42
5.2.4 Social interaction and links with the local community ....................................................42
5.2.5 Learning points.................................................................................................................43
5.2.6 For the local community: .................................................................................................43
5.2.7 Design and Architectural features: ...................................................................................44
5.3 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................44
CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................45
APPENDIX .......................................................................................................................................47
National Policy on Older People, 1999 .........................................................................................48
PLAGARISM....................................................................................................................................50
REFRENCES ....................................................................................................................................51

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 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 World Population by Age Category, 1950–2100..................................................................9

Figure 2 Size and growth rate of the elderly population in India, 1950-2100 ..................................10
Figure 3 Young children and older people as a percentage of global population: 1950-2050 ..........13
Figure 4 Prevalence of Acute Morbidities among the elderly (by age and sex) ...............................16
Figure 5 Various Disabilities among Old Men and Women, 2011 ...................................................17
Figure 6 Slippery floors causing elderly to fall .................................................................................23
Figure 7 Stair lift being used by the elderly ......................................................................................24
Figure 8 Grab rails near the WC to assist in sitting and getting up from WC ..................................24
Figure 9 Grab rails in various locations for help, with chair for easy bathing ..................................25
Figure 10 Space Allowance ..............................................................................................................26
Figure 11 Space Allowance ..............................................................................................................27
Figure 12 Forward reach without obstruction ...................................................................................27
Figure 13 Details of Grating .............................................................................................................29
Figure 14 Sidewalk Width ................................................................................................................29
Figure 15 Entrance width ..................................................................................................................30
Figure 16 Methods to eliminate level difference ..............................................................................31
Figure 17 Corridor width for passage of wheelchair.........................................................................32
Figure 18 Entrance/Exit Door ...........................................................................................................32
Figure 19 Entrance/Exit Door ...........................................................................................................32
Figure 20 Elevator Entrance..............................................................................................................33
Figure 21 Height of control panel and standard dimensions .............................................................33
Figure 22 Space Inside elevator ........................................................................................................33
Figure 23 Handrail inside stall ..........................................................................................................34
Figure 24 Side elevation of toilet stall ..............................................................................................34
Figure 25 Use by wheelchair user .....................................................................................................35
Figure 26 Use by a cane user ............................................................................................................35
Figure 27 Floor planning of the build block .....................................................................................37
Figure 28 The tea room 'floating' above the water ............................................................................39
Figure 29 A lush landscaped walkway leading to and from the split area of the performance hall ..39
Figure 30 Advertisement for the Richmond Paniskwick retirement village .....................................40
Figure 31 Plan for Painswick Village ...............................................................................................41
Figure 32 View of village houses......................................................................................................42

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 INTRODUCTION

As per the UN & WHO, the global definition of elderly in the developed world is a person
of 65+ age. However in developing counties this age is much lower even down to 55+ years
in the African nation. In India, Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act,
2007, and The National Policy on Older Persons, 1999 and define “elderly” as people of age
60 years and above.

Figure 1 World Population by Age Category, 1950–2100

Source: World Population Prospects, 2015 Revision, and Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations.

The elderly population is on a steady rise, partly due a global upliftment of living standards
and partly due to advance medical technology.1 The recent survey done in India about the
situation of ageing scenario is that the percentage of elderly is expected to go up from 8% in
2015 to 19 % by 2050. Within which the sex ratio, which has encountered a rise of women
from 938 to 1,000 men in the year 1971 to 1,033 in the year 2011 and is estimated to further
increase to 1,060 by the year 2026. Also, the population of 80-plus would grow up to 700%
with dominance of women, stated by report released by UN Population Fund India titled
‘Caring for our elders: Early response India Ageing Report 2017’.2

1
National Policy on Older people,1999
2
India Ageing Report 2017

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 Figure 2: Size and growth rate of the elderly population in India, 1950-2100

Source: World Population Prospects, 2015 Revision, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, United Nations

This demographical change can be summed up in the Fig 2. Ageing population is

unavoidable le and irreversible phenomenon that is linked with improvements in medical
care and health.

The population of elder people is rising globally as compared to general population, this is
due to two main factors that are namely, longevity and reducing fertility rates. This increase
in the ageing scenario, demand for care of elderly have risen up in all aspects such as finance,
health and shelter. As the population of older people living longer are increasing, the houses
are getting crammed, causing problems in extended families and joint families. The
population of elderly people that are already living in joint families also feel isolated and
insecure due to gap in generation and considerable change seen in lifestyle after retirement.

Rise in the life expectancy also is resulting in functional disabilities, which not only increase
healthcare cost but also creates a need for requirement of assistance for basic daily
functioning. This problem has risen the need to look for ways of creating ‘age-inclusive’
architecture. For this we need to understand basic needs and problems faced by elderly in
today’s society and come up with ways of improving the lives of this age group.

Elders have basic physiological needs as any other person, in spite of the age group. These
physiological needs comprises of basic amenities such as food to eat, water to drink, shelter
to live in and treatment of any illness or injury. Although, fulfillment of these needs are

10
about survival and do not certainly ensure quality living. For quality living, other aspects
also come into play such as social needs and security.

Once physical survival is taken care of, elderly people require security. Security can be
perceived as a lot of things, one can be of security of having a place to stay and a constant
flow of money, other can be security within the family, that the proper love and care is
provided to them. Elderly are also very vulnerable due to injury or illness and often can be
at risks of crime and attack as they are less able than others. Therefore a feeling of being
secure is required for a healthy mental state.

Then again social needs are very important, as they become the key quality of life,
differentiating life from just surviving to actually enjoy living. Due to the health related
problems and inability to get out, elderly find themselves socially deprived and spend more
time alone. The need opportunities where they can interact with family, friends and the
community. Creating such social spaces becomes essential while taking of their
psychological needs.

These needs are often not full filled by the reason of shear lack of awareness of their needs
and problems faced by them. One can be oblivious to these things. Such as the simple
problem faced by elderly that is mobility. It is an important aspect, even if it’s just within
their surroundings. Due to old age, they may find difficulty in walking, or unsteadiness in
the same, problem getting in and out of chair and might even fall.

Problems such as muscle weakness, pain in joints, body pain, disease, and nervous system
and brain difficulties are all similar conditions in elderly people and in total adds up to
mobility problems. Other major problem that can be easily out looked is falls. Falls can
further result in problems such as broken bones, bruises and also induce the fear of falling.
They can be much for fatal than that.

It becomes imperative to design a living environment that helps older people in maintaining
their independence for longest time possible which is key for maintaining a high standards
of living. Simply giving individuals the feeling that they still have their independence is, in
fact, critical, and this sense of self can be attained from different aspects of design by giving
them the ability to make decisions about their daily activities.

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 JUSTIFICATION

The elderly in India comprises of 7% of the combined population, out of which more than
half resides in villages and almost half spend their lives in poor situations. There is a huge
spike in the population of older people that needs to be given attention, in order to develop
our country economically and socially. Globally a greater duration of individual human life
is seen with a sense of being accomplished but in the end when the elderly live longer they
only experience an increase in their levels of suffering.

A huge change is seen in socio-economic conditions after they attain a certain age which
affects the living conditions adversely. This is usually visible after retirement. A change in
economic situation is seen in elderly from transformation from salary to pension to
unemployment which leads to elderly depending on their children or closed ones for money.
The loss of social recognition and earning ability creates a feeling of low self-worth within
the elderly. They feel that that the position that they had, the power or prestige is lost and
they become inactive, sick, weak and dependent. The two generations are suffering from
different issues, the younger generation is dealing with the rising cost and time devoted to
look after their parents, while the older generation is suffering from poor quality of care and
discrimination created by the society towards them. Especially, the older people are
neglected and are not supported by their families are facing tough conditions since they need
to take care of themselves while contending with their weakened bodies in their isolated
state. This effects their health conditions too, which is already deteriorating at a fast pace.

Though at present due to technical advancement in field’s general health, education,

medicine and medical facilities, national food related schemes and food availability, there is
decline in death rate of all age groups resulting in continuous incline in population with the
age of sixty years and more. Increase in the relative size of the aged population, increase the
need to take interest in wellbeing of elderly population. It has become a major social concern.
To cater to this problem, architects needs to study the difficulties faced by elderly people
and help design living areas which are equipped with taking care of the older generation and
help ease their pains and problems since they are witnessing a lot of changes in this stage of
their life and tend to suffer from depression and a feeling of isolation. Even though
architecture cannot reverse the cycle of ageing but it surely can have a positive impact on
the lives of the elderly when configured successfully.

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 RELEVANCE IN CONTEMPORARY TIMES

Last few years have brought about a huge transformation in the demography in world’s
population and this is only expected to change further. From the a state of rising birth rates
and high death rates coupled with improvement in health services and advancement in
standard of living. This has increased the growth of population of human beings in general
and in addition, number of older people in the world, as shown in the Fig.

Figure 3Young children and older people as a percentage of global population: 1950-2050

Source: United Nations, 2013

Such a universal growth has never been witnessed in the history of civilization. The world
is going to have majority of people who would live to see themselves at 80s or 90s then ever
seen before. In near future, the world would have greater population of older people than
children. This change would be more visible in middle and low-income countries that too
would be rapid. This ever increasing rate of ageing population and the greater reliance if the
aged for care results in greater demand for studies and facilities that promote care and
provide support for the elderly.

This rapid change needs to be acknowledged by everyone including architects. Architects

are obliged, as it’s their social responsibility to be aware of this growth in elderly and try to
address the needs of elderly and incorporate ways to help them in the built environment. To

13
help the transition and make it subtle, from a person being self-reliant to becoming more in
need. The elders often have specific needs that are different from that of younger age groups.

Care can be provided in various forms, such as care by care- givers can be required in various
cases. But it must be taken into consideration that care for older people is not limited to the
care given by their family or by health professionals. It also equally important to care for
their need of maintaining their own independence and dignity and live an active life in the
community and built environment.

All the challenges that are outlined above justifies the need to conduct the research in this
particular field and find out ways by which an architect can intervene in this aspect and
effectively revitalize the concept of care of the elderly in built environment.

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 CHAPTER 1

1.0 PROBLEMS FACED BY THE ELDERLY: AN INTRODUCTION

The increasing population of 60 plus in India, along with problems regarding rural areas and
feminization, poses several challenges for the country. To counter these challenges,
awareness of the issues faced by this population is required. Old age brings about many
difficulties that people are often faced with and most of the times are unable to deal with
such issues. These difficulties may be economic, physical, emotional and medical needs.

1.1 Physical Health

Reduce in physical health is very evident for people attaining the crucial age of 60 years.
Body pain, decline in vision, hearing problem etc. are common physical problems faced by
them. It affects their daily life very much. Often physical health is not only determined by
diseases and wellbeing, it is also determined by many economic, social, psychological
factors. Poor health and morbidity diminish the quality of living and wellbeing while
increasing psychological distress and perception of vulnerability.

Problems such as mobility issues arises with old age, elders often find it difficult to be able
to cope up with the rapid life of the cities. They are unable to go on board a bus or a train
nor is it easy to be able to walk on the road due to heavy vehicular traffic. Thus, their mobility
is limited.

1.1.1 Morbidity

When a person reports an event of sickness or poor health during the 15 days, it is recorded
as an instance of acute morbidity. With advancing years, an increase in incidence of acute
and chronic morbidities is seen in Fig. 3

Severe morbidities require hospitalization, the estimates of Key Indicators of Social

Consumption in India, Health (January–June 2014). 71st Round, NSSO, Ministry of
Statistics & Programme Implementation, GoI indicate that the rate of hospitalization

3
Indian Ageing Report 2017

15
amongst elderly is much higher than the general population.4 This report also shows that the
rate of morbidity is higher for elderly women than that of man but their hospitalization rate
is lower than that of men, showing inequality based on gender in health care department.
The cost for health care during these period is high, especially in case of private facilities.
When older persons are economically dependent, increasing health expenditure adds to the
burden on the family economically.

1.1.2 Disabilities

With the increase in age, disability in various aspects becomes a major issue, limiting daily
life functioning and therefore increasing the burden of care-giving. According to the 2011
census, the disability rate was 51.8 per 1,000 for the elderly and 84.1 per 1,000 for the 80-
plus population as compared to 22.1 per 1,000 of the general population5. 80-plus women
have higher levels of disability as compared to elderly men indicating greater disadvantages.

Figure 4 Prevalence of Acute Morbidities among the elderly (by age and sex)

Source: ORGI (2011), Census of India, 2011, Office of the Registrar General and the Census Commissioner of India,
Ministry of Home Affairs

4
NSSO (2015), Key Indicators of Social Consumption in India, Health (January–June 2014), National
Sample Survey Office, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India, New
Delhi.
5
ORGI (2011), Census of India, 2011, Office of the Registrar General and the Census Commissioner of
India, Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India, New Delhi. www.censusindia.gov.in.

16
 Figure 5: Various Disabilities among Old Men and Women, 2011

Source: ORGI (2011), Census of India, 2011, Office of the Registrar General and the Census Commissioner of India,
Ministry of Home Affairs

1.2 Mental Health

Decline in mental abilities is also noticeable, they lack self-confidence and develop a sense
of distress. Problems such as the lack of memories of short term are evident, though their
long term memories are still intact. A gap in generation in large extent is also visible since
the values of the elderly and that of the young children at home do not match. The elderly
try to dominate and interfere with the youngsters and most of the times they directly hinder
in the matters of their children publically or at home. This is not appreciated and often
conflicts arise due to this.

During the old age, expenses are likely to increase due to medical treatment for their health.
Hospitalization and medical expenses are costly and for this the elderly have to depend on
their children. Also the children of the elderly are often engaged with their own life and busy.
They do not have time for their parents. Moreover, the death of spouse or change of residence
makes the elderly more and more lonely

1.3 Elderly Abuse

Crimes in urban areas are also uprising, and many old ages people are living alone in urban
areas. After their children are out of home they are alone and advantage of this fact is taken
by the criminals. There is a risk of getting injured or in worst situations can even get killed.

17
After retirement a sudden decline comes in income as the salary is stopped and the elderly
feels that he is a burden on his family. The elderly have to depend upon their children for
their wellbeing. If they have a good pension or if they had good investments then it is not
difficult for them to handle the pressure of retired life. Also housing problem arises if they
are bed ridden for various diseases.

There are five types of abuse that an elderly person may suffer from. An older person can go
through only one from of abuse or mixture of several of abuses at the same time.
 Physical abuse: Slapping, pushing, burning, hitting, restraining from giving
medication or overdosing on medication, and even at times giving out wrong
medication.
 Psychological abuse: Frightening, shouting, blaming, ignoring, swearing, or evn at
times humiliating the elderly.
 Financial abuse: Unauthorized or illegal access of a person book or other valuable
items.
 Sexual abuse: This shockingly is a type of abuse that is forced upon on elderly
women on high rates. Sexual abuse means forcing a person to take unwanted part in
any form of sexual activity without his or her consent.
 Neglect: This abuse is self-explanatory. Neglect is where a person is deprived of
various basic needs such as heat, food, home, comfort/ care or minimal clothing and
essential medication.

Government has taken initiatives to help prevent elder abuse, National policy for older
people, 1999.

1.4 Social Issues

Old age becomes a tough time for people and they struggle both physically and socially as
social isolation also is seen in many old aged people. These can happen due to various
reasons, such as feeling of loneliness due to death of a spouse of friends, it can happen due
to the fact that children become busy with their own lives of in some cases moves away from
homes. The need for dependency on care givers for performing daily activities can also make
old people unhappy.

Stress is also risen due to loss of regular income which in turn is increase in financial issues.
Also struggling to cope with mobility issues or chronic medical problems also effect a lot.

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 CHAPTER 2

2.0 POLICY RESPONSE TO AGEING

A National Policy for older people was made in 1999 January which made policies regarding
many areas such as financial security, healthcare and nutrition, shelter, education, welfare,
protection of life and property for the wellbeing of older persons in the country. 6 A National
Council for Older Persons (NCOP) was made by Ministry of Social Justice and
Empowerment to operationalize the National Policy on older persons.

2.1 Main initiatives taken by the policy

Financial security is one of the biggest source of anxiety for old age people, and with one-
third of Indian population below poverty line and one third belonging to low income groups,
the source of income for elderly is taken into prime consideration and measures taken to
improve their social security.

For lower income groups or below poverty line, pension is one of the major sources of
income for the elderly. Old age pension scheme is significantly increased in this policy by
January 1999 to 2.76 million. Also, ways have been derived to keep check of abuse and
delays, seriously.

This policy has taken initiative to increase awareness regarding Long Term Savings measure
in both urban and rural areas. Also counselling programs related to retirement was ordered
to be initiated.

The policy also states that parents cannot be forced out from the house without initiating
proper process by the law especially if they had been living there from before. These are
made by two policies and all are said to be initiated more furiously in this 1999 policy. The
first policy that is under the Criminal Procedure Code, section 125 states that a judge can
order the children to take care and maintain their old parents under the Maintenance of
Parents Act.7

6
National Policy on older people, 1999
7
Maintenance of Parents Act

19
The second policy which is by The Hindu Adoptions and Maintenance Act states that an
elderly person can by law demand a certain sort of maintenance from his/her children in the
same way that the law says that a husband is entitled to give his wife.

This policy also seeks to increase number of housing for different income segments. Housing
schemes for rural and urban, low income segments will be given 10 percent reservations on
houses or sites, for older people. This also includes Indira Awas Yojana and other schemes
of government. Various organizations, voluntary and government and associations are being
made for elderly to provide various services such as protection, legal aid and other measures.
Various helpline services have been made to help senior citizens.

2.1.1 Annapurna Scheme

Annupurna Scheme has been made by the Central Government of India in year 2000,
April. It is been implemented by the state governments of various parts too. This scheme
aims to supply 10 kilograms of “anaaj”, i.e. food items, free of cost in every month to only
those elderly people who are entitled to pension benefits but for some way or some reason
have not received it.

2.1.2 The Ministry of Social Justice

Ministry of Social Justice also plays an important role in improving the conditions of the
elderly. Reserving certain seats in the public transport system only for the senior citizens,
concession in hospital services, and concession in public utility services will help to solve
the problem of the elders.

2.1.3 Ministry of Health and Family Welfare

Ministry of Health and Family Welfare also came up with Rashtriya Varishth Jan Swasthya
Yojana which approves the proposal of reserving 50% of all hospital beds for the 75+
population. Development of a home health care service. Also the development of a service
for “yoga” therapy for senior citizens especially for 75+ population in National Centers for
8
Ageing and Regional Geriatric Centers.

8
Rashtriya Varishth Jan Swasthya Yojana (RVJSY) – Continuation and Expansion of Tertiary Level
Activities of National Programme for Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) during 12th Five Year Plan

20
2.2 Conclusion

There are various government interventions that can serve as a platform to address not only
the physical but financial needs of the elderly. Thus helping to integrate the elderly into the
community and maintain their stand in the society as a means to avoid isolation and
unpleasant ageing. As the dissertation continues to unfold, the reader will be become
acquainted with the architectural interventions that are required to foster care for the elderly.

21
 CHAPTER 3

3.0 ARCHITECTURAL RESPONSE

Architecture plays an important role in helping the elderly. Architects can solve many
physical and social problems by thoughtful designing.

Mobility is one of the biggest challenges faced by the elderly that architects needs to take
care of while designing homes for elderly. In order to design a home which more old people
friendly and accessible, architects need to create designs that are stair-free, designs with large
floor plans which have more open spaces and larger hallways, with wider doorways, no-step
entries, lower sinks and safety showers and even designs with wireless video monitoring so
that family members can keep a track on falls or trouble.

Remodeling of existing house may also be done but that would require whole dismantling
of dividing walls or doorways in order to open up more of the area and allow for fewer
obstructions. Sometimes new lighting systems and new, larger windows needs to be installed
in order to modify the homes lighting. Color also affects mood. Seniors are often likely to
feel depressed or lonely and they often begin to feel shut-off from the outside world. Subtle
colors like baby pinks and soft greens can help make an area feel peaceful, while bright red
and vibrant orange can increase energy levels.

Turning a doorknob, a task which is as simple as this can be a challenging for old aged
people, even painful, for someone with arthritis or other conditions. Architects can design to
replace doorknobs with lever-style hardware, which can ultimately make life seem easier for
old people. Levers are also best to be added on faucets, and use of illuminated rocker
switches are a better option to be installed than the commonly used toggle light switches.

3.1 Floors

Floors can also be tricky for elderly people, especially if they turn out to be slippery. Falls
are fatal to all age groups but can be deadly for elders, architects needs to be very cautious
while choosing materials. All floors should be made of material that are slip-resistant, this
could be done by adding non-skid mats under area rugs or avoiding area rugs at all. Trips
are equally dangerous as slips for older people, so elimination of trip points like thresholds
should be done wherever possible, or reduction of their height.

22
 Figure 6 : Slippery floors causing elderly to fall

Source: https://in.pinterest.com/cecille777/slip-and-fall-accident/?lp=true

3.2 Staircase

Staircases are biggest challenge for this age group. For older people living on levels more
one, stairs can be especially dangerous and should be avoided where ever possible but in
case architect is unable to do so then the installation of handrails are important and that too
on either sides of the staircase. And lighting is also critical, entire stairway should be well lit
from top to bottom. Explicitly defined steps that reveal the where the edge of the tread is
also helpful in preventing falls. Using stair lifts can also help the elderly, preventing them
from using stairs. Stair lifts are basically simple mechanical device, which has a rail,
mounted to side of the tread of whole of the staircase. Furthermore a chair or a platform is
attached to the mechanical rail which makes the chair go up the stairs or down it. This device
is used for moving from one level to the other, simply by getting on the platform/chair.

In case of using staircase only then also good amount of lighting is require, but this is not
only the part that require lighting. A dark room becomes an invitation for older people to a
bump onto things or to fall, so to avoid such situations, there should be adequate amount of
lighting in every corner or room, in small or large hallway, and especially at doorways.
Entryways become especially dangerous if they are not properly lit.

23
 Figure 7 Stair lift being used by the elderly

Source: https://www.stannah-stairlifts.com/stairlift-range/

3.3 Bathrooms

Bathrooms are another point of worry which needs to be well designed. Architects can
provide shower grab bars in order to make bathing safer. There are many ways to help ensure
safety of the older people in the bathroom, like installing grab bars along the toilet, too, or
at various places in the bathroom where elderly may need a helping hand. A shower that is
a step-in one is safer than a bath tub, but in case a tub is required then adding grab bars to
help getting in and out, should be provided. A single-handled faucet control helps reducing
the possibility of burning at sink, and a pressure balance system control does the very same
in the shower. A showerhead that can be hand-handled is easier to be used for someone with
limited amount of mobility than using fixed showerhead.

Figure 8 Grab rails near the WC to assist in sitting and getting up from WC

Source: https://www.homeandmedical.co.uk/healthcareaids/grab-rails

24
 Figure 9 Grab rails in various locations for help, with chair attached to the bathtub for easy bathing

Source: https://www.bathrooms365.com/bathrooms-keeping-young-and-old-safe.htm

3.4 Lighting

Natural lighting is preferred during the day, mechanical lighting is necessary during the night
or when the quality of natural lighting is simply unable to suffice in the indoor environment.
Mechanical lighting can also be used to create varying effects in a space that effects one's
mood. The choice of lighting is integral and can be in the form of direct and indirect lighting.
Due to the biological effects of ageing and deterioration of visual perception, poor lighting
and glare can cause further problems. Effective lighting can enhance the quality of a space,
improve color recognition, encourage social interaction and make way finding an easier task.

3.5 Conclusion

Consequently one can understand that a single approach by an architect will not suffice when
one seeks to design a place for the elderly, rather a combination of these functional
approaches and an understanding of physical condition within the built environment are
required to effectively enhance quality of life for them.

25
 CHAPTER 4

4.0 STANDARDS FOR DESIGN FOR ELDERLY PEOPLE BY CPWD

Central Public Works Department has made certain guidelines which helps design spaces
which can be used to create a barrier free environment. 9 Following are the list of some of
these guidelines:

4.1 Mobility Devices- Recommendation:

Minimum required space for people using devices for mobility are:
 Adequate spaces should be designed for people using mobility devices such as
crutches, walkers and wheelchairs and also those as well who are taking assistance
from other person.
 The range of reach, forward and side, with or without obstruction of other people
that are on wheelchairs should be given thought of while designing passageways or
spaces.
 The dimensions of wheelchairs used locally should be given attention to. Standard
size of a wheelchair to be considered while designing is taken by default as
1050mm X 750mm.

Figure 10 Space Allowance

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 8,
1998

9
Central Public Works Department, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled
and elderly people, 1998

26
 Figure 11 Space Allowance

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 8,
1998

 The controls on windows and doors for opening and locking should be less than
1400mm from the finished floor usable by one hand.
 The power sockets and switches, including door handles with fittings and fixtures
should in the range of 900mm-1200mm from finished floor level.
 The power points for normal purposed should be in the range of 400-500mm fixed
from the finished floor level

4.1.2 Range of Reach

 Range of reach should be well taken care of when designing for people on
wheelchair. Movement of the user on wheelchair, ranges from around his or her
shoulder. Henceforth this range is of limit and usually is taken to be 630mm
approx. for and adult male.
 A person who is on a wheelchair, has his eye’s height at 1190mm (approximately
for a male adult)

Figure 12 Forward reach without obstruction

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 8,
1998

27
4.2 Site Planning

Site planning is done to accommodate elderly people and disabled people in the built
environment and its surrounding areas. Site should be designed and planned properly as an
integral unit from the start of the designing process.

4.2.1 Walks and Paths

 The pathways should hard leveled to be made sure for suitable for wheeling and
walking, these should be smooth.
 Surfaces which are irregular such as coarsely exposed aggregate concrete, bricks
and cobble stones etc. These makes walking or wheeling a bumpy process and are
not advisable.
 The width for the minimum pathways should be around 1200mm, while for two way
traffic which is moderate should be in between 1650mm – 1800mm.
 Walk gradient longitudinally, is required to be 3% to 5%, which is approximately
30mm- 50mm in 1 meter.
 The pathways which exceed 60m length are to be designed with adjacent rest areas at
intervals which are convenient. These rest areas should have bench seats and should
be designed to provide comfort to the users. The sets should be of height between
350mm-425mm for maximum comfort and should not exceed 450mm
 Also to help blind people or people with low vision, it is desirable to provide a change
in texture adjacent to the seating for helping them to navigate.
 The manholes in pathways and walkways should be avoided whenever possible and
if cannot be done so then bearing bar should be placed perpendicular to the path that
is being followed and no open spaces between the bars which is more than 12mm in
width should be made.

28
 Figure 13 Details of Grating

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 22,
1998

Figure 14 Sidewalk Width

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page23,
1998

4.2.2 Levels and Grooves

Design requirements for various levels and grooves.

 Wheelchairs have casters which have a diameter of 180mm. Hence only a small
level difference can be handled by a wheelchair.
 For the easy movement by people on wheelchair or by elderly people, who are
weak and have problems with mobility, various methods can be employed in
order to cater to this difference in level. Methods should reduce the height of this
level difference.
 For a person in wheelchair, the movement should be smooth. If the caster in the
wheelchair is caught up in groove then it becomes difficult to move the
wheelchair around.

29
  So for easy movement, no level difference should be made, but if it is unavoidable
then it should be 20mm or less than that.
 The edges of the level difference should be rounded off or beveled.
 Also the design should be done in order to avoid casters of wheelchair to be caught
up in any drainage ditch or any other such cover.

4.2.3 Entrance Landing

Figure 15 Entrance width

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page30,
1998

Entrance Landing should be designed next to ramp with minimum dimension to be

1800x2000mm. The entrance landing which joins the top end of the slope should be made
with floor material which can be distinguished easily by a visually impaired person. This
material should be limited to color of the material only, the material can be brighter than
the surrounding material. Or this material can also emit various sounds which can help
navigate a visually impaired person, this material is often referred to as “guiding floor
material”. This material should have finish that is smooth but not slippery and should have
a texture that can allow movement of wheelchair. Curbs, if provided should be able to blend
into the common level

30
4.2.4 Corridor connecting the entrance / exit for elderly people

When designing corridors or entrance and exit, for elderly people, care should be taken in
order to make the movement hassle free. The use of a specified building should be
provided to a visually impaired person by other person or by usage of signs. These can be
done so, by following methods:
 Floor material that can be used for guiding, as mentioned above as “guiding floor
material” should be provided or any device that can be used to emit various
sounds or voices to help guide visually impaired person, should be installed.
 The width of the corridor/entrance/exit should be of minimum 1500mm.
 When designing these areas, if the difference of level is unavoidable then a slope
should be provided. This slope should have a ration of 1:12.
 Also in case of ramps or slope passages, hand rails should be given without any
breaks.

Figure 16 Methods to eliminate level difference

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page30,
1998

4.2.5 Required width for passage of Wheelchair

 Body of a wheelchair is around 650mm wide. Keeping this in mind and also the
hands and arms that are required to be able to use and move the wheelchair, the
pathway or the passage should be of minimum width 900mm.
 Entrance/exit can be 900mm wide. Whereas in case of a corridor, the width should
be at least 900mm wide in order to leave a margin of side-side movement of the
wheelchair when it travels forward.

31
 Figure 17 Corridor width for passage of wheelchair

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 32,
1998

4.2.6 Entrance / exit doors

Figure 18 Entrance/Exit Door

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 34,
1998

When providing entrance doors, a clear opening of 900mm should be provided. Though
this entrance should not be obstructed with any level difference in order to complicate the
passage for user of a wheelchair. Also threshold should not be raised above 12mm.

Figure 19 Entrance/Exit Door

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 34,
1998

32
4.3 Lifts

Figure 20 Elevator Entrance

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 39,
1998

Figure 21 Height of control panel and standard dimensions

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 39,
1998

Lift, whenever is required by bye-laws should have a provision of one lift at least should
be given space for which is made of wheelchair users. The dimensions of this lift which is
recommended for passenger lift of 13 person capacity by BIS is given below in Fig.

Figure 22 Space Inside elevator

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 39,
1998

33
4.4 Toilet

When designing toilets for elderly, one W.C should be provided for the use by
handicapped or elderly which should essentially have a washbasin which is to be provided
near the entry for easy access by handicapped/elderly.

 The size of the toilet should be of minimum dimension which is 1500mm X

1750mm.
 The door should have a minimum clear opening of about 900mm and it should
always swing out for easy and safe entry/exit.
 Also when designing this toilet, various grab rails and handrails should be provided
both vertically and horizontally for safety and ease of elderly and handicapped.
These handrails should be made at 50mm clearance from the wall.
 The height of the W.C should be at 500mm from the finished floor level.

Figure 23 Handrail inside stall

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 40,
1998

Figure 24 Side elevation of toilet stall

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 40,
1998

34
 Figure 25 Use by wheelchair user

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 41,
1998

Figure 26 Use by a cane user

Source: CPWD, Guidelines and space standards for barrier free environment for disabled and elderly people, page 41,
1998

35
 5.0 LITERATURE STUDY

5.1 TSUKAGUCHI SENIOR HOUSING COMMUNITY, OSAKA, JAPAN

Architects: BAR Architects Date of Construction: 2009

5.1.1 Introduction

Tsukaguchi senior housing community, Osaka is a lush mountain side community which
inhabits senior citizens. It was designed by BAR architects and the construction was
completed by 2009. This project seeks to create an environment of mixed-use development
which exceeds the criteria for stereotypical housing for elderly namely institutional housing.

5.1.2 Locations

This senior housing community is located within a suburban area and this particular site was
chosen by the designers because of its enormous area and due to the fact that a hospital is in
proximity. It has complex of buildings on both sides and Public Park on other side. The area
is further divided into half to design a new public park. This site location is done keeping in
mind the social issues that needs to be catered for the elderly that they need to be a part of
the whole community. Also the close proximity of the hospital plays in the favor, since the
required medical attention can be easily given to the residents of the community. The
adjacent public parks presents the opportunity for the elderly to interact and indulge with
other public for various activities which keep them engaged and happy. No visual isolation
is felt as the neighboring buildings have the same density of people as that of this community

5.1.3 Circulation and Planning

Main entrance to the community is through the edge of the park which leads the person into
an entrance lobby which comprises of all the public amenities, for eg sidewalk café, dining
areas and view of reception and lounge.

There are three towers which are connected via a walkway which surrounds the public
spaces. The entrances are all marked and a hierarchy is followed in the entrances which lead
to one domain to another, from private to public spaces. This have been properly categorized
and articulated.
36
The paths followed from the main entrance lobby leads to the residential areas which further
connects to other public facilities. All these paths are designed keeping in mind the issues
faced by elderly, these paths are very simple to follow and are made so to avoid any
confusion by the elderly.

Other amenities such as salon and pool are all far, salon is on far East and the pool is on far
South. Which may pose some hassle due to the confusion in circulation and the distance that
one has to travel through to reach.

5.1.4 Amalgamation of spaces

Combine spaces are found in various parts of the community. These are found in entrance
lobby, outdoor spill out areas and other more formal public spaces. Also the circulation
spaces are designed in a way to create various co-mingling spaces at the intervals which act
as intermediate nodes which diverts people from public to private spaces. The build blocks
have numerous amounts of courtyards which not only create common public spaces but also
break the monotony of long lengthy corridors and help create interesting spaces such as tea
garden, lobby and more informal interior common spaces. These courtyards not only create
a place to interact but also help create a closer connection to nature.

Figure 27: Floor planning of the build block

Source: https://www.bararch.com/project/tsukaguchi

37
5.1.5 Contact with Nature

The already established park environment is enhanced with more private gardens that are
designed inside half of the site and has been linked with internal spaces. The existing park
environment that had deteriorated has been restored and is accommodated by half the site
and bears a close link with internal spaces. More private gardens are incorporated within the
development where internal spaces wrap around them creating courtyards. The use of water
is used grandly in the center of an open-air courtyard. Overhanging the water feature lies a
tea room with floor to ceiling glazing to give the feeling of a space floating on water.
According to Fisher (2005) the water used in the water features shatter the reflected light
into sparkling patterns and thus enhance the visual nature of the space.

5.1.6 Enhancing the experience through the building

The particular project is an illustration of a building that contradicts the common perception
related to housing that is focused on attending to the needs of the elderly. Rather than
demonstrating an institutionalized setting, architects Richard Beard and Mark Koester have
chosen to explore a different approach to high density housing.

To gain entry to interior functions from the outside environment, the occupant is guided
through park like settings with lush natural landscaping. An arrival court is situated at the
center of the site to give a sense of exclusivity and welcome one before entering the building.
Public functions are lined along the point of entry and create a lively atmosphere. The
internal functions that wrap around the central courtyard have views of a garden with a
reflecting pool that terminates in a 'floating' tea garden. The residence who have to walk the
furthest distance to their tower are given the opportunity to walk internally beside the
landscaped garden as opposed to a dim passage that institutionalized settings are
synonymous for. Integrally most functions appear to either relate to the landscaped central
courtyards or the lush exterior environment.

38
 Figure 28: The tea room 'floating' above the water

Source: https://www.bararch.com/project/tsukaguchi

Figure 29: A lush landscaped walkway leading to and from the split area of the performance hall

Source: https://www.bararch.com/project/tsukaguchi

39
5.2 PAINSWICK RETIREMENT VILLAGE NEAR STROUD, GLOUCESTERSHIRE

Architects: Batterton Tyack Associates Date of Construction: 2007

5.2.1 Introduction

Painswick retirement village is a private development for older people. This development
comprises of 56 apartments for older people and 24 nursing care bedrooms in the rural
location. Out of this number, eighteen of the apartments are designed for living
independently (1x1 bed, 16x2 bed, 1x3 bed) and 38 are designed for assisted living (32x1
bed, 6x2 bed). The developer of this project is Richmond Villages, they are also the service
provider and manager. The whole design was done by a local architect named Batterton
Tyack Associates. This project got completed in 2007 and also received majority of awards,
namely Highly Commended award in Assisted Living Category in the section “Your New
Home Awards” at Daily Telegraph

Figure 30 Advertisement for the Richmond Paniskwick retirement village

Source: The Painswick Beacon Paper, Volume 40, Number 2, May 2017

5.2.2 Background

The developer that is Richmond Villages have already opened 4 retirement villages in last
10 years and many more are in developing stage. All these villages are made for
accommodation and care options for people aged 55 and more. The village Painswick, saw
a need for this retirement housing, due to the fact that older people who needed specialized
housing were leaving the village. To choose this site, certain surveys were taken up
amongst the villagers and finally this site was chosen.

40
The village Painswick has a population of 4,000 residents with average age to be about 47.
More than 27 percent of this population is aged 56 or over which Is more than the national
average of 18 per cent. The village amenities include pub, a library, tea rooms, pharmacy
and GP surgery and finally hotels.
The retirement village is based on a philosophy of continuing care, and residents do not
need to move unless they need hospital admission. Most residents fund their own housing
and care, and applicants undergo risk and health assessments. The village aims for a
population with mixed levels of care. Access to other amenities such as a supermarket or
cinema means travelling to a nearby town.

Figure 31 Plan for Painswick Village

Source: https://www.glos.info/families-in-painswick/richmond-villages-painswick-luxury-retirement-village-208641/

5.2.3 Services

Painswick village currently caters to the population of elderly people, i.e. of the age 55 and
above and provides this group of people with the support that they need, care and this
included the deafness, visual impairment and some of memory problems also. This village
has a domiciliary team that cares and operates the whole day. The village has certain defined
packages to choose from, these are flexible and tailored exceptionally to cater the needs of
all. A wireless system which is to call nurse is installed in various places and is operational
around the clock. The care team gets their money but do not aim to make profits from this

41
system. The housing staff is also available on duty for 24 hours a day. The meals can be
eaten in village restaurant or can be asked to be delivered to the houses.

5.2.3 Facilities

There are a lot of facilities that are available for the residents. The village offers a dining
room, communal lounge, laundry, garden, guest rooms, conservatory, hobby room,
community center, café, hairdresser, shop, swimming pool, library with all-time internet
access and Jacuzzi.

This village also has a treatment room and many of the residents have their registration
with dentist and local GP. All the common areas are designed in a way to be able to be
accessed by wheelchair users and this village is surrounded all around with common
gardens.

Figure 32 View of village houses.

Source: https://www.richmond-villages.com/retirement-villages/painswick/

5.2.4 Social interaction and links with the local community

The social life in this village can be described as lively. Various ways that are devised in
order to promote social interactions are crossword sessions, computer lessons, bridge, music
club, shopping trips and other occasional outings. This retirement village has connections
with the surrounding local community as the majority of people in this village are from
Painswick only and 40 percent are from neighboring areas only. Local residents also get to
use the village facilities and are often allowed to take part in organized activities in this
village. There is also links of village with local school.

42
This village has an entrance after a long narrow pavement of about 100 meters which makes
it difficult for anyone on wheelchair or mobility scooter to navigate. To cater to, the village
provided a shuttle service to and fro from the village.

5.2.5 Learning points

Problems faced by the developers in case of this retirement village was to find an appropriate
site, this was because of the high cost of the land and complexities faced during planning
stage. The dispute was where to have this retirement village, in middle of countryside or on
edge of the town. This decision was felt really important by the designer taking in mind the
social isolation which can be felt by the residents as they grow older and their mobility is
compromised.

The government’s strategy for housing in an ageing society, Lifetime Homes, Lifetime
Neighborhoods 10 keeps its focus on developing and designing houses that allow old people
to have social interactions with their local community. When choosing this location to be
rural, it creates difficulty for some of the residents, especially the ones that require high
levels of support and care and need family and friends to help get around in life.

While choosing location for a retirement village, it is beneficial to locate one in an existing
community. These benefits include the benefit of keeping up with already existing social
relations and to expand further social interactions. It also increase the opportunity for older
people to have connections in inter-generations and increases their chance to be around their
friends and family that are residing in the same area. While also get access of various
facilities, wide range of services and leisure activities of neighboring areas.

5.2.6 For the local community:

The local community around this retirement village also benefits from the residents of the
retirement village, as the residents can help increasing the financial conditions of services
and local shops. The people can also benefit from the health care services offered in this
village. It becomes essential to create links of village with the local community to keep the
physical accessibility for people with issues in mobility. Also to get approval for building a
retirement village near existing communities is difficult and to make this happen local

10
CLG 2008

43
community helped a lot. The construction and all the other cost were still high and due to
which the apartments are expensive.

5.2.7 Design and Architectural features:

There are a lot of design and architectural features that make this village exceptional. This
include the variety of options of accommodation that are designed according to various needs
of the resident and preferences of the people.

There are various benefits for the residents living there, these include the ease by which the
residents can maintain the already exiting interactions with the society and the chance of
creating and expanding their social circle. Also by human psychology, people in their old
age wants to live at their home. They want to have a choice in their living matters and want
to decide how to be take care for. They want to feel independent and want to be connected
to their friends and family.

5.3 Conclusion

All the above literature studies appear to be as an expression of a certain type of architecture
that is made to help and address the needs of the old people. Rather than just simply
accommodating their basic needs, they try and offer a series of functions to help address the
needs of much larger and wider community. The built form is located in appropriate areas
and are designed in the manner to encourage interactive spaces and to enhance
communication between the elderly and the neighboring environment with people. The
Tsukaguchi Senior Housing offers a different experience of the user by design lush green
gardens, adding water features and design courtyards with interesting interior furnishings.
The Painswick village is a retirement village which is made in order to help elderly by
providing 24 x 7 care, designing the village near the town to enhance social interaction and
designs that are able to cater various needs and functions.

44
 CONCLUSION

The overarching findings of this study is that no focus is entirely given to geriatrics at present
and the elderly are not properly looked after. Furthermore architecture is not a means of
replacing care but when designed in a manner that responds to the requirement of its
occupants, it has the ability to assist and promote care for the elderly.

Care for the elderly through meaningful architecture goes beyond the pragmatic issues such
as grab rails and accessibility ramps and also seeks to comprehensively address the social
and behavioral needs of the elderly. Hence comprehending these needs and responding to
them through the built form, meaningful architecture shall be the derivative.

The following are the results of the research on how architecture can help care for the elderly:
The natural and built environments has the ability to influence mind set of the elderly, with
positive or negative outcomes. It also helps ease the efforts and helps enhance their living
experience. If the architectural composition is designed in a manner that responds to the
needs of the elderly, it has the potential to empower them and promote active ageing. In
addition, when determining the design of the facility, dire consideration should be taken
towards the historical, physical, and cultural context of the particular environment and more
so the sentiment of the populace. This shall aid in creating a sense of place that is positive
and possibly inclined with the inherent spirit of place.

And the architectural elements that can be set as guidelines are that all the passageways
should be barriers free without steps, thresholds, small ramps, wherever it is possible to do
so. Where ever the change in levels cannot be avoided, installation of handrails or grab bars
should be done, no matter how slight is the level change. The vertical movement should be
made using lifts or stair lifts but in case they are unable to be installed then staircases should
be designed with lower risers and wider treads for preventing trips. Slip- resistant materials
should be used as floor finishes, shiny and reflective surfaces for floors like marble or glazed
tile or similar material should be avoided at all cost to prevent falls. Doorways should be
designed to be wide enough for allowing easy passing of wheelchair and space given should
be adequate for a wheelchair to turn and transfer.

Doors of toilets and bathrooms should always by open outward or both ways for avoiding
lock ins also the locks and latches should be installed of larger sizes to enable easy handling
and should be able to open from outside in case of emergency. Bathtubs should be installed

45
with either built-in seat at the far head end or should have an attachable portable seat that
can be fastened securely to tub whenever needed. An adjustable-height showerhead with a
handheld wand should be used in bathrooms, which increases their ability to bathe
independently, an activity that usually has a demonstrable impact on the elderly by
preserving their emotional wellbeing and creating a sense of dignity. Grab bars at various
places should be installed for safety. Designing outdoor areas for elders are equally important
as indoor areas. These areas act as healing spaces, social interaction spaces and also as
recreational spaces.

Lastly, the design of any built form should be able to responsibly address the already
existing spirit of any place that is linked to the site and the surrounding environment and
should be able to create a sense of a place that shall be amalgamated with the needs of the
elderly and their surroundings.

46
APPENDIX

47
National Policy on Older People, 1999

National Policy Statement

 The National Policy seeks to assure older persons that their concerns are national
concerns and they will not live unprotected, ignored or marginalized. The goal of
the National Policy is the wellbeing of older persons. It aims to strengthen their
legitimate place in society and help older persons to live the last phase of their life
with purpose, dignity and peace.
 The Policy visualizes that the State will extend support for financial security, health
care, shelter, welfare and other needs of older persons, provide protection against
abuse and exploitation, make available opportunities for development of the
potential of older persons, seek their participation, and provide services so that they
can improve the quality of their lives. The Policy is based on some broad
principles.
 The Policy recognizes the need for affirmative action in favor of elderly. It has to
be ensured that the rights of older persons are not violated and they get
opportunities and equitable share in development benefits, different sectors of
development, programs and administrative actions will reflect sensitivity in older
persons living in rural areas. Special attention will be necessary to older females so
that they do not become victims of triple neglect and discrimination on account of
gender, widowhood and age.
 The Policy views the life cycle as a continuum, of which post 60 phase of life is an
integral part. It does not view age 60 as the cut off point for beginning a life of
dependency. It considers 60+ as a phase when the individual should have the
choices and the opportunities to lead an active, creative, productive and satisfying
life. An important thrust is therefore, on active and productive involvement of
older persons and not just their care.
 The Policy values an age integrated society. It will endeavor to strengthen
integration between generations, facilitate two way flows and interactions, and
strengthen bonds between the young and the old. It believes in the development of
a social support system, informal as well as formal, so that the capacity of families
to take care of older persons is strengthened and they can continue to live in their
family.
 The Policy recognizes that older persons, too, are a resource. They render useful
services in the family and outside. They are not just consumers of goods and

48
 services but also their producers. Opportunities and facilities need to be provided so
that they can continue to contribute more effectively to the family, the community
and society.
 The Policy firmly believes in the empowerment of older persons so that they can
acquire better control over their lives and participate in decision making on matters
which affect them as well as on other issues as equal partners in the development
process. The decision making process will seek to involve them to a much larger
extent specially since they constitute 12 percent of the electorate, a proportion
which will rise in the coming years.
 The Policy recognizes that larger budgetary allocations from the State will be
needed and the rural and urban poor will be given special attention. However, it is
neither feasible nor desirable for the State alone to attain the objectives of the
National Policy. Individuals, families, communities and institutions of civil society
have to join hands as partners.
 The Policy emphasizes the need for expansion of social and community services
for older persons, particularly women, and enhance their accessibility and use by
removing sociocultural, economic and physical barriers and making the services
client oriented and user friendly. Special efforts will be made to ensure that rural
areas, where more than three fourths of the older population lives, are adequately
covered.

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PLAGARISM

50
 REFRENCES

 Tannistha, Samanta. Cross-Cultural and Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives in Social

Gerontology. Springer Nature, 2017.
 Kumar, Sanjay, and K.S. James. "Caring for Our Elders: Early Responses." India
Ageing Report - 2017, 2017.
 Ramsay, Anne, and Nancy L. The Continuing Care Retirement Community: A
Significant Option for Long-Term Care. Springer Pub.Co, 1992.
 Smith, James P. Aging in Asia: Findings from New and Emerging Data Initiatives.
National Academies Press, 2011.
 Bhasin, Seema, and Neelima Gupta. A Study of Elderly Living in Old Age Home and
Within Family Set-up in Jammu. 2011.
 Andersson, Jonas E. On the Interaction between Frail Older People and the Built
Environment. 2009.
 Anderson, Jonas E. Designing Elderly Housing. 2006.
 Kalita, Alexandra. “Everything You Should Know About Designing a Home for
Aging in Place.” Architectural Digest, Architectural Digest, 24 Oct. 2017,
www.architecturaldigest.com/story/aging-in-place-guide. Accessed 27 July 2018.
 Omarjee, Jameel. “Unpacking Aspects of Ageing.” Care For the Elderly through
Meaningful Architecture, 27 June 2013.
 Mikkonen, Eppu. “Fact File on Ageing and Development.” Age International, 2016.
 CPWD. Guidelines and Space Standards for Barrier Free Environment for Disabled
and Elderly People, 1998.
 Sarkar, Ashis, editor. “Pattern and Trend of Population Ageing in India.” The Indian
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 Gupta I, Dasgupta P. “Health-seeking behavior in urban Delhi: An exploratory
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