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10 - Bahan Kuliah - Klasifikasi - Tanah - Sesi-9 - Rabu - 12 - Mei - 2021 - Tanah - Vertisol
10 - Bahan Kuliah - Klasifikasi - Tanah - Sesi-9 - Rabu - 12 - Mei - 2021 - Tanah - Vertisol
10 - Bahan Kuliah - Klasifikasi - Tanah - Sesi-9 - Rabu - 12 - Mei - 2021 - Tanah - Vertisol
Semester IV
Tricahyono, NH
Pendidikan Geografi FKIP
Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. HAMKA
2021
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TANAH VERTISOLS
RINGKASAN VERTISOLS:
1. Vegetasi: lahan-berumput, pohon yg Tanah-tanah liat warna gelap yang
perakarannya dalam mengembang-mengkerut
2. Iklim: variasi musiman hujan dan suhu; 1. Beragam bahan induk, termasuk alluvial,
beracam resim suhu tanah, kecuali pergelic colluvial dan deposit lacustrine
3. Rezim lengas tanah: Rezim lengas-tanah 2. Marl and other calcareaous rocks,
erratik limestone, shales, igneous, metamorphic
4. Ciri tanah: kaya liat (dominais liat and volcanic rocks of basic nature
mengembang tipe 2:1 type ---> 3. Unconsolidated sediments which are
montmorillonit, smectite), KTK tinggi, dominantely basic in character and low in
permeabilitas rendah, bidang geser quartz
(slickensides) , mikro relief gilgai, warna 4. The parent material although variable in
gelap khroma rendah, BOT medium hingga origin, are rich in feldspars and ferro-
rendah (0.5 - 3 %) magnesian minerals and yield clay residues
5. Diagnostic horizons: cambic (argillic, on weathering
natric) 5. Vertisols may develop in situ from the
6. Epipedon: mollic parent materials. The smectites in these
7. Major processes: shrinking and swelling, soils could be derived from the original rock
pedoturbation or form as a result of neogenesis or
8. Characteristics: stage of weathering transformations from primary minerals.
relatively unadvanced or minimal, lack in 6. Ciri utama: kaya liat (dominasi liat
horizon differentiation mengembang tipe 2:1 -> montmorillonite,
smectite)
TANAH VERTISOLS
KONDISI LINGKUNGAN
Iklim
Vertisols ditemukan di hampir setiap zone iklim utama. Di Australia , Vertisols
berkembang di daerah-daerah dengan rezim air aridik, dan ada juga di zone Ustik
dan Xerik.
Generally, the seasonal variations in precipitation and temperature, which favor
the formation of smectitic clays as well as provide many of the physical attributes
of these soils, would be considered as prerequisites for the formation of Vertisols.
The variation in climatic conditions result in weathering of primary and secondary
minerals during wet season, but encourage the accumulation of basic cations in
the dry season.
Areas where Vertisols are found are characterized by a period when the potential
evapotranspiration exceeds precipitation (fry period). During periods with
sufficient moisture deficit cracking occurs, although the intensity in cold
temperature regions, is much lower than in the warmer regions.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
KONDISI LINGKUNGAN
Vegetasi
Vegetasi alamiah yang berasisoasi dnegan ordo tanah ini sangat beragam. Tipe-
tipe vegetasi alamiah, hingga batas tertentu, dibatasi oleh sifat-sifat tanah, seperti
kandungan liat yg tinggi, sifat mengembang-mengkerut, dan struktur tanah. Sifat-
sifat tanah dan iklim membatasi tipe-tipe vegetasi seperti rumput dan pohon yang
tumbuhnya lambat dna perakarannya dalam (misalnya Acacia).
The main features of the natural vegetation in these soils are tolerance to
drought, as well as development of deep roots to overcome root damage by a
consequence of the annual cracking. Most Vertisols have has grassland or savanna
vegetation as the native vegetation, but some had formed under forest.
Present use of Vertisols comprise wheat, rice, cotton, and sorghum, pastureland in
the the south of the United States. Vertisols in India are used for grain legume, oil
seed crops, and cotton cultivated in a ridge and furrow system. In Australia most
Vertisols are used for grazing by sheep and cattle or dry land agriculture. Large
areas of Vertisols in Africa are largely un-utilized except for extensive grazing.
TANAH VERTISOLS
KONDISI RELIEF
Ada dua sekala yang berbeda, yaitu (i) makro, dan (ii) mikro.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
BAHAN INDUK TANAH
Vertisols berkembang dari beragam bahan induk, termasuk alluvial, colluvial dan
deposit lacustrine, batuan marl dan batuan berkapur lainnya, limestone, shales,
igneous, batuan metamorf dan batuan vulkanik yang bersifat basis (alkalis). Bahan
induk vertisols ini dapat berasal dari allochtonous ataur autochthonous. Dalam
banyak kasus, bahan induk tanah merupakan endapan muda dan pembentukan
tanah masih pada fase awal.
Vertisols may develop in situ from the parent materials. The smectites (clay minerals)
in these soils could be derived from the original rock or form as a result of
neogenesis or transformations from primary minerals. A high pH and high potentials
of Si as well as Mg smectites develop, a process which is also favored by poor
drainage conditions. Calcareous parent material or unconsolidated sediments which
are dominantely basic in character and low in quartz favor the formation of Vertisols.
Anah-tanah ini berkembang di daerah dataran dengan bahan induk liat berkapur atau
calcareous atau residu pelapukan dari batuan sedimen yang lunak dan berkapur.
Vertisols di Australia berkembang dari bahan induk batuan basalt, di India vertisols
berkembang dari bahan induk gneisses daan sandstones.
The parent material although variable in origin, are rich in feldspars and ferro-
magnesian minerals and yield clay residues on weathering. Where parent materials
are not basic, alkaline earth elements can be added by seepage or by flood water.
TANAH VERTISOLS
KONDISI Sketch showing the kinematics of mass movement in
LINGKUNGAN Vertisols that result in gilgai microrelief (after
Beinroth, 1965)
Waktu - Time:
Kebanyakan Vertisols
berkembang pada
landscape muda, tetapi
juga ditemukan pada
permukaan geomorfik
tua.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
Mikro-relief Gilgai.
TANAH VERTISOLS
Microphological differentiation of a sequence of soils (generalised).
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TANAH VERTISOLS
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Vertisols form under multiple genetic pathways which are complex. In
general, soil forming processes that lead to the formation of Vertisols are
those which control the formation and stability of smectites in the soil.
However, subsidiary processes, such as fluctuations in the moisture status,
accumulation of organic matter, carbonates, gypsum or soluble salts and
acidification processes through leaching, result in the differences within the
Vertisols.
The presence of a relatively impermeable layer at some depth within the soil
prevents the leaching of the various components needed to form smectites.
TANAH VERTISOLS
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
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TANAH VERTISOLS
PROSES GENESIS TANAH
Selama siklus pengeringan terbentuklah retakan-retakan, sedangkan pada saat
pembasahan terbentuk “tekanan geser” yang menghasilkan pembentukan
“slickensides” dan/atau penghalusan permukaan “sphenoids”. Kedua sifat ini
memerlukan material yang bersifat plastis. Tekanan lateral yang berkembang
dalam tanah-tanah ini jauh lebih besar dibandingkan dg tekanan vertikal akibat
pembengkakan (swelling). Di dalam tanah, komponen vertikal dari tekanan
“swelling” mencakup “bobot /berat” dari material di sebelah atasnya.
The moisture conditions above and below a point within the soil determines the net
pressure and angle of shear. As such, the near surface horizon develop cracks and
may have only a few slickensides since both the horizontal and vertical pressures
are small (the net pressure being much lower than the sheat strength of the
material). In deeper horizons, typically from 50 to about 125 cm below the surface,
slickensides development is maximum. In these deeper layers, the net pressure is
much greater than the shear strength of the material and soil movement occurs
with swelling.
Sphenoids develop as a result of the existence of much lower vertical and horizontal
pressures in comparison to that needed for the development of slickensides. In the
typical case, sphenoids would be found in between the surface horizon with cracks
and deeper horizons with slickensides. Their development has been related to lower
clay contents, as well as smaller proportions of smectitic clays in the colloidal
fractions
TANAH VERTISOLS
This process tends to obliterate all evidence of the illuviation process and
it is unlikely that well-defined clay skins will be preserved, instead any
translocated clay is probably engulfed in the matrix and/or slickensides as
a result of shrink-swell processes.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
MODEL PEDOGENIK PEMBENTUKAN VERTISOLS
TANAH VERTISOLS
MODEL PEDOGENIK PEMBENTUKAN VERTISOLS
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TANAH VERTISOLS
SIFAT DAN CIRI VERTISOLS
Lima zone atau horizons dengan penciri strukturalnya dapat ditemukan pada
Vertisols, meskipun tidak selalu semuanya ditemukan bersama dalam satu
profil tanah, dan urutannya mungkin juga beragam.
Zone 1: Zone ini dari permukaan hingga kedalaman sekitar 25 cm atau lapisan olah
bajak kalau ada. Zone ini dicirikan oleh adanya agregat prismatik yang berukuran
besar, hingga 30 cm lebarnya, yang dihasilkan dari proses retakan-retakan.
Materialnya keras atau sangat keras kalau kering dan agregat prismatik dapat
memisahkan diri manjadi gumpal bersudut yang kasar ukurannya.
Zone 3: This zone may vary in thickness from 10 to over 100cm. Soil Taxonomy refers
to the structural elements in this zone as 'wedge-shaped natural structural aggregates
that have their long axis tilted 10 to 60 degrees from the horizontal'. These structural
aggregates have an orthorhombic form, are generally 5 to 10 cm long along their long
axis; and smooth or striated ped faces. Their mode of formation is related to the
slickensides, which are characteristic of zone 4.
TANAH VERTISOLS
SIFAT DAN CIRI VERTISOLS
Their surface topography is not flat, but curved or slightly undulating. The
net result of the inclined arrangement is to produce a set of intersecting
slickensides arranged in a synclinal form.
The deepest part of the syncline is between 50 and 125 cm below the
surface, while the shallower arms may reach within 25 cm of the surface.
The amplitude of the two arms represents the amplitude of the gilgai and
may vary from about 3 m to more than 25 m.
The thickness and expression of zones 2 &3 are a function of the depth at
which the arms of the slickensides approach the surface.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
SIFAT DAN CIRI VERTISOLS
Zone 5: Zone ini berada di bawah zone 4 atau langsung di bawah zone 3. Zone ini
mengalami variasi kelengasan sedikit saja, bersifat masif, dan menunjukkan
akumulasi gipsum, carbonates dan garam-garam larut lainnya..
Variations from the model profile is the rule rather than the exception. One or more
of zones 2, 3 or 4 may be absent, but 'conceptually zone 3, 4 or both must be present
for recognition as a Vertisol. The expression of zones 2, 3 and 4 will show considerable
variation as a function of soil moisture content and variation in intrinsic soil attributes
(variation in clay type and content), however their relative positions are usually
sequential.
Generally, the clay content is very high in Vertisols and the dominant clay minerals
are 2:1 type minerals (smectites, montmorillonites). These clay minerals have the
outstanding feature to expand (swell) when wet and shrink when dry. Therefore,
pronounced changes in volumes with changes in soil moisture result in deep cracks in
the dry season and very plastic and sticky soil consistency when wet. Due to the high
clay content of expanding character the cation exchange capacity of the whole soil is
high. A high clay content is also associated with slow permeability but the water
adsorption is high.
TANAH VERTISOLS
SIFAT DAN CIRI VERTISOLS
Bidang geser “Slickensides” menjadi ciri khas dari Vertisols. They are defined as
polished and grooved surfaces produced by one soil mass sliding past another. The
formation of slickenside features is related to swelling pressures which exceed the
shear strength of the soil under overburden-pressure confinement. The shear
strength of a soil is a function of cohesion plus the angle of internal friction, which is
low in clay soils. The cohesion is a function of bulk density, clay content, clay
mineralogy, and is inversely related to moisture content.
Generally, lateral swelling pressures in soils are much larger than vertical swelling
pressures, as the latter is substantially reduced by the overburden pressure.
Maximum slickensides are between 50 and 125 cm depth, however, fewer
slickensides are found at depths between 25 and 50 cm. At such depths both vertical
and horizontal pressures are small.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
The latter have sharp outer and inner boundaries with distinct
extinction patterns and are often finely layered (laminar
fabric).
TANAH VERTISOLS
SIFAT DAN CIRI VERTISOLS
The organic matter content is generally low (0.5 - 3 %) in spite of the
usual dark soil color. Complexation or chelation of organic colloids to clay
minerals of the smectite group probably darkens the mineral. Some of the
dark color may also be related to presence of manganese oxides. The dark
black color may be also due to the parent material (e.g. Vertisols derived
from basalt). The Chrom great groups of Vertisols are brownish in color
and typically have small amounts of montmorillonites. These great groups
typically have large amounts of iron oxyhydroxides and are well-drained.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
TANAH VERTISOLS
SIFAT DAN CIRI VERTISOLS
Ciri mikro-relief yang khas adalah knolls (gundukan) dan basins (cekungan) pada
lanskap Vertisol. Cekungan lebih basah daripada gundukan, karena adanya pelepasan air
melalui retakan-retakan dan genangan air selama periode basah.
They exhibit higher organic matter contents and are often more saline than the
microknolls. The knolls are drier, have a higher calcium carbonate content and are in the
erosional positions. Minibasins and microknolls show a repetitive but irregular pattern
within a Vertisol landscape with distances of about 3 to 10 m between the knolls. The
topography related to Vertisols is called 'Gilgai micro-topography'. Various forms of
gilgai have been reported: round, mushroom, tank, wavy, lattice, stony, and
depressional. The form is related to landscape shape, clay content and type, and soil
moisture regime. A fine, angular blocky structure, described by some as 'nutty' may
develop in surfaces that have a very high montmorillonitic clay content. In the dry season
they show a very hard consistence and appear as loose gravel strewn on the surface. In
previous classification systems these soils were called Grumosols.
Kebanyakan Vertisols mempunyai epipedon mollic dan horison penciri cambic, tetapi
beberapa lainnya mempunyai horison penciri bawah permukaan , termausk argillic atau
natrik.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
KLASIFIKASI VERTISOLS
Persyaratan untuk memenuhi kualifikasi Vertisol adalah:
1. Clay content of at least 30 % to a depth of at least 50 cm, or a lithic or
paralithic contact, duripan, or a petrocalcic horizon if shallower
2. Cracks that open and close periodically
3. Evidence of soil movement (e.g. slickensides, wedge-shaped aggregates)
4. Any soil temperature regime, except pergelic (i.e., Gelisols)
5. Soil moisture regime must be erratic to allow for cracking in dry season
and swelling in wet season
6. Gilgai surface topography is not considered as a requirement to meet a
Vertisol. Cultivation practice may erase gilgai microtopography.
Note that although the formative elements for soil moisture regimes are used
in naming Xererts, Torrerts, Usterts, and Uderts, the names do not necessarily
mean that the soils have those soil moisture regimes.
TANAH VERTISOLS
KLASIFIKASI VERTISOLS
Aquerts
Vertisols which are subdued aquic conditions for some time in most years
and show redoximorphic features are grouped as Aquerts. Because of the
high clay content the permeability is slowed down and aquic conditions
are likely to occur. In general, when precipitation exceeds
evapotranspiration ponding may occur. Under wet soil moisture conditions
iron and manganese is mobilized and reduced. The manganese may be
partly responsible for the dark color of the soil profile.
Cryerts
They have a cryic soil temperature regime. Cryerts are most extensive in
the grassland and forest-grassland transitions zones.
Xererts
They have a thermic, mesic, or frigid soil temperature regime. They show
cracks that are open at least 60 consecutive days during the summer, but
are closed at least 60 consecutive days during winter.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
KLASIFIKASI VERTISOLS
Torrerts
Tanah-tanah ini mempunyai retakan-retakan yang menutup
selama kurang dari 60 hari berturutan pada saat suhu lapisan
tanah permukaan 50 cm lebih dari 8°C.
Usterts
Tanah-tanah ini mempunyai retakan-retakan yang membuka
selama minimal 90 hari kumulatif setiap tahun.
Secara global, ordo tanah ini paling luas sebarannya, meliputi
tanah-tanah Vertisols di daerah tropis dan iklim monsoon.
TANAH VERTISOLS
KLASIFIKASI VERTISOLS
Uderts:
Tanah-tanah ini mempunyai retakan yang membuka selama kurang dari 90 hari kumulatif per
tahun, dan kurang dari 60 hari berturutan selama summer.
Great groups are differentiated by subsurface diagnostic horizons (e.g. salic, calcic, natric,
gypsic horizons), the presence of a duripan (e.g. Duraquerts, Durixererts), organic carbon
content (e.g. Humicryerts), or reaction (electrical conductivity is less than 4 dS/m and pH in 1:1
water of 5 or less in 25 cm or more within top 50 cm - e.g. Dystrusters, Dystraquerts).
Beberapa rezim lengas tanah pada tingkat sugroup beragam mulai dari kondisi kering hingga
basah:
1. Xeric (e.g. Xeric Epiaquerts),
2. Aridic (e.g. Aridic Epiaquerts),
3. Udic (e.g Udic Haplusterts),
4. Ustic (e.g. Ustic Dystraquerts), and
5. Aquic (e.g. Aquic Dystrusterts, Aquic Salitorrerts).
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TANAH VERTISOLS
KLASIFIKASI VERTISOLS
Warna tanah digunakan untuk membedakan subgroup 'aeric' dari Vertisols.
Soils that have in one or more horizons between either an Ap horizon or a depth of 25 cm
from the mineral soil surface, whichever is deeper, 50 percent or more colors as follows:
1. Nilai HUE 2.5R atau lebih merah, dan/atau
2. Nilai VALUE, lembab, 6 atau lebih dan KHROMA 3 atau lebih; atau
3. Nilai VALUE, lembab, 5 atau kurang dan KHROMA 2 atau lebih; atau
4. Nilai HUE 5Y dan KHROMA 3 atau lebih; atau
5. KHROMA 2 atau lebih, dan tidak ada konsnetrasi redoks (mis. Aeric Endoaquerts).
TANAH VERTISOLS
KLASIFIKASI VERTISOLS
Vertisols yang tipis (dangkal) diklasifikasikan dengan sebutan 'leptic' (tanh yang mempunyai
kontak densik, lithic, atau paralithic , di dalam 100 cm tanah mineral permukaan) atau
'lithic' (mis. Leptic Salaquerts atau Lithic Haploxererts).
Vertisols which are low in clay content are differentiated as 'entic'. To meet the 'entic'
designation the Vertisol must have a layer 25 cm or more thick that contains less than 27
percent clay in its fine-earth fraction and has its upper boundary within 100 cm of the
mineral soil surface (e.g. Entic Salaquerts, Entic Haplotorrerts).
Tanah-tanah disebut 'halic' kalau kandungan garamnya tinggi. Tanah-tanah ini memenuhi
kriteria : seluruh lapisan 15 cm atau lebih tebal mempunyai konduktivitas elektrik minimal
15 dS/m atau lebih (tanah: air 1:1) selama 6 bulan atau lebih per tahun , dalam 6 tahun
atau lebih selama periode 10 tahun (mis. Halic Durixererts).
Vertisols with a high sodium content are classified as 'sodic' (e.g. Sodic Durixererts). They
must have an exchangeable sodium percentage of 15 or more (or a sodium adsorption ratio
of 13 or more) for 6 or more months per year in 6 or more out of 10 years.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
Coefficient of linear extensibility (COLE) and bulk densities of selected Vertisols.
Classification Depth (cm) COLE (cm cm-1) Bulk density (g cm-3)
0.03 Mpa oven-dry
Udic Chromustert 0- 8 0.106 1.34 1.82
TANAH VERTISOLS
KARAKTERISTIK PENCIRI
Soils at higher elevations and on steeper slopes formed in the same parent material as
Vertisols are classified as Inceptisols and Alfisols and they may have vertic properties. In a
catenary association Alfisols may occur on the top of the slopes - Entisols, Inceptisols, and
Alfisols with vertic properties on the erosional hillslope positions - and Vertisols on the
lower slopes and in the depressions.
The main associated soils formed in calcareous parent material are Ustolls, Aqualfs in the
less calcareous clays, and soils in vertic subgroups of Ustolls and Aquolls on nearly level
slopes. With advancement of leaching and the formation of an argillic horizon, the soil
would evolve into Alfisols (e.g. Vertic Hapludalfs). Leaching also promotes the destruction
of smectites, i.e., the vertic properties of the soils are destroyed and Alfisols are formed.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
Pembentukan Horison VERTIK
Pembentukan agregat struktural yang khas (`vertic structure') merupakan proses genetik utama
dalam Vertisols. Struktur tipikal ini dapat ditemukan dalam solum, tetapi ekspresi yang paling
kuat ada pada `vertic horizon'; derajat perkembangan dan ukuran agregat berubah secara
bertahap dnegan kedalaman tanah.
When the saturated surface soil starts to dry out, shrinkage of the clayey topsoil is initially one-
dimensional and the soil surface subsides without cracking. Upon further drying, the soil loses
its plasticity and tension builds up until the tensile strength of the soil material is locally
exceeded and the soil cracks. Cracks are formed in a pattern that becomes finer as desiccation
proceeds. In most Vertisols, the surface soil turns into a `surface mulch' with a granular or crumb
structure. Vertisols, which develop surface mulch, are called `self-mulching‘.
Granules or crumbs of the mulch fall into cracks. Upon re-wetting, part of the space that the soil
requires for its increased volume is occupied by mulch material. Continued water uptake
generates pressures that result in shearing: the sliding of soil masses against each other.
Shearing occurs as soon as the `shear stress' that acts upon a given volume of soil exceeds its
`shear strength'. The swelling pressure acts in all directions. Mass movement along oblique
planes at an angle of 20 to 30 degrees with the horizontal plane resolves this pressure
TANAH VERTISOLS
Vertisols mempunyai kandungan mineral liat
tipe mengembang yang sangat tinggi. Mereka
mengalami perubahan volume yang sangat
nyata dnegan adanya perubahan lengas
tanah.
Mereka mempunyai retakan-retakan di
permukaan yang membuka dan menutup
secara periodik, dan menunjukkan bukti-
bukti pergerakan tanah dalam profilnya.
Karena mereka mengembang ketika basah ,
vertisols merembeskan air sangat lambat dan
hanya sedikit mengalami pencucian.
Kesuburan alamiahnya cenderung tinggi.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
Konsep sentral dari Vertisols adalah
tanah-tanah yang mempunyai (kaya)
kandungan mineral liat tipe
mengembang dan mempunyai
nretakan-retakan permukaan yang
lebar dan dalam.
TANAH VERTISOLS
Tanah-tanah vertisols berkembang pada bahan
induk bertekstur halus dengan > 60% liat, minimal
separuhnya berupa montmorillonit.
Proses genesis tanah yang dominan : retakan, argilli-
pedoturbation (pencampuran liat dalam pedon) dan
pergerakan material karena mengembang-
mengkerutnya liat selama siklus
pembasahan/pengeringan.
Tanah-tanah ini mempunyai dua horison yang khas
(B atau C): slickensides (ss = horison bawah-
permukaan berliat yg mempunyai “polished and
grooved ped surfaces -'slickensides', atau agregat
yang berbentuk wedge ) dan vertik (v = horizon
dengan retakan yang lebar & dalam ketika kering,
sehingga memungkinkan material permukaan turun
ke bawah sepanjang retakan dan menyebabkan
tanah menjadi “heave”).
Siklus pembasahan dan pengeringan menyebabkan
liat mengembang dan mengkerut.
Diunduh dari: http://soilweb.landfood.ubc.ca/processes/vertisols.htm ………….. 28/2/2013
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TANAH VERTISOLS
Retakan-retakan di permukaan
tanah Vertisol dari Utah
TANAH VERTISOLS
SUB-ORDO
1. Aquerts - Vertisols with
a water table at or near
the surface for much of
the year
2. Cryerts - Vertisols di
daerah iklim dingin
3. Xererts - temperate
Vertisols with very dry
summers and moist
winters
4. Torrerts - Vertisols di
daerah iklim kering
5. Usterts - Vertisols di
daerah iklim semiarid
dan subhumid
6. Uderts - Vertisols di
daerah iklim basah
Diunduh dari: http://www.cals.uidaho.edu/soilorders/vertisols%20suborders.htm ………….. 28/2/2013
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TANAH VERTISOLS
Horison pada Vertisols
TANAH VERTISOLS
1. a vertic h. starting within 100 cm
of the soil surface; dan
2. after the upper 20 cm have been
mixed, 30 percent or more clay
between the soil surface and the
vertic h. throughout; dan
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TANAH VERTISOLS
TANAH VERTISOLS
RETAKAN DI Cracks, surface mulch and soil structure in a Vertisol
PERMUKAAN during the dry season
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PENGELOLAAN VERTISOLS
Large areas of Vertisols in the semi-arid tropics are still unused or are used only for
extensive grazing, wood chopping, charcoal burning and the like. These soils form a
considerable agricultural potential but adapted management is a precondition for
sustained production. The comparatively good chemical fertility and their occurrence in
extensive level plains where reclamation and mechanical cultivation can be envisaged are
assets of Vertisols.
Kendala serius yang dihadapi adalah karakteristik fisika tanah dan sulitnya pengelolaan
air..
PENGELOLAAN VERTISOLS
Manajemen lahan secara fisik pada Vertisols
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This practice proved very successful in the Ethiopian Highlands where the yields of local
wheat varieties increased by 150 % and horse bean yields went up by 300 %. The only
disadvantage of broad bed and furrow systems recognised so far is that they promote
soil erosion by concentrating water flow in the furrows.
The broad bed and furrow technology solves problems on individual farmers’ fields but
solutions have still to be found to bring the runoff water safely down to the lowest part
of the landscape (e.g. along grassed waterways) without enhancing erosion of
neighbouring farmland.
Akumulasi salinitas tanah menjadi masalah serius. Dalam waktu satu dekade saja,
salinitas tanah dapat menjadi sangat tinggi dan seluruh embung harus “to be
demolished “ dan lahan di sekitarnya harus dibiarkan memulihkan dirinya selama
beberapa tahun, sebelum dibudidayakan kembali.
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1. Construction of small ponds for harvesting (drainage) water and keeping it in the higher
parts of a watershed. This water can be used later, e.g. for strategic irrigation of vegetable
gardens and/or for watering livestock.
2. Contour ploughing and bunding to enhance infiltration of water in the soil. A beneficial side
effect of contour bunding is that it diminishes soil erosion, which is a severe problem of
many Vertisols on slopes. In the highlands of Northern Ethiopia, continued contour
ploughing resulted in stepped landscapes (‘dagets’) with step heights from 0.3 m to 3
metres. Grasses are planted on the riser and a more or less large strip of grass is maintained
on the shoulder.
3. Mulsa vertikal untuk memperbaiki infiltrasi air ke dalam subsoil. Resitu tanaman
ditempatkan secara vertikal dalam parit-parit kontur dengan bagian yang muncul di
permukaan tanah sekitar 10 cm. Parit-parit dengan barisan mulsa vertikal ini berjarak pisak
4 - 5 m.
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Increased population pressure has now reduced the proportion of fallow land
(read: the fallow period) and many areas are left in fallow only when
completely degraded.
Trials have shown that continuous cropping can be sustainable provided that
soil and water conservation and fertiliser management are adequate.
Placement of nitrate fertiliser in the root zone is best in dry regions whereas
split banded application is preferred in wet conditions (Van Wambeke, 1991).
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It is generally believed that application of animal manure would improve soil organic
matter and soil physical properties, but trials remained largely inconclusive. Crop
residues should be returned to the land but are rather used as animal feed, fuel and
building materials.
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Soil Classification: USDA (1990): Very fine, montmorillontic, calcareous, thermic Family of typic
Chromoxererts(EAAD)
FAO/UNESCO : VR : Vertisol
Location : Middle sample area 1/6
Coordinates: Geographical : 35.92186 E/ 32.39788 N
JTM : 398579 E/ 585822 N
Elevation : 815 m asl
Landform: Position : Upper slope
Land System : 8/10( Dissected limestone plateau with deep colluvial mantles)--8.10.0[GIS]
Land Facet : 3 (Deep colluvial mantles on mid/lower slopes )
Microrelief: Class : Even (<25 cm)
Type :
Slope : Sloping (7%) , rectilinear to NE
Land Use : 1.4 Tree crops,orchards
Plant /Crop : olives
Climate:Mean annual precipitation:
Mean annual temperature: Air : 15.8° C / Soil (50cm): 18.8° C
Soil moisture regime: Xeric
Precipitation zone: 350-400 mm p.a.
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TOC, TEC, C(HA+FA), referred to DM at 105°C, humification rate (HR) and degree of
humification (DH
Pelloxerert
TOC TEC C(HA+FA) HR(%) DH(%)
Ap 1.40 0.87 0.60 42.9 69.0
A1 1.19 0.71 0.50 42.0 70.4
A2 1.18 0.67 0.56 47.5 83.6
A3 1.02 0.56 0.51 48.6 91.1
A4k 0.86 0.43 0.39 69.6 90.7
C 0.32 0.18 0.18 59.4 100
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DSC and TGA parameters: peak temperatures (°C), weight losses (%) related to the
overall exothermic reactions (exotot), content of residue of combustion at 800°C (%),
relative percentage of the fraction giving the first weight loss respect to the total
(exo1%)
Peak temp.(°C) Peak temp.(°C) Peak temp.(°C) Peak temp.(°C) Esotot (%) Residue
1°endotherm 1°exotherrm 2°exotherm 3°exotherm at 800°C (%) eso1%
Pelloxerert
Ap 80.9 337.2 458.7 n.d. 59.72 26.13 40.2
A1 75.3 n.d. 426.5 n.d. 42.77 45.39 36.1
A2 77.0 353.5 433.4 507.2 55.03 35.24 32.7
A3 76.9 n.d. 423.9 510.6 45.79 42.58 35.7
A4k 77.5 n.d. 436.2 521.9 46.19 40.98 26.8
C 64.5 387.9 - - 21.26 72.32 100.0
Vertisols are extremely hard when they are dry, but when wet they become extremely
plastic, to almost a liquid state, with a very low bearing capacity. Their structure and
consistency are generally a direct function of the ratio of clay to sand and the mineral
composition of the clay. Vertisols with more than 50% clay and a dominance of
montmorillonite have poor theological characteristics, since montmorillonite has a high
surface charge and a low Zero Point of Net Charge (ZPNC). At the normal pH of Vertisols
(6.0-7.5), the soil is at least three units above the ZPNC, and if water is available, the
mineral will be in a dispersed state.
In this situation, interparticle binding forces are minimal and aggregates rupture fast. On
drying, the tissue-paper-like sheets of montmorillonite pack against each other to form
a very compact, low porosity aggregate. The bulk density (Table 1) changes from about
1.33 g cm-3 at 0.03 MPa tension to more than 1.8 g cm-3 at oven-dry conditions. Few
roots can penetrate a medium with a bulk density of more than 1.6 g cm-3, and the
shrinking force also tends to crush any roots. Tillage, unless high energy machinery is
used, is extremely difficult in the dry state. In the moist state, the low bearing capacity
and the plastic nature of the material are deterrents. Thus, tillage can only be
conducted at a moisture tension close to, but not at, field capacity.
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Cracks have several indirect effects on crop performance. Because the rhizosphere is
dehydrated last, the cracks normally form away from the stubble of the previous crop which
sits at the centre of the polygon. In this case, dislodging of the plant is not a problem, but
when the rhizosphere also dries out, soil shrinkage could strangle or shred crop roots.
Cracks also retard surface wetting from any off-season rains. At the beginning of the rainy
season, much of the water is not available to the plants since the water is rapidly evacuated
by the void system. During the initial rain showers, the subsoil below the zone of the cracks
is moistened.
Hujan yang berturu-turut membasahi lapisan tanah-atas beberapa sentimeter,
menyebabkan lapisan tipis ini mengembang dan “seal “ permukaan. Hujan selanjutnya
menyebabkan genangan air di permukaan, pengolahan tanah menjadi sulir dan memacu
terjadinya erosi..
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5493E/x5493e05.htm ………….. 1/3/2013
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The high amount of available water illustrated in Figure 4 is deceptive, since not all the water is
available to the plant. The water retention difference calculated from water retained at 0.03
MPa and 1.5 MPa tensions indicates the potential of the soil. Due to shrinkage and cracking, the
water is not readily available to the roots even though there is moisture in the peas.
Conserving the soil moisture while inducing more uniform soil wetting and maintaining a
suitable surface filth requires deep tillage prior to the onset of the rains. Mulsa organik dan
penambahan material tanah non-Vertisol dapat membantu berlangsungnya proses-proses ini
dnegan baik.
Bedengan lebar dan parit-dalam dapat membantu dan menguntungkan. Kalau curah hujan
dicirikan oloeh tintensitas yang tinggi, durasi hujan yang pendek, maka saluran air yang
mengikuti kontur sangat membantu menyalurkan kelebihan air hujan, dan meminimumkan erosi
tanah permukaan.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ILRI/x5493E/x5493e05.htm ………….. 1/3/2013
Matching crops to these soil conditions is also a partial solution, but socio-economic
considerations do not always make this feasible.
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Depth functions of
available moisture.
(Russell M B. 1978. Profile
moisture dynamics of soil in
Vertisols and Alfisols.
Proceeding of the
International Workshop on
the Agroclimatological
Research Needs of the Semi-
Arid Tropics. ICRISAT
(International Crops
Research Institute for the
Semi-Arid Tropics).
Hyderabad, India, pp. 75-87.
)
The average grain yield of the improved system over 24 years was 4.7 t ha±1 yr±1, nearly a
five-fold increase over the traditional system (about 1 t ha±1 yr±1). There was also
evidence of increased organic C, total N and P, available N, P and K, microbial biomass C
and N in the soil of the improved system.
Hubungan positif antara P-tanah yg tersedia dan BOT menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi
pupuk P pada Vertisols meningkatkan penangkapan karbon sebesar 7.4 t C ha ± 1 dan
selanjutnya meningkatkan produktivitas pola tanam berbasis legum, dan akhirnya
memperbaiki kualitas tanah.
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TANAH VERTISOLS
. Further Reading
Ahmad N., and A. Mermut. 1996. Vertisols and Technologies for their Management.
Development in Soil Science 24. Elsevier, New York.
A. MERMUT
University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, sasks. S7N OWO, Canada
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